dr.
Nashria
dr.
Reagan
Resadita
dr.
Sekar
Laras
Siklus
Infeksi
Neoplasma
Menstruasi
Infer@litas
Kongenital
Abnormal
Vulva
Menstruasi
Toxoplasmosis
Analisis
Sperma
Perdarahan
Vagina
Uterus
Abnormal
Rubella
Tes
Fer@litas
Serviks
Endometriosis
Wanita
CMV
Korpus
Uteri
Amenorrhea
Policys@c
Ovarian
Ovarium
Menopause
Syndrome
Varicella
Neoplasma
Pertumbuhan
jaringan
yang
berlebihan
dan
abnormal
SOLID
KISTIK
Massa
padat
Kantong
tertutup
berisi
cairan,
gas,
atau
substansi
semisolid
§ Peningkatan
estrogen
mens@mulus
epitel
kolumnar
bergerak
keluar
menuju
vagina
(kehamilan,
konsumsi
pil
kontrasepsi,
bayi
baru
lahir).
§ Penurunan
estrogen
mens@mulus
epitel
kolumnar
untuk
masuk
kembali
ke
kanalis
endoserviks
Patogenesis
Carcinoma
Serviks
Spektrum
klinis
ca.
serviks
GEJALA
&
TANDA
KLINIS
Gejala
• Pre
invasive
stage:
asimtoma@k
• Early
invasive
stage:
perdarahan
vagina
abnormal,
nyeri
(dispareunia)
dan
perdarahan
post
coitus,
vaginal
discharge
• Advanced
stage:
nyeri
panggul
(pelvic
pain),
weight
loss,
anorexia,
anemia
Tanda
Klinis
• Nodul,
ulkus,
erosi
serviks
(tahap
lanjut:
crater-‐shaped
ulcer
dengan
massa
rapuh),
massa
eksofi@k
• Perdarahan
• Mobilitas
serviks
tergantung
derajat
keganasan
(lunak
à
keras)
MANAJEMEN
PREVENTIF
Primer:
• Gaya
hidup
sehat
• Vaksinasi
HPV
(kuadrivalen-‐
geno@pe
6,
11,
16
&18
;
bivalen-‐
genotipe
16
&18)
à
Sekunder:
usia
>
10
th
• Skrining
untuk
lesi
pra
kanker
&
diagnosis
awal
diiku@
dengan
terapi
Tersier:
• Diagnosis
Dini
dan
terapi
dari
kanker
yang
terbuk@
Screening
Kanker
Serviks
IVA
PAP’S
SMEAR
Inspeksi
Visual
dengan
Asam
Asetat
(IVA)
PAP’S
SMEAR
• Mendeteksi
perubahan
pada
morfologi
sel
(dysplasia)
yang
merupakan
prekursors
dari
keganasan
Syarat:
• Lakukan
Paps
smear
pada
fase
proliferasi
(1
minggu
setealah
mens
berakhir)
• Tidak
melakukan
hubungan
sexual
24-‐48
jam
sebelum
paps
smear
• T i d a k
m e n g g u n a k a n
Excep@on:
Women
at
increased
risk
of
CIN
:
ACOG
lubrikan
vagina.
1. in
utero
DES
(diethyls@lbestrol)
exposure
à
annually
guideline
2. Immunocompromise
à
2x
in
first
year
then
annually
2012
3. History
of
cervical
cancer
should
con@nue
to
be
screened
at
least
annually
(2008)
à
More
frequent
screening
(2012)
HASIL
PAP
SMEAR
+
+
Biopsi
Kolposkopi
adalah
pemeriksaan
visual
bertenaga
@nggi
(pembesaran)
untuk
melihat
leher
rahim,
bagian
luar
dan
kanal
bagian
dalam
leher
rahim.
Cervical
Cancer,
Am
Fam
Biasanya
disertai
biopsi
jaringan.
Physician.
2000
Mar
1;61(5):
Digunakan
terutama
untuk
DIAGNOSIS
1369-‐1376.
Squamous
Cell
Carcinoma
Cervical
dysplasia:
Perubahan
abnormal
pada
sel
di
permukaan
cervix,
dilihat
menggunakan
miscroscope
©2015
UpToDate®
Terapi
Penjelasan
Krioterapi
Perusakan
sel
sel
prakanker
d e n g a n
c a r a
d i b e k u k a n
(dengan
membentuk
bola
es
pada
permukaan
serviks)
elektrokauter
Perusakan
sel
sel
prakanker
dengan
cara
dibakar
dengan
alat
kauter,
dilakukan
leh
SpOG
dengan
anestesi
Loop
ElectroSutgican
Excision
Pengambilan
jaringan
yang
Procedure
(LEEP)
mengandung
sel
prakanker
dengan
menggunakan
alat
LEEP
Konikasi
Pengangkatan
jaringan
yang
megandung
sel
prakanker
dengan
operasi
Histerektomi
Pengangkatan
seluruh
rahim
termasuk
leher
rahim
NEOPLASMA
U TERI
Tumor
Benigna
S&S:
• Menorrhagia
–
heavy
&
prolonged
• Leiomyoma
(myoma)
menstruaRon
(common)
• E@ological
factors:
estrogen,
• Pelvic
pressure:urinary
frequency,
negroid,
nullipara
cons@pa@on
• Spontaneous
abor@on,
Infer@lity
Type
of
Leiomyoma
A
palpable
abdominal
tumor
:
1. Submucous
:
beneath
arising
from
pelvis,
well
defined
endometrium,
if
pedunculated
margins
,
firm
consistency,
smooth
à
geburt
myoma
surface,
mobile
from
side
to
side.
2. Intramural/inters@@al:
within
•
Pelvic
examina@on:Uterus
—
uterine
wall
enlarged
and
irregular,
hard
3. Subserous/subperitoneal:
at
•
Diagnosis
:
Bimanual
exam,
USG,
the
serosal
surface
or
bulge
hysteroscopy,
Laparacospy
outward
from
myometrium;
if
pedunculated
à
satelite
Management
myoma
• Observa@on:
for
small
myoma,
premenopause
• Opera@on
:
myomectomy
or
hysterectomy
Whorl
like
palern
/
Pusaran
air
1
Uterine
fibroid
therapy
2
3
Uterine
fibroid
therapy
4
Tipe
maligna
neoplasma
uteri
Sarkoma
Uteri
Kanker
endometrium
Mucinous
Endometrioid
Clear-‐cell
Brenner
Cystadenofibroma
2.
15-‐20%
0-‐25+
years
Teratoma
Most
common
in
Germ
Cell
Dysgerminoma
young
women
Endodermal
sinus
Majority
are
benign.
tumor
Choriocarcinoma
3.
5-‐10%
All
ages
Fibroma
May
produce
Sex-‐Cord
Granulosa-‐theca
cell
estrogen
or
Stroma
Sertolli
Leydig
androgen
KANKER
OVARIUM
ERology
• inac@va@on
of
tumor
suppressor
genes
(PTEN,
p16,
p53)
• ac@va@on
of
oncogenes
(HER-‐2,
c-‐myc,
K-‐ras,
Akt)
• muta@ons
in
BRCA1,
BRCA2
• Age
à
mostly
found
in
older
age;
Known
as
silent
lady
killer
à
high
mortality
>50%
cases
found
>63
y.o
pa@ents
S&S
• Family
history
of
ovarian
cancer,
• Low
abdominal
discomfort
(fullness,
bowel
breast
cancer,
or
colorectal
cancer
symptom)
à
Pressure
symptom
•
Obesity
• Loss
of
weight,
malaise,
anorexia
• Reproduc@ve
history
• Pain
due
to
torsion,
hemorage
or
rupture
• Fer@lity
drugs
Risk
Factor:
• Estrogen
therapy
and
hormone
therapy
• Increasing
menstrual
cycle
• Personal
history
of
breast
cancer
• Induc@on
clomiphene
citrate
Diagnosis:
• USG
• Tumor
marker
Ca-‐125
Clinical
Work-‐up
Laboratory
TesRng
No
tumor
marker
(eg,
CA125,
beta-‐human
chorionic
gonadotropin,
alpha-‐
fetoprotein,
lactate
dehydrogenase)
is
completely
specific;
therefore,
use
diagnos@c
immunohistochemistry
tes@ng
in
conjunc@on
with
morphologic
and
clinical
findings.
Also,
obtain
a
urinalysis
to
exclude
other
possible
causes
of
abdominal/pelvic
pain,
such
as
urinary
tract
infec@ons
or
kidney
stones.
CA
125
–.
CA
125
is
abnormally
elevated
in
about
80
percent
of
women
with
advanced
ovarian
cancer.
non-‐cancerous
condi@ons
can
cause
CA
125
to
be
elevated
àe.g
endometriosis,
uterine
fibroids,
pelvic
infec@ons,
heart
failure,
and
liver
and
kidney
disease.
Teratoma
ovarian
(Dermoid
cyst
of
ovary)
• Bizzare
Tumour
Image
source:h?ps://
embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/
• GnRH
merupakan
hormon
yang
diproduksi
oleh
GnRH
hipotalamus
di
otak.
•
GnRH
akan
merangsang
pelepasan
FSH
(Folicle
Estrogen
S@mula@ng
Hormon)
di
hipofisis.
• Estrogen
dihasilkan
oleh
ovarium.
•
Bila
kadar
estrogen
@nggi,
maka
estrogen
akan
• Estrogen
berguna
untuk
pembentukan
ciri-‐ciri
memberikan
umpan
balik
ke
hipotalamus
sehingga
perkembangan
seksual
pada
wanita
yaitu
kadar
GnRH
akan
menjadi
rendah,
begitupun
pembentukan
payudara,
lekuk
tubuh,
rambut
sebaliknya..
kemaluan.
• LH
mempertahankan
korpus
luteum
untuk
tetap
•
Estrogen
juga
berguna
pada
siklus
menstruasi
LH
menghasilkan
ovarium.
dengan
membentuk
ketebalan
endometrium,
menjaga
kualitas
dan
kuan@tas
cairan
cerviks
dan
• D i b a w a h
p e n g a r u h
L H ,
k o r p u s
l u t e u m
mengeluarkan
estrogen
dan
progesteron,
dengan
vagina
sehingga
sesuai
untuk
penetrasi
sperma.
jumlah
progesteron
jauh
lebih
besar.
• Kadar
progesteron
meningkat
dan
mendominasi
dalam
fase
luteal,
sedangkan
estrogen
mendominasi
Progesteron
fase
folikel.
• Hormon
ini
diproduksi
oleh
korpus
luteum.
• Walaupun
estrogen
kadar
@nggi
merangsang
• P rogesteron
mempertahankan
ketebalan
sekresi
LH,
progesteron
dengan
kuat
akan
endometrium
sehingga
dapat
menerima
implantasi
menghambat
sekresi
LH
dan
FSH.
zygot.
• Kadar
progesteron
terus
dipertahankan
selama
• Hormon
yang
diproduksi
oleh
hipofisis
akibat
FSH
rangsangan
dari
GnRH.
• FSH
akan
menyebabkan
pematangan
dari
folikel.
trimester
awal
kehamilan
sampai
plasenta
dapat
membentuk
hormon
HCG.
Terminology
DefiniRon
Prolonged
menstrual
bleeding
Menstrual
period
exceeding
8
days
in
dura@on
on
regular
basis
Shortened
menstrual
bleeding
Uncommon,
define
as
bleeding
of
no
longer
than
2
days
Irregular menstrual bleeding Bleeding of 20 days In individual cycle length over period of one year
Heavy
menstrual
bleeding
Excessive
menstrual
blood
loss
that
interferences
with
the
woman
physical,
emo@onal,
social,
and
material
quality
of
life
and
can
occur
alone
or
in
combina@on
with
other
symptom
(>80mL)
Heavy
and
prolonged
menstrual
Less
common
than
HMB,
its
important
to
make
a
dis@nc@on
from
HMB
given
they
may
bleeding
have
different
e@ologies
and
respond
to
different
therapies
Light
Menstrual
Bleeding
Based
on
pa@ent
complaint,
rarely
related
to
pathology
(<5mL)
Terminology
DefiniRon
Acute
Abnormal
Uterine
Bleeding
Episode
of
bleeding
in
a
woman
of
reproduc@ve
age,
who
is
not
pregnant,
of
sufficient
quan@ty
to
require
immediate
interven@on
to
prevent
further
blood
loss
Chronic
Abnormal
uterine
bleeding
Bleeding
from
the
uterine
corpus
that
is
abnormal
in
dura@on,
volume,
and/or
frequency
and
has
been
present
for
the
majority
of
the
last
6
month
Irregular
Non
Menstrual
Bleeding
Irregular
episode
of
bleeding,
ooen
light
and
short,
occurring
between
normal
menstrual
period.
Mostly
associated
with
benign
or
malignant
structure
lesion,
may
occur
during
or
following
sexual
intercourse
Post
menopausal
bleeding
Bleeding
occurring
>1
year
aoer
the
acknowledge
menopause
Precocious
menstrua@on
Usually
associated
with
other
sign
of
precocious
puberty,
occur
before
9
years
of
age
Polip
Coagulopathy
• Endocervical
polip
-‐
Von
Willebrand
• Endometrial
polip
disease
-‐
Gangguan
agregasi
platelet
Ovulatory
disturbance
Adenomyosis
-‐
Endocrinopa@e
• Part
of
endometrial
(PCOS,
Hypo@roid,
that
penetrate
to
obesity,
anorexia)
myometrium
-‐Extreme
exercise,
stress
Leiomyoma
Endometrial
• Submucosal
-‐Endometrial
inflamma@on
infec@on
• Subserosal
-‐Defisiensi
endothelin-‐1,
• intramural
Prostaglandin
F2-‐alpha
Iatrogenic
Malignancy
and
Drugs
:
rifampicin,
hyperplasia
defined
as
bleeding
from
the
uterine
corpus
that
is
abnormal
in
griseofulvin,
trisiklik,
regularity,
volume,
frequency,
or
dura4on
and
occurs
in
the
absence
of
phenothiazine,
-‐
Endometrial
cancer
an@coagulant,
an@platelet,
pregnancy
Medical
Management
for
Acute
AUB
Hormonal
management
is
considered
the
first
line
of
medical
therapy
for
pa@ents
with
acute
AUB
without
known
or
suspected
bleeding
disorders.
Drug
Dosage
Schedule
ContraindicaRon
Lokasi
lain:
vesical
urinaria,
ureter,
usus
halus,
fornix
posterior,
SIGN
and
SYMPTOM
rectum,
diafragma
• Dismenorea
• Menorhagia
TRIAS
klasik:
dismenorhea
berat,
dyspareunia/
nyeri
panggul
kronis,
• Nyeri
goyang
panggul
inferRl
• Nyeri
perut
bawah
• Dyschezia
• Dysuria
Penunjang:
Transvaginal/endorectal
USG,
MRI
(deteksi
implantasi
• Dyspareunia
endometrial)
• Mual,
muntah,
rasa
penuh
perut
Endometriosis
therapy
Medical
Therapies
Surgical
IntervenRon
• Laparoscopy
Mild-‐Moderate
Pain
Moderate
–Severe
Pain
• Hysterectomy/Oophorectomy/Salpingo-‐
oophorectomy
1. Combined
Oral
1. GnRH
Agonist
Contracep@ve
2. Danazol
IndicaRons
for
surgical
management:
2. NSAID
3. Aromatase
Inhibitor
3. Proges@n
• Diagnosis
of
unresolved
pelvic
pain
• Severe,
incapacita@ng
pain
with
significant
func@onal
impairment
and
reduced
quality
of
life
• Advanced
disease
with
anatomic
impairment
(distor@on
of
pelvic
organs,
endometriomas,
bowel
or
bladder
dysfunc@on)
• Failure
of
expectant/medical
management
• Endometriosis-‐related
emergencies,
ie,
rupture
or
torsion
of
endometrioma,
bowel
obstruc@on,
or
obstruc@ve
uropathy
Perimenopause
• Periode
3-‐5
tahun
sebelum
menopause
yang
ditandai
dengan
peningkatan
frekuensi
irregular
anovulatory
bleeding
yang
selanjutnya
diiku@
periode
amenorrhea
dan
gejala-‐gejala
menopause
lainnya
Menopause
• Periode
dimana
siklus
menstruasi
secara
permanen
berhenR.
Diagnosis
secara
retrospekRf
sejak
12
bulan
paska
amenorrhea.
(Rerata
usia
51
tahun).
PATOFISIOLOGIS
MENOPAUSE
• pada
usia
sekitar
50
tahun
fungsi
ovarium
menjadi
sangat
menurun.
Folikel
mencapai
jumlah
yang
kri@s,
maka
akan
terjadi
gangguan
sistem
pengaturan
hormon
• insufisiensi
korpus
luteum,
siklus
haid
anovulatorik
dan
pada
akhirnya
terjadi
oligomenore
• Masa
perimenopauseà
ak@vitas
folikel
dalam
ovarium
mulai
berkurang.
• Ke@ka
ovarium
Rdak
menghasilkan
ovum
dan
berhenR
memproduksi
estradiol,
kelenjar
hipofise
berusaha
merangsang
ovarium
untuk
menghasilkan
estrogen,
sehingga
terjadi
peningkatan
produksi
FSH.
• Pada
pascamenopause
kadar
LH
dan
FSH
akan
meningkat,
FSH
biasanya
akan
lebih
@nggi
dari
LH
sehingga
rasio
FSH/
LH
menjadi
lebih
besar
dari
satu.
• Hal
ini
disebabkan
oleh
hilangnya
mekanisme
umpan
balik
nega@f
dari
steroid
ovarium
dan
inhibin
terhadap
pelepasan
gonadotropin.
Diagnosis
menopause
dapat
ditegakkan
bila
kadar
FSH
lebih
dari
30
mIU/ml
S
I
G
N
A
N
D
S
Y
M
P
T
O
M
P
Symptoms
of
Menopause:
1.
Hot
flushes
-‐
cutaneous
vasodilaRon
5.
Atrophic
Changes
• occurs
in
75%
of
women
• Vagina
• more
severe
aoer
surgical
menopause
*vagini@s
due
to
thinning
of
epithelium,
↓
PH
• con@nue
for
1
year
and
lubrica@on.
• 25%
con@nue
more
than
5
years
*dysparnue→due
to
decrease
vascularity
and
dryness
2.
Urinary
Symptoms
• size
of
breDecrease
size
of
cervix
and
mucus
• Urgency
with
retract
of
segumocolumnar
(SC)
• Frequency
junc@on
into
the
endocervical
canal.
• nocturia
• Decrease
size
of
the
uterus,
shrinking
of
myoma
&
adenomyosis.
3.
Psychological
changes
decreased
level
of
central
• Decrease
size
of
ovaries,
become
non
neurotransmimers
palpable.
• Depression
• Pelvic
floor
-‐
relaxa@on
→prolapse.
• Irritability
• Urinary
tract
→atrophy
→lose
of
urethral
• Anxiety
tone
→caruncle
• Insomia
• Hypertonic
Bladder
-‐
detrusor
instability
• lose
of
concentra@on
• Decrease
ast
and
benign
cysts.
4.
Skin
Collagen
–
↓
collagen
&
thickness
→
↓
elas@city
of
the
skin.
6.
Reversal
of
premenstrual
syndrome
Diagnose
• Retrospec@ve
diagnose,
FSH
>
30
mIU/ml
and
E2
<
30pg/ml
(Rogerio,
2000;
Baziad,
2003).
THERAPY
• Estrogen
–
a
minimum
of
2mg
of
oestradiol
is
needed
to
mantain
bone
mass
and
relief
symptoms
of
menopause.
• Women
with
uterus
–
add
progesRn
at
last
10
days
to
prevent
endometrial
Hyperplas@c
• Sequen@al
Regimens
-‐
used
in
pa@ent
close
to
menopause.
o Oestrogen
–
in
the
first
½
of
28
day
per
pack
o Oestrogen
&
Proge@n
in
2nd
1/12
of
28
day
pack
• Endometrial
Ca:
• Endometrial
neoplasia
can
progress
from
simple
hyperplasia
to
inves@ve
Ca
caused
by
unopposed
oestrogen.
• Mechanism:
prolonged
oestrogen
sRmulaRon
of
the
endometrium
unopposed
by
progesterone.
The
source
may
be:
a) Exogenous
Estrogen
(E2)
(ERT)
b) Peripheral
Aroma@za@on
of
Androstendione
to
estrone
–obesety
or
PCO
c) Estrogen
(E2)
producing
tumor
(like
granuloza
cell
ovarian
tumour)
d) Tamoxifen
aS@mula@on
of
Endometrium
• Risk
Factor
o No
pregnancy
o Prolonged
Reproduc@ve
Life
–
late
menopause
o Unopposed
estrogen
o Triad
of
diabetes,
hypertension
&
obesity
PMS
PMM
PMS
Diagnostic
criteria
Tenth Revision of the
International
Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of
the
cyclic
recurrence
in
the
luteal
Classification of Mental Disorders, 4th
phase
of
the
menstrual
cycle
of
a
Disease (ICD-10) ed. (DSM-IV)
Prospective daily
Many
pa@ents
with
psychiatric
charting of charting of
symptoms symptoms
disorders
also
complain
of
required for two
worsening
of
their
symptoms
cycles
around
the
premenstrual
phase,
called
“premenstrual
magnifica@on”.
ACOG
2008
ACOG
Infer@litas
Kegagalan
dalam
konsepsi,
mempertahankan
kehamilan,
atau
melahirkan
bayi
hidup
bagi
pasangan
suami-‐istri
yang
telah
melakukan
hubungan
seksual
secara
regular
tanpa
kontrasepsi
setelah:
1. Usia
wanita
<
35
tahun
à
melewa@
durasi
12
bulan
2. Usia
wanita
>
35
tahun
à
melewa@
durasi
6
bulan
Prevalensi:
a. 40%
faktor
istri
a. Infeksi:
Servisi@s
à
Inflamasi
uterus
à
salfingi@s
à
perituba
adesi
à
stenosis
tuba
à
oklusi
tuba
b. Gangguan
ovulasi:
Penuaan
(usia),
Polikis@k
Ovarii
(PCOS),
Kelainan
pada
hipotalamus-‐hipofisis,
Hiperprolak@n
c. Gangguan
anatomi:
Kelainan
kongenital
Source:
h8p://www.pathophys.org/pcos/
OVULATION
INDUCTION.
Approach
to
ovula@on
induc@on
in
women
with
polycys@c
ovarian
syndrome.
IVF:
In
vitro
fer@liza@on
Guzick.
Polycys@c
Ovary
Syndrome.
Obstet
Gynecol.
2004
TORCH
Toxoplasmosis
Other
(sifilis,
varicella-‐zoster,
parvovirus
B19)
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus
(CMV)
Herpes
Infec@on
INFEKSI
KONGENITAL
IgM
is
too
large
to
cross
placenta
and
does
not
confer
maternal
immunity
Spiramycin:
fetal
prophylaxis
Pyrimethamine
à
folic
acid
antagonist.
Should
not
be
used
in
the
first
trimester
because
it
is
poten@ally
teratogenic.
Folinic
acid:
to
counteract
bone
marrow
depression
by
pyrimethamine
Congenital
Toxoplasmosis
maternal
infec@on
3
month
before
concep@on
or
during
pregnancy
Uptodate.com, medscape
Ultrasonographic
findings
-‐ Fetal
hydrocephalus
-‐ Fetal
intracranial
calcifica@on
Classic
triad
(affected
in
~80%)
of
congenital
toxoplasmosis:
-‐ Hydrocephalus
-‐ Choriore@ni@s
-‐ Intracranial
calcifica@on
Rubella
(German
Measles)
www.cdc.gov
Diagnosis
of
congenital
rubella
Congenital
rubella
syndrome
Source;
h?p://www.perinatology.com/
exposures/Infec<on/CMV/
Cytomegalovirus.htm#DXMOTHER
VARICELLA
Radioulnar
hipoplasia
HepaRc
calcificaRon
and
missing
hand
USG
Findings:
• Calcifica@on
o intrahepa@c
o Intracranial
:
may
also
see
liver,
heart,
and
renal
• Poly
hydramnion
:
due
to
neurologic
impairment
of
swallowing
• Limb
Hipoplasia
• Microcephaly
Management
• Fetal
Infec@on
à
Amniocentesis
(culture
or
PCR
of
virus)
or
Fetal
MRI
:
CNS
• Maternal
infec@on
symptoma@c
– Hospitaliza@on
in
severe
case,
esp
in
varicella
pneumonia
(emergency
case)
– Acyclovir
800
mg
P.O
5
@mes
a
day,
for
7
days
• Maternal
zooster
outbreak
in
pregnancy
is
not
associated
with
risk
of
Zooster
Lesion
fetal
malforma@on