Panjang Penuh Artikel Karakteristik sedimen dan evolusioner Sinian di Cekungan Tari

Kaibo Shi a, b, *, Bo Liu b, Weimin Jiang a, b, Xiaoqiao Gao c, Shiqi Liu a, b, Yingchu Shen a, b
a School of Earth dan Ilmu Luar Angkasa, Universitas Peking, Beijing 100871, Cina b Institut Minyak dan Gas, Universitas Peking, Beijing 100871, Cina c Sekolah
Ilmu dan Sumberdaya Bumi, Universitas Geosains Cina, Beijing 100083, Cina
articleinfo
Sejarah artikel: Diterima 27 Oktober 2016 Diterima dalam bentuk revisi 23 Maret 2017 Diterima 3 April 2017
Kata kunci: Sinian Sequence Sistem sedimen klastik Sistem sedimen campuran Clastik-karbonat Sistem sedimen karbonat Lithofacies palaeogeography Tarim Basin
abstrak
Analisis singkapan Sinian di daerah periferal Cekungan Tarim, pengeboran dan data seismik dalam Cekungan Tarim, dan dikombinasikan dengan studi sebelumnya,
distribusi strata Sinian, pengaturan tektonik, sistem sedimen dan litofasiat palaeogeografi adalah dibahas dengan baik. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa tiga sistem sedimen
dikembangkan dalam Sistem Sinian dari Cekungan Tarim, yaitu sistem sedimen klastik, sistem sedimen campuran klastik-karbonat, dan sistem sedimen karbonat,
karakteristik sedimen vertikal berevolusi dari sistem sedimen klastik ke sedimen karbonat sistem. Tiga sistem sedimen ini berhubungan dengan tiga siklus transgressi-
regresi di Sinian. Pelanggaran laut selama periode awal Sinian Awal (ZSQI) menghasilkan pengembangan sistem sedimen klastik di bagian bawah Sinian Bawah;
pelanggaran selama periode akhir Sinian Awal (ZSQII) menyebabkan pembentukan sistem sedimen campuran klastik-karbonat di bagian atas Sinian Bawah;
pelanggaran selama periode awal Sinian Akhir (ZSQIII) menghasilkan pengembangan sistem sedimen karbonat di Sinian Atas. Tiga regresi menghasilkan
pembentukan tiga ketidaksesuaian, yang berada di bagian tengah Sinian Bawah, bagian atas Sinian Bawah dan masing-masing bagian atas Sinian Atas. Karena
putusnya benua super Rodinia di Neoproterozoic, Cekungan Tarim berada dalam proses evolusi rifting benua. Di Sinian, cekungan mengalami proses evolusi depresi
intra-kratonik dan margin kontinental pasif, sehingga karakteristik palaeogeografi litofasiat ditandai dengan peningkatan di selatan dan depresi di utara. Di Dini
Sinian, Cekungan Tarim mengembangkan pengangkatan Bachu-Tazhong-Tadongnan dan tanah kuno Tabei yang tersisa, dan lingkungan sedimen rak pantai di utara
serta lingkungan sedimen pantai-rak-bathyal di barat daya. Dalam Sinian Akhir, tanah kuno Tabei yang tersisa menghilang; baskom mengembangkanpasang surut fldi
lingkungan sedimen di utara dan lingkungan sedimen neritik dari margin benua pasif di barat daya. © 2017 Chinese Petroleum Society. Layanan Penerbitan oleh
Elsevier BV atas nama KeAi. Ini adalah artikel akses terbuka di bawah lisensi CC BY-NC-ND (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
1. Pendahuluan
Cekungan Tarim, cekungan petroliferous terbesar dengan luas 0,560 x 106 km2 di Cina Barat, merupakan cekungan multi-siklus besar (Jia, 1999), dan
memiliki sumber daya minyak dan gas yang berlimpah. Gerakan Tarim pada akhir Periode Qingbaikou menyebabkan pembentukan basement metamorf di
Cekungan Tarim (Jia, 1997). Yangpertama set deposito terbentuk di Neoproterozoic
selaras coverd di basement bermetamorfosa. Deposisi Paleozoikum awal dikendalikan oleh mekanisme pembentukan cekungan, jenis cekungan dan
palaeogeografi litofasiologi dari Sinian (Li et al., 2015).Secarakhusus karena penemuan reservoir hidrokarbon utama dalam dolomit subsalt Cambrian di
Nah ZS1 pada 2013(Wanget al.,2014),studi lithofacies Sinian palae- ogeography bisa memandu penelusuran batuan sumber Kambrium, dan itu akan menjadi
signi besarficance untuk eksplorasi hidrokarbon di cekungan. Menurut singkapan dan data seismik awal, pengaturan tektonik Sinian, jenis cekungan dan
karakteristik sedimentasi di
* penulis Sesuai. School of Earth and Space Science, Universitas Peking,
Tarim Basin telah diselidiki dengan baik (Gao et al., 1982, 1985; Song Beijing 100871, Cina.
Dan Liu, 1990; Li dan Dong, 1991; Tang, 1994; Jia, 1997 , 1999; He E-mail address: shikaibo@pku.edu.cn.Petroleum (K. Shi)
Research 2 (2017) 264e280
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptlrs.2017.04.004 2096- 2495 /© 2017 Chinese Petroleum Society. Layanan Penerbitan oleh Elsevier BV atas nama KeAi. Ini adalah artikel akses terbuka di bawah
lisensi CC BY-NC-ND (http: // creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/ 4.0 /)
Daftar isi tersedia di ScienceDirect

Petroleum Research
homepage jurnal: http://www.keaipublishing.com/en/journals/ petroleum-research /
et al., 2007; Zhang et al., 2007c; Wu, 2010; Wang et al., 2010b; Qian et al., 2011; Qian
et al., 2014; Yang et al., 2014; Feng et al., 2015; sekitar cekungan (Tang, 1994; Jia, 1997;Zhou
Zhou et al., 2015). Di Sinian, cekungan ditarik terpisah, dan celah dikembangkan di
Gambar. 1. Karakteristik tektonik Cekungan Tarim dan daerah sekelilingnya menunjukkan bahwa saat ini sabuk pengangkatan Kuruktag di timur laut, sabuk pengangkat Kalpin di barat laut, sabuk pengangkat Tiekelike di barat da
didistribusikan di pinggiran Cekungan Tarim. "Aku" mewakili sabuk pengangkat Kuruktag; "II" mewakili Kalpin sabuk pengangkat; "III" mewakili sabuk pengangkat Tiekelike; "IV" mewakili sabuk pengangkat Altun. "1" mewakili kesalah
mogok-slip Xingxingxia; "3" mewakili kesalahan Tarim Utara; "4" mewakili patahan marjinal Selatan dari Tianshan pusat; "5" mewakili sabuk sesar Nikolaev-Nalat; "6" mewakili sesar strike-slip Talass-Fergana; "7" mewakili sabuk jahi
fault belt
K. Shi et al. / Petroleum Research 2 (2017) 264e280 265
 Gambar. 2. Pembagian tektonik Cekungan Tarim menunjukkan bahwa Cekungan Tarim dapat dibagi menjadi depresi Kuqa, pengangkatan Tabei, pengangkatan Tabei, depresi Utara, Tengah peningkatan, depresi Barat Daya, peningkat
bagian Shiairike; "2" mewakili bagian Kulexi; "3" mewakili bagian Sugetbulak; "4" mewakili bagian Wushi; "5" mewakili bagian Jalan Raya Xinjiang-Tibet; "6" mewakili bagian Xishankou; "7" mewakili bagian Qiakemaketieshi; "8" mew
Zhaobishan; "10" mewakili bagian Yardangshan; "11" mewakili bagian Saimashan; "12" mewakili bagian tambang batubara Yangxia.
K. Shi et al. / Penelitian Perminyakan 2 (2017) 264e280 266

et al., 2015). Tetapi pemahaman tentang sistem sedimen dan karakteristik paleogeografi cekungan berbeda, dan tingkat penelitian terkait
lemah, itu karena sebagian besar data berasal dari singkapan dan data seismik awal, dan kualitas data terbatas. Dalam beberapa tahun
terakhir, semakin banyak data pengeboran tersedia, dan kualitas data seismik ditingkatkan, oleh karena itu, dimungkinkan untuk
melakukan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk sistem sedimen Sinian dan palaeogeografi litofasiat. Dengan demikian, berdasarkan singkapan,
data pengeboran dan data seismik 2D-3D, distribusi strata Sinian, sistem sedimen dan paleo-litografi litofasiat diselidiki dengan baik.

2. Pengaturan Geologis

Cekungan Tarim terjadi di antara Tianshan, Kunlunshan Barat, dan Altun melipat sabuk orogenik, dan terletak di antara
sabuk orogenik Paleozoikum Asia Tengah dan sabuk orogenik Tethyan (Gbr. 1). Sebagai salah satu dari tiga blok benua utama di Cina,
Cekungan Tarim memiliki ruang bawah tanah Pra-Kambria yang lengkap dan tutupan sedimen Neoproterozoikum yang berkembang
dengan baik (Gao dan Cheng, 1984; Gao et al., 1985; Ma et al., 1991). Cekungan mengalami evolusi kerak benua awal TTG
(trondhjemite, tonalite dan granodiorite) yang berakhir pada akhir Neoarchean (Lu, 1992; Lu et al., 2008; Long et al., 2010; Zhang et
al.,2012),dan dua peristiwa orogenic pada akhir Proterozoikum Paleo- dan akhir mesoproterozoikum-awal Neoproterozoic masing-
masing, sehingga ruang bawah tanah Prakambrium cekungan dibentuk akhirnya.Selama periode awal Neoproterozoikum (sekitar 900
Ma), cekungan yang merupakan bagian dari benua super Rodinia bertabrakan dengan Lempeng Australia (Chen et al., 2004; Zhang et
al., 2007a). Sejak 750 Ma, cekungan dipisahkan dari Lempeng Australia dan kemudian mengembangkan endapan penutup
Neoproterozoikum (Xu et al., 2005, 2009). Di bawah pengaturan tektonik ekstensional, tiga celah (yaitu Manjar, Maigaiti dan Taxinan)
dikembangkan di Cekungan Tarim di Periode Nanhuan (Feng et al., 2015; Cui et al., 2016; Li et al., 2016), dan pengangkatan
dikembangkan di kedua sisi celah. Cekungan di Sinian mewarisi kerangka tectono-paleogeografis dari Periode Nanhuan, tetapi ekstensi
secara bertahap melemah, satu set batuan klastik-karbonat diendapkan.
Saat ini, empat sabuk pengangkat, yaitu Kuruktag di timur laut, Kal- pin di barat laut, Tiekelike di barat daya, dan Altun
di tenggara, didistribusikan di tepian Cekungan Tarim, dan pedalaman cekungan ditutupi oleh gurun (Gambar 1). Menurut properti
basement dan karakteristik pengembangan kesalahan skala besar, Tarim Basin dibagi menjadi tujuh pertama-orderunit
tektonik(Jia,1997;. Zheng et al,2014),yaitu Kuqa depresi, Tabei mengangkat, depresi Utara, Tengah pengangkatan, depresi Barat Daya,
pengangkatan Tanan, dan depresi Tenggara (Gbr. 2).

3. Pembagian strata dan urutan Sinian Pedalaman

Cekungan Tarim ditutupi oleh gurun. Singkapan Sinian didistribusikan sepanjang margin cekungan, terutama di daerah
Aksu-Kalpin di margin barat laut, area Kuruktag di margin timur laut dan daerah Tiekelike di margin barat daya cekungan, dan tidak ada
di daerah Altun di batas tenggara cekungan. Di dalam baskom, hanya beberapa sumur (termasuk Sumur XH1, Sumur T1, Sumur YL1,
Sumur TD1, Sumur TD2 dan Sumur DT1) yang dibor ke dalam strata Sinian (Gbr. 2), beberapa sumur tanpa strata Sinian (termasuk
Sumur F1, Sumur H4, Sumur ZS1, Sumur TC1, Sumur MC1, Sumur MC2 dan Sumur YD2) dibor di ruang bawah tanah atau batuan
vulkanik (Gbr. 2). Sub-divisi stratigrafi Sinian bervariasi dengan daerah, menurut penelitian sebelumnya (Gao et al., 1982, 1985; Gao
dan Cheng, 1984), dikombinasikan dengan
singkapan dan data pengeboran, subdivisi stratigrafi Sinian dan korelasi di Cekungan berada dalam pola ketidaksesuaian paralel untuk kontak dengan bagian atas urutan ZSQI
Tarim didirikan. (Tabel 1). (Gambar 4a, c dan d).
Melalui analisis sekuens singkapan Sinian di daerah Aksu-Kalpin, daerah Sekuens ZSQIII berhubungan dengan Formasi Qigebulake Sinian Atas di daerah
Tiekelike, dan daerah Kuruktag selatan dan utara di Cekungan Tarim (Gambar 3), dan Tarim dan Aksu-Kalpin utara, atau Formasi Sinis Kezisuhumu Atas di Tari barat daya,
dalam kombinasi dengan divisi urutan pengeboran di unit sedimen-tektonik yang berbeda atau Formasi Sinian Shuiquan dan Hangeerqiaoke Atas di Tarim bagian timur. Sistem
dan urutan seismik 2D. interpretasi, kerangka stratigrafi urutan Sinian di Cekungan Tarim sedimen karbonat dikembangkan dalam urutan, bagian bawah urutan ZSQIII berada dalam
didirikan, itu dapat dibagi menjadi 3 urutan urutan kedua, di antaranya 2 urutan urutan kontak pola ketidaksesuaian paralel dengan bagian atas urutan ZSQII di Tarim utara dan
kedua (ZSQI dan ZSQII) dikembangkan di Sinian Bawah dan 1 urutan kedua. urutan barat daya (Gambar 4a dan e), dan dalam kontak pola pola dengan urutan atas urutan
(ZSQIII) dikembangkan di Sinian Atas (Tabel 1 dan Gambar. 3). Pembagian urutan ini ZSQII di area Kuruktag (Gbr. 4f); atas ZSQIII berada dalam kontak ketidakcocokan sudut
memberikan dasar untuk studi sistem sedimen dan Sinofasi pofaisografi dari cekungan. dengan strata Paleozoikum.
Urutan ZSQI dikaitkan dengan Mermberber Rendah Formasi Sinet
Sugetbulak Bawah di Tarim utara dan daerah Aksu-Kalpin, atau Anggota Bawah Formasi
Kurkak Sinian Bawah di Tarim barat daya, atau Formasi Zhamoketi Sinian Bawah di 4. Karakteristik distribusi strata Sinian
Tarim bagian timur. Satu set sistem sedimen klastik dikembangkan dalam urutan, bagian
bawah urutan ZSQI berada dalam pola unconformity sudut / paralel untuk kontak dengan 4.1. Pinggiran cekungan
strata pra-Sinian (Gambar 4a dan b).
Urutan ZSQII dikaitkan dengan Anggota Tinggi Formasi Sinet Sugetbulak 4.1.1. Tepi barat laut
Bawah di Tarim utara dan daerah Aksu-Kalpin, atau Anggota Atas Formasi Kurkak Sinian
Strata Sinian di tepi barat laut cekungan ini terutama didistribusikan di daerah
Bawah di
Aksu-Wushi di utara Kalpin (Gbr. 5a). Strata Sinian berada dalam kontak ketidakcocokan
Tarim barat daya, atau Formasi Yukengou Sinian Bawah di Tarim timur. Sistem sedimen
sudut dengan Aksu Group / Nanhuan Youermeinake
campuran klastik-karbonat dikembangkan dalam urutan, bagian bawah urutan ZSQII
K. Shi et al. / Petroleum Research 2 (2017) 264e280 267
 Gbr. 3. Korelasi stratigrafi sekuens sekian Sinian di pinggiran Cekungan Tarim menunjukkan bahwa 2 sekuens urutan kedua (ZSQI dan ZSQII) dikembangkan pada sekuens Sinian Bawah dan sekuensi kedua (Sekuens kedua). ZSQIII) di
Formasi (Gbr. 5b) dan dalam pola ketidaksesuaian kontak dengan Formasi Yurtusi Formasi Sugetbulak terdiri dari mikrit, wormkalk, batu kapur dan batu kapur dengan clast
Cambrian atasnya. Sistem Sinian dibagi lagi menjadi Formasi Sugetbulak Sinus Bawah terrigenous (Gbr. 5g); bagian atas Upper Anggota Sugetbulak Pembentukan terdiri dari
dan Formasi Qigebulake Sinian Atas (Tabel 1). Formasi Sugetbulak terdiri dari dua berkapur fibatu pasirne dan batulanau; abu-abu gelap dan abu-abu hijau mudstone
anggota litologis. Anggota Bawah Formasi Sugetbulak terdiri dari batuan klastik yang dikembangkan di bagian atas Anggota Atas Formasi Sugetbulak. Formasi Qigebulake
diendapkan dalam lingkungan pengoksidasi, dan diterobos oleh basal dengan usia 615 Ma dalam kontak pola ketidaksesuaian paralel dengan Formasi Sugetbulak terdiri dari batuan
sepanjang(lapisanXu et al., 2013a). Bagian bawah dari Lower Anggota Sugetbulak karbonat. Dolomicrite yang diselingi dengan batulanau abu-abu / hijau / kuning-hijau dan
Pembentukan terdiri dari pantai ungu berkerikil batu pasir dan kasar pasirefine batu pasir batulumpur dikembangkan di bagian bawah Formasi Qigebulake (Gbr. 5h); Formasi
dengan beddings lintas(Gambar5c.);bagian atas dari Lower Anggota Sugetbulak Qigebulake terutama terdiri dari dolomit gandum dan dolomit alga(Gbr.5i) dengan
Pembentukan terdiri daritidal-fldi batu lumpur berwarna ungu dan abu-abu-hijau diselingi pengembangan stromatolites kolumnar, menunjukkan bahwa sedimen environ- ment
dengan batupasir tipis-tempat tidur(Gambar.5d). Konglomerat basal dengan ketebalan adalah kawanan dangkal jalan tengah untukpasang surut fldi satu jalan batin.
1e2 m terjadi antara Anggota Bawah dan Anggota Atas Formasi Sugetbulak (Gbr. 5e),
yang menunjukkan jeda pengendapan lama. Upper Anggota Sugetbulak Formasi terdiri 4.1.2. Margin timur laut
dari deposito campuran fiklastikne-bijian dan batuan karbonat; bagian bawah Anggota
Strata Sinian di margin timur laut cekungan terutama didistribusikan di
Atas Formasi Sugetbulak terdiri dari beberapa siklus ritmik yang terdiri darisedang-tebal
daerah Kuruktag (Gambar 6a), yang dipisahkan
batu pasir berkapurdan batu lumpur berkapur (Gbr. 5f); bagian tengah Anggota Atas
K. Shi et al. / Petroleum Research 2 (2017) 264e280 268
Gambar 4. Karakteristik batas sekuens Sinian di pinggiran Cekungan Tarim. (a) Karakteristik sekuens Sinian ZSQI, ZSQII dan ZSQIII dalam Tarim barat laut, bagian Wushi; (B) ketidaksesuaian paralel antara urutan ZSQI dan strata Nanhua
bagian Yardangshan; (c) ketidaksesuaian paralel antara urutan ZSQI dan urutan ZSQII di barat laut Tarim, bagian Shenairike; (D) ketidaksesuaian paralel antara urutan ZSQI dan urutan ZSQII di Tarim timur laut, bagian Xingeertage; (e) ket
dan urutan ZSQIII di Tarim barat laut, bagian Xigou di Xiaoerbulake; (f) kesesuaian antara urutan ZSQII dan urutan ZSQIII dalam Tarim timur laut, bagian Yardangshan; (g) kerak cuaca di atas urutan ZSQIII di barat laut Tarim, bagian Xigo
ke daerah Kuruktag selatan dan daerah Kuruktag utara oleh kesalahan Xingdi. Strata dengan batulempung yang dibentuk oleh gletser; topi dolomit dikembangkan di bagian
Sinian berada dalam kontak pola ketidaksesuaian paralel dengan strata Nanhuan yang atas Formasi Hangeerqiaoke (Gbr. 6i).
mendasarinya (Gambar6b) dan berada dalam kontak pola ketidaksesuaian dengan Formasi
Cambrian Xishanbulake di atasnya. Sistem Sinian dibagi lagi menjadi Formasi Zhamoketi, 4.1.3. Margin barat daya
Yukengou, Shuiquan, dan Hangeerqiaoke dari bawah ke atas (Tabel 1). Sinus Bawah
Strata Sinian di margin barat daya cekungan terutama didistribusikan di daerah
terdiri dari batuan klastik; litologi dari Sinian Bawah di wilayah Kuruktag utara terdiri dari
Tiekelike, dan singkapan di sepanjang Jalan Raya Xinjiang-Tibet telah selesai (Gbr. 7a).
batulanau hijau keabu-abuan dan batulanau (Gbr.6c) yang diselingi secara lokal dengan
Strata Sinian berada dalam kontak pola ketidaksesuaian paralel dengan yang mendasari
mikrit, lingkungan sedimen adalah beting, basalt / diabas abu-abu-hijau (Gbr. 6d ) dengan
Formasi Nanhuan Qiakemakelike dan dalam kontak ketidaksesuaian dengan atasnya strata
usia 615 Ma (Xu et al., 2009; He et al., 2014) dikembangkan di atas Sinian Bawah; litologi
Devonian / Carboniferous. Sistem Sinian dibagi lagi menjadi Formasi Kurkak Sinian
dari Sinian Bawah di wilayah Kuruktag selatan terdiri dari batu pasir feldspar abu-abu ke
Bawah dan Formasi Kezisuhumu Sinian Atas (Tabel 1). Lapisan dolomit merah muda
hijau-abu-abu dan batu pasir litic yang secara lokal diintegrasikan dengan batulumpur,
dikembangkan di bagian bawah Formasi Kurkak (Gbr. 7b); bagian bawah Formasi Kurkak
yang menunjukkan lingkungan sedimen berada di pantai (Gbr. 6e).
terdiri dari batulempung hitam dan abu-abu gelap yang diselingi dengan batulanau (Gbr.
The Upper Sinian Shuiquan Formasi terdiri dari fine- butir batuan klastik- 7c); bagian tengah Formasi Kurkak terdiri dari batu pasir kuning-abu-abu dan batulanau
karbonat; litologi dari bagian bawah Formasi Shuiquan di daerah Kuruktag utara terdiri diselingi dengan batulempung abu-abu gelap, dan terdiri dari batupasir glauconitic abu-
dari batu kapur mikrite dan argillaceous yang diselingi dengan batulanau abu-abu gelap abu ke atas (Gbr. 7d); dolomit mikritik yang diselingi dolomit oolitik dan dolorudit
dan batulumpur (Gambar6f dan g), litologi bagian atas Formasi Shuiquan adalah batupasir dikembangkan di bagian atas Formasi Kurkak. Lingkungan pengendapan Formasi Kurkak
hitam yang diselingi dengan mikrit, menunjukkan lingkungan sedimen adalah rak adalah shore-shelf secara keseluruhan. Formasi Kezisuhumu berada dalam kontak paralel
campuran; Li thology Formasi Shuiquan di selatan wilayah Kuruktag terdiri dari yang tidak sesuai dengan Formasi Kurkak. Bagian bawah Formasi Kezisuhumu terdiri dari
berlumpur untuk dolomit micritic dan dolorudite(Gbr.6h), menunjukkan lingkungan batupasir pelit yang diselingi dengan damar (Gbr. 7e); bagian atas Formasi Kezisuhumu
sedimen itu pasang surut fldi. Formasi Hangeerqiaoke berada dalam kontak pola terdiri dari dolomit lamellar abu-abu dan kemerahan (Gambar 7f dan g). Lingkungan
ketidaksesuaian dengan Formasi Shuiquan yang mendasarinya; litologiselatan dan pengendapan dari Kezisuhumu Pembentukan adalahpasang surut fldi.
daerah Kuruktagutara serupa, dan ditandai oleh tillite besar abu-abu dan hijau-hijau
K. Shi et al. / Petroleum Research 2 (2017) 264e280 269
 Gbr. 5. Karakteristik khas dari strata Sinian di margin barat laut Cekungan Tarim. (a) Karakteristik distribusi regional strata Sinian di margin barat laut Cekungan Tarim; (b) ketidaksesuaian antara Formasi Sugetbulak dan Grup Aksu yan
dan kasar pasirefine batu pasir dengan beddings lintas di bagian bawah Lower Anggota Sugetbulak Pembentukan; (d) batupasir ungu diselingi dengan batupasir tipis di bagian atas Anggota Bawah Formasi Sugetbulak; (e) konglomerat
batulumpur berkapur di bagian bawah Anggota Atas Formasi Sugetbulak; (g) wormkalk di bagian tengah Anggota Atas Formasi Sugetbulak; (h) dolomit diselingi dengan batulempung / batulanau di bagian bawah Formasi Qigebula
Qigebulake.
4.2. Area di dalam cekungan usia zirkon klastik800 Ma dan 1,8emasing-masing1,9 Ga (Zhou, 2015; Zhou et al., 2015);
usia zirkon klastik dari sekis kuarsa serisit di tambang batubara Yangxia di bagian timur
4.2.1. Cekungan Tarim utara (daerah Tabei) Kuqa adalah 800 Ma (Ma et al., 2011); basement ini juga dibor dalam Sumur YH2, Sumur
LT2, dan Sumur MN1 (Gbr. 8), dan mungkin dikorelasikan dengan Grup Aksu di area
Hanya sumur yang mencakup Sumur XH1 dan Sumur QG1 yang dibor
Aksu menurut usia zirkon klastik dan tingkat metamorfisme. Selain itu, granit basement
di strata Sinian di Tarim utara. Sumur XH1 dibor di batulempung ungu Sugetbulak dengan
di Sumur QM1 memiliki usia 1851 ± 9 Ma (Zhou, 2015), granit basement di Sumur S53
ketebalan 15 m, dan strata yang mendasarinya adalah phyllite dan granite gneiss dengan
memiliki usia 1848 ± 7 Ma dan 1791 ± 1 Ma (Xu et al., 2013b; Han et al., 2016), granit
usia 832 Ma (Xu et al., 2013b). Formasi Qigebulake dengan ketebalan 241 m, terdiri dari
basement di Sumur QG2 dan Sumur QG3 masing-masing adalah 1846 ± 1 Ma dan
batu kapur argil dan mikrit di bagian bawah Formasi Qigebulake dan dolomit bertitik dan
1824±2Ma (Han et al., 2016). Itu menunjukkan bahwa daerah Tabei memiliki ruang
dolomikrit di bagian atas Formasi Qigebulake (Gbr. 8) yang ditindih oleh batulempung
bawah tanah bermetamorfosis dan ruang bawah tanah kristal Paleoproterozoikum yang
hitam dari Cambrian Yurtusi For - mation. Sumur QG1 dibor dalam dolomit Qigebulake
mungkin berhubungan dengan Grup Aksu.
dengan ketebalan 74 m, yang ditopang oleh lantai dasar granit. Seperti yang ditunjukkan
pada bagian seismik, strata Sinian didistribusikan secara stabil di daerah selatan di daerah
Tabei, dan ketebalan strata Sinian tidak memiliki variasi yang jelas (9aGambardan b); ke 4.2.2. Daerah Bachui-Tazhong
arah utara, strata Sinian tidak ada karena pengangkatan dan penggundulan yang terlambat, Dalam pengangkatan Bachu di Cekungan Tarim barat, hanya Sumur T1 yang
dan karenanya basement metamorfosis pra-Sinian secara langsung ditutupi oleh strata dibor di strata Sinian dengan ketebalan 63 m, litologi terdiri dari batu pasir dan batu
Mesozoikum (Gbr. 8). Sumur WC1 langsung dibor dalam sekis klorit dan sekis kuarsa lumpur yang diselingi dengan batuan vulkanik, dan batuan yang mendasarinya adalah
jika basement dengan andesit dengan usia 755 ± 3 Ma
K. Shi et al. / Petroleum Research 2 (2017) 264e280 270
Gbr. 6. Karakteristik khas dari strata Sinian di margin timur laut Cekungan Tarim. (a) Karakteristik distribusi regional strata Sinian di margin timur laut Cekungan Tarim; (B) ketidaksesuaian paralel antara Formasi Zhamoketi dan strata N
diselingi dengan batulanau di Formasi Zhamokti, Sinian Bawah di daerah Kuruktag utara; (d) ketidaksesuaian antara mikrit Formasi Yukengou dan breksi vulkanik Formasi Zhamoketi di wilayah Kuruktag utara; (e) batupasir kuarsa litik deng
di daerah Kuruktag selatan; (f) batu lumpur hitam di Formasi Shuiquan di daerah Kuruktag utara; (g) dolomit kuning abu-abu dengan alas berbentuk baji di Formasi Shuiquan di daerah Kuruktag utara; (h) dolomit di Formasi Shuiquan dan ba
Kuruktag selatan; (i) topi dolomit di bagian atas Formasi Hangeerqiaoke.
(Xu et al., 2013b) diselingi dengan mudstone (Gbr. 10). Sumur ST1 dibor dalam gabro (Zhang et al., 2009) di bawah Sinian di daerah Sugetbulak, karakteristik geokimia
dengan ketebalan 26 m di bawah strata Cambrian (Gbr. 10). Sumur F1 dibor dalam basal menunjukkan bahwa set batuan vulkanik ini terbentuk dalam keretakan intra-plat
amigdaloid vesikulat dengan usia 708,7 ± 16 Ma di bawah strata Cambrian, dan lingkungan (Wang et al., 2010a; Kang, 2011). The Awat melorot di uplift Bachu utara dan
ketebalannya 244 m (Gbr. 10). Sumur H4 dibor di basal dengan ketebalan 70 m di bawah lereng Maigaiti di Bachu mengangkat selatan, ada tidak ada yang dibor di strata Sinian,
strata Cambrian (Gbr. 10). Set batuan vulkanik ini mirip dengan basal dengan usia 759 ± dan re seismik Sinianrefleksichar- acteristics yang jelas(Gambar.9c dan e), menunjukkan
7 Ma area Bachu

Gambar 7. Karakteristik khas strata Sinian di margin tenggara Cekungan Tarim. (a) Karakteristik distribusi regional dari strata Sinian di batas tenggara Cekungan Tarim; (B) dolomit merah di bagian bawah Formasi Kurkak; (c) batulu
Kurkak; (d) batupasir kuning-abu-abu dan batulanau berselang-seling dengan batupasir abu-abu gelap, dan batupasir glauconit abu-abu di bagian tengah dan atas Formasi Kurkak; (e) dolomit abu-abu diselingi dengan batulumpur di For
Formasi Kezisuhumu; (g) dolomit ungu di bagian atas Formasi Kezisuhumu.
K. Shi et al. / Penelitian Perminyakan 2 (2017) 264e280 271
 Gambar. 8. Korelasi stratigrafi pra-kambria di daerah Tabei (lokasi sumur yang ditunjukkan pada Gambar. 2) menunjukkan bahwa Formasi Qigebulake ditindih oleh batulempung hitam Formasi Kurt Yurtusi di wilayah selatan area Tabei,
langsung ditutupi oleh strata Mesozoikum menuju area utara area Tabei.
itu pusat letusan gunung berapi di Periode Nanhuan dan dataran tinggi lava terbentuk, sag selatan Nah TC1 dan Nah ZS1, ruang bawah tanah pra-Sinian terjadi di bawah strata
Awat di uplift Bachu utara dan lereng Maigaiti di Bachu mengangkat selatan adalah sub Kambrium, menunjukkan Ruang bawah tanah kristal paleoproterozoikum ada di daerah
pusat sidence dari keretakan, dan diisioleh para Nanhuan -Sepresi Palestina (Feng et al., Tazhong (Gbr. 9d). Karena perpanjangan intra-pelat pada Periode Nanhuan, area di
2015; Cui et al., 2016; Li et al., 2016). Sumur BT5 dibor dalam satu set breksi di bawah sebelah utara Sumur TC1 dan Sumur ZS1 adalah area pengendapan; dan daerah di selatan
strata Cambrian, breksi chiefly terdiri dari basalt / diabase (Gambar 10), menunjukkan Sumur TC1 dan Sumur ZS1 adalah bangunan tinggi, dan tidak ada endapan Sinian,
endapan berada di dekat sumber. Sumur MB1 yang dibor di ruang bawah tanah granit menunjukkan bahwa footwall dari patahan depresi mengalami peningkatan dan
gneiss dengan usia 1,8e1,9 Ga di bawah strata Cambrian (Gbr. 10) menyarankan bahwa penggundulan.
ruang bawah tanah kristal Paleoproterozoikum terjadi di daerah Maigaiti.
Dalam pengangkatan Tazhong, tidak ada yang dibor dengan baik di strata 4.2.3. Cekungan Tarim timur (daerah Tadong)
Sinian. Sumur TC1 dibor dalam diorit dan granodiorit di bawah strata Cambrian (Gbr. 10), Di daerah Tadong, sumur termasuk Sumur TD2, Sumur TD1, Sumur DT1 dan
dan usia granodiorit adalah 757 ± 6 Ma (Wu et al., 2012). Sumur ZS1 dibor dalam granit Sumur YL1 dibor dalam strata Sinian. Sumur TD2 dibor dalam dolomit Shuiquan dengan
yang mengandung olivin di bawah strata Cambrian (Gbr. 10), usia granit adalah 1895 ± 1 ketebalan 28 m, yang ditopang oleh ruang bawah tanah kristal granit Paleoproterozoic
Ma (Xu et al., 2013b) atau 1915 ± 5 Ma (Zhou,
2015), dan batuan ini adalah dasar kristal Paleoproterozoikum. Di daerah di sebelah utara
Nah TC1 dan Nah ZS1, ada jelas seismikrefleksikarakteristik Sinian, dan di daerah di
K. Shi et al. / Petroleum Penelitian 2 (2017) 264e280 272
Gambar. 9. seismikrefleksikarakteristik Sinian di Tarim Basin Barat (profile lokasi yang ditunjukkan pada Gambar.2)menunjukkan bahwa ada jelas seismikrefleksikarakteristik Sinian.
(Gbr. 11), usia granit adalah 1908 ± 9 Ma (Wu et al., 2012), 1916 ± 11 Ma dan 1927 ± 7
Ma (Zhou, 2015). Sumur TD1 dibor dalam dolomit Shuiquan dan
dibor dalam dolomit Shuiquan parsial dengan ketebalan 100 m (Gbr. 11). Sumur DT1
Gambar. 10. Korelasi stratigrafi prekambrian di daerah Bachu-Tazhong (lokasi sumur ditunjukkan pada Gambar. 2) menunjukkan bahwa hanya Sumur T1 yang dibor di strata Sinian, dan sumur lainnya dibor. di batuan vulkanik di bawah
K. Shi et al. / Petroleum Research 2 (2017) 264e280 273
 Gambar 11. Korelasi stratigrafi prekambrian di daerah Tadong (lokasi sumur ditunjukkan pada Gambar. 2) yang menunjukkan bahwa dolomit Shuiquan di beberapa sumur didasari oleh batuan vulkanik.
indicated the early rifting process occurred in the Nanhuan Period. The Sinian strata with
thickness of 344 m drilled in Well YL1 in the Manjar sag consisted of mudstone and
siltstone in the lower part as well as micrite and argillaceous limestone intercalated with
mudstone in the upper part. Seismic profiles showed that the Sinian was stably distributed
in the Manjar sag. Thus, it was concluded that a continental marginal rift was devel- oped
in the eastern Tarim Basin during the Nanhuan Period; the Manjar sag in the northern
Tarim Basin was the center of the rift valley and was filled by the Nanhuan-Sinian
deposits. The Tadong low high probably was the volcanic eruption center or the rift flank
and was the structural high, hence it directly deposited the Shui- quan dolomite instead of
Nanhuan-Early Sinian deposits, thus the Sinian strata gradually pinched out towards the
south (Fig. 12). No dolomite of Shuiquan Formation was drilled in Well YD2, this might
be attributed to denudation due to uplifting at the end of the Sinian, that could also be used
to explain difference in thickness of dolo- mite in Shuiquan Formation among Well TD2
and Well TD1, Well DT1.

4.2.4. The southwest to southeast Tarim Basin (The Taxinan- Tadongnan area)
No Sinian strata had been drilled in the southeast Tarim uplift
(Tadongnan uplift) yet. Well MC1 and Well MC2 were drilled in the metamorphic rocks
of greenschist facies (Fig. 13) with clastic zircon ages of 750e850 Ma and 1.8e1.9 Ga (Xu
et al., 2013b; Zhou, 2015). The metamorphic age of two phyllite and schist samples from
Well MC1 was 425 Ma through the K-Ar dating method (Wu et al., 2012). The Well RC2
was drilled in the amphibolite directly below Jurassic strata (Fig. 13), the zircon age was
445.7 ± 5.2 Ma (Zhou, 2015). The Well LB1 was drilled in the marble below Paleogene
strata (Fig. 13). No Sinian sedimentary formations were observed in the Altun outcrops;
the Cambrian/Ordovician strata were in the unconfor- mity pattern contact with the
underlying Qingbaikouan strata, and is the Early Paleozoic volcanic rocks were developed
in this area (Qi et al., 2005; Wu et al., 2005; Xiu et al., 2007; Zhang et al., 2007b; Yang et
al., 2008; Liu, 2011). Thus it was concluded that the southeast Tarim Basin was the uplift
area during the Sinian Period, and no Sinian sediments were deposited; original rocks of
the metamorphic rocks of greenschist facies at the downhole of Well MC1 and Well MC2
as well as marble at the downhole of Well LB1 might be the Early Paleozoic deposits;
extensive tectonic-thermal events in the Late Ordovician-Early Silurian resulted in the
com- mon metamorphism in this area (Wu et al., 2012).
No Sinian strata had been drilled in the southwest Tarim Basin due to large
buried depth, but distinct Sinian seismic reflection signatures could be identified on the
seismic section (Fig. 9e). A series of belts with high and low magnetic anomalies in the
dolomit argillaceous dengan ketebalan 800 m, dan strata yang mendasarinya adalah northeast direction occurred in the Tarim Basin. The 3D resistivity inversion results
diabase (Gbr. 11). Seismik profiles melalui Nah ML1 dan Nah LX1 blok menunjukkan re showed that depth range of 6e15 km in the southwest Tarim basin exhibited low resistivity
Sinian berbedarefleksicharacteris- tics(Gambar.12).Sumur YD2 dibor dalam granit as a whole (Yang et al., 2015). Thus it was inferred that the Sinian sedimentary
dengan usia 750 ± 7 Ma (Zhou, 2015) yang dilapisi oleh strata Cambrian. The bimodal
volcanic rocks with age of 725e740 Ma in the Yardangshan area (Xu et al., 2005, 2009)
K. Shi et al. / Petroleum Research 2 (2017) 264e280 274
Fig. 12. The Sinian seismic reflection characteristics in the Tadong area (profile locations were shown in Fig. 2) showing that the Sinian strata gradually pinched out towards the south.
strata might were developed in the southwest Tarim Basin; the aeromagnetic anomalies Kurkak Formation and the lower Kezisuhumu Formation in the Maigaiti slope; the mixed
belts might indicate the basement differ- ence, and was not the identification mark of shelf deposits mainly were developed in the Yukengou and Shuiquan Formations in the
Sinian deposits. Due to no well drilled through the Sinian strata, studies on Sinian sedi- Kuruktag area. The carbonate sedimentary system were developed in the Upper Sinian,
mentary characteristics in the southwest Tarim Basin mainly referred characteristics of and the sedimentary model was the carbonate ramp; horizontally, tidal flat and lagoon
outcrops in the southwest Tarim Basin. deposits of the inner ramp occurred in the Kalpin-Bachu area, low highs in the east Tarim
Basin, and the Maigaiti slope area; shoal and inter-shoal deposits in the middle ramp were
developed in the central-north Tarim Basin; deposits of the outer ramp occurred in the
5. The Sinian sedimentary system Manjar sag and the southwest Tarim Basin. Vertically, the Sinian sedimentary sequence
changed from the clastic sedimentary system, the carbonate-clastic mixed sedi- mentary
Through analysis of Sinian sedimentary facies within and around the Tarim system and the carbonate sedimentary system (Table 2).
Basin, there were three types of Sinian sedi- mentary system, ie the clastic sedimentary
system, the clastic- carbonate mixed sedimentary system, and the carbonate sedi- mentary
system (Table 2). 6. The Sinian lithofacies palaeogeography

The clastic sedimentary system mainly was developed in the Lower Sinian,
and the sedimentary environment was the clastic shore-clastic shelf facies. Horizontally, In the Mesoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic, the Tarim block was located at the
the shore sediments were mainly developed in the northwest Tarim Basin and the Aksu- northwest margin of the Australian Plate in the Rodinia supercontinent (Zhang et al., 2012,
Kalpin area; the shelf sediments were mainly developed in the southwest Tarim Basin, the 2013; Wang et al., 2015b). Due to breakup of Rodinia supercontinent in the Neo-
Manjar sag and the north Kuruktag area; the bathyal turbidite sediments occurred in the proterozoic, the Tarim block was separated from the northwest margin of the Australian
Tiekelike area. The carbonate-clastic mixed sedimentary system mainly was developed in Plate (Zhou et al., 2012, 2015), and evolved into the continental rifting process (Li and
the upper part of the Lower Sinian and at the bottom of the Upper Sinian. Horizontally, Zhang, 2001). A large amount of Neoproterozoic bimodal volcanic rocks were developed
the mixed tidal-flat deposits occurred in the upper Sugetbulak Formation and the lower in northeastern, northwestern and southwestern Tarim Basin (Li et al., 1999; Song et al.,
Qig- bulake Formation in the northwest Tarim Basin as well as the upper 2003; Xu et al., 2005, 2009; Zhang et al.,
K. Shi et al. / Petroleum Research 2 (2017) 264e280 275
Fig. 13. Precambrian stratigraphic correlation in the Taxinan-Tadongnan area (well location were shown in Fig. 2) showing that the Well RC2 was drilled in the amphibolite directly below Jurassic strata, and the Well LB1 was drilled in t
2007a, 2009, 2014; Wang et al., 2015a). Within the basin, Well T1, Well F1, Well H4 and Well TC1 were drilled in the Neoproterozoic volcanic rocks, indicating the Tarim blo
geological setting as a whole at that time. Under this pull-apart environment, three rifts (ie, the Manjar rift, the Maigaiti rift and
K. Shi et al. / Petroleum Research 2 (2017) 264e280 276
Table 2 Sinian sedimentary facies and its characteristics in the Tarim Basin.
Sedimentary system Facies Subfacies Microfacies Characteristics Distribution area Formation
Carbonate Sedimentary
system
Inner ramp Lagoon Dolomitic lagoon Argillaceous dolomite
interbedded with dolomicrite, horizontal bedding and laminated structure
Aksu-Kalpin Qigbulak Fm.
Tidal flat Dolomitic flat, muddy
dolomitic flat, inter- tidal algal mat
Muddy to micritic dolomite, argillaceous dolomite and algal dolomite, laminated and stromatolith structures
Aksu-Kalpin, Tadong uplift, and Maigaiti slope
Qigebulake Fm., Shuiquan Fm. and Kezisuhumu Fm.
Middle ramp Shoal Oolitic shoal, psammitic
shoal, pelletoid shoal
Oolitic dolomite, pelletoid dolomite and dolarenite, parallel bedding
Aksu-Kalpin, northern Tarim, and Maigaiti slope
Qigebulake Fm. and Kezisuhumu Fm.
I nter shoal Muddy to micritic
dolomite and argillaceous dolomite, horizontal bedding
Aksu-Kalpin, northern Tarim, and Maigaiti slope
Qigebulake Fm. and Kezisuhumu Fm.
Outer ramp Mudstone interbedded
with marlstone, horizontal bedding
Northern Tarim, Manjar Sag, and southwestern Tarim
Qigebulake Fm., Shuiquan Fm. and Kezisuh
system
Mixed shore Mixed tidal flat Tidal flat, tidal channel Sandy dolomite with
terrigenous clasts, dolomite interbeded with sandstone and siltstone, wormkalk interbedded with mudstone
Northern Tarim, southwestern Tarim, and Magaiti slope
Upper Member of Sugetbulak Fm., lower part of Qigebulake Fm., Upper Member of Kurkak Fm. and lower part of Kezisuhumu Fm.
Mixed shelf Shallow-water shelf Micrite and argillaceous
limestone interbedded with mudstone, siltstone and silty mudstone, locally wormkalk, horizontal bedding
Maigaiti slope, Aksu- Kalpin, and eastern Manjar Sag
Upper Member of Kurkak Fm., Upper Mmeber of Sugetbulak Fm. and Yukengou Fm.
Deep-water shelf Mudstone and silty
mudstone intercalated with argillaceous limestone and micrite, horizontal bedding
North Kuruktag Yukengou Fm.
Clastic Sedimentary
system
Shore Foreshore, shoreface Granule, coarse
sandstone, finestone and siltstone with cross bedding, parallel bedding and ripple marks
Northern Tarim, Maigaiti slope and south Kuruktag
Sugetbulak Fm., Kurkak Fm., Zhamoketi Fm. and Yukengou Fm.
Tidal flat, tidal channel Coarse sandstone, pebbly sandstone, mudstone and siltstone alternatively with swash cross bedding and mud cracks
Aksu-Kalpin and south Kuruktag
Sugetbulak Fm., Zhamoketi Fm. and Yukengou Fm.
Shelf Shallow-water shelf Siltstone intercalated
with mudstone and silty mudstone, horizontal bedding
Southwestern Tarim and Manjar Sag
Upper Member of Kurkak Fm., Zhamoketi Fm. and Yukengou Fm.
Deep-water shelf Mudstone and shale
intercalated with pelitic siltstone, horizontal bedding
Maigaiti slope, southwestern Tarim and Manjar Sag
Lower Member of Kurkak Fm. and Yukengou Fm.
Bathyal sea Turbidite Finestone, siltstone and mudstone with parallel, horizontal and ripple bedding as wellas Bouma sequence
Tiekelike Lower Member of
Kurkak. Fm.
the Taxinan rift) in the Tarim block during the Nanhuan Period (Feng et al., 2015; Cui et al., 2016; Li et al., 2016) and most of areas in flanks of rifts was the uplift areas. The Sinia
Nanhuan tectono-paleogeographic framework, but due to weak- ening of the extensional intensity, a set of clastic-carbonate rocks
 continental margin in the Sinian, and the lithofacies palaeogeographic features also
changed. In the Early Sinian, the sequence ZSQI was developed, the uplift area occurred
in most part of the Bachu-Tazhong-Tadongnan area, and the re- sidual ancient land was
distributed in the north Tarim Basin (ie, Tabei area). To the north of Bachu-Tazhong-
Tadongnan area, the ocean water was from the ancient South Tianshan Ocean with NE
and NW direction of marine transgression, and the shore sedi- mentary environment was
developed in the Tabei area. The lower part of sequence ZSQI was characterized purple
pebbled sandstone and coarse-fine sandstone (Fig. 4a) with the cross bedding (Fig. 5c); the
upper part of sequence ZSQI was characterized by purple mudstone intercalated with
thinebedded sandstone (Fig. 5d). In the east Tarim Basin (ie, Tadong area), greyish green
mudstone intercalated with sandstone and siltstone was deposited in the shelf environment
in the Manjar sag (Fig. 11), while clastic rocks of shore facies were deposited in other
areas. In the southwest part of the Bachu-Tazhong-Tadongnan uplift zone, sedimentation
of the passive continental marginal occurred in the Sinian; influenced by the ancient
Kunlun Ocean, the marine transgression occurred from the southwest, sediments of the
shore-shelf facies were deposited in the Maigaititi area; towards the southwest, turbidite
of the bathyal environment were deposited (Fig. 14). In the late deposi- tional period of
sequence ZSQI, a large regression process occurred
in the Tarim Basin, and led to formation of the parallel unconfor- mity in the internal
Lower Sinian (Fig. 3), and the basal conglom- erate with thickness of 1e2 m was deposited
in the middle part of the Sugetbulak Formation in the northwest Tarim Basin (Figs. 4c and
5e).

6.2. The depositional period of squence ZSQII

The sequence ZSQII was developed in the Early Sinian, and the palaeogeographic
framework was basically similar to sequence ZSQII (Fig. 15). The uplift area still occurred
in most part of the Bachu-Tazhong-Tadongnan area, but area of the residual ancient land
in the north Tarim Basin (ie, Tabei area) was reduced, and duet to decrease in supply of
terrigenous material, the clastic- carbonate mixed sedimentary system occurred in the
basin, a mixed tidal-flat environment was developed in the north Tarim Basin. In the Aksu
area, the lower part of sequence ZSQII was characterized by multi-cycles medium-thick
bedded calcareous sandstone and calcareous mudstone (Fig. 5f), the middle part of
sequence ZSQII was characterized by micrite, wormkalk, grainstone and limestone with
terrigenous clasts (Fig. 5g), and the upper part of sequence ZSQII was characterized by
were developed. calcareous finestone, silt- stone and limestone with terrigenous clasts, the top of sequence
ZSQII was characterized by dark-grey and grey-green mudstone (Fig. 4c). In the Awat
area, influenced by tectonic activities and marine transgression, the sedimentary water was
6.1. The depositional period of ZSQI deeper, the mixed shelf was developed. The deep-water clastic shelf was distributed in the
Manjar sag, which was characterized by mudstone intercalated with siltstone in Well YL1
In the Early Sinian, with weakening of the extension, the Tarim Basin (Fig. 11).
evolved from the rift in the Nanhuan into the intracraton depression and passive Towards the east of Manjar sag, the mixed shelf environment
K. Shi et al. / Petroleum Research 2 (2017) 264e280 277
 Fig. 14. Lithofacies palaeogeography of the Tarim Basin in the depositional period of sequence ZSQI showing that most part of the Bachu-Tazhong-Tadongnan area was the uplift area, the residual ancient land was distributed in the north
was developed in the Tabei area, the shelf facies and shore facies were distributed in the east Tarim Basin (ie, Tadong area); the shore-shelf facies were developed in the Maigaititi area, and towards the southwest, the bathyal facies were de
represented Kulexi section; “3” represented Sugetbulak section; “4” represented Wushi section; “5” represented Xinjiang-Tibet Highway section; “6” represented Xishankou section; “7” represented Qiakemaketieshi section; “8” represented X
section; “10” represented Yard- angshan section; “11” represented Saimashan section; “12” represented Yangxia coal mine section.
was developed, and was characterized by rhythmic carbonate rocks interbedded with environments were developed in the Manjar sag and the northwest part of the Aksu-Kuqa
mudstone and siltstone with horizontal bed- dings. Due to clasts from the southeast Tarim area, where carbonate rocks and dark mudstone of the outer ramp were deposited (Figs.
uplift, the clastic shore sediments were deposited towards the west of Manjar sag which 6g and 11); the sedimentary environment was shallow water between the Manjar sag and
inherited depositional characteristic of sequence ZSQI. In the southwest Tarim Basin, the the Aksu-Kuqa area, deposited grain dolomite and algal dolomite of the middle ramp (Fig.
sedimentary environment inherited the early palaeogeography, was still the passive 5i). A tidal-flat environment was developed in the southeast part of the Manjar Sag, and
continental margin environment; from the Maigaiti area toward the southwest, the mixed deposited dolomicrite and algal dolomite of the inner ramp (Fig. 6h); due to water
tidal flat, the mixed shelf and the clastic shelf facies were gradually developed. In the late restriction, the lagoon and tidal-flat environment was developed in the Kalpin-Awat area;
depositional period of sequence ZSQII, another marine regression process occurred in the at the end period of the Sinian, the north area of the basin experienced a long-term
Tarim Basin, and resulted in formation of parallel unconformity between the Upper Sinian weathering and denudation due to a regional regression process, hence a thick weathered
and Lower Sinian. These two regression processes occurred in late depositional periods of crust was formed at the top of the Sinian (Fig. 4d) and meanwhile Late Sinian formations
sequence ZSQI and sequence ZSQII caused absence of Lower Sinian in the east Tarim were absent or partially absent in Well F1 and Well H4 blocks as well as the east Tarim
uplift, and pre-Sinian basement/volcanic rocks were directly over- lain by Late Sinian low high (ig, Tadong low high) (Figs. 7f and g). In the southwest part of the Bachu-
carbonate rocks (Fig. 11). Tazhong-Tadongnan uplift area, the sedimentary environ- ment was still the passive
continental margin environment, and carbonate rocks of ramp facies were deposited. At
the end period of the Sinian, a large regression process also occurred in the south- west
6.3. The depositional period of squence ZSQIII Tarim Basin, therefore, the Sinian strata in the Maigaiti area and the southwest Tarim
Basin experienced weathering and denudation, most of the Sinian strata were absent.
The sequence ZSQIII was developed in the Late Sinian in the Tarim
Basin. During this period, the lithofacies palaeogeography basically inherited
characteristic of the Early Sinian (Fig. 16). The Bachu-Tazhong-Tadongnan uplift still 7. Conclusions
existed, but the residual ancient land in the north Tarim disappeared. Due to decrease of
terrigenous clastic supply and seawater evaporation and concen- tration, carbonate content (1) Three types of Sinian sedimentary system, ie the clastic sedimentary system, the
increased. Towards the north of the Bachu-Tazhong-Tadongnan uplift, two deep-water clastic-carbonate mixed
sedimentary
K. Shi et al. / Petroleum Research 2 (2017) 264e280 278
Fig. 15. Lithofacies palaeogeography of the Tarim Basin in the depositional period of sequence ZSQII showing that most part of the Bachu-Tazhong-Tadongnan area was still the uplift area, the residual ancient land was distributed in the nort
the residual ancient land in the Tabei area was reduced; a mixed tidal-flat environment was developed in the Tabei area, and the mixed shelf was developed in the Awat area; the deep-water clastic shelf was distributed in the Manjar sag; towa
environment was developed, and towards the west of Manjar sag, the castic shore environment was developed; in the southwest Tarim Basin, the sedimentary environment was still the passive continental margin environment, and from the Mai
tidal flat, the mixed shelf and the clastic shelf facies were gradually developed. “1” represented Shiairike section; “2” represented Kulexi section; “3” represented Sugetbulak section; “4” represented Wushi section; “5” represented Xinjian
Xishankou section; “7” represented Qiakemaketieshi section; “8” represented Xingeertage section; “9” represented Zhaobishan section; “10” represented Yardangshan section; “11” represented Saimashan section; “12” represented Yangxia coal
K. Shi et al. / Petroleum Research 2 (2017) 264e280 279

Fig. 16. Lithofacies palaeogeography of the Tarim Basin in the depositional period of sequence ZSQIII showing that he Bachu-Tazhong-Tadongnan uplift still existed, but the residual ancient land in the north Tarim disappeared; toward
uplift, two deep-water sedimentary environments were developed in the Manjar sag and the northwest part of the Aksu-Kuqa area; the middle ramp was distributed between the Manjar sag and the Aksu-Kuqa area, and a tidal-flat environm
Manjar Sag, the lagoon and tidal-flat environment was distributed in the Kalpin-Awat area; the ramp were developed in the southwest part of the Bachu- Tazhong-Tadongnan uplift area. “1” represented Shiairike section; “2” represente
section; “4” represented Wushi section; “5” rep- resented Xinjiang-Tibet Highway section; “6” represented Xishankou section; “7” represented Qiakemaketieshi section; “8” represented Xingeertage section; “9” represented Zhaobishan sectio
represented Saimashan section; “12” represented Yangxia coal mine section.

sedimentary system, and the carbonate sedimentary system were developed in the The work was supported by China Geological Survey Project (No. DD20160175-
Tarim Basin; vertically, the sedimen- tary system evolved from the clastic 1-1) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41272137, No.
sedimentary system to the carbonate sedimentary system. (2) In the Sinian, the Tarim 41572117).
Basin experienced evolution stage of intracraton depression and passive continental
margin, thus it was characterized by uplift in the south and subsidence in the north. In
the Early Sinian, the Bachu-Tazhong-Tadongnan uplift and the Tabei ancient residual References
land were developed in the basin, the sedimentary environments were the shore to
shelf in the north basin, and the shore-shelf-bathyal sea in the southwest basin. In the Chen, Y., Xu, B., Zhan, S., Li, YG, 2004. First mid-Neoproterozoic paleomagnetic results from the Tarim
Late Sinian, the Tabei residual ancient land disappeared, the sedimentary Basin (NW China) and their geodynamic implications. Precambrian Res. 133, 271e281. Cui, HF, Tian, L.,
environment was the tidal flat in the north basin; two deep-water environ- ments were Zhang, NC, Liu, J., 2016. Nanhua-Sinian rift distribution and its relationship with the development of Lower
distributed in the Manjar sag and the Aksu-Kuqa area; the sedimentary environment Cambrian source rocks in the southwest depression of Tarim Basin. Acta Pet. Dosa. 37 (4), 430e438 (in
Chinese). Feng, XK, Liu, YB, Han, CW, Yan, W., Dong, L., Hao, YF, 2015. Sinian rift valley development
was the shallow water of the passive continental margin in the southwest basin. (3) characteristics in Tarim Basin and its guidance on hydrocarbon exploration. Pet. Geol. Eng 29 (2), 5e10 (in
The Tarim Basin experienced three transgression-regression cycles in the Sinian. The Chinese). Gao, ZJ, Lin, WX, Lu, SN, Ma, GG, 1982. Preliminary analysis of the sedimentary features of
transgression process in the initial period of the Early Sinian (sequence ZSQI) Qurugtagh Group in Qurugtagh area, Xinjiang region. Dagu. Acad. Geol. Sci. Shenyang Inst. Geol. Miner.
resulted in for- mation of the clastic sedimentary system in the lower part of the Sumber daya Banteng. 3, 17e29 (in Chinese). Gao, ZJ, Cheng, SD, 1984. Possible oil-gas bearing formations
in the Early Paleozoic and old-age carbonatites of the Tarim Platform. Xinjiang Geol. 2 (1), 1e10 (in Chinese).
Lower Sinian; the transgression in the late period of the Early Sinian (sequence
Gao, ZJ, Wang, WY, Peng, WC, 1985. The Sinian System of Xinjiang. Xinjiang
ZSQII) led to formation the clastic- carbonate mixed sedimentary system in the upper People's Publishing House, Urumqi (in Chinese). Han, Q., Zhu, YH, Zhu, CL, Wang, C., Chen, ZL,
part of the Lower Sinian; the transgression in the Late Sinian (sequence ZSQIII) Fei, JX, 2016. Petrological char- acteristics and zircon U-Pb age for magmatic rocks from Pre-Sinian basement
caused formation of the carbonate sedi- mentary system in the Upper Sinian. Three of the SDQ area of Shaya Rise in Tarim Basin, NW China. Acta Petrol. Dosa. 32 (5), 1493e1504 (in Chinese).
unconformities respectively in the middle of the Lower Sinian, at the top of the He, JW, Zhu, WB, Ge, RF, 2014. New age constraints on neoproterozoic diamicites in Kuruktag, NW China
Lower Sinian and at the top of the Upper Sinian, were formed due to three regression and precambrian crustal evolution of the Tarim Craton. Precambrian Res. 241, 44e60. He, JY, Xu, B., Meng,
XY, Kou, XW, Wang, Y., Mi, H., 2007. Neoproterozoic sequence stratigraphy and correlation in Quruqtagh
processes. area, Xinjiang. Acta Petrol. Dosa. 23 (7), 1645e1654 (in Chinese).
Acknowledgement Jia, CZ, 1997. Tectonic Characteristics and Petroleum Tarim Basin China. Petroleum
Industry Press, Beijing (in Chinese). Jia, CZ, 1999. Structural characteristics and oil/gas
accumulative regularity in Tarim reservoir at Zhongshen-1 well in Tarim Basin. China Pet. Penjelajah. 19 (2), 1e12 (in Chinese). Wu, CL,
Basin. Xinjiang Pet. Geol. 20 (3), 177e183 (in Chinese). Kang, JL, 2011. Studies of Yang, JS, Yao, SZ, Zeng, LS, Chen, SY, Li, HB, Qi, XX, Wooden, JL,
Precambrian Basalt and Deep Geodynamic Setting in the Northwestern Margin of Tarim Plate. China Mazdab, FK, 2005. Characteristics of the granitoid complex and its zircon SHRIMP dating at the south margin
University of Geosciences, Beijing, pp. 1e55 (in Chinese). Li, DL, Zhang, DQ, 2001. The characteristics and of the Bashikaogong Basin, North Altun, NW China. Acta Petrol. Dosa. 21 (3), 846e858 (in Chinese). Wu,
evolution of Sianian-Ordovician continetal rift in the northern of Tarim Basin. J. Changchun Univ. Sci. GH, Li, HW, Xu, YL, Su, W., Chen, ZY, Zhang, BS, 2012. The tectonothermal events, architecture and
Technol. 31 (2), 136e141 (in Chinese). Li, HK, Dong, YJ, 1991. Sedimentary features of Sinian Zhamoketi evolution of Tarim craton basement palaeo-uplifts. Acta Petrol. Dosa. 28 (8), 2435e2452 (in Chinese). Wu,
Formation in the YL, 2010. The Tarim Basin Sinian Sedimentary System and Lithofacies-paleo- geographical Research.
Chengdu Univerisity of Technology, Chengdu, pp. 1e50 (in Chinese). Xu, B., Jiang, P., Zheng, HF, Zou, HB,
middle Quruqtagh area, Xinjiang. Xinjiang Geol. 9 (4), 340e353 (in Chinese). Li, W.,
Zhang, LF, Liu, DY, 2005. U-Pb zircon geochronology of Neoproterozoic volcanic rocks in the Tarim Block
Liu, JJ, Deng, SH, Zhang, BM, Zhou, H., 2015. The nature and role of Late Sinian-Early Cambrian tectonic
of north- west China : implications for the breakup of Rodinia supercontinent and Neoproterozoic glaciations.
movement in Sichuan Basin and its adjacent areas. Acta Pet. Dosa. 36 (5), 546e556 (in Chinese). Li, Y.,
Precambrian Res. 136, 107e123. Xu, B., Xiao, SH, Zou, HB, Chen, Y., Li, ZX, Song, B., Liu, DY, 2009.
Cheng, C., Feng, XJ, Zhang, L., Zeng, CM, Fan, QH, 2016. New discovery of Nanhuaian rift system in
SHRIMP zircon U-Pb age constraints on Neoproterozoic Quruqtagh diamicities in NW China. Precambrian
southwestern Tarim Basin and its geological signifi- cance. Acta Petrol. Dosa. 32 (3), 825e832 (in Chinese).
40 39 Res. 168, 247e258. Xu, B., Zou, HB, Chen, Y., He, JY, Wang, Y., 2013a. The Sugetbrak basalts from
Li, YJ, Jia, CZ, Hu, SL, Huang, ZB, Zeng, Q., Tan, ZJ, 1999. The Are Ar isotopic age of Wajilitag gabbro
northwestern Tarim Block of northwest China: geochronology, geochemistry and implications for Rodinia
in Tarim basin and its geological significance. Acta Petrol. Dosa. 15 (4), 594e599 (in Chinese). Liu, H., 2011. breakup and ice age in the Late Neoproterozoic. Precambrian Res. 236, 214e226. Xiu, QY, Yu, HF, Liu, YS,
Breakup and Closure Evolution Progress of the North Altyn Ocean from NeoProterozoic to Early Paleozoic Lu, SN, Mao, DB, Li, HM, Li, Q., 2007. Geology and zircon U-Pb age of pillow basalt at Qiashikansayi in
Analyses on Hongliugou-Lapeiquan Ophiolite Tectonic Mixtite Belt. China University of Geosciences, northern Altun Tagh, West China. Acta Geol. Dosa. 81 (6), 787e794 (in Chinese). Xu, ZQ, He, BZ, Zhang,
Wuhan, pp. 1e62 (in Chinese). Long, XP, Yuan, C., Sun, M., Zhao, GC, Xiao, WJ, Wang, YJ, Yang, YH, Hu, CL, Zhang, JX, Wang, ZM, Cai, ZH, 2013b. Tectonic framework and crustal evolution of the Precambrian
AQ, 2010. Archean crustal evolution of the northern Tarim Craton, NW China: Zircon U-Pb and Hf isotopic basement of the Tarim Block in NW China: new geochronological evidence from deep drilling samples.
constraints. Precambrian Res 180, 272e284. Lu, SN, 1992. Geological evolution of proterozoic in Kuruktage, Precambrian Res. 235, 150e162. Yang, JS, Shi, RD, Wu, CL, Su, DZ, Chen, SY, Wang, XB, Wooden, JL,
Xinjiang. Banteng. 2008. Petrology and SHRIMP age of the Hongliugou ophiolite at Milan, north Altun, at the northern margin of
Tianjin Inst. Geol. Miner. Res. 27, 279e291 (in Chinese). Lu, SN, Li, HK, Zhang, CL, the Tibetan plateau. Acta Petrol. Dosa. 24 (7), 1567e1584 (in Chinese). Yang, WC, Zhang, LL, Xu, YX, Yu,
Niu, GH, 2008. Geological and geochronological evi- dence for the Precambrian evolution of the Tarim craton CQ, Yu, P., Zhang, BZ, Yang, B., 2015. Three dimensional electrical resistivity structure of the Tarim Basin.
and surrounding continental fragments. Precambrian Res. 160, 94e107. Ma, SP, Wang, YZ, Fang, XL, 1991. Acta Geol. Dosa. 89 (12), 2203e2212 (in Chinese). Yang, YK, Shi, KB, Liu, B., Qin, S., Wang, JQ, Zhang,
Basic characteristics of Proterozoic Eonothem as a table cover on northern slope of western Kunlun Mountain. XF, 2014. Tectono-sedimen- tary evolution of the Sinian in the northwest Tarim Basin. Dagu. J. Geol. 49 (1),
Xinjiang Geol. 9 (1), 59e71 (in Chinese). Ma, YJ, Luo, JH, Tang, YG, Li, YL, Wu, QK, Li, W., 2011. 19e29 (in Chinese). Zhang, CL, Li, XH, Li, ZX, Lu, SN, Ye, HM, Li, HM, 2007a. Neoproterozoic ul- tramafic
Geological age of the basement of the eastern segment of the Kuche depression and its geological -mafic-carbonate complex and granitoids in Quruqtagh of north- eastern Tarim Block, western China:
significances. Dagu. J. Geol. 46 (2), 475e482 (in Chinese). Qi, XX, Wu, CL, Li, HB, 2005. SHRIMP U-Pb age geochronology, geochemistry and tectonic implications. Precambrian Res. 152, 149e169. Zhang, CL, Li, ZX,
of zircons from Kazisayi granite in the northern Alty Tagh mountains and its significations. Acta Petrol. Dosa. Li, XH, Ye, HM, 2009. Neoproterozoic mafic dyke swarms at the northern margin of the Tarim Block, NW
21 (3), 859e866 (in Chinese). Qian, YX, You, DH, Chen, DZ, Chen, Y., Jiang, HJ, Liu, ZB, 2011. The China: age, geochemistry, petro- genesis and tectonic implications. J. Asian Earth Sci. 35 (2), 167e179. Zhang,
stratigraphic and sedimentation analysis of Sugaitbulak formation of the upper Sinian at Xianerbulak of Aksu CL, Li, HK, Santosh, M., Li, ZX, Zou, HB, Wang, HY, Ye, HM, 2012. Pre- cambrian evolution and
in Tarim Basin. Dagu. J. Geol. 46 (2), 445e455 (in Chinese). Qian, YX, Du, YM, Chen, DZ, You, DH, Zhang, cratonization of the Tarim Block, NW China: petrology, geochemistry, Nd-isotopic, and U-Pb zircon
JT, Chen, Y., Liu, ZB, 2014. Characteristics of intrabasinal Sinian sedimentary system in Tarim Basin. Mar. geochronology from Archean gabbro-TTG- postassic granite suite and Paleoproterozoic metamorphic belt. J.
Orig. Pet. Geol. 36 (1), 1e8 (in Chinese). Song, LX, Liu, WX, 1990. General appearance of Sinian Asian Earth Sci. 47, 5e20. Zhang, CL, Zou, HB, Li, HK, Wang, HY, 2013. Tectonic framework and evolution
paleogeography of Tarim of the Tarim block in NW China. Gondwana Res. 23, 1306e1315. Zhang, J., Zhang, CL, Li,
platform. Xinjiang Pet. Geol. 11 (3), 26e30 (in Chinese). Song, WJ, Li, YJ, Hu, SL, Guo, HK, Ye, XT, Geng, JZ, Zhou, HY, 2014. Revisit to time and tectonic environment of the Aksu blueschist
terrane in northern Tarim, NW China: new evidence from zircon U-Pb age and Hf isotope. Acta Petrol. Dosa.
H., Huang, ZB, Zheng, DM, 2003. Restudy on the 40Are39Ar age of Wajilitag basiceultrabasic
30 (11), 3357e3365 (in Chinese). Zhang, JX, Meng, FC, Yu, SY, Chen, W., Chen, SY, 2007b. 39Ar-40Ar
complex in western Tarim Basin. Xinjiang Pet. Geol. 24 (4), 284e285 (in Chinese). Tang, LJ, 1994. geochronology of high-pressure/low-temperature blueschist and eclogite in the North Altyn Tagh and their
Evolution and tectonic patterns of Tarim Basin. Earth Sci. J. China tectonic implications. Geol. China 34 (4), 558e564 (in Chinese). Zhang, ZY, Yang, SL, Zhao, XQ, 2007c.
Univ. Geosci. 19 (6), 742e745 (in Chinese). Wang, C., Liu, L., Wang, YH, He, SP, Li, Characteristics of intrabasinal Sinian sedimentary system in Tarim Basin. Mar. Orig. Pet. Geol. 12 (2), 51e56
RS, Li, M., Yang, WQ, Cao, YT, Alan, SC, Shi, C., Wu, ZG, 2015a. Recognition and tectonic implications of (in Chinese). Zheng, JF, Shen, AJ, Qiao, ZF, Wu, XL, Zhang, TF, 2014. Characteristics and pore genesis of
an extensive Neoproterozoicvolcano-sedimentary rift basin along the southwestern margin of the Tarim dolomite in the Penglaiba Formation in Keping-Bachu outcrop area. Acta Pet. Dosa. 35 (4), 664e672 (in
Craton, northwestern China. Precambrian Res. 257, 65e82. Wang, F., Wang, B., Shu, LS, 2010a. Continental Chinese). Zhou, XB, Li, JH, Fu, CJ, Li, WS, Wang, HH, 2012. A discussion on the Cryogenian-Cambrian
tholeiitic basalt of the Akesu area (NW China) and its implication for the Neoproterozoic rifting in the northern Tectonic-sedimentary event and tectonic setting of northern Tarim Basin. Geol. China 39 (4), 900e911 (in
Tarim. Acta Petrol. Dosa. 26 (2), 547e558 (in Chinese). Wang, HH, Li, JH, Zhou, XB, Li, WB, Wang, JQ, Chinese). Zhou, XB, 2015. Deep Level Structures and Paleogeography Reconstruction of Tarim
2015b. New opinion on the position of the Tarim block in the Rodinia supercontinent: constraints from Basin. Peking University, NW China, pp. 15e27 (in Chinese). Zhou, XB, Li, JH, Wang, HH, Li,
stratigraphic correlation and paleomagnetism. Dagu. J. Geophys. 58 (2), 589e600 (in Chinese). Wang, Y., He, WS, Cheng, YL, 2015. The type of prototypic basin and tectonic setting of Tarim Basin formation from
JY, Wei, W., Xu, B., 2010b. Study on the late Proterozoic sedimentary facies and sequence stratigraphy in Nanhua to Sinian. Earth Sci. Depan. 22 (3), 290e298 (in Chinese).
Aksu area, Xinjiang. Acta Petrol. Dosa. 26 (8), 2519e2528 (in Chinese). Wang, ZM, Xie, HW, Chen, YQ, Qi,
YM, Zhang, K., 2014. Discovery and explo- ration of Cambrian subsalt dolomite original hydrocarbon
K. Shi et al. / Petroleum Research 2 (2017) 264e280 280