Penentuan

Validitas & Reliabilitas

Instrumen Penelitian
Ch. Yeni Kustanti
STIKES Bethesda Yakkum Yogyakarta
 Bila penelitian
tdk dpt dipercaya …

• Hasil penelitian terbaru !!!

“SEMUA SUNGAI DI DUNIA AMAN DIPAKAI

UNTUK BERENANG!!!”
 VALIDITAS
• Instrumen yg valid berarti alat
ukur yg digunakan utk
mendapatkan data (mengukur)
itu valid, dpt digunakan untuk
mengukur apa yg hendak diukur.
 CONTOH – VALID

• berat badan --- timbangan

• tinggi badan --- meteran
• suhu badan --- termometer
• tensi --- sphygnomanometer
• merah --- dilaporkan merah
 CONTOH TDK VALID
• meteran --- berat badan

• tinggi badan --- termometer

• benda merah --- dilaporkan biru

Instrumen yg valid & reliabel blm tentu
tepat.
reliable, but not valid not reliable, not valid reliable and valid
 Contoh hasil
Skor
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 6
2
0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 3
3
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 4
4
1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 5
2 2 2 0 3 3 3 3 18
 Validitas
Korelasi Product Moment:

N∑XY – (∑X)(∑Y)
rXY = ------------------------------------------------
{(N ∑X2-(∑X)2} {(N ∑Y2-(∑Y)2}
 Item no. 1
X Y X2 Y2 XY

1 1 6 1 36 6
2 0 3 0 9 0
3 0 4 0 16 0
4 1 5 1 25 5
2 18 2 86 11
 Perhitungan
N∑XY – (∑X)(∑Y)
rXY = ------------------------------------------------
{(N ∑X2-(∑X)2} {(N ∑Y2-(∑Y)2}

(4 x 11) – (2 x 18) 8
rXY = ---------------------------------------- = -----
{(4 x 2 - (2)2} {(4 x 86 - (18)2} 8.94

= 0.895
 Interpretasi
• 0.800 – 1.00 = sangat tinggi
• 0.600 – 0.800 = tinggi
• 0.400 – 0.600 = cukup
• 0.200 – 0.400 = rendah
• 0.00 – 0.200 = sangat rendah

0.895?
 Reliabilitas
• Belah paroh
– Ganjil – genap
– Awal – akhir
• Korelasi product moment
• Hasil perhitungan r (r ½ ½ )  Spearman-
Brown:
2 r ½½
r11 = ----------------
( 1 + r ½½ )
 Sko Ga Ge Aw Ak
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 r njil nap al hir

1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 6 4 2 2 4
2 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 3 2 1 1 2
3 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 4 1 3 1 3
4 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 5 3 2 2 3
2 2 2 0 3 3 3 3 18 10 8 6 12
 Skor Ganjil Genap X2 Y2 XY
X Y

6 4 2 16 4 8
3 2 1 4 1 2
4 1 3 1 9 3
5 3 2 9 4 6
18 10 8 30 18 19
• Korelasi product moment  (r ½ ½ )
• Spearman-Brown  r11
• Interpretasi
Research Ethics

Ch. Yeni Kustanti

STIKES Bethesda Yakkum Yogyakarta
 What Projects Need Ethical Approval?
• Human participants
• Use of the ‘products’ of human participants
• Animal participants
• Work that potentially impacts on human
participants

• Where ethical approval is deemed

unnecessary a disclaimer may be signed by
researcher (and supervisor)
 Key Ethical Issues
• Informed Consent - special consideration for
minors
• Deception
• Need for debriefing
• Right to withdraw
• Confidentiality
• Safety and risk
Penulisan Laporan Skripsi
 Sistematika
Laporan Hasil Penelitian

• Pendahuluan
• Kajian Teori
• Metode Penelitian
• Hasil & Pembahasan Penelitian
• Kesimpulan dan Saran
“Graphic Excellence is that which gives to the
viewer the greatest number of ideas in the
shortest time with the least ink
in the smallest place.”

Edward R. Tufte
 Data Presentation Formats
• Tables
– Specific data
– Exact comparisons between data points
• Bar Charts
– Less numerically specific
– Examine differences rather than trends/changes
– Comparisons of size, magnitude, amounts
• Line Graphs
– Not numerically specific
– Demonstrate movement, change, trends
– Generally over time or concentration
 Figures

• Illustrations • Line graphs

• Photographs • Bar graphs
• Drawings • Pie charts
• Flowcharts • Maps
 Tables: Relative frequency

number of values within an interval x 100

total number of values in the table
Year # births (n) Relative frequency (%)
1900–1909 35 27
1910–1919 46 34
1920–1929 51 39
Total 132 100.0
 Bar chart
Comparing categories
6

4
Site 1
3
Site 2
2 Site 3

0
Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4
 Stacked bar chart
Represent components of whole & compare wholes
Number of Months Female and Male Patients Have Been
Enrolled in HIV Care, by Age Group

Females 4 10

0-14 years
15+ years
Males 3 6

0 5 10 15
Number of months patients have been enrolled in HIV care

Data source: AIDSRelief program records January 2009 - 20011

 Line graph
Displays trends over time
Number of Clinicians Working in Each Clinic During Years 1–4*

5
Number of clinicians

4
Clinic 1
3
Clinic 2
2 Clinic 3
1

0
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4

*Includes doctors and nurses

 Pie chart
Contribution to the total = 100%
Percentage of All Patients Enrolled by Quarter
8%

10%

1st Qtr
2nd Qtr
3rd Qtr
23% 59% 4th Qtr

N=150
 Scatter Plots
• Examines individual
score on two
variables.
• Show relationship
• Independent Variable
on X (“as a function
of”)
 Interpreting data
Adding meaning to information by making
connections and comparisons and exploring
causes and consequences

Conduct
Relevance Reasons for Consider
further
of finding finding other data
research
 Pembahasan
(Prof. Urip Santoso)

• Menampilkan informasi latar belakang

• Menampilkan ringkasan hasil/temuan penelitian
• Memberikan komentar apakah hasil penelitian sesuai
dgn hipotesis
• Menghubungkan dengan hasil penelitian terdahulu
• Menjelaskan hasil yg diperoleh, terutama jk hasil tsb
tdk memuaskan
• Membuat generalisasi dr hasil yg diperoleh
(implikasi)
• Memberikan rekomendasi utk penelitian selanjutnya
 Kesimpulan
• Garis besar permasalahan
• Ringkasan uraian di bab-bab sebelumnya
• Masalah  data  disimpulkan
• Arti & akibat-akibat tertentu dari kesimpulan
tersebut, teoritik maupun praktis.
 Saran
• Untuk penelitian selanjutnya
• Saran–saran praktis & bermanfaat
• Operasional
• Harus mempunyai dasar atau keterkaitan
dengan pembahasan yang dikemukakan
• Saran: alternatif pemecahan masalah di waktu
yang akan datang.
Ada masalah dengan kalimat ini?
Setelah dilakukan asuhan keperawatan yang
meliputi pengkajian, diagnosis keperawatan,
rencana keperawatan, pelaksanaan dan
evaluasi keperawatan, yang dilakukan oleh
perawat untuk memandirikan pasien dalam
perawatan kesehatan.
 Background: Author’s Perspective
Motivation to publish:
– Dissemination (54% 1st choice)
– Career prospects (20% 1st choice)
– Improved funding (13% 1st choice)
– Ego (9% 1st choice)
– Patent protection (4% 1st choice)
– Other (5% 1st choice)

Bryan Coles (ed.) The STM Information System in the UK, BL Report 6123,
Royal Society, BL, ALPSP, 1993
 Author Publishing Priorities
• Quality and speed
– Top items were
• Refereeing speed
• Refereeing standard
• Journal reputation
• Editor/board, physical quality and publication
services
 Author versus Reader Behaviour

• Author behaviour • Reader behaviour

– Want to publish more – Want integrated
– Peer review essential system
– Other journal functions – Browsing is crucial
crucial – Quality information
– Wider dissemination important
– Want to read less

Elsevier study of 36,000 authors (1999-2002) presented by Michael Mabe at

ALPSP Seminar on “Learning from users” 2003; www.alpsp.org