PEMBANGUNAN MILENIUM UNTUK

MENANGGULANGI KEMISKINAN
Februari 23, 2010 oleh Baltasar Tarigan

Pada September 2000 Kepala Negara dari seluruh dunia, termasuk Presiden Indonesia,
berkumpul di Amerika Nations Millennium Summit di New York dan menandatangani Deklarasi
Milenium. Mereka menegaskan kembali sehingga komitmen masing-masing negara dan
masyarakat internasional untuk mencapai dari Tujuan Pembangunan Milenium, serangkaian
untuk sasaran pembangunan yang terukur dan pemberantasan kemiskinan.

Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) pada dasarnya mewujudkan komitmen internasional

yang dibuat di Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa Dunia Summits dan konferensi global sepanjang
tahun 1990-an. Dengan menandatangani Deklarasi Milenium pemimpin dunia berjanji untuk
membagi dua proporsi orang yang menderita kelaparan, memastikan bahwa semua anak dapat
menyelesaikan pendidikan dasar, mengeliminasi perbedaan jender di semua tingkat pendidikan,
mengurangi balita dan tingkat kematian bayi oleh dua pertiga, dan membagi dua proporsi
penduduk tanpa akses kesumber daya air yang diperbaiki pada tahun 2015.

Sebagai tindak lanjut dari komitmen yang dibuat dalam Millennium Summit, masing-masing
negara penandatangan diharapkan untuk mempersiapkan Millenium Development Goals Report.
Pemerintah Indonesia, di bawah kepemimpinan Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional dan
dengan teknis dukungan dari Gugus Tugas PBB, telah menyelesaikan Laporan MDG pertama.
Itu dirancang dalam bahasa Indonesia dan kemudian diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Inggris,
yang mencerminkan Pemerintah hakikat kepemilikan yang kuat dari laporan. Proses
penyusunannya melibatkan partisipasi aktif, dan konsultasi ekstensif di antara, kementerian
utama yang bertanggung jawab melaksanakan kebijakan dan program yang diarahkan pada
realisasi MDGs.

Laporan mewakili awal pemerintah berusaha untuk mengambil persediaan negara situasi
pembangunan manusia yang berkaitan dengan sasaran MDG, mengukur dan menganalisa
kemajuan realisasi mereka, dan mengidentifikasi dan review kebijakan dan program-program
yang dibutuhkan untuk memenuhi target. Dengan mengacu pada tujuan mengurangi separuh
proporsi penduduk yang pendapatannya berada di bawah garis kemiskinan nasional antara 1990
dan 2015, Laporan menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia berada di trek ke arah mencapai tujuan
tersebut. Namun, prospek di seluruh provinsi yang tidak merata.

Selain meningkatkan kesadaran, pemahaman dan apresiasi terhadap MDGs oleh masyarakat
Indonesia, laporan dapat digunakan sebagai alat advokasi oleh parlemen nasional dan lokal, LSM
dan media dalam mempromosikan kebijakan, program dan alokasi sumber daya keputusan untuk
mewujudkan target MDG.

Sumber: UNDP

http://baltasar9.wordpress.com/
Millennium Development Goals
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"MDG" redirects here. For other uses, see MDG (disambiguation).

The Millennium Development Goals are a UN initiative.

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are eight international development goals that all
193 United Nations member states and at least 23 international organizations have agreed to
achieve by the year 2015. They include eradicating extreme poverty, reducing child mortality
rates, fighting disease epidemics such as AIDS, and developing a global partnership for
development.[1]

Contents
[hide]

 1 Background
o 1.1 Ideas behind the MDG

 2 Goals

o 2.1 Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

o 2.2 Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education

o 2.3 Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women

o 2.4 Goal 4: Reduce child mortality rates

o 2.5 Goal 5: Improve maternal health

o 2.6 Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases

o 2.7 Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability

o 2.8 Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development

  3 Debate surrounding the MDGs

 4 Progress

 5 Review Summit 2010

 6 Challenges

o 6.1 Controversy over funding of 0.7% of GNI

 7 Related organizations

o 7.1 MDG related projects

 7.1.1 Accessing Development Education

 7.1.2 TeachMDGs

 7.1.3 UN Goals

 8 See also

 9 References

 10 External links

o 10.1 United Nations

o 10.2 Others

[edit] Background

Heads of State at the Millennium Summit

The aim of the MDGs is to encourage development by improving social and economic
conditions in the world's poorest countries. They derive from earlier international development
targets,[2] and were officially established following the Millennium Summit in 2000, where all
world leaders present adopted the United Nations Millennium Declaration.
The Millennium Summit was presented with the report of the Secretary-General entitled ‘We the
Peoples: The Role of the United Nations in the Twenty-First Century’.[3] Additional input was
prepared by the Millennium Forum, which brought together representatives of over 1,000 non-
governmental and civil society organisations from more than 100 countries. The Forum met in
May 2000 to conclude a two-year consultation process covering issues such as poverty
eradication, environmental protection, human rights and protection of the vulnerable. The
approval of the MDGs was possibly the main outcome of the Millennium Summit. In the area of
peace and security, the adoption of the Brahimi Report was seen as properly equipping the
organization to carry out the mandates given by the Security Council.[citation needed]

[edit] Ideas behind the MDG

The percentage of the world's population living in extreme poverty has halved since 1981. The graph
shows estimates and projections from the World Bank 1981–2009. Most of this improvement has
occurred in East and South Asia.

The MDGs originated from the Millennium Declaration produced by the United Nations. The
Declaration asserts that every individual has the right to dignity, freedom, equality, a basic
standard of living that includes freedom from hunger and violence, and encourages tolerance and
solidarity.[4] The MDGs were made to operationalize these ideas by setting targets and indicators
for poverty reduction in order to achieve the rights set forth in the Declaration on a set fifteen-
year timeline.[4][5]

The Millennium Declaration was, however, only part of the origins of the MDGs. It came about
from not just the UN but also the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
(OECD), the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. The setting came about through
a series of UN-led conferences in the 1990s focusing on issues such as children, nutrition, human
rights, women and others. On the side of the OECD, there was a criticism of the fall of global
Official Development Assistance (ODA) by major donors. With the onset of the UN's 50th
anniversary, then UN Secretary General Kofi Annan saw the need to address the range of
development issues. This led to his report titled, We the Peoples: The Role of the United Nations
in the 21st Century which led to the Millennium Declaration. By this time, the OECD had
already formed its International Development Goals (IDGs) and it was combined with the UN's
efforts in the World Bank's 2001 meeting to form the MDGs.[6][7]

The MDGs focus on three major areas of Human development (humanity): bolstering human
capital, improving infrastructure, and increasing social, economic and political rights, with the
majority of the focus going towards increasing basic standards of living.[8] The objectives chosen
within the human capital focus include improving nutrition, healthcare (including reducing levels
of child mortality, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria, and increasing reproductive health), and
education. For the infrastructure focus, the objectives include improving infrastructure through
increasing access to safe drinking water, energy and modern information/communication
technology; amplifying farm outputs through sustainable practices; improving transportation
infrastructure; and preserving the environment. Lastly, for the social, economic and political
rights focus, the objectives include empowering women, reducing violence, increasing political
voice, ensuring equal access to public services, and increasing security of property rights. The
goals chosen were intended to increase an individual’s human capabilities and “advance the
means to a productive life”.[8] The MDGs emphasize that individual policies needed to achieve
these goals should be tailored to individual country’s needs; therefore most policy suggestions
are general.[8]

The MDGs also emphasize the role of developed countries in aiding developing countries, as
outlined in Goal Eight. Goal Eight sets objectives and targets for developed countries to achieve
a “global partnership for development” by supporting fair trade, debt relief for developing
nations, increasing aid and access to affordable essential medicines, and encouraging technology
transfer.[8][9] Thus developing nations are not seen as left to achieve the MDGs on their own, but
as a partner in the developing-developed compact to reduce world poverty.

[edit] Goals
The MDGs were developed out of the eight chapters of the United Nations, signed in September
2000. There are eight goals with 21 targets,[10] and a series of measurable indicators for each
target.[11][12]

[edit] Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

 Target 1A: Halve the proportion of people living on less than $1 a day
o Proportion of population below $1 per day (PPP values)

o Poverty gap ratio [incidence x depth of poverty]

o Share of poorest quintile in national consumption

 Target 1B: Achieve Decent Employment for Women, Men, and Young People

o GDP Growth per Employed Person

o Employment Rate
 o Proportion of employed population below $1 per day (PPP values)

o Proportion of family-based workers in employed population

 Target 1C: Halve the proportion of people who suffer from hunger

o Prevalence of underweight children under five years of age

o Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption [13]

[edit] Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education

 Target 2A: By 2015, all children can complete a full course of primary schooling, girls and boys
o Enrollment in primary education

o Completion of primary education

o Literacy of 15-24 year olds, female and male [14]

[edit] Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women

 Target 3A: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005,
and at all levels by 2015
o Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education

o Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector

o Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament [15]

[edit] Goal 4: Reduce child mortality rates

 Target 4A: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate
o Under-five mortality rate

o Infant (under 1) mortality rate

o Proportion of 1-year-old children immunized against measles [16]

[edit] Goal 5: Improve maternal health

 Target 5A: Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio
o Maternal mortality ratio

o Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel

 Target 5B: Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health

o Contraceptive prevalence rate

o Adolescent birth rate

o Antenatal care coverage

o Unmet need for family planning[17]

[edit] Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
 Target 6A: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS
o HIV prevalence among population aged 15–24 years

o Condom use at last high-risk sex

o Proportion of population aged 15–24 years with comprehensive correct knowledge of

HIV/AIDS

 Target 6B: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need
it

o Proportion of population with advanced HIV infection with access to antiretroviral drugs

 Target 6C: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major
diseases

o Prevalence and death rates associated with malaria

o Proportion of children under 5 sleeping under insecticide-treated bednets

o Proportion of children under 5 with fever who are treated with appropriate anti-malarial
drugs

o Prevalence and death rates associated with tuberculosis

o Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under DOTS (Directly Observed
Treatment Short Course)[18]

[edit] Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability

 Target 7A: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and
programs; reverse loss of environmental resources
 Target 7B: Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in the rate of
loss

o Proportion of land area covered by forest

o CO2 emissions, total, per capita and per $1 GDP (PPP)

o Consumption of ozone-depleting substances

o Proportion of fish stocks within safe biological limits

o Proportion of total water resources used

o Proportion of terrestrial and marine areas protected

o Proportion of species threatened with extinction

 Target 7C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe
drinking water and basic sanitation (for more information see the entry on water supply)
 o Proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved water source, urban
and rural

o Proportion of urban population with access to improved sanitation

 Target 7D: By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100
million slum-dwellers

o Proportion of urban population living in slums[19]

[edit] Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development

 Target 8A: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and
financial system
o Includes a commitment to good governance, development, and poverty reduction – both
nationally and internationally

 Target 8B: Address the Special Needs of the Least Developed Countries (LDC)

o Includes: tariff and quota free access for LDC exports; enhanced programme of debt
relief for HIPC and cancellation of official bilateral debt; and more generous ODA
(Overseas Development Assistance) for countries committed to poverty reduction

 Target 8C: Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and small island
developing States

o Through the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island
Developing States and the outcome of the twenty-second special session of the General
Assembly

 Target 8D: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through
national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term

o Some of the indicators listed below are monitored separately for the least developed
countries (LDCs), Africa, landlocked developing countries and small island developing
States.

o Official development assistance (ODA):

 Net ODA, total and to LDCs, as percentage of OECD/DAC donors’ GNI

 Proportion of total sector-allocable ODA of OECD/DAC donors to basic social

services (basic education, primary health care, nutrition, safe water and
sanitation)

 Proportion of bilateral ODA of OECD/DAC donors that is untied

 ODA received in landlocked countries as proportion of their GNIs

 ODA received in small island developing States as proportion of their GNIs

o Market access:
  Proportion of total developed country imports (by value and excluding arms)
from developing countries and from LDCs, admitted free of duty

 Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on agricultural products and

textiles and clothing from developing countries

 Agricultural support estimate for OECD countries as percentage of their GDP

 Proportion of ODA provided to help build trade capacity

o Debt sustainability:

 Total number of countries that have reached their HIPC decision points and
number that have reached their HIPC completion points (cumulative)

 Debt relief committed under HIPC initiative, US$

 Debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services

 Target 8E: In co-operation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable,

essential drugs in developing countries

o Proportion of population with access to affordable essential drugs on a sustainable basis

 Target 8F: In co-operation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new
technologies, especially information and communications

o Telephone lines and cellular subscribers per 100 population

o Personal computers in use per 100 population

o Internet users per 100 Population [20]

[edit] Debate surrounding the MDGs

Drawbacks of the MDGs include the lack of analytical power and justification behind the chosen
objectives.[5] The MDGs leave out important ideals, such as the lack of strong objectives and
indicators for equality, which is considered by many scholars to be a major flaw of the MDGs
due to the disparities of progress towards poverty reduction between groups within nations.[4][5]
The MDGs also lack a focus on local participation and empowerment (excluding women’s
empowerment) [Deneulin & Shahani 2009]. The MDGs also lack an emphasis on sustainability,
making their future after 2015 questionable.[5] Thus, while the MDGs are a tool for tracking
progress toward basic poverty reduction and provide a very basic policy road map to achieving
these goals, they do not capture all elements needed to achieve the ideals set out in the
Millennium Declaration.[4]

Another criticism of the MDGs is the difficulty or lack of measurements for some of the goals.
Amir Attaran, an Associate Professor and Canada Research Chair in Law, Population Health, and
Global Development Policy at University of Ottawa, argues that goals related to maternal
mortality, malaria, and tuberculosis are in practice impossible to measure and that current UN
estimates do not have scientifically validity or are missing.[21] Household surveys are often used
by the UN organisations to estimate data for the health MDGs.[21] These surveys have been
argued to be poor measurements of the data they are trying to collect, and many different
organisations have redundant surveys, which waste limited resources.[21] Furthermore, countries
with the highest levels of maternal mortality, malaria, and tuberculosis often have the least
amount of reliable data collection.[21] Attaran argues that without accurate measures of past and
current data for the health related MDGs, it is impossible to determine if progress has been made
toward the goals, leaving the MDGs as little more than a rhetorical call to arms.[21]

Proponents for the MDGs argue that while some goals are difficult to measure, that there is still
validity in setting goals as they provide a political and operational framework to achieving the
goals.[22] They also assert that non-health related MDGs are often well measured, and it is wrong
to assume that all MDGs are doomed to fail due to lack of data.[22] It is further argued that for
difficult to measure goals, best practices have be identified and their implication is measurable as
well as their positive effects on progress. With an increase in the quantity and quality of
healthcare systems in developing countries, more data will be collected, as well as more progress
made.[22] Lastly the MDGs bring attention to measurements of wellbeing beyond income, and this
attention alone helps bring funding to achieving these goals.[5]

The MDGs are also argued to help the human development by providing a measurement of
human development that is not based solely on income, prioritizing interventions, establishing
obtainable objectives with operationalized measurements of progress (though the data needed to
measure progress is difficult to obtain), and increasing the developed world’s involvement in
worldwide poverty reduction.[5][23] The measurement of human development in the MDGs goes
beyond income, and even just basic health and education, to include gender and reproductive
rights, environmental sustainability and spread of technology.[5] Prioritizing interventions helps
developing countries with limited resources make decisions about where to allocate their
resources through which public policies.[5] The MDGs also strengthen the commitment of
developed countries to helping developing countries, and encourage the flow of aid and
information sharing.[5] The joint responsibility of developing and developed nations for achieving
the MDGs increases the likelihood of their success, which is reinforced by their 189-country
support (the MDGs are the most broadly supported poverty reduction targets ever set by the
world).[8]

[edit] Progress
Progress towards reaching the goals has been uneven. Some countries have achieved many of the
goals,[24] while others are not on track to realize any.[25] The major countries that have been
achieving their goals include China (whose poverty population has reduced from 452 million to
278 million) and India due to clear internal and external factors of population and economic
development.[26] However, areas needing the most reduction, such as the Sub-Saharan Africa
regions have yet to make any drastic changes in improving their quality of life. In the same time
as China, the Sub-Saharan Africa reduced their poverty about one percent, and are at a major risk
of not meeting the MDGs by 2015.[26] Fundamental issues will determine whether or not the
MDGs are achieved, namely gender, the divide between the humanitarian and development
agendas and economic growth, according to researchers at the Overseas Development Institute.
[27][28][29]

Achieving the MDGs does not depend on economic growth alone and expensive solutions. In the
case of MDG 4, some developing countries like Bangladesh have shown that it is possible to
reduce child mortality with only modest growth with inexpensive but effective interventions,
such as measles immunisation.[30]

Goal 8 of the MDGs is unique in the sense that it focuses on donor government commitments
and achievements, rather than successes in the developing world. The Commitment to
Development Index, published annually by the Center for Global Development is often
considered to be the numerical targeting indicator for the 8th MDG.[31] It is a more
comprehensive measure of donor progress than simply Official Development Assistance as it
takes into account policies on a number of indicators that affect developing countries such as
trade, migration, and investment.

To accelerate progress towards the MDGs, the G-8 Finance Ministers met in London in June
2005 (in preparation for the G-8 Gleneagles Summit in July) and reached an agreement to
provide enough funds to the World Bank, the IMF, and the African Development Bank (ADB) to
cancel an additional $40–55 billion debt owed by members of the Heavily Indebted Poor
Countries (HIPC). This would allow impoverished countries to re-channel the resources saved
from the forgiven debt to social programs for improving health and education and for alleviating
poverty.[32]

Backed by G-8 funding, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the ADB each
endorsed the Gleaneagles plan and implemented the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI)
to effectuate the debt cancellations. The MDRI supplements HIPC by providing each country
that reaches the HIPC completion point 100% forgiveness of its multilateral debt. Countries that
previously reached the decision point became eligible for full debt forgiveness once their lending
agency confirmed that the countries had continued to maintain the reforms implemented during
HIPC status. Other countries that subsequently reach the completion point automatically receive
full forgiveness of their multilateral debt under MDRI.[32]

While the World Bank and ADB limit MDRI to countries that complete the HIPC program, the
IMF's MDRI eligibility criteria are slightly less restrictive so as to comply with the IMF's unique
"uniform treatment" requirement. Instead of limiting eligibility to HIPC countries, any country
with annual per capita income of $380 or less qualifies for MDRI debt cancellation. The IMF
adopted the $380 threshold because it closely approximates the countries eligible for HIPC.[32]

Yet, as 2015 approaches, increasing global uncertainties such as the economic crisis and climate
change have led to an opportunity to rethink the MDG approach to development policy.
According to the 'In Focus' Policy Brief from the Institute of Development Studies, the 'After
2015' debate[33] is about questioning the value of an MDG-type, target-based approach to
international development, about progress so far on poverty reduction, about looking to an
uncertain future and exploring what kind of system is needed after the MDG deadline has passed.
[34]
Further developments in rethinking strategies and approaches to achieving the MDGs include
research by the Overseas Development Institute into the role of equity.[35] Researchers at the ODI
argue progress can be accelerated due to recent breakthroughs in the role equity plays in creating
a virtuous circle where rising equity ensures the poor participate in their country's develop and
creates reductions in poverty and financial stability.[35] Yet equity should not be understood
purely as economic, but also as political. Examples abound and include Brazil's cash transfers,
Uganda's eliminations of user fees and the subsequent huge increase in in visits from the very
poorest or else Mauritius's dual-track approach to liberalisation (inclusive growth and inclusive
development) aiding it on its road into the World Trade Organization.[35] Researchers at the ODI
thus propose equity be measured in league tables in order to provide a clearer insight into how
MDGs can be achieved more quickly; the ODI is working with partners to put forward league
tables at the 2010 MDG review meeting.[35]

The effects of increasing drug use have been noted by the International Journal of Drug Policy as
a deterrent to the goal of the MDGs.[36]

Other development scholars, such as Naila Kabeer, Caren Grown, and Noeleen Heyzer argue that
an increased focus on women’s empowerment and gender mainstreaming of MDGs-related
policies will accelerate the progress of the MDGs. Kabeer argues that increasing women’s
empowerment and access to paid work will help reduce child mortality.[37] She supports her point
with evidence that South Asian countries with the high levels in of gender discrimination that
limit women’s access to food and healthcare cause these same countries to have the highest rates
of low birth weight babies in the world.[37] This is because women experiencing malnutrition
have low birth weight babies. Since low-birth weight babies have limited chances of survival,
improving women’s health by increasing their bargaining power in the family through paid work,
will reduce child mortality.[37] Another way empowering women will help accelerate the MDGs is
the inverse relationship between mother’s schooling and child-morality, as well as the positive
correlation between increasing a mother’s agency over unearned income and health outcomes of
her children, especially girls.[37] Increasing a mother’s education and workforce participation
increases these effects.[37] Lastly empowering women by creating economic opportunities for
women decreases women’s participation in the sex market which decreases the spread of AIDS, a
MDG in itself (MDG 6A).[37]

Grown asserts that the resources, technology and knowledge exist to decrease poverty through
improving gender equality, it is just the political will that is missing.[38] She argues that if donor
countries and developing countries together focused on seven “priority areas”: increasing girl’s
completion of secondary school, guarantying sexual and reproductive health rights, improving
infrastructure to ease women’s and girl’s time burdens, guaranteeing women’s property rights,
reducing gender inequalities in employment, increasing seats held by women in government, and
combating violence against women, great progress could be made towards the MDGs.[38]

Both Kabeer and Heyzer believe that the current MDGs targets do not place enough emphasis on
tracking gender inequalities in poverty reduction and employment as there are only gender goals
relating to health, education and political representation.[37][39] In order to encourage women’s
empowerment and progress towards the MDGs, increased emphasis should be placed on gender
mainstreaming development policies and collecting data based on gender.
Graphs from the Millennium Development Goals Report
2010

Proportion of people living on less

than $1.25 a day (1990, 2005)
Enrolment in primary education
(1999, 2008)

Under-five mortality rate (1990,

2008)

Numbers of people living with,

newly infected with and killed by
HIV (1990-2008)
Proportion of population using an
'improved water source' (1990,
2008)

External debt service payments as a

proportion of export revenues
(2000, 2008)
Internet users per hundred people
(2003, 2008)

[edit] Review Summit 2010

A major conference was held at UN headquarters in New York on 20–22 September 2010 to
review progress to date, with five years left to the 2015 deadline.

The conference concluded with the adoption of a global action plan to achieve the eight anti-
poverty goals by their 2015 target date. There were also major new commitments on women's
and children's health, and major new initiatives in the worldwide battle against poverty, hunger
and disease.

[edit] Challenges
Although developed countries' aid for the achievement of the MDGs have been rising over recent
years, it has shown that more than half is towards debt relief owed by poor countries. As well,
remaining aid money goes towards natural disaster relief and military aid which does not further
the country into development. According to the United Nations Department of Economic and
Social Affairs (2006), the 50 least developed countries only receive about one third of all aid that
flows from developed countries, raising the issue of aid not moving from rich to poor depending
on their development needs but rather from rich to their closest allies.[40]

Many development experts question the MDGs model of transferring billions of dollars directly
from the wealthy nation governments to the often bureaucratic or corrupt governments in
developing countries. This form of aid has led to extensive cynicism by the general public in the
wealthy nations, and hurts support for expanding badly needed aid.
[edit] Controversy over funding of 0.7% of GNI

Over the past 35 years, the members of the UN have repeatedly made a "commit[ment] 0.7% of
rich-countries' gross national income (GNI) to Official Development Assistance."[41] The
commitment was first made in 1970 by the UN General Assembly.

The text of the commitment was:

Each economically advanced country will progressively increase its official development
assistance to the developing countries and will exert its best efforts to reach a minimum net
amount of 0.7 percent of its gross national product at market prices by the middle of the decade.
[42]

However, there has been disagreement from the US, and other nations, over the Monterrey
Consensus that urged "developed countries that have not done so to make concrete efforts
towards the target of 0.7 per cent of gross national product (GNI) as ODA to developing
countries."[43][44]

Support for the 0.7% Target

The UN "believe[s] that donors should commit to reaching the long-standing target of 0.7
percent of GNI by 2015".[42]

The European Union has recently reaffirmed its commitment to the 0.7% aid targets. The EU
External Relations council says that, as of May 2005, "four out of the five countries, which
exceed the UN target for ODA of 0.7%, of GNI are member states of the European Union."[45]

Many organizations are working to bring U.S. political attention to the Millennium Development
Goals. In 2007, The Borgen Project worked with Sen. Barack Obama on the Global Poverty Act,
a bill requiring the White House to develop a strategy for achieving the goals. As of 2009, the
bill has not passed, but Barack Obama has since been elected President.[46][47]

Challenges to the 0.7% Target

However, many Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) nations,
including key members such as the United States, are not progressing towards their promise of
giving 0.7% of their GNP towards poverty reduction by the target year of 2015. Some nations'
contributions have been criticized as falling far short of 0.7%.[48]

John Bolton argues that the U.S. never agreed in Monterrey to spending 0.7% of GDP on
development assistance. Indeed, Washington has consistently opposed setting specific foreign-
aid targets since the U.N. General Assembly first endorsed the 0.7% goal in 1970.[49]

The Australian Government has committed to providing 0.5% of GNI in International

Development Assistance by 2015-2016, without noting the long-standing 0.7% goal.[50]
[edit] Related organizations
This section requires expansion.

The United Nations Millennium Campaign is a UNDP campaign unit to increase support to
achieve the Millennium Development Goals and seek a coalition of partners for action. The
Millennium Campaign targets intergovernmental, government, civil society organizations and
media at both global and regional levels.

The Millennium Promise Alliance, Inc., or Millennium Promise,[51] is a U.S.-based non-profit

organization dedicated to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and founded in
2005 by renown international economist and Special Advisor on the MDGs to the UN Secretary
General, Professor Jeffrey Sachs, and Wall Street leader and philanthropist, Ray Chambers.
Millennium Promise coordinates a project, the Millennium Villages Project,[52] in partnership
with Columbia University's Earth Institute and the UNDP that aims to demonstrate the feasibility
of achieving the Goals through an integrated and community-led approach to holistic
development. The Millennium Villages Project currently operates in 14 sites across 10 countries
in sub-Saharan Africa.

The Global Poverty Project is an international education and advocacy organisation using its
multimedia presentation 1.4 Billion Reasons to educate people about the Millennium
Development Goals and our capacity to end extreme poverty within a generation. They travel to
workplaces, schools, universities, community groups and churches around Australia, New
Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States to equip people with the knowledge and
resources they need to encourage the achievement of the MDGs.

The Micah Challenge is an international campaign that encourages Christians to support the
Millennium Development Goals. Their aim is to "encourage our leaders to halve global poverty
by 2015."[53]

8 Visions of Hope is a global art project that explores and shows how art, culture, artists &
musicians as positive change agents can help in the realization of the eight UN Millennium
Development Goals.[54]

The Development Education Unit of Future Worlds Center envisions, designs and implements
development education awareness campaigns, trainings, conferences and resources since 2005.
Leads a number of European-wide projects such as the Accessing Development Education and
TeachMDGs.

[edit] MDG related projects

[edit] Accessing Development Education

Accessing Development Education[55] is a web portal developed by Future Worlds Center within
an EU funded project (ONG-ED/2007/136-419). It provides relevant information about
Development and Global Education and helps educators share resources and materials that are
most suitable for their work.

[edit] TeachMDGs

The Teach MDGs[56] European project led by Future Worlds Center aims to increase awareness
and public support for the Millennium Development Goals by actively engaging teacher training
institutes, teachers and pupils in developing local oriented teaching resources promoting the
MDGs with a particular focus on sub-Saharan Africa and integrate these into the educational
systems.

[edit] UN Goals

UN Goals[57] is a global project dedicated to spreading knowledge of these millennium goals

through many different means through various internet and offline awareness campaigns.

[edit] See also

Sustainable development portal

 "8" a series of eight short films centered around the eight Millennium Development Goals
 Declaration of Human Duties and Responsibilities

 Seoul Development Consensus

 Precaria (country)

 Unintended pregnancy

[edit] References
1. ^ Background page, United Nations Millennium Development Goals website, retrieved
16 June 2009.
2. ^ The OECD and the Millennium Development Goals, OECD Development Co-operation
Directorate website, retrieved 11 June 2011.

3. ^ http://www.bwpi.manchester.ac.uk/resources/Working-Papers/bwpi-wp-1607.pdf

4. ^ a b c d Can the MDGs provide a pathway to social justice?: The challenge of intersecting
inequalities. 2010. Naila Kabeer for Institute of Development Studies.

5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Deneulin, Séverine, with Lila Shahani. 2009. An Introduction to the Human

Development and Capability Approach: Freedom and Agency. Sterling, VA: Earthscan.
http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-146686-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html#ch03note8. Accessed 11/15/10.

6. ^ Hulme, D. and Scott, J., 2010, "The Politial Economy of the MDGs: Retrospect and
Prospect fro the World's Biggest Promise", New Political Economy, 15(2), pp.293-306
7. ^ http://www.bwpi.manchester.ac.uk/resources/Working-Papers/bwpi-wp-1607.pdf

8. ^ a b c d e United Nations. 2006. "The Millennium Development Goals Report: 2006."

United Nations Development Programme, www.undp.org/publications/MDGReport2006.pdf
(accessed January 2, 2008).

9. ^ Andy Haines and Andrew Cassels. 2004. Can The Millennium Development Goals Be
Attained? BMJ: British Medical Journal, Vol. 329, No. 7462 (Aug. 14, 2004), pp. 394-397.

10. ^ http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/poverty.shtml etc.

11. ^ MDG Monitor

12. ^
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/MDGsOfficialList2008.pdf - list of
goals, targets, and indicators

13. ^ MDG Monitor:Goal 1

14. ^ MDG Monitor:Goal 2

15. ^ MDG Monitor:Goal 3

16. ^ MDG Monitor:Goal 4

17. ^ MDG Monitor:Goal 5

18. ^ MDG Monitor:Goal 6

19. ^ MDG Monitor:Goal 7

20. ^ MDG Monitor:Goal 8

21. ^ a b c d e Amir Attaran. 2005. An Immeasurable Crisis? A Criticism of the Millennium

Development Goals and Why They Cannot Be Measured. 2005. PLoS Medicine | October 2005 |
Volume 2 | Issue 10 | e318

22. ^ a b c McArthur JW, Sachs JD, Schmidt-Traub G. Response to Amir Attaran. 2005. PLoS
Med 2(11): e379. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020379

23. ^ Andy Haines and Andrew Cassels. 2004. Can The Millennium Development Goals Be
Attained? BMJ: British Medical Journal, Vol. 329, No. 7462 (Aug. 14, 2004), pp. 394-397

24. ^ http://www.mdgmonitor.org/country_progress.cfm?c=BRA&cd=

25. ^ http://www.mdgmonitor.org/country_progress.cfm?c=BEN&cd=

26. ^ a b http://econ.lse.ac.uk/staff/rburgess/wp/jep11.pdf

27. ^ "Gender and the MDGs". ODI briefing papers. Overseas Development Institute.
Retrieved 7 July 2011.
28. ^ "MDGs and the humanitarian-development divide". ODI Briefing Paper. Overseas
Development Institute. Retrieved 7 July 2011.

29. ^ "Economic growth and the MDGs". ODI Briefing Paper. Overseas Development
Institute. Retrieved 7 July 2011.

30. ^ Addressing the inequalities in child survival

31. ^ Human Development Report 2003

32. ^ a b c E. Carrasco, C.McClellan, & J. Ro (2007), "Foreign Debt: Forgiveness antetretetred

Repudiation" University of Iowa Center for International Finance and Development E-Book

33. ^ http://www.thebrokeronline.eu/en/Online-discussions/Blogs/After-2015

34. ^ 'After 2015: Rethinking Pro-Poor Policy' Institute of Development Studies (IDS) In Focus
Policy Brief 9.1. June 2009.

35. ^ a b c d Vandemoortele, Milo (2010) The MDGs and equity Overseas Development
Institute

36. ^ Singer, M. 2008. Drugs and development: The global impact of drug use and trafficking
on social and economic development. International Journal of Drug Policy 19 (6):467-478.

37. ^ a b c d e f g Kabeer, Naila. 2003. Gender Mainstreaming in Poverty Eradication and the
Millennium Development Goals: A Handbook for Policy-Makers and Other Stakeholders.
Commonwealth Secretariat.

38. ^ a b Grown, Caren. 2005. “Answering the Skeptics: Achieving Gender Equality and the
Millennium Development Goals.” Development 48(3): 82–86.

39. ^ Noeleen Heyzer. 2005. Making the Links: Women's Rights and Empowerment Are Key
to Achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Gender and Development, Vol. 13, No. 1,
Millennium Development Goals (Mar., 2005), pp. 9-12

40. ^ Singer, M. 2008. Drugs and development: The global impact of drug use and trafficking
on social and economic development. International Journal of Drug Policy 19 (6):467-478

41. ^ http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/press/07.htm

42. ^ a b http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/reports/costs_benefits2.htm

43. ^ http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/documents/07_aconf198-11.pdf

44. ^ http://www.usunnewyork.usmission.gov/fact_sheet/ecosoc_Chapter_4_apr15.pdf

45. ^ http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/documents/EUExternalRelations24May.pdf

46. ^ http://bproject.wordpress.com/2007/06/08/borgen-on-capitol-hill/

47. ^ http://bproject.wordpress.com/2006/12/10/borgens-2006-congressional-meetings/

48. ^ http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/documents/endorse_TI_19Jan05.pdf
 49. ^ "Bush Balks at Pact to Fight Poverty". BusinessWeek online. September 2, 2005.

50. ^ http://www.ausaid.gov.au/media/release.cfm?
BC=Media&ID=5854_3696_6753_7484_7221

51. ^ www.millenniumpromise.org

52. ^ www.millenniumvillages.org

53. ^ http://www.micahchallenge.org.au/

54. ^ http://www.8visionsofhope.org/

55. ^ Accessing Development Education Website

56. ^ TeachMDG Website

57. ^ http://www.ungoals.org

[edit] External links

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals

The Millennium Development Goals Eight Goals for 2015

1. 1 Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2. 2 Achieve universal primary education

3. 3 Promote gender equality and empower women

4. 4 Reduce child mortality

1. 5 Improve maternal health

2. 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases

3. 7 Ensure environmental sustainability

4. 8 Develop a global partnership for development