Dalam spesifikasi 3GPP koeksistensi WCDMA dengan spectrum yang berdekatan

dengan Sistem narrowband telah diperhitungkan. Pada 3GPP Release 5 menentukan

masing-masing karakteristik untuk WCDMA BS dan User Equipment (UE) masing MS
saat beroperasi pada band yang sama dengan sistem narrowband - sistem PCS dalam
kasus ini ([1] dan [15]).

Persyaratan paling penting yang tercakup dalam spesifikasi adalah

menghalangi tingkat emisi Base Station (BS) dan out-of-band, serta persyaratan untuk
karakteristik blockband dan intermodulasi dari MS.

Layanan multimedia 3G baru dan kapasitas yang ditingkatkan membutuhkan lebih

banyak bandwidth pengguna, yang pada gilirannya menyebabkan penurunan toleransi
terhadap gangguan dari sistem operasi di pita frekuensi yang berdekatan, hal ini
disebabkan oleh desain yang lebih menuntut wideband, komponen linier dan juga karena
penerima wideband lebih terbuka ke berbagai sumber interferensi. Juga, skema alokasi
frekuensi baru ditetapkan persyaratan tambahan untuk komponen. Misalnya, celah
dupleks yang lebih sempit dalam kasus band PCS menetapkan persyaratan yang lebih
ketat untuk filter dupleks di NONA.

Pada sistem interferensi yang terbatas seperti WCDMA, peningkatan interferensi

menyebabkan a
Perlu tambahan tenaga untuk menjaga kualitas link, yang pada gilirannya akan
berpengaruh
kapasitas tambahan dan degradasi cakupan. Dalam operasi saluran yang berdekatan
Sistem WCDMA dan narrowband, beberapa sumber gangguan yang mungkin atau
Mekanisme interferensi ada. Pentingnya relatif berbagai gangguan
Mekanisme bergantung pada implementasi elemen jaringan yang berbeda, lokasi
mengganggu dan mengganggu situs yang saling berkaitan, dan jenis dan ukurannya
sel. Degradasi kinerja dapat dikurangi dengan memperkenalkan guardbands sekitar
WCDMA carrier, dengan perencanaan frekuensi, dengan perencanaan lokasi dan daya
yang hati-hati atau dengan cara cositing
dengan sistem interferensi. Skenario alokasi frekuensi umum menunjukkan

In interference limited systems such as WCDMA, the increased interference causes a need for additional
power in order to maintain the link quality, which in turn effects additional capacity and coverage
degradation. In the adjacent channel operation of WCDMA and narrowband systems, several possible
interference sources or interference mechanisms are present. The relative importance of various
interference mechanisms is dependent on implementation of different network elements, locations of
interfered and interfering sites with respect to each other, and the type and size of the cells. Performance
degradation can be decreased by introducing guardbands around the WCDMA carrier, by frequency
planning, by careful site and power planning or by cositing with the interfering system. The general
frequency allocation scenario showing
Degradasi kinerja dapat dikurangi dengan memperkenalkan guardbands di sekitar carrier WCDMA, dengan
perencanaan frekuensi, perencanaan lapangan dan daya yang cermat atau dengan cara cositing dengan sistem
interferensi. Skenario alokasi frekuensi umum yang menunjukkan band WCDMA WWCDMA, band ini
dialokasikan untuk sistem narrowband WNB dan
guardband Dfg ditunjukkan pada Gambar 1

By co-siting, it is possible to avoid the near–far effect between WCDMA and narrowband systems. The
near–far effect here means, for example, that when thenarrowband mobile is close to the WCDMA site
and far away from its own sitethere will be uplink interference from the narrowband mobile to the
WCDMA BS,and also that when the WCDMA MS is close to the narrowband BS there will be alarge
downlink interference component from the narrowband system to the WCDMAsystem. These same
interference mechanisms also occur from the WCDMA system to the narrowband system, but the effect is
smaller. Figure 5.17 shows some of the principal frequency allocation schemes associated with the
WCDMA narrowband cooperation case. The upper scheme shows the situation where operator 1 has one
WCDMA carrier and several narrowband carriers and the other operators have only narrowband carriers.
The middle scheme shows the situations where operator 1 has only one WCDMA carriers and adjacent to
that there are narrowband carriers of other operators. In the lower scheme operator 1 has two adjacent
WCDMA carriers. In the first scheme, operator 1 can coordinate the usage of WCDMA and its own
narrowband systems by co-siting them. By doing this the uncoordinated narrowband system is spectrally
far away from the WCDMA system, decreasing the interference levels considerably. In the second case,
operator 1 has only one WCDMA carrier just next to adjacent operators bands. In this case the
interference is high, since the sites of different operators are usually not co-located. There is a possibility
that the WCDMA and narrowband systems interfere each other, and such interference has to be taken
into account in radio network planning and dimensioning. Interference between narrowband and CDMA
systems has also been studied in [8]–[10]. In the last frequency scenario, operator 1 has two adjacent
WCDMA carriers. In this case the performance degradation of the WCDMA system due to additional
interference can be avoided with inter-frequency handover between WCDMA carriers.

Dengan co-siting, adalah mungkin untuk menghindari efek dekat-jauh antara sistem WCDMA
dan narrowband. Efek yang hampir jauh disini berarti, misalnya, ketika ponsel narrowband dekat
dengan situs WCDMA dan jauh dari sitetnya sendiri, akan ada gangguan uplink dari mobile
narrowband ke WCDMA BS, dan juga ketika WCDMA MS adalah dekat dengan narrowband
BS akan ada komponen interferensi alarge downlink dari sistem narrowband ke sistem
WCDMA. Mekanisme interferensi yang sama juga terjadi dari sistem WCDMA ke sistem
narrowband, namun efeknya lebih kecil. Gambar 2 menunjukkan beberapa skema alokasi
frekuensi utama yang terkait dengan kasus kerjasama narrowband WCDMA. Skema atas
menunjukkan situasi di mana operator 1 memiliki satu operator WCDMA dan beberapa operator
narrowband dan operator lainnya hanya memiliki operator narrowband. Skema tengah
menunjukkan situasi dimana operator 1 hanya memiliki satu pembawa WCDMA dan
bersebelahan dengan operator narrowband operator lainnya. Pada operator skema bawah 1
memiliki dua operator WCDMA yang berdekatan. Dalam skema pertama, operator 1 dapat
mengkoordinasikan penggunaan WCDMA dan sistem narrowbandnya sendiri dengan cara
menyelaraskannya. Dengan melakukan ini, sistem narrowband yang tidak terkoordinasi jauh dari
sistem WCDMA, sehingga mengurangi tingkat interferensi. Dalam kasus kedua, operator 1
hanya memiliki satu pembawa WCDMA tepat di sebelah band operator yang berdekatan. Dalam
hal ini interferensinya tinggi, karena lokasi operator yang berbeda biasanya tidak berada di lokasi
yang sama. Ada kemungkinan sistem WCDMA dan narrowband saling mengganggu, dan
gangguan semacam itu harus dipertimbangkan dalam perencanaan dan dimensi jaringan radio.
Interferensi antara sistem narrowband dan CDMA juga telah dipelajari pada [8] - [10]. Dalam
skenario frekuensi terakhir, operator 1 memiliki dua operator WCDMA yang berdekatan. Dalam
hal ini, degradasi kinerja sistem WCDMA karena gangguan tambahan dapat dihindari dengan
penyerahan antar frekuensi antara operator WCDMA.

Figure 5.18 shows the main interference mechanisms between WCDMA and narrowband systems. In the
following sections these interference mechanisms will be discussed. More detailed information about
different interference mechanisms can be found, for example, from [4].

Adjacent Channel Interference (ACI) results from non-ideal receiver filtering outside the band of interest.
Even with an ideal transmitter emission mask, there is interference coming from adjacent channels
because of ACI. Adjacent channel filtering and therefore ACI depend on the implementation of analogue
and digital filtering at the MS in the downlink and at the BS in the uplink. Additionally, ACI is dependent
on the power of the interfering system as well as the frequency offset between the interferer and the
interfered systems. Usually, ACI is most severe when the channel separation between the own band and
the interfering band is low. The effect of ACI decreases rapidly outside the receive band, so ACI can be
eliminated with an adequate guardband beside the WCDMA band.

Wideband noise refers to all out-of-band emission components coming from the transmitter outside the
wanted channel of the interfering system. It includes unwanted wideband emissions, thermal noise, phase
noise and spurious emissions as well as transmitter intermodulation. These interference mechanisms
usually appear at frequencies which are far away from the band of interest and therefore these
mechanisms can be considered as wideband. The allowed upper limit of wideband noise is usually
described in the specifications of the narrowband system.
Intermodulation Distortion (IMD) is caused by non-linearities in the RF components of the receiver or
transmitter. Intermodulation takes place in the non-linear component when two or more signal
components reach it and the signal level is high enough for the operating point to be in the non-linear
part of the component. When two or more signals are added together in the non-linear element, the
resulting outcome from the element includes, in addition to the desired signal frequency, higher order
frequencies caused by the higher order non-linearities. Third-order IMD is particularly problematic,
because it is typically strongest and falls close to the band of interest. In the case of two interfering signals
on frequencies f1 and f2, in the proximity of the desired signal, third-order IMD products are those falling
on frequencies 2f1 _ f2 and 2f2 _ f1 (Figure 5.19). Higher order IMD products exist but are usually less
strong.

Usually, the receiver IMD is the most relevant source of intermodulation, since the active components in
the receiver are less linear than those in the transmitter; therefore, only the receiver IMD is considered
here. Furthermore, we can focus on the downlink, since the active components in the BS are more linear
than those in the MS. This is because, when increasing the linearity of the receiver, the power
consumption increases as well, which is usually more critical in the design of the MS. The IMD in the
downlink is caused by the mixing of products of the narrowband BS with carrier frequencies f1 and f2.
Assuming that these frequencies have equal powers, so that Pf 1 ¼ Pf 2, the third-order intermodulation
power reduced to the input of the nonlinear element is given by: where Pi [dBm] is the power at the input
of the non-linear component; and IIP3 [dBm] is the third-order input intercept point of the same. So, the
strength of this mechanism depends on the output power of the interfering BS as well as the receiver
linearity. The strength of the IMD is proportional to the third power of Pi so that it is large when the
receiver is close to the interfereing source but decreases rapidly as distance and therefore path loss
increase.