Pengenalan Bahasa Inggrs PDF
Pengenalan Bahasa Inggrs PDF
BAHASA INGGRIS
BAB I : TENSES
A. Pengantar
Tenses adalah perubahan bentuk kata kerja dalam kalimat yang berhubungan dengan Waktu (saat
kejadian). Dalam bahasa inggris secara lengkap terdapat 16 macam tenses, namun yang sering digunakan
hanya 12 macam yaitu :
B. Present
1. Simple Present Tense
a. Pola Kalimat
b. Fungsi
1. Untuk menyatakan kebenaran umum
The sun rises in the east and sets down in the west.
2. Untuk menyatakan kebiasaan yang masih berlangsung
We watch television in the evening
3. Dalam bahasa drama, komentar radio dan sejenisnya.
When Lisa Reading a novel, the phone rings, she picks it up and listens
quietly…..
c. Keterangan waktu
Every morning/day/week/month/year
Once, twice, three times, four times
Occasionally, now and then, on and off, nowadays, habitually, frequently
Juga sering digunakan keterangan keseringan, seperti : always, ussually,
Sometimes, often, never, seldom.
SUBJECT + TO BE + V-ing
(is, am, are)
b. Fungsi
1. Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang sedang berlangsung pada waktu
sekarang.
They are still playing at moment.
2. Untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung dan belum tentu sedang
berlangsung ketika pernyataan dikemukakan.
She is studying English and learning French this year.
Catatan :
Beberapa kata kerja tidak dapat dipakai dalam bentuk continuous antara lain:
Kata kerja berhubungan dengan panca indera (feel, hear, see, smell, notice, observe)
Kata kerja berhubungan dengan perasaan atau emosi (adore, appreciate, care, detest
fear, hate, like, love, mind, want, wish)
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Kata kerja berkaitan dengan aktivitas mental (agree, believe, expect, forget, mean,
perceive ,realize, recall, recognize, remember, understand)
c. Keterangan Waktu
Now, at the moment, this afternoon, this evening, right now, today.
Kata kerja seperti : Look !, Listen !, Watch !, Notice !(imperative)
b. Fungsi
1. Untuk menyatakan sesuatu perbuatan yang terjadi pada waktu lampau (waktunya tidak tertentu)
John Smith has written a number of short stories.
2. Untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang pernah dilakukan dan mungkin dilakukan
lagi di waktu yang akan datang.
I have gone to Bali.
3. Untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang dimulai pada waktu lampau dan baru saja berakhir waktu
bicara.
I haven’t met you for a month.(sekarang sudah bertemu)
c. Keterangan Waktu
Since, for,….,just (baru saja),lately, recently, as yet, (hingga kini), so far (hingga kini) up to the
present (hingga sekarang).
b. Fungsi
1. Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang dimulai dilakukan pada waktu lampau
Sekarang masih berlangsung dan mungkin masih akan dilanjutkan.
Mr.Jones has been listening to the radio for an hour.
2. Untuk kata kerja “live” present Perfect Continuous mempunyai arti sama dengan Present Perfect.
I have been living in Jakarta for two years = I have lived in Jakarta for two year (I still live in
Jakarta now)
c. Keterangan Waktu
For …,since….,the whole day,all the morning, for the last…., for…now.
C. Past
1. Simple Past Tense
a. Pola Kalimat
b. Fungsi
1. Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa lampau.
He met Lina yesterday.
2. Untuk menyatakan suatu kebiasaan yang terjadi pada waktu lampau.
He always carried his umbrella last season.
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c. Keterangan Waktu
Last week/month/year,…ago, this morning, this afternoon, just now, yesterday
c. Bentuk was / were going to dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan keinginan di masa lampau tetapi
keinginan tersebut tidak dilaksanakan.
I was going to publish my book (but I didn’t).
They were going to climb the mountain (but it was cloudy).
b. Fungsi
1. Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang terjadi sebelum peristiwa berikutnya muncul di masa
lampau .
They went home after they had finished the work.
2. Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang terjadi selama periode tertentu hingga kedua terjadi pada
waktu lampau.
The family had waited for an hour when the doctor arrived.
3. Untukmenyatakan kegiatan yang terjadi berulang-ulang sebelum peristiwa kedua muncul di waktu
lampau.
His mother had given him medicine for three days before she took him to the hospital.
c. Keterangan Waktu
When + clause (past tenses).
He had been working in that company for two years when the World War II
Broke out.
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b. Fungsi
Untuk melukiskan suatu peristiwa yang sudah berlangsung terjadi sebelum saat tertentu pada waktu
lampau peristiwa itu masih berlangsung atau tepat berhenti sebelum peristiwa lain menyertai.
Contoh :
1. John had been working there for five years when the world war II ended.
John worked there.
He worked there for five years.
Then the world war II ended and John was still working there and (we don’t know whether John
would still work there or not after the war).
D. Future
1. Future Tense
a. Pola Kalimat
b. Fungsi
1. Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung ketika peristiwa lain
terjadi di waktu yang akan datang masih berlangsung sesudahnya.
This time next week U will be studying hard.
2. Untuk menyatakan dua kegiatan yang sedang terjadi pada preiode waktu yang sama mendatang.
Kedua kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung tetapi main claus (induk kalimat) yang berbentuk Future
Continuous
The family will be thinking about farm while they are sitting in the sea shore.
c. Keterangan Waktu
When + Clause (present), at the usual next week, at this time tommorow, at three o’clock tommorow.
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By the end of this week she will have finished reading the novel.
b. Fungsi
1. Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang telah terjadi sebelum peristiwa berikutnya terjadi yang
akan datang.
Future Perfect digunakan untuk kegiatan yang lebih dulu terjadi.
The mechanics will have worked on the car before the race starts.
2. Untuk menyatakan aktivitas dalam periode waktu tertentu sebelum aktivitas lain terjadi yang akan
datang.
He will have run for five hours by the time of finish.
c. Keterangan Waktu
By then : menjelang waktu
By ……= menjelang, by next week/month/year
By the end of = …= menjelang akhir…
Into two weeks/months/years = dalam dua minggu/bulan/tahun.
Before + clause (present), when + clause (present).
We will have been studying English for six years next year.
b. Keterangan Waktu
By + keterangan waktu ______ for + keterangan waktu
Next + keterangan waktu ____ for + keterangan waktu
When + Keterangan waktu ___ for + keterangan waktu
2. ‘Anwar was promoted president of your company last week wasn,t he?
A.had worked
B.has been working
C.was working
D.would work
E.worked
3. She____the shoes for five minutes when one of the heels came off.
A.am only wearing.
B.was only wearing.
C. had only been wearing.
D.have only been wearing.
E.only wearing
.
4. ‘So, you have finished typing those letters!
When did you do it?”
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‘When you ____the meeting.’
A.were attending
B.attend
C.have attended
D.attended
E.had attended
9. I___all over the place for my dictionary when I suddenly remembered that my sister
had borrowed.
A.had looked
B.was looking
C.looked
D.am looking
E.have been looking
10. Ridwan : When are the children going to see the rice field?
Willy : In June, after the harvest time.
Ridwan : Are they? So, by the time they get there, the famers …
A.harvest
B.harvested
C.has harvested
D.had harvested
E.will have harvested.
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A. Pengantar
Kalimat elip adalah kalimat yang merupakan pemendekkan dari dua kalimat atau lebih dengan cara
menghilangkann beberapa bagian kalimat yang memiliki kesamaan arti asalnya. Kalimat elip digunakan
untuk menghindari adanya pengulangan kata yang sama dalam satu kalimat.
3. But (tetapi)
But digunakan untuk menggabungkan dua kalimat yang bertentangan.
Contoh :
He isn’t studying English. She is studying English.
=He isn’t studying English but she is.
4. Both….and (keduanya).
Contoh :
a. He painted the door. He painted the window.
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=He painted both the door and the window.
b. Heni is in the thrid year. Sita is in the thrid year.
=Both Heni and Sita are in the thrid year.
6. Neither ….nor…(baik…maupun…tidak).
Contoh :
a. He isn’t a teacher. He isn’t a doctor.
=He is neither a teacher nor a doctor.
b. He doesn’t say rude things. They don’t say the rude things.
=Neither he nor they say the rude things.
=Neither they nor he says the rude things.
7. And (dan)
Contoh :
I will write a letter. I will write a short story.
=I will write a letter and short story.
8. Or (atau)
Contoh :
a. Does he buy a black and white or does he buy colour film?
=Does he buy a black and white or colour film?
b. You can go by bus. You can go by taxi.
=You can go by bus or taxi.
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1. Please remind me to return the book and___library card.
A.that I renew
B.to renew
C.I must renew
D.renewing
E.have to renew
2. I think you had better tell her the truth before somebody else___
A.can
B.tells
C.did
D.does
E.him
A. Pengantar
Sesuai dengan ruang lingkup materi, kalimat subjunctive yang diperkenalkan dalam bab ini adalah kalimat
subjunctive yang menggunakan ‘wish’(ingin), ‘if only’ (jika,hanya jika),’would rather’(lebih suka) dan ‘as if’
atau ‘as though’ (seolah-olah). Kalimat subjunctive yang menggunakan ‘wish’,’if only’ dan ‘would rather’
digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu keinginan. Sedang kalimat subjunctive yang menggunakan ‘as if’ atau
‘as though’ digunakan untuk menyatakan sifat atau keadaan yang tidak benar adanya.
Kata kerja atau ‘to be’ yang digunakan dalam kalimat subjunctive selalu dalam bentuk Past Tense, baik
Simple Past maupun Past Perfect Tense.
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b. Past Subjunctive
Past Subjunctive menunjukkan pada keadaan waktu lampau.
Kata kerja yang digunakan bentuknya Past Perfect Tense.
Contoh :
1. I wish she had been here.
(faktanya : She wasn’t here).
He wishes I had gone to the meeting.
(faktanya : I didn’t go to the meeting).
2. If only they had been my friends.
(faktanya : They were not my friends).
3. If only he hadn’t asked me.
(faktanya : He asked me).
4. She would rather he had been at home with me yesterday.
(faktanya : He wasn’t at home with me yesterday)
I would rather you had told me the news.
(faktanya : You didn’t tell me the news).
5. He behaved as if he had been the owner of the hotel.
(faktanya : he wasn’t the owner of the hotel).
She stared at me as thogh she hadn’t known me.
(faktanya : She knew me).
SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN
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A. I am going to go to the cinema.
B. I went to the cinema.
C. I would go to the cinema.
D. I have not gone to the cinema.
E. I did not go to the cinema.
A. Verb
Ciri-ciri kata kerja
Kita telah melihat bahwa ciri tertentu yang membantu kita untuk mengenal kata
Benda. Beberapa ciri yang mirip akan membantu kita dalam mengenal kata kerja.
Ciri-ciri tersebut antara lain :
a. Inflectional Suffixes
Akhiran –s,-es pada kata kerja dengan subyek orang ketiga tunggal, akhiran –d,-ed dalam bentuk
lampau, tambahan –ing dalam Present Participle serta tambahan –d.-ed pada Past participle.
Contoh :
1. Rita thinks that we are fishing.
2. Surely he means something.
3. Finally he realized what happened.
b. Position
Kata kerja menduduki posisi tertentu dalam kalimat bahasa Inggris. Posisi pada permulaan kalimat
dapat berlaku dengan didahului – Please, Let’s or Don’t + V 1.
Contoh :
1. Please open your dictionary.
2. Don’t be afraid, little girl.
3.Let’s give the boys a chance to rest.
Kata kerja dapat pula terjadi dalam posisi antara dua kata benda atau antara subjek dan objek.
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Contoh :
1. My friend bought books in the bookstore.
2. The men watched the football match.
c. Auxiliary verbs
Kata kerja dapat terjadi dalam frase yang disebut auxiliaries (kata kerja bantu).
1. Can / could must
May / might dare
Shall / should need + V-1
Will / would (had) better/ best
Do/does/did
SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN
Answer questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage!
Although speech is the most advanced form of communication, there are many ways of
communicating without using speech. Signals, signs, symbols, and gestures may be found in every known
culture. The basic function of a signal is to impinge upon the environment in such a way that it attracts
attention, as, for example, the dots and dashes of a telegraph circuit. Coded to refer to speech, the potential
for communication is very great. Less adaptable to to the codification of words, signs also contain meaning in
and of themselves. A stop sign or a barber pole conveys meaning quickly and conveniently. Symbols are
more difficult to describe than either signals or signs because of their intricate relationship with the receiver’s
cultural perceptions. In some cultures, applauding in a theatre provides performers with an auditory symbol
of approval. Gestures such as waving and handshaking also communicate certain culture messages.
Although signals, signs, symbols, and gestures are very useful, they do have a major disadvantage.
They usually do not allow ideas to be shared without the sender being directly adjacent to the receiver. As a
result, means of communication intended to be used for long distances and extended periods are based upon
speech. Radio, television, and the telephone are only a few.
1. Which of the following would be the best tittle for the passage?
A. Signs, Signals, and Symbols
B. Gestures
C. Communication
D. Speech
E. Culture
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2. Applauding was citied as an example of ….
A. a gesture
B. a symbol
C. a signal
D. a sign
E. an attitude
7. Veterinarians usually give dogs an anesthetic so that they do not cry out in pain.
A. gulp
B. flip
C. yelp
D. purr
E. in
9. The Miami port authorities have seized over a million dollars worth of illegal drugs.
A. confiscated
B. discarded
C. concealed
D. destroyed
E. like
10. Because of the extreme pressure underwater, divers are often sluggish.
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A. slow
B. hurt
C. careful
D. worried
E. careless
11. Travel agent will confirm your reservations for you free.
A. purchase
B. verify
C. exchange
D. obtain
E. classify
12. Discretionary funds are included in most budgets to cover expenses that the contractor might run into
during the work.
A. forget to do
B. pay for
C. meet unexpectedly
D. add on
E. go on
A. Pengantar
Setiap kalimat conditional terdiri atas dua klausa, yaitu Main Clause dan if Clause.
Sususnan atau letak Main Clause dapat berada di depan dan juga dibelakang. Perbedaan letak main Clause
ini sama sekali tidak mempengaruhi arti.
Main Clause dalam kalimat pengandaian selalu memiliki modal, sedang If Clause tidak. Modal yang paling
sering digunakan adalah : “will” atau “shall” an Modal yang lain adalah “can”,”may”,”must”,”have to”
dan “ought to”. Modal ini bisa dalam bentuk present atau past tense sesuai dengan tipe kalimat
pengandaiannya.
Sesuai dengan namanya, kalimat pengandaian menyatakan suatu hal yang diharapakan terjadi, akan tetapi
kenyataan belum atau tidak terjadi sebagaimana yang diharapakan.
Contoh : Main Clause If Clause
1. I will come to the party if Susi invites me
2. We shall go together if We have enough time
Susunan kalimat di atas bisa diubah dengan memindahkan Main Clause di bagian belakang kalimat,
sehingga susunannya menjadi :
1. If Susi invites me, I will go to the party
2. If we have enough time, we shall go together.
b.Tipe II
Kalimat pengandaian tipe II untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang bertentangan dengan fakta pada waktu
sekarang sehingga tidak mungkin terjadi atau kemungkinan kecil terjadi pada waktu sekarang. Modal
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pada Main Clause dan kata kerja atau to be dan If Clause semuanya dalam bentuk Past Tense. To be
untuk semua pronoun adalah “were”.
Contoh :
1. They would visit you if you met them.
(Artinya : They don’t visit you because you don’t meet them).
2. I could go for a swim if the weather were not bad.
(artinya : I can’t go for a swim because the weather is bad).
c. Tipe III
Kalimat pengandaian tipe III menunjuk pada peristiwa yang akan terjadi di waktu lampau, digunakan
untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang bertentangan dengan kenyataan pada waktu lampau sehingga tidak
mungkin terjasi pada waktu sekarang. Modal pada Main Clause dalam bentuk Past Tense ditambah
dengan ‘have’ dan kata kerja atau ‘to be’ bentuk ketiga, sedang kata kerja If Clause dalam bentuk Past
Perfect Tense.
Contoh :
1. They would have visited you if you had met them.
(Artinya : They didn’t visit you because you didn’t meet them).
2. I could have gone for a swim if the had not been bad.
(Artinya : I couldn’t go for a swim because the weather was bad).
If juga bisa dihilangkan dengan menggubnakan inversi atau susun balik. Bentuk inversi ini hanya bisa
digunakan pada kalimat pengadaian tipe II yang memiliki to be ‘were’ dan kalimat pengandaian tipe-III.
Contoh :
1. We shall go if we have enough time.
We shall go on condition that we have enough time.
We shall go provided that we have enough time.
We shall not go unless we have enough time.
2. If she were sick, she couldn’t do the work.
Were she sick, she couldn’t do the work.
3. If we had had enough time, we should have gone together.
Had we had enough time we should gone together.
SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN
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4. She wouldn’t have arrived at the station on time unless her father had driven her there.
It means .___.
A. She arrives at the station on time
B. She came late to the station
C. She did not miss the train
D. Her father did not drive her to the station
E. She didn’t go to the station
6. It’s very cold and windy outside. If you don’t have a coat, you ___ borrow mine.
A. could
B. shall
C. can
D. might
E. must
7. Unless his father ___ him there, he would not have arrived at the station on time.
A. has drive
B. has driven
C. drives
D. had driven
E. driving
9. Had I not been given the book, I would have failed the test. This sentence means __.
A. I fail the test
B. I failed the test
C. I passed the test
D. I was not given the book
E. I gave the book
11. When the boy saw the dog, he ran away and was bitten. We can conclude that __.
A. If he had not run away, he wouldn’t have been bitten
B. If he doesn’t run away, he won’t be bitten
C. If he hasn’t run away, he wouldn’t be bitten
D. Unless he run away, he wouldn’t be the bitten
E, If he hasn’t run away, he shouldn’t be bitten
12. We won’t be able to go to the football game ___ we can still get tickets.
A. if
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B. whether
C. unless
D. but
E. yet
13. Had I realized that Tim was a bad driver, I ___ my car.
A. would not have lent him
B. did not lend him
C. will not lend him
D. hadn’t lent him
E. wouldn’t lent him
14. I deposit all my idle money in the bank; if not, I ___ it on things that I did not really need.
A. will spend
B. would have spent
C. can spend
D. could spend
E. am going to spend
Pengantar
Causative “have”adalah sususnan kalimat menggunakan “have” yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu
pekerjaan yang dikerjakan orang lain untuk “subject”. Jadi “have” ini berarti menyuruh atau memerintah.
Kata kerja lain yang dapat untuk menggantikan “have” adalah kata kerja “get”. Dari dua kata kerja
tersebut terdapat sedikit perbedaan dalam susunannya.
Contoh :
I have the mechanic repair my car
(Saya menyuruh montir itu memperbaiki mobil saya).
Apabila mengunakan “get” susunan kalimatnya sebagai berikut :
S + HAVE + O + V-3
Contoh :
The manager had the letter typed soon.
(Manajer itu menyuruh surat itu diketik segera).
Apabila menggunakan “get” pola kalimatnya sebagai berikut :
S + get + O + V-3
Contoh :
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I get my trousers shortened
(Saya menyuruh celana panjang saya dipendekkan)
SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN
1. I can’t accompany my little sister to go to school, but I’ve got to have her ___.
A. accompanied
B. to accompany
C. accompanying
D. to accompanying
E. accompany
4. Rangga forgot to bring his glasses, so he had somebody ___ the announcement.
A. reading
B. to read
C. to reading
D. reads
E. read
8. I’ll have my secretary ___ an appointment with Mr. Salim for next week.
A. made
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B. make
C. to make
D. making
E. makes
A. Pengantar
Pada prinsipnya infinitive adalah kata kerja yang meggunakan to maupun yang tidak menggunakn to.
Pembahasan mengenai infinitive dalam bab ini hanya terbatas pada arti dan pemakaian kata kerja, baik
yang menggunakan to maupun yang tidak menggunakan to secara khusus. Untuk mempermudah
pembahasan digunakan istilah ‘to infinitive’ yang menggunakan to dan ‘infinitive tanpa to (bare
infinitive)’ untuk infinitive yang tidak menggunakan to.
B. Penggunaan To Infinitive
a. Sebagai Subjek
Contoh : To drive fast needs a lot of pratice.
b. Sebagai Modifier (penjelas / pembatas)
To-infinitive digunakan sebagai modifier (penjelas) dari :
1. Kata benda (modifier of a noun)
Contoh : We need a lot of water to drink.
2. Kata sifat (modifier of an adjective)
Contoh : She was sad to hear that terrible news.
3. Kata kerja (modifier of a verb)
Contoh : The president was invited to open yhe conference.
4. Kata tanya atau frase yang dimulai dengan kata tanya (modifier of a WH-Word
Or a WH-Phrases).
Contoh : She was conviced when to start the business.
1. S + V + TO-INFINITIVE + ___
Contoh : The Lady decided to go abroad
2. S + V + O + TO-INFINITIVE + ____
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Contoh : The headmaster asked us to wear the uniform every Saturday.
b. Setelah kata : need not, dare not (tidak berani), would rather (lebih suka), had better
(sebaiknya) dan would sooner (lebih suka)
Contoh :
1. We had better tell him that you list it.
2. she would rather go than stay at home
c. Setelah kata kerja sensasi, presepsi dan causative-have, kecuali dalam bentuk
passive.
Contoh :
1. She saw the boy steal the money
2. The teacher has his students clean the classroom
3. Birth Control has helped decrease the population growth.
Jika digunakan dalam bentuk pasif kata kerja tersebut harus diikuti oleh bto-infinitive (dalam bentuk
pasif).
Contoh :
1. She was heard to leave the house
2. He was found to smoke in the class
KECUALI : let
Contoh :
1. They let him go
Passive : He was let go
2. He lets Amir enter the room.
Passive : Amir is let enter the room
SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN
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C. to tell
D. told
E. to telling
5. The fact that he was put into prison for something he had not done made his wife __.
A. crying
B. to cry
C. cry
D. cried
E. has been cried
6. The reason Why I am here is ___ you fill in the forms for the scholarship.
A. help
B. helping
C. I will help
D. I’m helping
E. to help
8. The acids, salts, and vitamins that fruits furnish are very helpful ___ a balanced and healthful.
A. kept
B. they keep
C. for keeping
D. to keep
E. keeping
9. As the road to Puncak had become very slippery after the rain, I told the bus driver __.
A. not to speed
B. do not speed
C. didn’t speed
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D. did not speed
E. don’t speed
10. I usually take a walk early in the morning ___ some fresh air.
A. get
B. to get
C. be getting
D. getting
E. gets
Modal adalah bagian dari auxiliary (kata kerja bantu) sehingga dapat diperlakukan seperti kata kerja bantu.
Adapun fungsinya memberikan tambahan arti pada kata kerja.
Modal selalu diikuti kata kerja bentuk I tanpa to (infinitive without to).
A. Modal
1. Can 2. Could
a. Menyatakan kemampuan (ability) Menyatakan kemampuan pada waktu
Contoh : She can speak three languages lampau.
b. Menyatakan ijin (permission) Contoh : She couldswim well when
Contoh : Can I borrow your dictionary? She was young.
3. May 4. Might
a. Menyatakan ijin (permission) a. Bentuk lampau dari may
Contoh : May I read this book? Contoh : She said that I might go
b. Menyatakan kemungkinan (possibility) home early
Contoh : He may come late this morning b. Menyatakan kemungkinan besar
(strong possibility).
Contoh : She might be at home
today.
5. Must
a. Menyatakan kebutuhan (necessity)
Contoh : We must eat nutrious food.
b. Menyatakan kesimpulan (conclusion)
Contoh : He has been in England for year. He must speak English fluently
B. Modal Perfect
1. Must + have + V-3
Untuk menyatakan suatu kepastian atau kesimpulan tentang sesuatu yang terjadi pada waktu lampau.
(past conclusion).
Contoh : The oil was frozen. It must have been very cold last night.
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SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN
3. They were plenty of tickets left for the concert. We ___ have bought them in advance.
A. wouldn’t
B. must not
C. might not
D. could not
E. shouldn’t
5. I ___ to sit on the bus this morning because it was too crowded.
A. can’t
B. couldn’t
C. isn’t able to
D. wasn’t able to
E. had been
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A. should
B. must
C. must have been
D. could have
E. will
A. Pengantar
Concord atau agreement adalah persesuaian unsur-unsur pembentuk suatu kata, frase atau kalimat sesuai
dengan kaidah kebahasaan yang berlaku pada suatu bahasa.
B. Jenis-Jenis Concord :
a. Concord of person (persesuaian kata ganti orang)
Concord ini menunjuk pada persesuaian antara kata benda dengan kata ganti orang yang menunjukkan.
Contoh :
1. John is my brother. He is a doctor.
(Concord : John … he )
2. The girl under the tree waved her hand.
(Concord : went…last week)
Contoh :
1. He has finished reading the book
(Concord : He…has)
2. We go to school by bus
(Concord : Betty…goes)
Collective nouns dapat berpredikat tunggal atau jamak. Dianggap tunggal apabila dipandang
kesatuannya dan dianggap jamak bilamenunjuk kepada anggota-anggotanya.
Contoh :
1. The team is good.
2. The team are playing seriuously.
3. The village has been visited by the president.
4. The Village have worked hard for a week.
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Everybody, everyone, nobody, no one,anybody dan anyone, menggunakan predikat bentuk tunggal
tetapi kata gantinya jamak.
Contoh
1. Everybody was running as fast as they could
2. No one knows where their king puts the crown
Beberapa kata benda yang bentuknya jamak tetapi selalu digunakan dengan predikat (to be atau kata
kerja) bentuk tunggal, antara lain : cards, billiards, dominos, mathematics, mechanics, physics,
economics, phonetics, optics, statistics.
Contoh :
Billiards is an easy game.
Nama judul buku (buku, cerita, film) dan beberapa benda yang disatukan dianggap tunggal.
Contoh :
Romeo and Juliet is a good story.
Tetapi :
1. The number of workers takes a rest.
2. A number of cards are painted red.
Noun and attributive :
No. Attributive Noun
Uncountable Tunggal Jamak
1. a / an - v -
2. the v v v
3. some v - v
4. many - - v
5. much v - -
6. few - - v
7. little v - -
8. a lot of v - v
9. this / that v v -
10. these / those - - v
11. each / every - v -
12. all of v v v
13. one - v -
14. two / three / four - - v
Contoh :
This man is my brother.
Nama bilangan tidak boleh ditulis dalam bentuk jamak, kecuali jika menunjukkan kelipatan dari bilangan
tersebut.
Contoh :
Two hundred two hundred books
SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN
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C. herself
D. her
E. she
3. The name of a river passing through some big towns ___ the title of a very popular Indonesian song.
A. has become
B. have become
C. it has become
D. to have become
E. having become
5. Due to the current financial condition, our budget plan for 1998/1999 ___.
A. it needs reviewing
B. needs to be reviewed
C. need to review
D. is needed to be reviewed
E. needs review
6. About 10 % of the Earth’s land area, or nearly 5.8 million square miles ____ by glacial ice.
A. are covered
B. has covered
C. is covered
D. had covered
E. to be covered
7. The local radio stations as well as newspapers ___ that riots have spread to other places in the city.
A. confirm
B. to be confirmed
C. is confirmed
D. are confirmed
E. confirms
8. Siti’s sister and brother have got scholarship to study aboard. ___ are studying economies.
A. Both of them
B. One of them
C. The tree of them
D. Siti and her brother
E. Siti and her sister
9. Mrs. Retno’s way of teaching and of dealing with the students ___ her the name of model teacher.
A. has earned
B. to have earned
C. have been earning
D. have earned
E. have to earne
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10. At the beginning of d semester, each of the students ___ given a new time-table.
A. is
B. be
C. he is
D. they are
E. are
A. Noun
Terdapat beberapa cara untuk mengenal kata benda dalam bahasa Inggris.
Beberapa ciri yang membantu kita untuk mengenalnya antara lain :
a. Inflectional Suffixes
Inflectional suffixes adalah akhiran pada kata benda, tetapi tidak mengubah jenis kata benda yang
mendapatkan akhiran tersebut seperti pembentukan kata benda jamak (pluralizer) –s, -es, dan penanda
menyatukan kesamaan (possesive marker) ‘s-dan-s.’
Contoh : Mother must buy books and pencils for my little brothers and sister.
b. Position :
Kata benda menduduki posisi tertentu dalam kalimat bahasa Inggris. Salah satu posisi adalah sebelum
kata kerja sebagai subyek sedang posisi yang lain adalah sesudah kata kerja sebagai obyek.
Contoh : The soldiers found tracks near their camps.
c. Deteminers :
Deteminers adalah kata yang terletak sebelum kata benda.
Contoh : a its each many more
An our every much most
The their no few one
My this both several two
Your that some either ten
His these any neither twenty-one
Those all
Several groups of outlaws lived in those mountains.
d. Derivational Suffixes
Derivational suffixes adalah akhiran pada suatu kata hingga mengubah jenis kata yang mendapatkan
akhiran.
Suffix Verb Noun
-ment improve improvement
-er, -or play player
invent inventor
-t complain complaint
-ion, -tion act action
-ation, -tion apply application
compete competition
-ance,-ence allow allowance
-ist, -ant, -ent type typist
apply applicant
serve servant
-al approve approval
-ure, -ture, depart departure
mix mixture
-ature sign signature
-y, -ery, -ary deliver delivery
-age carry carriage
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SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN
1. A. assets
B. supplies
C. conditions
D. alternatives
E. demands
2. A. agreement
B. counterpart
C. contribution
D. opposition
E. approval
3. A. consequently
B. in addition
C. otherwise
D. moreover
E. nevertheless
4. A. due to
B. regarding
C. resulting in
D. referring
E. caused by
5. A. develop
B. developed
C. developing
D. to developing
E. development
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B. function follows form
C. function is not important to form
D. form and function are one
E. no comment
9. Which of the following statements best describes the architect’s view of nature?
A. Nature should be conquered.
B. Nature should not be considered
C. Nature should be respected
D. Nature should be improved
E. Nature should be broken
A. Pengantar
Adjective Clause (klausa ajektif) yaitu suatu klausa yang berfungsi sebagai kata sifat dalam kalimat
majemuk. Klausa ajektif untuk menerangkan orang biasanya daiawali dengan relative clause who,
whom, atau whose sedangkan untuk benda dan binatang which, that atau whose.
1. Non-defening Adjective Clause
a. Who : menggantikan subjek orang
Cth : Dila’s father plays tennis twice a week.
b. Whom : menggantikan objek orang
Cth : Do you know Mr.Hadi? I talked with him yesterday.
c. Whose : menggntikan possesive adjective orang.
Cth : We take a pity to Dina’s father.
d. Which : menggantikan subjek benda binatang
Cth : Jakarta is the capital of Indonesia.
e. Which : menggantikan objek benda / binatang
Cth : Linda told me her address.
f. Whose : menggantikan possesive adjective benda / binatang
Cth : The book is mine. It’s cover is torn.
B. Adverb Clause
Adverb Clause adalah klausa terikat yang berfungsi sebagai adverb (keterangan) dalam kalimat majemuk.
Jadi dapat menggantikan adverb dalam kalimat tunggal.
Adverb Clause mempunyai banyak ragam seperti halnya adverb yaitu :
a. Adverbial clause of time
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Adverbial clause of time biasanya diawali dengan konjungsi after,before, when, as, as soon as, until,
while.
b. Adverbial clause of place
Adverbial clause of place diawali dengan konjungsi where atau wherever
c. Adverbial clause of reason
Adverbial clause of reason diawali dengan konjungsi because, since, as atau for
d. Adverbial clause of purpose
Adverbial clause of purpose diawali dengan konjungsi so, so that, in order that.
e. Adverbial clause of consession
Adverbial of consession diawali dengan konjugsi though, although, eventhough, while atau
wherleas.
f. Adverbial clause.of condition
Adverbial clause of condition diawali dengan konjungsi if, unless, as long as, on condition that.
C. Noun Clause
Noun Clause dalam kalimat menduduki fungsi kata benda. Jadi dapat sebagai subjek, objek maupun
pelengkap.
a. Sebagai subjek
Contoh : What he decided makes the number happy.
b. Sebagai objek
Contoh : The student have to do what their teacher assigned them.
c. Sebagai pelengkap
contoh : This is where I work.
1. He asked me ___
A. whether I grew my own vegetables
B. you grow your own vegetables
C. did I grow my own vegetables?
D. I grew my own vegetables
E.If I did grow my own vegetables?
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C. from whom he borrowed a car
D. his car he borrowed
E. the person he borrowed a car
A. Pengantar
Gerund adalah kata kerja dalam bentuk ing yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda gerund bisa digunakan
sebagai subjek, objek, komplemen, dan penjelas kata benda lainnya.
B. Fungsi Gerund
1. Sebagai Subjek
Contoh : Cooking is a good hobby.
2. .Sebagai Objek
Contoh : I don’t like smoking
Beberapa kata yang mengikuti gerund :
Admit (mengakui) fancy (menghayalkan)
Appreciate (menghargai) forgive (memnfaatkan)
Avoid (menghindari) keep (terus menerus)
Anticipate (mengantisipasi) mind (berkeberatan)
Consider (mempertimbangkan) neglect (meremehkan)
Continue (meneruskan) practise (mempraktekkan)
Deny ( menyangkal) postpone (menunda)
Delay (menunda) pardon (memaafkan)
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Detest (membenci) prevent (mengcegah)
Enjoy (menikmati) resist (menahan)
Excuse (menolak) risk (mengambil resiko)
Finish (menyelesaikan) understand (memahami)
Contoh :
1. I am used to drinking coffe.
2.
c. Sebagai Komplemen
Contoh : My hobby is drawing.
Gerund sebagai komplemen selalu diletakkan setelah to be (am, is, are, was, were)
Diantara kata kerja diatas, ada kata kerja yang memiliki perbedaan yang sangat kontras apabila diikuti
oleh gerund dan to-infinitive.
Contoh : I stop to smoke
(Artinya : berhenti dari melakukan perbuatan tertentu baru kemudian merokok).
I stop smoking.
(Artinya : berhenti dari perbuatan merokok untuk kemudian melakukan perbuatan yang lain).
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4. The old man needs a walking stick. (gerund)
(orang tua itu memerlukan tongkt untuk berjalan)
4. We were astonished at ___ a good score for TOEFL in spite of his poor English.
A. her could get
B. his being able to get
C. to be able to get
D. being able to get
E. be able to get
5. She was very sad because her father did not approve of___too often.
A. I saw her
B. me to see her
C. my seeing her
D. me seeing her
E. that I see her
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D. Man buys
E. Buying
10. Facing hard times, people with very low income are looking forward to ___ by the well to do in getting
the daily necessities.
A. support
B. supporting
C. being supported
D. supported
E. be supporting
A. Pengantar
Dalam bahasa Inggris dikenal dua macam participle :
* Present Participle (Active Paticiple) dan
* Past Participle
Active Participle dan Past Participle memiliki bentuk dan arti berbeda. Active Participle adalah kata kerja
dalam bentuk –ing dan artinya menunjuk kepada aktivitas yang bersifat aktif (melakukan pekerjaan),
sedang Past Participle adalah kata kerja bentuk ke-3 dan artinya menunjuk kepada aktivitas yang
bersifat pasif (dikenai pekerjaan).
Perhatikan contoh berikut ini :
1. Active (Present Participle) :
Running water = air yang sedang mengalir
2. Past Participle :
Poured water = air yang tertumpah / ditumpahkan
S + V + O + Active Participle + ……
Contoh :
I hear the girl singing a new song.
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Kata kerja yang bisa digunakan dalam pola seperti ini adalah :
See hear feel notice
Watch leave find catch
Smell observe keep
d. Apabila ada dua peristiwa yang terjadi secara simultan (bersamaan) dan dilakukan
oleh seorang subyek.
Contoh :
He rode away. He wishtled as he went.
=He rode away whistling.
=Whistling, he rode away.
e. Apabila ada dua peristiwa yang dilakukan oleh seorang subyek secara berurutan,
maka peristiwa yang terjadi lebih dulu bisa dituliskan dengan menggunakan active
participle.
Contoh : He opened the drawer and took out a revolver.
=Opening the drawer, he took out a revolver.
f. Apabila peristiwa yang kedua merupakan bagian atau akibat dari peristiwa yang
pertama, peristiwa yang kedua bisa dituliskan dengan menggunakan active participle
Contoh :
As he knew her address, he sent her a letter.
=Knowing her address, he sent her a letter.
S + V + O + PAST PARTICIPLE + ……
Contoh :
You will see the work finished on time.
d. Untuk menggantikkan subjek + kata kerja pasif apabila subyek tersebut disebutkan
secara berulang.
Contoh :
Beny came in. He was followed by his wife.
=Beny came in, followed by his wife.
2. I heard him ___ very carefully in order not to wake the others.
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A. is unlocking the door
B. unlocked the door
C. when unlocking the door
D. he unlock the door
E. unlock the door
4. Students ___ to attend a student conference in the United States should be able to speak English fluently.
A. choose
B. were chosen
C. chosen
D. they choose
E. have been chosen
5. The window pane ___ by Edi has not been repaired yet.
A. was broken
B. broken
C. be broken
D. breaking
E. broke
6. When we came home last night, we saw a man ___ to get on our roof.
A. trying
B. to try
C. to be trying
D. tried
E. he tries
9. ___ near a beautiful beach, the town soon become a popular tourist resort.
A. Situated
B. Situates
C. Situating
D. It is situated
E. Situation
10. The people ___ during the war were mostly young soldiers.
A. killing
B. killed
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C. be killed
D. were killing
E. were killed
BAB IV : CONJUCTION
Konjungsi atau kata penghubung ber fungsi menghubungkan kata dengan kelompok kata dalam suatu
kalimat. Konjungsi dapat dibedakan menjadi dua macam yaitu co-ordinate conjuction (konjungsi setara) dan
subordinate conjuction atau konjungsi bertingkat.
Konjungsi setara (co-ordinate conjuction) seperti misalnya and, but, or dan nor. Jenis konjungsi ini
menghubungkan kata benda dengan kata benda, kata kerja dengan kata kerja, kata dengan kelompok kata,
klausa dengan klausa dan sebagainya.
Contoh :
I lost my books and my pens.
Konjungsi seperti di atas dapat digabungkan dengan kata-kata lain seperti misalnya : both … and, not only …,
but also, either …or, neither….nor ….
Dalam bab ini akan dibahas konjungsi bertingkat (subordinate conjuction) karena hal ini sangat penting dan
perlu dikuasai bagi para siswa.
1. Accordingly : karena itu
Contoh : STAN is famous college in indonesia; accordingly many students wants to study there.
2. After all : bagaimanapun juga
Contoh : There are many good school; after all our school is the best.
3. All the same : namun demikian
Contoh : The government has given them a new market places; all the same some of them keep selling
their things at dirty place.
4. Consequently : akibatnya
Contoh : His father died five years ago; consequently all the responsiblities to raise the children fell or his
mother.
5. For = Since = because = as = Karena
Contoh : Everyone is looking for him, for he is the only person who knows where the keys is.
6. Hence : karena alasan itu, dengan demikian, mulai saat ini.
Contoh : He was born when his parents woerked in Irian, hence he is named Irianto.
7. In order that : supaya
Contoh : We must study hard;in order that we can pass the exam.
8. In case : kalau-kalau
Contoh : You’d better take an umbrella;in case it rains.
9. In the meantime : sementara itu, dalam waktu yang bersamaan.
Contoh : Go to the shop and buy me a magazine;in the mean time I’ll take bath.
10. Moreover = futhermore = lagipula = terlabih lagi
Contoh : Desy is beautiful; moreover she is very bright.
11. Namely : yaitu
Contoh : There is only one student who fails the exam,namely Lena.
12. Nevertheless : however = namun demikian
Contoh : She is poor;nevertheless she is happy.
13. On the contrary = on the other hand = sebaliknya
Contoh : He loves rock music; on the contrary his father hates very much.
14. Otherwise : jika tidak
Contoh : Please study hard;otherwise you’ll fail the exam.
15. Say : taruhlah
Contoh : Can you lend me money;say five thousand rupiahs.
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C. so that
D. since
E. when
2. ___ his good performance as a student, he is always nervous when doing exams.
A. Unless
B. Although
C. Instead of
D. Even though
E. Despite
3. I told Tommy to take the recruiting test seriously,___ he would not be accepted.
A. but
B. and
C. so
D. for
E. or
5. My uncle doesn’t eaern much; ___ he can send his children to college.
A. however
B. and
C. therefore
D. so
E. hence
6. The murder suspects wanted to tell the police the truth; ___, they were afraid.
A. so
B. nevertheless
C. otherwise
D. moreover
E. therefore
9. Smoking can be the cause of many illnesses and respiratory disorders: ___ , it may harm non smokers.
A. consequently
B. however
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C. in addition
D. nevertheless
E. otherwise
10. All the members of the Parliament applauded ___ the president was walking to his seat.
A. so that
B. although
C. even if
D. as soon as
E. while
A. Pengantar
Pola kalimat pasif adalah :
To be + Verb-3
Bentuk – bentuk yang mungkin digunakan adalah : am, is, are, was, were, be dan been.
Contoh :
A : Hari kicks the ball over the fence.
P : The ball is kicked over the fence.
Bila objeknya berupa objek pronoun, maka dalam kalimat pasifnya harus dikembalikan ke bentuk subjek
pronoun (lihat contoh 1).
Contoh :
A : The police asked me continuously.
P : I was asked continuously.
Apabila dalam satu kalimat aktif terdapat dua obyek, maka keduanya dapat dijadikan sebagai subyek dalam
kalimat pasif.
Contoh :
A : The director tell us a new strategy of marketing.
P1 : We are told a new strategy of marketing.
P2 : a new strategy of marketing is told us.
Contoh :
A : He is polishing the shoes now.
P : The shoes are being polished now.
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3. Kalimat pasif dari kalimat aktif yang menggunakan modal.
Pola :
Modal + be + Verb-3
Contoh :
A : He will paint the doors.
P : The doors will be painted.
4. Kalimat pasif dari kalimat aktif bentuk present dan past perfect.
Pola :
Contoh :
A : They have finished the job already.
P : the job has been finished already.
Contoh :
A : She should not have scolded him in public.
P : he should not have been scolded in public.
To be + subject + Verb-3
b. W-H Question :
Contoh :
A : When does he write an article.
P : When is an article written (by him)?
Pola dasar kalimat pasif bentuk pertanyaan yang menggunakan kata tanya (W-H Question) dapat dibuat
hanya dengan menambahkan kata tanya pada masing-masng pola di atas.
Contoh lain :
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A : Did they kill the famous general in the battle.
P : Was the famous general killed in the battle?
Apabila subyek pada kalimat pasifnya tidak disebutkan, karena mungkin ditanyakan, maka to be pada
kalimat tersebut langsung diikuti oleh kata kerja bentuk ketiga.(Verb-3).
Contoh :
A : What do they do?
P : What is done by them ?
Kata kerja yang biasa digunakan dalam bentuk ini adalah acknowledge, claim, find, think, report, believe,
consider, know, say.
SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN
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Adverb of frequency yang termasuk kelompok I penempatannya dalam kalimat adalah sebelum kata kerja
utama.
Contoh :
1. The sun always rises in the east
2. His wife never goes to the shop
3. I can hardly never hear such a song
4. They don’t often go to bed late
5. He is never advised by this mother
6. Do you usually study last night?
7. Have you ever been to Paris?
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8. Does she occasionally arrive at night?
Untuk memberikan jawaban pendek (short responses) bisa diletakkan sebelum to be, to do atau modal.
Contoh :
X : Do you ussually go to school on foot?
Y : Yes, I usually do
: Yes, I sometimes do
: No, I never do
Atau : No, never
Adverb of frequency yang mengandung arti negative seperti : never, hardly, rarely, bisa diletakkan di depan
kalimat untuk menekankan arti, akan tetapi kalimatnya bersususnan inversi.
Contoh :
1. Never has she met us
2. Rarely do we eat rice there
3 Hardly will he write love letters
Apabila kalimatnya memiliki “have to” (harus), adverb of frequency diletakkan di depan suku kata tersebut.
Contoh :
I often have to cook my own breakfast.
Adverb of frequency bisa diletakkan sebelum ‘used to’ atau antaara ‘used dan to’.
Contoh :
He always used to help his mother
Kelompok I : every day / week / month / year
Once (sekali) a week / month
Every other day
Now and then
Again and again
Adverb jenis ini biasa digunakan untuk menerangkan adjective atau yang lain diletakkan di depan kata yang
diterangkan.
Contoh :
It was too hot to work.
‘Enough’ diletakkan setelah kata yang diterangkan, kecuali jika sebagai adjective (untuk menerangkan kata
benda).
Contoh ;
He didn’t work quickly enough.
Adverb of degree juga bisa digunakan untuk menerangkan kata kerja dan diletakkan sebelum kata kerja
utama.
Contoh :
1. You nearly missed the bus
2. Leni still hopes to meet him
3. They soon found what they wanted
4. The students quite understand the lessons
5. We are merely waiting for the bus.
6. H e didn’t only know you.
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7. The post have already come.
‘Only’ memiliki posisi yang bervariasi, kata ini diletakkan berdekatan dengan kata yang diterangkan.
Contoh :
He only had an apple (not anything else).
Kecuali :
Ada beberapa adjective yang dijadikan sebagai adverb tanpa harus menambahkan akhiran-ly, yaitu:
Deep early much
Far high little
Fast low leisurely
Hard late near
Contoh :
It is a fast train.(adj)
The train fast.(adv)
Adverb of manner diletakkan setelah kata kerja dan setelah objek, jika kalimatnya memiliki obyek.
Contoh :
He studies hard.
He studies English hard.
Keterangan tempat yang spesifik diletakkan sebelum keterangan tempat yang lebih luas.
Contoh :
They worked in room 10 in the hotel.
Pada umumnya adverb of time diletakkan pada akhir kalimat, tetapi jika digunakan untuk menekanakan
makna bisa juga pada awal kalimat. Khusus untuk ‘still’ diletakkan sebelum kata kerja atau setelah to be.
Contoh :
He will come here tommorow
Tommorow he will come here
Adverb of time yang lebih pendek jangka waktunya diletakkan sebelum adverb of time yang lebih lama.
Contoh :
We arrived at five o’clock yesterday.
SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN
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D. I stayed only at home.
E. only I stayed at home
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10. he left the house early ___ not to be late.
A. as if
B. although
C. in order
D. because
E. so that
A. Adjective
Ciri-ciri adjective
Adjective (kata sifat) dalam suatu frase atau kalimat dapat diketahui dengan beberapa
cara antara lain :
1.Inflectional suffixes :-er, -est, more-, most- :
Contoh : tall taller
tallest
beautiful more beautiful
most beautiful
Tambahan more dan most bisa digunakan dengan adverb (kata keterangan)
2. Position :
a. Setelah linking verb : look, sound, seem, appear, grow, feel.
Contoh : He looks taller than his brother.
b. Antara determiner dan kata benda :
Contoh : An interesting book
c. Setelah to be : am, is, are, were, be.
Contoh : Durian are plentiful here
B. Derivational Suffixes
SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN
1. A. rich
B. richly
C. richness
D. enrich
E. enrichment
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2. A. fame
B. famous
C. famously
D. famed
E. famely
3. A. strong
B. strongly
C. strength
D. strengthen
E. strengthened
4. A. hesitate
B. hesitation
C. hesitant
D. hesitantly
E. hesitance
5. A. live
B. life
C. alive
D. lively
E. livelihood
6. A. in addition
B. next
C. however
D. furthermore
E. consequently
7. A. located
B. based
C. supported
D. decided
E. originated
8. A. success
B. succeed
C. succeeded
D. successful
E. successfully
9. A. repaired
B. encouraged
C. recovered
D. established
E. improved
10. A. applied
B. lifted
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C. sent
D. delivered
E. carried
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