Titries Adistantria Mariami

TUGAS AKHIR (608502A)
ANALISIS LAJU KOROSI DAN LIFETIME PIPA ASTM A105 DENGAN

PERBANDINGAN INHIBITOR NaNO2 DAN Na2CrO4
TITRIES ADISTANTRIA MARIAMI

NRP. 0815040061
DOSEN PEMBIMBING :
BAMBANG ANTOKO, S.T., M.T
SUBAGIO SO’IM, S.T., M.T
PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK PERPIPAAN

JURUSAN TEKNIK PERMESINAN KAPAL
POLITEKNIK PERKAPALAN NEGERI SURABAYA
SURABAYA
2019
TUGAS AKHIR (608502A)
ANALISIS LAJU KOROSI DAN LIFETIME PIPA ASTM A105

DENGAN PERBANDINGAN INHIBITOR NaNO2 DAN
Na2CrO4
Titries Adistantria Mariami

NRP. 0815040061
DOSEN PEMBIMBING:
BAMBANG ANTOKO, S.T., M.T
SUBAGIO SO’IM, S.T., M.T
PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK PERPIPAAN

JURUSAN TEKNIK PERMESINAN KAPAL
POLITEKNIK PERKAPALAN NEGERI SURABAYA
SURABAYA
2019
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(Halaman ini sengaja dikosongkan)
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KATA PENGANTAR
Puji syukur penulis panjatkan kepada Allah SWT atas segala rahmat, ridho,
dan hidayah-Nya penulis dapat menyelesaikan penyusunan Tugas Akhir ini dengan
baik dan lancar. Penulis juga mengucapkan shalawat serta salam semoga senantiasa
terlimpah curahkan kepada Nabi Muhammad SAW, kepada keluarganya, para
sahabat yang telah memberikan teladan bagi seluruh umat manusia.
Tugas akhir yang berjudul “Analisis Laju Korosi dan Lifetime Pipa
ASTM A105 dengan Perbandingan Inhibitor NaNO2 dan Na2CrO4” ini disusun
sebagai salah satu persyaratan untuk menyelesaikan pendidikan kuliah di Program
Studi Teknik Perpipaan.
Penulis menyadari penyelesaian dan penyusunan Tugas Akhir ini tidak
terlepas dari kerjasama, bantuan, dan bimbingan dari berbagai pihak, sehingga
penulis menyampaikan terimakasih yang sebesar-besarnya kepada :
1. Kedua orang tua, kakak-kakak, dan keponakan yang telah memberikan banyak
kasih sayang, nasihat hidup, doa, dukungan moril serta materil, dan segalanya
bagi penulis.
2. Bapak Ir. Eko Julianto, M.T., FRINA. selaku Direktur Politeknik Perkapalan
Negeri Surabaya.
3. Bapak George Endri Kusuma, S.T., M.Sc. Eng. sebagai Ketua Jurusan Teknik
Permesinan Kapal, Politeknik Perkapalan Negeri Surabaya.
4. Bapak Dimas Endro Witjonarko, S.T., M.T. sebagai Ketua Program Studi
Teknik Perpipaan, Politeknik Perkapalan Negeri Surabaya.
5. Bapak Bambang Antoko, S.T., M.T sebagai dosen pembimbing I yang telah
memberikan banyak bimbingan dan pengarahan selama pengerjaan tugas akhir
dengan sabar.
6. Bapak Subagio So’im, S.T., M.T. sebagai dosen pembimbing II yang telah
memberikan banyak bimbingan dan pengarahan selama pengerjaan tugas akhir
dengan sabar.
7. Seluruh staf pengajar Program Studi Teknik Perpipaan yang telah memberikan
banyak ilmu kepada penulis selama masa perkuliahan.
vii
8. Bapak Pendik yang telah mengajarkan dan memberikan tempat untuk
melakukan penelitian juga arahan dalam pengerjaan Tugas Akhir.
9. Kepada sahabat tersayang satu kos Gita Arsy Jayanti, Ayu Safitri, Hanik Indah
dan Diana yang selalu menemani, memberikan dukungan, dan selalu
memberikan lelucon dan semangat kepada penulis.
10. Kepada 9 Ciwi Srikandi yang selalu membantu, memberikan dukungan dan
semangat kepada penulis.
11. Teman-teman seperjuangan Teknik Perpipaan angkatan 2015 yang telah
memberikan banyak bantuan selama pengerjaan tugas akhir dan kehidupan
perkuliahan selama di PPNS.
12. Seluruh kakak senior Teknik Perpipaan angkatan 2013 dan 2014 yang telah
memberikan banyak bantuan selama pengerjaan tugas akhir.
13. Kepada Park Chanyeol, Kim Jongdae, dan semua member EXO yang telah
membantu menyemangati penulis dengan lagunya.
14. Seluruh pihak yang tidak dapat disebutkan satu-persatu yang telah banyak
membantu.
Penulis menyadari bahwa Tugas Akhir ini masih jauh dari kesempurnaan.
Harapan penulis dapat mendapatkan kritik atau saran yang membangun agar
penelitian yang telah dilakukan menjadi lebih baik lagi. Semoga Tugas akhir ini
bermanfaat bagi pembaca.
Surabaya, 21 Agustus 2019
Penulis
viii
ANALISIS LAJU KOROSI DAN LIFETIME PIPA ASTM A105
DENGAN PERBANDINGAN INHIBITOR NaNO2
ABSTRAK
Korosi adalah permasalahan yang sering muncul pada dunia industri yang
menyebabkan penurunan kualitas material. Apabila korosi tidak dicegah dari awal
maka kerugian yang cukup parah akan timbul. Salah satu permasalahan korosi yang
ada di pabrik pengolahan minyak dan margarin daerah Gresik adalah Internal
Corrosion. Kerak yang menggumpal di bagian dalam pipa ASTM A105 berdiameter
1 inch berumur kurang lebih 2 tahun. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode
Immersion Test yang digunakan untuk mengetahui laju korosi dan remaining life
pipa ASTM A105 dengan perhitungan weight loss dan membandingkan Inhibitor
NaNO2 dan Na2CrO4. Pengujian dilakukan dengan variasi konsentrasi NaCl sebesar
1000 ppm, 1100 ppm, dan 1200 ppm. Variasi konsentrasi Inhibitor sebesar 0 ppm,
150 ppm, 250 ppm, dan 350 ppm. Hasil pengujian yang telah dilakukan
menunjukkan bahwa nilai korosi terendah menggunakan inhibitor NaNO2 dengan
konsentrasi NaCl 1200 ppm yakni sebesar 0.021817 mm/y. Sedangkan inhibitor
Na2CrO4 memiliki laju korosi terendah sebesar 0.023999 mm/y. Untuk nilai
efisiensi inhibitor tertinggi adalah inhibitor NaNO2 350 ppm pada konsentrasi NaCl
1200 ppm sebesar 0.537%. Dan hasil perhitungan remaining life untuk inhibitor
NaNO2 sebesar 150.73 tahun dan 137.37 tahun untuk inhibitor Na2CrO4. Jadi
metode perlindungan korosi terbaik bagi material ASTM A105 adalah
menggunakan inhibitor NaNO2 karena memiliki nilai laju korosi terendah dan usia
pakai yang jauh lebih lama.
Kata kunci : ASTM A105, inhibitor, Immersion Test, laju korosi, lifetime
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CORROSION RATE AND LIFETIME ANALYSIS ON ASTM A105
WITH NaNO2 AND Na2CrO4 INHIBITOR COMPARISON
ABSTRACT
Corrosion are the most common problem that happens in the industry causing
material quality reduction. If corrosion was not prevented from the beginning, there
will be a serious loss because of leaking that affects on the decreasing of material
lifetime. One of the corrosion problem in an oil and margarine processing factory
in Gresik is Internal Corrosion. Caused by a lump of crust inside the ASTM A105
pipe with 1 inch diameter with 2 years of lifetime. This research used immersion
test method to determine the corrosion rate and lifetime of ASTM A105 pipe with
weight loss calculation and compared NaNO2 and Na2CrO4 inhibitors. The testing
used NaCl concentrate variation of 1000 ppm, 1100 ppm, 1200 ppm. Inhibitor
concentrate variation are 0 ppm, 150 ppm, 250 ppm, and 350 ppm. Test results
shows that the lowest corrosion rate used 350ppm NaNO2 inhibitor with 1200 ppm
NaCl concentrate with the value of 0,021817 mm/y. Meanwhile Na2CrO4 inhibitor
have the lowest corrosion value of 0.023999 mm/y. For the highest inhibitor
efficiency value are 350 ppm NaNO2 inhibitor on 1200 ppm NaCl concentrate with
the value of 0.537%. And the remaining life calculation for NaNO2 inhibitor are
150.73 years and 137.37 years for Na2CrO4 inhibitor. So the best corrosion
protection method for ASTM A105 material are using NaNO2 inhibitor because it
have the lowest corrosion rate value and much longer service life.
Keywords : ASTM A105, Inhibitor, Immersion Test, Corrosion Rate, Lifetime
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DAFTAR ISI
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ............................................................................... iii

PERNYATAAN BEBAS PLAGIAT ................................................................. v
KATA PENGANTAR ...................................................................................... vii
ABSTRAK ......................................................................................................... ix
ABSTRACT........................................................................................................ xi
DAFTAR ISI ................................................................................................... xiii
DAFTAR TABEL .......................................................................................... xvii
DAFTAR GAMBAR ....................................................................................... xix
BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN................................................................................... 1
1.1 Latar Belakang ................................................................................ 1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah ........................................................................... 2
1.3 Tujuan Penelitian ............................................................................ 2
1.4 Manfaat Penelitian........................................................................... 3
1.5 Batasan Masalah .............................................................................. 3
BAB 2 TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ......................................................................... 5
2.1 Korosi ............................................................................................... 5
2.2 Jenis – Jenis Korosi ......................................................................... 6
2.2.1 Korosi Merata (Uniform Attack) ..................................................... 6
2.2.2 Korosi Galvanik (Galvanic Corrosion) ........................................... 7
2.2.3 Korosi Selektif (Selective Leaching Corrosion) .............................. 8
2.2.4 Korosi Sumuran (Pitting Corrosion) ............................................... 8
2.2.5 Korosi Celah (Crevice Corrosion) .................................................. 9
2.2.6 Korosi Batas Butir (Intergranular Corrosion) ............................... 10
2.2.7 Korosi Retak Tegangan (Stress Corrosion Cracking) .................... 11
2.2.8 Korosi Erosi (Errosion Corrosion)................................................ 12
2.3 Pengendalian Korosi ...................................................................... 13
2.3.1 Faktor Metalurgi ........................................................................... 13
2.3.2 Faktor Lingkungan ....................................................................... 14
2.5 Inhibitor ......................................................................................... 17
2.5.1 Inhibitor Anodik ........................................................................... 18
2.5.2 Inhibitor Katodik .......................................................................... 20
2.6 Material ASTM A105 ..................................................................... 20
xiii
2.7 Metode Weight Loss ....................................................................... 21
2.8 Remaining Life ............................................................................... 22
BAB 3 METODOLOGI PENELITIAN .......................................................... 25
3.1 Diagram Alir Penelitian................................................................. 25
3.1.1 Tahap Identifikasi Awal ................................................................ 26
3.1.2 Tahap Tinjauan Pustaka ................................................................ 26
3.1.3 Tahap Pengumpulan Data ............................................................. 26
3.1.4 Tahap Pengolahan Data dan Analisa ............................................. 27
3.2 Jadwal Penelitian ........................................................................... 28
3.2.1 Waktu Penelitian........................................................................... 28
3.2.2 Tempat Penelitian ......................................................................... 29
BAB 4 HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN ............................................................. 31
4.1 Tahap Pelaksanaan Eksperimen ................................................... 31
4.2 Analisa Hasil Uji Korosi dengan Pengujian Immersion Test ........ 35
4.2.1 Perhitungan Luas Permukaan Spesimen ........................................ 35
4.2.2 Perhitungan Corrosion Rate .......................................................... 37
4.2.3 Perhitungan Efisiensi Inhibitor ...................................................... 42
4.2.3 Perhitungan Minimum Thickness ................................................... 44
4.2.4 Perhitungan Remaining Life .......................................................... 44
4.3 Analisa dan Pembahasan ............................................................... 48
4.3.1 Analisa Hasil Pengujian Laju Korosi Konsentrasi NaCl 1000 ppm 48
4.3.2 Analisa Hasil Pengujian Laju Korosi Konsentrasi NaCl 1100 ppm 49
4.3.3 Analisa Laju Korosi Konsentrasi NaCl 1200 ppm ......................... 50
4.3.4 Analisa Hasil Perhitungan Efisiensi Inhibitor Konsentrasi NaCl
1000 ppm ............................................................................................... 51
1100 ppm ............................................................................................... 52
1200 ppm ............................................................................................... 52
4.3.7 Analisa Hasil Perhitungan Remaining Life Konsentrasi NaCl 1000
ppm ..................................................................................................... 53
ppm ..................................................................................................... 54
ppm ..................................................................................................... 55
BAB 5 KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ............................................................. 57
xiv
5.1 Kesimpulan .................................................................................... 57
5.2 Saran .............................................................................................. 57
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ....................................................................................... 59
LAMPIRAN A ASTM G1
LAMPIRAN B ASTM G31-72
LAMPIRAN C API 570
LAMPIRAN D ASME B31.3
LAMPIRAN E ASTM A105
LAMPIRAN F HANDBOOK OF CORROSION ENGINEERING
LAMPIRAN G DATA IMMERSION TEST
LAMPIRAN H MSDS NaNO2
LAMPIRAN I MSDS Na2CrO4
LAMPIRAN J MSDS NaCl
LAMPIRAN K DATA PERUSAHAAN
LAMPIRAN L REKOMENDASI SIDANG
LAMPIRAN M DAFTAR KEMAJUAN TUGAS AKHIR
LAMPIRAN N FOTO PENGUJIAN
LAMPIRAN O BIODATA DIRI
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( Halaman ini sengaja dikosongkan )
xvi
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 2.1 Chemical requirements A105 ........................................................ 21

Tabel 3.1 Parameter perhitungan Immersion test .......................................... 27
Tabel 4.1 Perhitungan Luas Permukaan ........................................................ 36
Tabel 4.2 Hasil perhitungan laju korosi konsentrasi NaCl 1000 ppm ............. 39
Tabel 4.5 Hasil perhitungan efisiensi inhibitor konsentrasi NaCl 1200 ppm .. 42
Tabel 4.8 Parameter pendukung perhitungan Minimum Thickness ................. 44
Tabel 4.9 Hasil perhitungan Remaining Life konsentrasi NaCl 1000 ppm ..... 45
Tabel 4.10 Hasil perhitungan Remaining Life konsentrasi NaCl 1000 ppm ... 46
Tabel 4.11 Hasil perhitungan Remaining Life konsentrasi NaCl 1000 ppm ... 47
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xviii
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 1.1 Internal Corrosion .................................................................. 1

Gambar 2.1 Korosi Merata ......................................................................... 6
Gambar 2 2 Korosi Galvanik ...................................................................... 7
Gambar 2.3 Korosi Selektif pada Pipa ........................................................ 8
Gambar 2.4 Korosi Sumuran ...................................................................... 9
Gambar 2.5 Korosi Celah ........................................................................... 10
Gambar 2. 6 Korosi Intergranular .............................................................. 11
Gambar 2.7 Korosi Retak Tegangan ........................................................... 12
Gambar 2. 8 Korosi Erosi ........................................................................... 12
Gambar 2.9 Pengaruh konsentrasi material terhadap laju korosi .................. 14
Gambar 2.10 Pengaruh temperatur terhadap laju korosi .............................. 15
Gambar 2.11 Pengaruh persentase komposisi kimia terhadap laju korosi .... 16
Gambar 2.12 Kerangka Konseptual ............................................................ 23
Gambar 3.1 Diagram Alir Penelitian .......................................................... 25
Gambar 4.1 Spesimen Pengujian Laju Korosi ............................................ 31
Gambar 4.2 Proses Perendaman Spesimen .................................................. 32
Gambar 4.3 Proses Penimbangan Spesimen ............................................... 32
Gambar 4.4 Proses Pembuatan Larutan Inhibitor ......................................... 33
Gambar 4.5 Proses Perendaman dengan Larutan Inhibitor ........................... 33
Gambar 4.6 Pengeringan Spesimen ............................................................ 34
Gambar 4.7 Proses Pembuatan Larutan NaCl ............................................. 34
Gambar 4.8 Perendaman Spesimen dengan Larutan NaCl .......................... 35
Gambar 4.9 Proses Penimbangan Setelah Pengujian ................................... 35
Gambar 4.10 Keterangan Dimensi Spesimen .............................................. 36
Gambar 4.11 Grafik Laju Korosi Konsentrasi NaCl 1000 ppm ................... 47
Gambar 4.12 Grafik Laju Korosi Konsentrasi NaCl 1100 ppm .................... 48
Gambar 4.13 Grafik Laju Korosi Konsentrasi NaCl 1200 ppm .................... 49
Gambar 4.14 Grafik Efisiensi Inhibitor Konsentrasi NaCl 1000 ppm .......... 50
xix
Gambar 4.15 Grafik Efisiensi Inhibitor Konsentrasi NaCl 1100 ppm...........51
Gambar 4.16 Grafik Efisiensi Inhibitor Konsentrasi NaCl 1200 ppm...........52
Gambar 4.17 Grafik Remaining Life Konsentrasi NaCl 1000 ppm ..............53
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BAB 1
PENDAHULUAN
xv
BAB 1
PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang

Dalam dunia industri khususnya di bidang material, korosi adalah salah satu
dari banyaknya permasalahan yang sering mucul. Korosi sendiri merupakan
penurunan mutu logam akibat reaksi dengan lingkungan yang bersifat spontan oleh
karena itu korosi tidak bisa dihentikan secara total namun bisa untuk memperlambat
proses korosi. Dalam dunia industri kerugian yang disebabkan oleh korosi adalah
penurunan kekuatan material dan biaya perbaikan yang tidak sedikit. Apabila korosi
tidak dicegah dari awal, maka kerugian yang cukup parah akan timbul seperti
kerugian akibat kebocoran dan mengakibatkan lifetime material berkurang .
Gambar 1.1 Internal Corrosion

(Sumber: Data Perusahaan)
Contoh korosi yang muncul pada pabrik produksi minyak dan margarin di
daerah gresik adalah adanya internal corrosion pada pipa ASTM A105 berukuran 1
inch. Menurut ASME B31.3 yakni process piping pipa dengan material tersebut
termasuk ke dalam golongan Carbon Steel. Pada gambar 1.1 yang terlihat korosi
akibat air payau tergolong sangat parah karena adanya gumpalan pada pipa bagian
dalam. Adanya perluasan pipa pada area produksi sejauh 6 meter menjadi alasan
bagaimana pipa tersebut terpotong pada bagian elbow. Masalah ini telah
menyebabkan berkurangnya efisiensi aliran fluida pada pipa tersebut. Namun, pada
kenyataan dilapangan dengan umur pipa yang masih dua tahun pemakaian sangat
1
tidak wajar mengalami korosi yang begitu parah. Sehingga, untuk mengatasi
masalah pada pipa tersebut kontraktor harus mengganti pipa yang telah terkorosi
dengan pipa yang baru sepanjang perluasan bangunan.
Untuk meminimalisir terjadinya korosi yang lebih parah, maka perlu
dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut dengan perhitungan laju korosi dan lifetime dengan
metode yang sesuai untuk mencegah terjadinya korosi. Penggunaan metode yang
sesuai dengan permasalahan ini setelah penggantian pipa dilakukan dengan
penambahan inhibitor korosi, sehingga didapat metode proteksi terbaik untuk
diterapkan sesuai kondisi di lapangan. Penelitian ini akan dijadikan referensi untuk
kasus yang serupa.
1.2 Rumusan Masalah

Perumusan masalah dari penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut:
1. Bagaimana perbandingan laju korosi pada material ASTM A105 dengan
menggunakan inhibitor NaNO2 dan Na2CrO4?
2. Bagaimana perbandingan lifetime pada material ASTM A105 dengan
menggunakan inhibitor NaNO2 dan Na2CrO4?
3. Bagaimana penggunaan inhibitor yang paling efektif ditinjau dari segi laju
korosi dan lifetime?
1.3 Tujuan Penelitian

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut:
1. Mengetahui perbandingan laju korosi pada material ASTM A105 dengan
menggunakan inhibitor NaNO2 dan Na2CrO4.
2. Mengetahui perbandingan lifetime pada material ASTM A105 dengan
menggunakan inhibitor NaNO2 dan Na2CrO4
3. Mengetahui penggunaan inhibitor yang paling efektif ditinjau dari segi laju
korosi dan lifetime.
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1.4 Manfaat Penelitian
Adapun manfaat yang dapat diambil dari penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut :
1. Bagi mahasiswa
a. Mendapat tambahan referensi untuk mengetahui nilai laju korosi, lifetime
dan nilai ekonomis untuk pergantian material atau media penambahan
inhibitor.
b. Sebagai tugas akhir yang merupakan salah satu syarat kelulusan program
studi D-4 Teknik Perpipaan.
2. Bagi institusi
Sebagai tambahan literatur yang akan dapat diakses oleh semua civitas
akademika PPNS.
3. Bagi perusahaan
Laporan tugas akhir ini bisa dijadikan rujukan bagi perusahaan dalam usahanya
mengetahui cara untuk mencegah korosi melalui pergantian material atau
media penambahan inhibitor.
1.5 Batasan Masalah

Batasan masalah pada penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut :
1. Material yang dianalisa dan diuji hanya tipe ASTM A105.
2. Perlindungan terhadap korosi menggunakan inhibitor NaNO2 dan Na2CrO4.
3. Variasi Inhibitor 0 ppm, 150 ppm, 250 ppm, 350 ppm
4. Variasi konsentrasi NaCl 1000 ppm, 1100 ppm, dan 1200 ppm
5. Kondisi fluida pada saat penelitian adalah statis
6. Standart pengujian mengacu pada ASTM G-31.
7. Waktu pengujian adalah 30 hari atau 720 jam.
8. Pengujian menggunakan metode Immersion Test dan perhitungan laju
menggunakan metode weight loss.
9. Temperatur yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah temperatur ruang.
3
4
BAB 2
TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
1
BAB 2
TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
2.1 Korosi
Bagi sebagian besar orang, korosi dapat di artikan sebagai karat (rust). Korosi
adalah perusakan atau penurunan mutu dari material akibat bereaksi dengan
lingkungan (Fontana, 1986). Korosi adalah kerusakan material yang umumnya
logam yang ditandai dengan adanya pengurangan ketebalan pada material yang
secara umum disebabkan oleh reaksi material dengan lingkungan di sekitarnya
(Damayanti,2018). Salah satu jenis utama yang mudah terkena korosi adalah sistem
perpipaan. Korosi dapat diartikan sebagai perusakan suatu material (terutama
logam karena bereaksi dengan lingkungan) sebagian logam akan menjadi
oksida,sulfide,atau hasil reaksi lain yang dapat larut dalam lingkungannya
(Suherman,1987). Korosi adalah peristiwa perusakan atau penurunan kualitas
logam karena reaksi kimia yang terjadi antara logam dengan zat zat yang ada di
lingkungannya sehingga menghasilkan senyawa-senyawa yang tidak dikehendaki
(Khuncoro,2018). Korosi dapat terjadi pada semua logam , terutama yang
berhubungan dengan udara atau cairan yang korosif. Mesin-mesin yang
bersinggungan langsung dengan air atau cairan lain yang korosif akan mudah
terserang korosi lebih-lebih jika mesin tersebut berhubungan langsung dengan air
secara terus menerus (Atmadja, 2010). Korosi didefinisikan sebagai penghancuran
paksa zat seperti logam dan bahan bangunan mineral media sekitarnya, yang
biasanya cair. Ini biasanya dimulai pada permukaan dan disebabkan oleh kimia dan
dalam kasus logam, reaksi elektrokimia. Kehancuran kemudian dapat menyebar
kebagian dalam materi (Ganesya, 2018).
Menurut dari berbagai jurnal dan buku, beberapa pengertian tersebut

memiliki definisi yang serupa. Jadi beberapa definisi tersebut dapat disimpulkan
arti dari korosi adalah sebuah kerusakan atau penurunan kualitas material yang
umumnya terjadi pada logam. Disebabkan oleh senyawa - senyawa kimia dan faktor
lingkungan. ditandai dengan munculnya lapisan merah kecoklatan dan atau
pengurangan ketebalan material.
5
2.2 Jenis – Jenis Korosi
2.2.1 Korosi Merata (Uniform Attack)
Korosi merata atau Uniform Attack adalah Pada korosi jenis korosi
menyeluruh, seluruh permukaan logam yang terekspose dengan lingkungan,
terkorosi secara merata (Furqan, 2013). Jenis korosi ini mengakibatkan
rusaknya konstruksi secara total. Mekanisme Uniform Corrosion adalah
dengan distribusi seragam dari reaktan katodik atas seluruh permukaan logam
yang terekspose. Pada lingkungan asam (pH < 7), terjadi reduksi ion
hidrogen dan pada lingkungan basa (pH > 7) atau netral (pH = 7), terjadi
reduksi oksigen. Kedua berlangsung secara "seragam" dan tidak ada lokasi
preferensial atau lokasi untuk reaksi katodik atau anodik. Katoda dan anoda
terletak secara acak dan bergantian dengan waktu. Hasil akhirnya adalah
hilangnya kurang lebih yang seragam dimensi. Contoh material yg
mengalami korosi merata ada pada Gambar 2.1.
Gambar 2.1 Korosi merata

(http://krisnayanarina.blogspot.com)
Korosi jenis ini bisa dicegah dengan cara :

1. Diberi lapis lindung yang mengandung inhibitor seperti gemuk.
2. Untuk lambung kapal diberi proteksi katodik
3. Pemeliharaan material yang tepat
4. Untuk jangka pemakain yang lebih panjang diberi logam berpaduan tembaga
0,4%
6
2.2.2 Korosi Galvanik (Galvanic Corrosion)
Korosi Galvanik atau Galvanic Corrosion adalah jenis korosi yang
terjadi ketika dua macam logam yang berbeda berkontak secara langsung
dalam media korosif (Furqan, 2013). Mekanisme korosi galvanik : korosi ini
terjadi karena proses elektro kimiawi dua macam metal yang berbeda
potensial dihubungkan langsung di dalam elektrolit sama. Dimana electron
mengalir dari metal kurang mulia (Anodik) menuju metal yang lebih mulia
(Katodik), akibatnya metal yang kurang mulia berubah menjadi ion – ion
positif karena kehilangan electron. Ion-ion positif metal bereaksi dengan ion
negatif yang berada di dalam elektrolit menjadi garam metal. Contoh material
yang mengalami korosi galvanik ada pada Gambar 2.2. Metode-metode yang
dilakukan dalam pengendalian korosi ini adalah:
1. Menekan terjadinya reaksi kimia atau elektrokimianya seperti reaksi
anoda dan katoda
2. Mengisolasi logam dari lingkungannya
3. Mengurangi ion hydrogen di dalam lingkungan yang di kenal dengan
mineralisasi
4. Mengurangi oksigen yang larut dalam air
5. Mencegah kontak dari dua material yang tidak sejenis
6. Memilih logam-logam yang memiliki unsure-unsur yang berdekatan
7. Mencegah celah atau menutup celah
8. Mengadakan proteksi katodik, dengan menempelkan anoda umpan.
Gambar 2 2 Korosi galvanik

(http://krisnayanarina.blogspot.com)
7
2.2.3 Korosi Selektif (Selective Leaching Corrosion)
Selective leaching adalah korosi selektif dari satu atau lebih komponen
dari paduan larutan padat. Hal ini juga disebut pemisahan, pelarutan selektif
atau serangan selektif (Furqan, 2013). Contoh dealloying umum adalah
dekarburisasi, decobaltification, denickelification, dezincification, dan
graphitic corrosion. Mekanisme selective leaching adalah logam yang
berbeda dan paduan memiliki potensial yang berbeda (atau potensial korosi)
pada elektrolit yang sama. Paduan modern mengandung sejumlah unsur
paduan berbeda yang menunjukkan potensial korosi yang berbeda. Beda
potensial antara elemen paduan menjadi kekuatan pendorong untuk serangan
preferensial yang lebih "aktif" pada elemen dalam paduan tersebut. Contoh
material yg mengalami korosi selektif ada pada Gambar 2.3.
Gambar 2.3 Korosi selektif pada pipa

(http://m10mechanicalengineering.blogspot.co.id)
2.2.4 Korosi Sumuran (Pitting Corrosion)

Korosi sumuran adalah korosi lokal dari permukaan logam yang
dibatasi pada satu titik atau area kecil, dan membentukn bentuk rongga
(Furqan, 2013). Korosi sumuran adalah salah satu bentuk yang paling
merusak dari korosi. Contoh material yg mengalami korosi sumuran ada
pada Gambar 2.4. Mekanisme Pitting Corrosion adalah untuk material
bebas cacat, korosi sumuran disebabkan oleh lingkungan kimia yang
mungkin berisi spesies unsur kimia agresif seperti klorida. Klorida sangat
merusak lapisan pasif (oksida) sehingga pitting dapat terjadi pada dudukan
oksida. Lingkungan juga dapat mengatur perbedaan sel aerasi (tetesan air
8
pada permukaan baja, misalnya) dan pitting dapat dimulai di lokasi anodik
(pusat tetesan air). Cara pengendalian korosi sumuran adalah sebagai
berikut:
1. Hindari permukaan logam dari goresan
2. Perhalus permukaan logam.
3. Menghindari komposisi material dari berbagai jenis logam.
Gambar 2.4 Korosi sumuran

(http://m10mechanicalengineering.blogspot.com)
2.2.5 Korosi Celah (Crevice Corrosion)

Korosi celah mengacu pada serangan lokal pada permukaan logam
pada, atau berbatasan langsung dengan, kesenjangan atau celah antara dua
permukaan bergabung (Furqan, 2013). Kesenjangan atau celah dapat
terbentuk antara dua logam atau logam dan bahan non-logam. Di luar
kesenjangan atau tanpa celah, kedua logam yang tahan terhadap korosi.
Kerusakan yang disebabkan oleh korosi celah biasanya dibatasi pada satu
logam di wilayah lokal dalam atau dekat dengan permukaan yang bergabung.
Contoh material yg mengalami korosi celah ada pada Gambar 2.5.
Mekanisme Crevice Corrosion adalah dimulai oleh perbedaan konsentrasi
beberapa kandungan kimia, biasanya oksigen, yang membentuk konsentrasi
sel elektrokimia (perbedaan sel aerasi dalam kasus oksigen). Di luar dari celah
(katoda), kandungan oksigen dan pH lebih tinggi - tetapi klorida lebih rendah.
Cara pengendalian korosi celah adalah sebagai berikut:
9
1. Hindari pemakaian sambungan paku keeling atau baut, gunakan
sambungan las,
2. Gunakan gasket non-absorbing,
3. Usahakan menghindari daerah dengan aliran udara.
Gambar 2.5 Korosi celah

(http://yayanlutfi6812.blogspot.com)
2.2.6 Korosi Batas Butir (Intergranular Corrosion)

Intergranular corrosion kadang-kadang juga disebut "intercrystalline korosi"
atau "korosi interdendritik". Dengan adanya tegangan tarik, retak dapat terjadi
sepanjang batas butir dan jenis korosi ini sering disebut "intergranular retak korosi
tegangan (IGSCC)" atau hanya "intergranular stress corrosion cracking" (Furqan,
2013). Contoh material yg mengalami korosi intergranular ada pada Gambar 2.6.
Mekanisme intergranular corrosion adalah jenis serangan ini diawali dari beda
potensial dalam komposisi, seperti sampel inti “coring” biasa ditemui dalam paduan
casting. Pengendapan pada batas butir, terutama kromium karbida dalam baja tahan
karat, merupakan mekanisme yang diakui dan diterima dalam korosi intergranular.
Cara pengendalian korosi batas butir adalah:
1. Turunkan kadar karbon dibawah 0,03%
2. Tambahkan paduan yang dapat mengikat karbon
3. Pendinginan cepat dari temperatur tinggi
4. Pelarutan karbida melalui pemanasan
5. Hindari pengelasan.
10
Gambar 2. 6 Korosi intergranular
(http://m10mechanicalengineering.blogspot.com)
2.2.7 Korosi Retak Tegangan (Stress Corrosion Cracking)

Korosi retak tegangan (SCC) adalah proses retak yang memerlukan aksi
secara bersamaan dari bahan perusak (karat) dan berkelanjutan dengan tegangan
Tarik (Furqan, 2013). Ini tidak termasuk pengurangan bagian yang terkorosi akibat
gagal oleh patahan cepat. Hal ini juga termasuk intercrystalline atau transkristalin
korosi, yang dapat menghancurkan paduan tanpa tegangan yang diberkan atau
tegangan sisa. Retak korosi tegangan dapat terjadi dalam kombinasi dengan
penggetasan hidrogen. Contoh material yg mengalami korosi retak tegangan ada
pada Gambar 2.7. Mekanisme SCC adalah terjadi akibat adanya hubungan dari 3
faktor komponen, yaitu bahan rentan terhadap korosi, adanya larutan elektrolit
(lingkungan), adanya tegangan. Sebagai contoh, tembaga dan paduan rentan
terhadap senyawa amonia, baja ringan rentan terhadap larutan alkali dan baja tahan
karat rentan terhadap klorida. Cara pengendalian korosi tegangan adalah:
1. Turunkan besarnya tegangan
2. Turunkan tegangan sisa termal
3. Kurangi beban luar atau perbesar area potongan
4. Penggunaan inhibitor.
11
Gambar 2.7 Korosi retak tegangan
2.2.8 Korosi Erosi (Errosion Corrosion)

Erosi Korosi mengacu pada tindakan gabungan yang melibatkan erosi dan
korosi di hadapan cairan korosif yang bergerak atau komponen logam yang
bergerak melalui cairan korosif, yang menyebabkan percepatan terdegradasinya
suatu logam (Furqan, 2013). Contoh material yg mengalami korosi erosi terjadi
pada blade ada pada Gambar 2.8. Mekanisme erosion corrosion: efek mekanik
aliran atau kecepatan fluida dikombinasikan dengan aksi cairan korosif
menyebabkan percepatan hilangnya dari logam. Tahap awal melibatkan
penghapusan mekanik film pelindung logam dan kemudian korosi logam telanjang
oleh cairan korosif yang mengalir. Proses siklus ini sampai pelubangan komponen
terjadi.
Cara pengendalian korosi erosi adalah:
1. Menghindari partikel abrasive pada fluida
2. Mengurangi kecepatan aliran fluida.
Gambar 2.8 Korosi erosi

12
2.3 Pengendalian Korosi
Ada beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi suatu logam dapat terkorosi dan
kecepatan laju korosi suatu logam. Suatu logam yang sama belum tentu mengalami
kasus korosi yang sama pula pada lingkungan yang berbeda. Begitu juga dua logam
pada kondisi lingkungan yang sama tetapi jenis materialnya berbeda, belum tentu
mengalami korosi yanga sama. Terdapat dua faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi
korosi suatu logam, yaitu faktor metalurgi dan faktor lingkungan.
2.3.1 Faktor Metalurgi
Faktor metalurgi adalah pada material itu sendiri. Apakah suatu logam
dapat tahan terhadap korosi, berapa kecepatan korosi yang dapat terjadi pada
suatu kondisi, jenis korosi apa yang paling mudah terjadi, dan lingkungan apa
yang dapat menyebabkan terkorosi, ditentukan dari faktor – faktor metarulugi
tersebut (Firdausi, 2012). Yang termasuk dalam faktor metalurgi antara lain :
1. Jenis logam dan paduannya
Pada lingkungan tertentu, suatu logam dapat tahan tehadap
korosi.Sebagai contoh, aluminium dapat membentuk lapisan pasif pada
lingkungan tanah dan air biasa, sedangkan Fe, Zn, dan beberapa logam
lainnya dapat dengan mudah terkorosi.
2. Morfologi dan homogenitas
Bila suatu paduan memiliki elemen paduan yang tidak homogen, maka
paduan tersebut akan memiliki karakteristik ketahanan korosi yang
berbeda-beda pada tiap daerahnya.
3. Perlakuan panas
Logam yang di-heat treatment akan mengalami perubahan struktur kristal
atau perubahan fasa. Sebagai contoh perlakuan panas pada temperatur
500-800 oC terhadap baja tahan karat akan menyebabkan terbentuknya
endapan krom karbida pada batas butir. Hal ini dapat menyebabkan
terjadinya korosi intergranular pada baja tersebut. Selain itu, beberapa
proses heat treatment menghasilkan tegangan sisa. Bila tegangan sisa
tesebut tidak dihilangkan, maka dapat memicu terjadinya korosi retak
tegang.
13
4. Sifat mampu fabrikasi dan pemesinan
Merupakan suatu kemampuan material untuk menghasilkan sifat yang
baik setelah proses fabrikasi dan pemesinan. Bila suatu logam setelah
fabrikasi memiliki tegangan sisa atau endapan inklusi maka
memudahkan terjadinya retak.
2.3.2 Faktor Lingkungan
Menurut (Firdausi, 2012), faktor-faktor lingkungan yang dapat
mempengaruhi korosi antara lain:
1. Konsentrasi
Konsentrasi dari elektrolit atau kandungan oksigen akan mempengaruhi
kecepatan korosi yang terjadi. Pengaruh konsentrasi elektrolit terlihat
pada laju korosi yang berbeda dari besi yang tercelup dalam H2O4 encer
atau pekat, dimana pada larutan encer, Fe akan mudah larut dibandingkan
dalam H2SO4 pekat. Pengaruh konsentrasi terhadap laju korosi dapat
dilihat pada Gambar 2.10 berikut.
Gambar 2.9 Pengaruh konsentrasi material terhadap laju korosi

( http://www.agungfirdausi.my.id)
Suatu logam yang berada pada lingkungan dengan kandungan O2 yang

berbeda akan terbagi menjadi dua bagian yaitu katodik dan anodik.
Daerah anodik terbentuk pada media dengan konsentrasi O2 yang rendah
dan katodik terbentuk pada media dengan konsentrasi O2 yang tinggi.
14
2. Temperatur
Pada lingkungan temperatur tinggi, laju korosi yang terjadi lebih
tinggi dibandingkan dengan temperatur rendah, karena pada temperatur
tinggi kinetika reaksi kimia akan meningkat. Gambar 2.11 berikut
menunjukkan pengaruh temperatur terhadap laju korosi pada Fe.
Semakin tinggi temperatur, maka laju korosi akan semakin meningkat,
namun menurunkan kelarutan oksigen, sehingga pada suatu sistem
terbuka, diatas suhu 800˚C, laju korosi akan mengalami penurunan
karena oksigen akan keluar sedangkan pada suatu sistem tertutup, laju
korosi akan terus menigkat karena adanya oksigen yang terlarut.
Gambar 2.10 Pengaruh temperatur terhadap laju korosi

( http://www.agungfirdausi.my.id)
3. Komposisi kimia
Ion-ion tertentu yang terlarut di dalam lingkungan dapat
mengakibatkan jenis korosi yang berbeda-beda. Misalkan antara air laut
dan air tanah memiliki sifat korosif yang berbeda dimana air laut
mengandung ion klor yang sangat reaktif mengakibatkan korosi. Gambar
2.11 berikut menunjukkan pengaruh komposisi elemen paduan terhadap
ketahanan korosi terhadap paduan tembaga.
15
Gambar 2.11 Pengaruh persentase komposisi kimia terhadap laju korosi
(http://agungfirdausi.my.id)
5. Gas, cair atau padat

Kandungan kimia di medium cair, gas atau padat berbeda-beda.
Misalkan pada gas, bila lingkungan mengandung gas asam, maka korosi
akan mudah terjadi (contohnya pada pabrik pupuk). Kecepatan dan
penanganan korosi ketiga medium tersebut juga dapat berbeda-beda.
Untuk korosi di udara, proteksi katodik tidak dapat dilakukan, sedangkan
ada medium cair dan padat memungkinkan untuk dilakukan proteksi
katodik.
6. Kondisi biologis
Mikroorganisme sepert bakteri dan jamur dapat menyebabkan
terjadinya korosi mikrobial terutama sekali pada material yang terletak
di tanah. Keberadaan mikroorganisme sangat mempengaruhi konsentrasi
oksigen yang mempengaruhi kecepatan korosi pada suatu material.
Faktor-faktor metalurgi dan lingkungan harus dievaluasi secara integral.
Dalam suatu industri, sering diterapkan beberapa jenis logam dalam
suatu kondisi lingkungan, atau sebaliknya satu jenis logam berada dalam
beberapa jenis kondisi lingkungan. Kondisi yang paling rumit adalah
beberapa jenis logam berada pada beberapa jenis lingkungan.
16
2.4 Prinsip Pengendalian Korosi
Korosi adalah proses penurunan kualitas sifat material (logam) oleh reaksi
elektrokimia karena berinteraksi dengan lingkungan. Korosi tidak dapat dihindari
lagi, namun korosi dapat dicegah dan di kendalikan, sehingga struktur ataupun
komponen mempunyai masa pakai yang lebih panjang. Pengendalian terhadap
korosi bertujuan untuk mengatur laju korosi, sehingga perkembangannya tetap
berada dalam rentang tertentu atau dapat digunakan untuk mengetahui batas umur
pada suatu struktur. (Pribadi, 2018)
Proteksi terhadap korosi atau lebih tepat disebut pengendalian terhadap
korosi dapat digolongkan menjadi empat golongan besar yaitu :
1. Pengendalian korosi dengan mengubah jenis logam dan desain.
2. Pengendalian korosi dengan mengubah media korosif.
3. Pengendalian korosi dengan cara mengubah potensial (tegangan) antara
logam/media korosif.
4. Pengendalain korosi dengan pelapisan permukaan.
2.5 Inhibitor
Inhibitor merupakan zat yang akan ditambahkan ke lingkungan dengan
konsentrasi yang relatif rendah, dan memiliki pengaruh untuk menurunkan
laju korosi (Pratiwi & Setiawan, 2015). Umumnya inhibitor berasal dari
senyawa-senyawa organik dan anorganik yang mengandung gugus-gugus
yang memiliki pasangan elektron bebas seperti nitri, pospat, kromat dan lain-
lain. Berdasarkan bahan dasarnya, maka inhibitor dibedakan sebagai berikut :
1. Inhibitor organik menghambat korosi dengan cara teradsorpsi pada
permukaan logam. Inhibitor ini terbuat dari bahan organik yang bisa
diperoleh dari hewan maupun tumbuhan. Pada umumnya senyawa-
senyawa organik yang dapat digunakan adalah senyawa-senyawa yang
mampu membentuk senyawa komples baik kompleks yang terlarut maun
terendap. Untuk itu diperlukan adanya gugus-gugus fungsi yang
mengandung atom-atom yang dapat membentuk ikatan kovalen
terkoordinasi, misalnya gugus amine, tio, fosfo, eter dan senyawa lainnya.
17
2. Inhibitor anorganik dapat menghibisi material logam baik secara anodik
maupun katodik karena memiliki gugus aktif. Inhibitro ini terdiri dari
beberapa senyawa anorganik antara lain : fosfat, kromat, dikromat,
silikat, borat molibdat dan senyawa lainnya. Senyawa-senyawa tersebut
sangat berguna dalam melindungi material logam dari korosi, namun
inhibitor ini memiliki kelemahan yaitu bersifat toksik.
2.5.1 Inhibitor Anodik
Inhibitor jenis ini bekerja dengan mengubah sifat permukaan
logam menjadi pasif. Cara kerja inhibitor ini ada dua cara yaitu (1)
membetuk perlindungan tanpa membutuhkan oksigen dan inhibitor ini
berbasis nitrat, nitrit dan kromat dan (2) membentuk perlindungan
dengan membutuhkan oksigen dan berbasis posfat (PO4-3), tungstat
(Wo4-2) dan molibdat (MoO4-2). Inhibitor jenis ini b.iasa digunakan
pada recirculation-cooling systems, rectrifier dan cooling tower.
(Utomo, 2015). Berikut ini merupakan contoh dari inhibitor anodik :
1. Ortofosfat
Penambahan ortofosfat (Na2HPO4) ke dalam air akan
menaikkan alkalinitas, tetapi juga efektif dalam pembentukan film
protektif jika air mengandung kesadahan kalsium yang cukup. Film
protektif ini terutama mengandung kalsium karbonat dan besi oksida
serta sedikit fosfat. Hal ini menjelaskan bahwa fosfat di alam air
lunak tidak berpengaruh jika tidak ada penambahan soda.
2. Benzoat
Benzoat merupakan inhibitor non oksidator dan
dikelompokkan sebagai inhibitor anodik. Inhibitor in tidak termasuk
berbahaya, karena dengan konsentrasi yang cukup kecil mempunyai
pengaruh yang tidak merugikan. Inhibitor ini, biasanya digunakan
bersama dengan natrium nitrit untuk memproteksi bagian mesin
terhadap aliran air.
3. Silikat
Natrium silikat mempunyai komposisi Na2O.2SiO2 dan
digunakan sebagai inhibitor dalam air. Silikat berfungsi ganda,yaitu
18
sebagian silikat bertindak sebagai alkali dan sebagian lagi berfungsi
sebagai inhibitor anodik. Inhibitor ini dalam air berupa koloid dengan
tipe (mSiO2.nSiO3 )2n- yang terbentuk oleh hidrolisis dalam larutan
aqueous. Kemungkinan anion ini bermigrasi secara elektroforetik
menuju permukaan anoda, Kemungkinan anion ini bermigrasi secara
elektroforetik menuju permukaan anoda.
4. Kromat
Senyawa kromat seperti Na2CrO4 merupakan inhibitor
oksidator, sehingga penambahan inhibitor ini membentuk lapisan
pasif, yang mengandung Cr2O3. Inhibitor kromat merupakan
inhibitor yang sangat efektif dalam air dan sangat cocok untuk
memproteksi logam baja dan tembaga (Cu).
5. Nitrit
Ortofosfat dan Silikat merupakan inhibitor yang efektif dalam
air yang mengandung kesadahan kalsium (air sadah). Dalam air
lunak, inhibitor yang efektif adalah inhibitor nitrit dan kromat. Nitrit
merupakan oksidator, sehingga produk korosinya merupakan
senyawa dengan bilangan oksidasi tinggi, karena senyawa ini
mempunyai kelarutan lebih rendah dan membentuk film protektif
lebih mudah. Biasanya, penggunaan inhibitor ini dicampur dengan
inhibitor lain seperti benzoate dan fosfat.
Di pihak lain inhibitor anodik dianggap berbahaya karena
penambahan inhibitor yang terlalu sedikit tidak akan berhasil
menghilangkan bagian- bagian yang bersifat katoda dan justru akan
meningkatkan laju korosi. Peningkatan serang anodik yang bersifat
lokal disebabkan oleh :
1. Tidak memadainya inhibitor yang ditambahkan ke dalam
elektrolit
2. Pengenceran elektrolit sesudah ditambahkan inhibitor
19
3. Tingginya konsentrasi ion-ion depolarisasi seperti sulfat atau
klorida yang ditambahkan justru akan mengurangi kedayagunaan
inhibitor dalam larutan
4. Inhibitor gagal menembus dead legs dalam sistem.
2.5.2 Inhibitor Katodik
Inhibitor katodik bekerja dengan menghambat reaksi katodik
suatu logam dan membentuk presipitat di wilayah katoda yang dapat
meningkatkan impedasi permukaan sekaligus membatasi difusi
pereduksi untuk melindungi logam tersebut. Reaksi yang terjadi:
Pembentukan H2:2H++2 e→H
Reduksi gas O2: O2+4H++4 e→2 H2O
Karena bagi suatu sel korosi terjadi reaksi reduksi dan reaksi oksidasi
dengan kecepatan yang sama, maka apabila reaksi reduksi (pada katoda)
dihambat akan menghambat pula reaksi oksidasi (pada anoda). Inilah
yang menjadi pedoman pertama di dalam usaha menghambat korosi
logam dalam medium air atau medium asam.(Utomo, 2015)
2.6 Material ASTM A105
ASTM A105 merupaka material pipa yang dilapisi oleh zinc (galvanized),
Paduan baja yang terlibat adalah baja rendah karbon, mangan dan silikon yang
mirip dengan AISI 1330, tetapi dengan kandungan mangan yang lebih rendah.
ASTM A105 memiliki nilai minimum tensile 485 MPa (70 ksi) dan memiliki nilai
minimum yield strength 248 MPa (36 ksi). Berikut untuk chemical requirements
ASTM A105 ada pada Tabel 2.1.
20
Tabel 2.1 Chemical Requirements A105
(Sumber: ASTM A105)
2.7 Metode Weight Loss

Metode kehilangan berat adalah metode perhitungan laju korosi dengan
mengukur pengurangan berat akibat korosi yang terjadi. Metode ini menggunakan
jangka waktu penelitian hingga mendapatkan jumlah pengurangan berat akibat
terjadinya korosi. Standart yang digunakan untuk mendapatkan jumlah kehilangan
berat korosi yaitu mengacu pada (ASTM G1-03 (2004). Standards Practice for
Preparing, Cleaning, and Evaluating Corrosion Test Specimen, American Society
for Testing Material, U.S.A) maka digunakan rumus sebagai berikut :
(𝐾.𝑊)
Cr = (𝐷.𝐴.𝑇) ................................................................................................... (2.1)
Dimana :
Cr : Corrosion Rate (mm/y)
K : Konstanta (8,76 x 104 )
(ASTM G1-03 (2004). Standard Practice for Preparing, Cleaning, and
Evaluating Corrosion Test Specimen, American Society for Testing Material,
U.S.A)
D : Density of specimen (7,86 gr/cm3)
(ASTM G1-03 (2004). Standard Practice for Preparing, Cleaning, and
Evaluating Corrosion Test Specimen, American Society for Testing Material,
U.S.A)
W : Weight loss (gr)
21
A : Area of specimen (cm2)
T : Exposure time (hour)
Dari persamaan diatas setelah diketahui laju korosi dari material yang diuji
selanjutnya menghitung persentase proteksi yang dilakukan inhibitor yang
digunakan, menggunakan persamaan dari Handbook of Corrosion Engineers
Chapter 10 Corrosion Inhibitor :
𝐶𝑅0 − 𝐶𝑅1
Einh = x 100% .................................................................................. (2.2)
𝐶𝑅0
Dimana :
E : Efisiensi Inhibitor Korosi (%)
CR0 : Kecepatan laju korosi tanpa inhibitor (mm/y)
CR1 : Kecepatan laju korosi dengan menggunakan inhibitor (mm/y)
2.8 Remaining Life

Perhitungan Remaining Life menggunakan referensi dari ASME B31.3 dan API 570
sebagai persamaan 2.3 dan 2.4 berikut :
𝑃(𝑑+2𝑐)
tm = ........................................................................................ (2.3)
2[(𝑆𝐸𝑊−𝑃(1−𝑌)]
𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑐 − 𝑡𝑚
tr = ................................................................................................. (2.4)
𝐶𝑟
Dimana :
tr : Remaining life (years)
tacc : Thickness actual (mm)
Cr : Corrosion Rate (mm/y)
tm : Thickness Minimum Required (mm)
P : Design Pressure (psig)
d : Inside Diameter (mm)
c : Mechanical Allowance (mm)
S : Allowable stress value for material (psi)
E : Joint eficiency (-)
Y : Coefficient (-)
W : Weld Joint Strength (-)
22
1 Jenis Material yang digunakan
CS A53 Gr. B
2 Inhibitor yang digunakan
NaNO2
Agung Wibowo (2016) 3 Variasi Konsentrasi Inhibitor
Analisa Pengaruh Penambahan yang digunakan adalah 0 ppm,
Inhibitor NaNO2 Terhadap Laju 150 ppm, 250 ppm, dan 350
Korosi Material CS A53 Grade B ppm
sch 40 di Sistem Pipa Pendingin 4 Metode yang digunakan adalah
Fresh Water KM. Satya Kencana metode Immersion test untuk
mengetahui laju korosi dengan
perhitungan weight loss
Tugas Akhir (2019)
5 Variasi temperature yang
Analisis Laju Korosi dan
digunakan 60oC, 65oC, dan 70oC
Lifetime pipa ASTM A105
dengan perbandingan
Inhibitor NaNO2 dan
1 Jenis Material yang digunakan Na2CrO4
CS A53 Gr. B
2 Inhibitor yang digunakan
Na2CrO4
3 Variasi Konsentrasi Inhibitor
Samuel Hermawan (2017) yang digunakan adalah 0 ppm, 1 Jenis Material yang
Analisa Pengaruh Penambahan 150 ppm, 250 ppm, dan 350 digunakan ASTM A105
Inhibitor Terhadap Laju Korosi ppm 2 Inhibitor yang digunakan
Material pada Sistem Pipa Pendingin 4 Metode yang digunakan adalah NaNO2 dan Na2CrO4
Fresh Water KM. Satya Kencana metode Immersion test untuk 3 Variasi Konsentrasi Inhibitor
mengetahui laju korosi dengan yang digunakan adalah 0
ppm, 150 ppm, 250 ppm, dan
digunakan 60oC, 70oC, 80oC, 350 ppm
dan 90oC 4 Metode yang digunakan
adalah metode Immersion
test untuk mengetahui laju
korosi dengan perhitungan
weight loss
1 Jenis Material yang digunakan 5 Variasi konsentrasi NaCl
SS 316L yang digunakan 1000 ppm,
2 Inhibitor yang digunakan 1100 ppm, 1200 ppm
Dhanang Bagus K. (2018) NaNO3 dan K2CrO4
Perbandingan Inhibitor NaNO3 dan 3 Variasi Konsentrasi Inhibitor
K2CrO4 pada Material Stainless yang digunakan adalah 0 ppm,
Steel 316L Terhadap Laju Korosi 150 ppm, 250 ppm, dan 350 ppm
Fluida Sulfuric Acid PT. Petrokimia 4 Metode yang digunakan adalah
Gresik metode Immersion test untuk
mengetahui laju korosi dengan
digunakan 45oC, 55oC, dan 65oC
Gambar 2.12 Kerangka Konseptual
23
24
BAB 3
METODOLOGI PENELITIAN
BAB 3
METODOLOGI PENELITIAN
3.1 Diagram Alir Penelitian

Berikut adalah diagram alir pada penelitian ini :
START
Identifikasi Awal dan

Perumusan Masalah
Tahap Identifikasi Awal
Studi Lapangan Studi Literatur
Pengumpulan Data Data Sekunder
Tahap Persiapan dan Pengumpulan Data
Persiapan Pengujian
Menyiapkan Menyiapkan
Menyiapkan Pembuatan Larutan
Spesimen Peralatan
Inhibitor NaCl
Pengujian Pengujian
Uji Korosi dengan

Immersion Test
Perhitungan Laju Korosi

dengan Metode Weight Loss
Perhitungan Lifetime
Tahap Pengolahan Data
Analisa Teknis
Kesimpulan dan Saran
Tahap Analisa dan Kesimpulan
FINISH
Gambar 3.1 Diagram Alir Penelitian
25
3.1.1 Tahap Identifikasi Awal
Pada penelitian ini, permasalahan yang akan dibahas berkenaan dengan
pipa ASTM A105 berdiameter 1 inch yang mengalami internal corrosion
akibat air payau. Pemakaian pipa yang masih berumur dua tahun sangat
menjadi tidak wajar dan mengalami korosi yang sangat parah. Permasalahan
diketahui karena adanya perluasan pipa pada area produksi yang
mengharuskan pipa tersebut dipotong. Karena masalah tersebut maka
pergantian pipa harus dilakukan sepanjang 6 meter.
Penambahan Inhibitor diperlukan untuk mengatasi masalah Internal
Corrosion sebagai pelindung. Tipe inhibitor yang digunakan adalah NaNO2
dan Na2CrO4. Pengujian yang digunakan adalah Immersion Test dan
perhitungan laju korosinya menggunakan metode weight loss.
3.1.2 Tahap Tinjauan Pustaka
Tahap ini ditujukan untuk melakukan pengamatan di lapangan dan
mencari literatur yang mendukung permasalahan dalam penelitian ini.
Adapun isi dari tahap ini adalah sebagai berikut :
1. Studi Lapangan
Pada tahap ini dilakukan pengamatan secara tidak langsung terhadap
kondisi aktual di lapangan. Pengamatannya dilakukan dengan melihat
keadaan aktual lapangan yang diperoleh dari sumber terpercaya.
2. Studi Literatur
Pada tahap ini dilakukan pengumpulan teori yang berhubungan dengan
penelitian ini seperti teori korosi dan inhibitor yang akan digunakan
sebagai referensi dan acuan dalam mengerjakan tugas akhir.
3.1.3 Tahap Pengumpulan Data
Tahap pengumpulan data merupakan tahap untuk mengumpulkan data
– data yang berhubungan dengan permasalahan tersebut diatas. Data tersebut
dinamakan data sekunder. Data tersebut merupakan hasil analisa dan
interpretasi dari data primer. Namun, sumber lain menyebutkan bahwa data
sekunder adalah data penunjang atau data tambahan. Data sekunder yang
digunakan dalam penelitian ini meliputi data tanah dan Piping Data Sheet.
26
3.1.4 Tahap Pengolahan Data dan Analisa
Tahap pengolahan data merupakan tahap lanjutan dari penelitian
ini. Tahap ini terdiri dari langkah berikut :
1. Persiapan Pengujian
Persiapan untuk melakukan pengujian laju korosi :
1. Persiapan Spesimen Pengujian.
a. Material pipa ASTM A105 berdiameter luar sebesar 12,58
mm dan diameter dalam 10,24 mm dipotong dengan jumlah
sesuai dengan variasi konsentrasi dan direplikasi 2 kali
menjadi 42 buah spesimen.
b. Melakukan penimbangan massa dari spesimen dengan
timbangan digital sebelum dan sesudah proses pengujian. Hal
ini dilakukan untuk mendapatkan berat spesimen sebelum dan
sesudah pengujian.
2. Menyiapkan Peralatan Pengujian.
Peralatan yang perlu dipersiapkan saat pengujian :
Alat pengujian :
a. Gelas Plastik
b. Gelas Beaker
c. Jangka Sorong
d. Penggaris
e. Spidol
f. Gunting
g. Timbangan Digital
h. Kamera
3. Menyiapkan Inhibitor.
Menyiapkan larutan NaNO2 dan Na2CrO4 dengan variasi ppm
sebanyak 4 macam, yaitu 0 ppm, 150 ppm, 250 ppm, 350 ppm.
27
4. Pembuatan Larutan NaCl
Acuan yang digunakan untuk membuat larutan NaCl berdasarkan
data perusahaan. Variabel yang digunakan pada pembuatan larutan
NaCl berdasarkan referensi dari berbagai jurnal.
Cara pembuatan larutan NaCl dengan benar :
1. Timbang NaCl sesuai dengan kebutuhan konsentrasi
2. Siapkan aquades sebanyak 100 ml
3. Kemudian larutkan NaCl dengan aquades yang telah diukur di
dalam gelas Beaker, lalu aduk merata sampai larut
5. Perhitungan Laju Korosi
Tahap ini dilakukan untuk menentukan nilai laju korosi yang
berbeda karena adanya variasi inhibitor dan variasi konsentrasi
NaCl.
6. Perhitungan Lifetime
Tahap ini dilakukan karena setiap material memiliki lifetime dan
laju korosi yang berbeda.
Tabel 3.1 Parameter perhitungan Immersion Test
NaCl 1000 NaCl 1100 NaCl 1200 Laju Korosi Lifetime

Einh (%) Tm (mm)
ppm ppm ppm (CR) (Years)
0
NaNO2 150 ppm
NaNO2 250 ppm
NaNO2 350 ppm
Na2CrO4 150 ppm
Na2CrO4 250 ppm
Na2CrO4 350 ppm
3.2 Jadwal Penelitian

3.2.1 Waktu Penelitian
Penentuan topik penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Desember-Januari
pada salah satu pabrik produksi minyak dan margarin di kabupaten Gresik.
Sedangkan untuk pengerjaan dan penyelesaiannya dimulai pada bulan Januari
28
2019, diawali dengan pengajuan proposal sehingga total waktu
pengerjaannya ±6 bulan.
3.2.2 Tempat Penelitian
Tempat pelaksanaan penelitian dilakukan di salah satu pabrik produksi
minyak dan margarin di kabupaten Gresik, kampus Politeknik Perkapalan
Negeri Surabaya, dan Laboratorium D3 Teknik Kimia Institut Teknologi
Sepuluh November.
29
30
BAB 4
HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN
BAB 4
HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN
4.1 Tahap Pelaksanaan Eksperimen

Pelaksanaan eksperimen dilakukan dengan memvariasikan inhibitor NaNO2
dan Na2CrO4 dan larutan NaCl untuk pengujian laju korosinya. Eksperimen ini
melakukan pengambilan data sebanyak 2 kali, replikasi dilakukan untuk
mengurangi resiko cacat pada proses immersion dan agar data yang didapat lebih
akurat. Tahapan eksperimen sebagai berikut :
1. Persiapan spesimen yang diukur. Spesimen yang digunakan untuk
pengujian sebanyak 21 buah yang telah direplikasi 2 kali dengan outside
diameter 12,58 mm dan inside diameter 10,24 mm, untuk tinggi masing-
masing spesimen dapat dilihat pada tabel 4.1.
Gambar 4.1 Spesimen pengujian laju korosi (data pribadi)
2. Pembersihan material dari plug yang tertempel pada material.

Pembersihan menggunakan cairan HCl dapat dilihat pada gambar 4.2
31
Gambar 4.2 Proses perendaman spesimen (data pribadi)
3. Melakukan penimbangan spesimen sebelum proses perendaman dapat
dilihat pada gambar 4.3.
Gambar 4.3 Proses penimbangan spesimen (data pribadi)

4. Pembuatan larutan inhibitor NaNO2 dan Na2CrO4. Dengan masing-
masing variasi ppm sebanyak 4 macam, yaitu 0 ppm, 150 ppm, 250
ppm, dan 350 ppm.
32
Gambar 4.4 Proses pembuatan larutan inhibitor (data pribadi)
5. Setelah pembuatan larutan Inhibitor, dilakukan perendaman spesimen
dengan larutan inhibitor yang telah dibuat. Perendaman dilakukan
selama 336 jam.
Gambar 4.5 Proses perendaman dengan larutan inhibitor (data pribadi)
33
6. Proses pengambilan spesimen dan di tunggu sampai kering.
Gambar 4.6 Proses pengeringan spesimen (data pribadi)

7. Pembuatan larutan NaCl dengan variasi sebanyak 4 macam, yaitu
1000 ppm, 1100 ppm, dan 1200 ppm.
Gambar 4.7 Proses pembuatan larutan NaCl (data pribadi)
34
8. Setelah membuat larutan NaCl, dilakukan perendaman spesimen
dengan larutan NaCl yang telah dibuat. Perendaman dilakukan selama
336 jam.
Gambar 4.8 Proses perendaman spesimen dengan larutan NaCl (data pribadi)
9. Proses Penimbangan specimen setelah pengujian Immersion
Gambar 4.9 Proses penimbangan setelah pengujian (data pribadi)
4.2 Analisa Hasil Uji Korosi dengan Pengujian Immersion Test

Setelah perendaman menggunakan inhibitor dengan 2 variasi yaitu NaNO2
dan Na2CrO4 dilanjutkan dengan pengujian korosi menggunakan konsentrasi NaCl
dengan metode weight loss. Setiap spesimen dilakukan penimbangan sebelum dan
sesudah pengujian yang digunakan untuk melakukan perhitungan laju korosi.
4.2.1 Perhitungan Luas Permukaan Spesimen
Proses ini mengukur luas permukaan spesimen. Perhitungan luas
permukaan ditunjukkan dengan persamaan dibawah ini:
35
Gambar 4.10 Keterangan Dimensi Spesimen
Untuk spesimen kode 1a

(𝑂𝐷2 −𝐼𝐷2 )
Area of Specimen (A) = 𝜋 𝑥(( ) +(𝐿𝑥(𝑂𝐷 + 𝐼𝐷)))
2
(12.582 −10.242 )
= 3.14 x (( ) + (19.30 𝑥 (12.58 + 10.24)))
2
= 1466.773756 mm2
= 14.6677 cm2
Dimana :
OD = Outside Diameter = 12.58 mm
ID = Inside Diameter = 10.24 mm
L = Panjang Pipa = 19.30 mm
Hasil perhitungan untuk seluruh spesimen dapat dilihat di tabel 4.1
Tabel 4.1 Perhitungan Luas Permukaan

Inside Panjang Luas Luas
No. Outside
Diameter Pipa Permukaan Permukaan
Spec Diameter (mm)
(mm) (mm) (mm2) (cm2)
1a 12.58 10.24 19.30 1466.773756 14.6677
1b 12.58 10.24 19.80 1502.601156 15.0260
2a 12.58 10.24 18.95 1441.694576 14.4169
2b 12.58 10.24 18.50 1409.449916 14.0945
3a 12.58 10.24 18.56 1413.749204 14.1375
3b 12.58 10.24 19.38 1472.50614 14.7251
4a 12.58 10.24 18.95 1441.694576 14.4169
36
4b 12.58 10.24 19.30 1466.773756 14.6677
5a 12.58 10.24 19.27 1464.624112 14.6462
5b 12.58 10.24 18.85 1434.529096 14.3453
6a 12.58 10.24 19.35 1470.356496 14.7036
6b 12.58 10.24 18.75 1427.363616 14.2736
7a 12.58 10.24 19.05 1448.860056 14.4886
7b 12.58 10.24 18.75 1427.363616 14.2736
8a 12.58 10.24 19.09 1451.726248 14.5173
8b 12.58 10.24 18.89 1437.395288 14.3740
9a 12.58 10.24 19.20 1459.608276 14.5961
9b 12.58 10.24 18.54 1412.316108 14.1232
10a 12.58 10.24 18.70 1423.780876 14.2378
10b 12.58 10.24 18.75 1427.363616 14.2736
11a 12.58 10.24 19.15 1456.025536 14.5603
11b 12.58 10.24 18.75 1427.363616 14.2736
12a 12.58 10.24 19.13 1454.59244 14.5459
12b 12.58 10.24 18.80 1430.946356 14.3095
13a 12.58 10.24 18.75 1427.363616 14.2736
13b 12.58 10.24 19.15 1456.025536 14.5603
14a 12.58 10.24 19.34 1469.639948 14.6964
14b 12.58 10.24 19.10 1452.442796 14.5244
15a 12.58 10.24 19.18 1458.17518 14.5818
15b 12.58 10.24 18.90 1438.111836 14.3811
16a 12.58 10.24 18.75 1427.363616 14.2736
16b 12.58 10.24 19.25 1463.191016 14.6319
17a 12.58 10.24 18.70 1423.780876 14.2378
17b 12.58 10.24 19.10 1452.442796 14.5244
18a 12.58 10.24 18.40 1402.284436 14.0228
18b 12.58 10.24 19.25 1463.191016 14.6319
19a 12.58 10.24 19.35 1470.356496 14.7036
19b 12.58 10.24 18.22 1389.386572 13.8939
20a 12.58 10.24 18.97 1443.127672 14.4313
20b 12.58 10.24 18.85 1434.529096 14.3453
21a 12.58 10.24 18.84 1433.812548 14.3381
21b 12.58 10.24 19.27 1464.624112 14.6462
Sumber: data pribadi
4.2.2 Perhitungan Corrosion Rate

Perhitungan laju korosi menggunakan metode weight loss menurut standart
ASTM G 31-72 2004 ada pada persamaan 2.1 yaitu sebagai berikut:
(𝐾.𝑊)
Corrosion Rate (Cr) = (𝐷.𝐴.𝑇)
37
Dimana :
K = Konstanta Korosi = 8.76 x104
W = Weight Loss = 0.016 gr
D = Massa Jenis Logam = 7.86 g/cm3
A = Luas Permukaan = 14.6677 cm2
T = Waktu pengujian = 336 jam
Spesimen kode 1a untuk konsetrasi NaCl 1000 ppm

(𝐾.𝑊)
Corrosion Rate (Cr) = (𝐷.𝐴.𝑇)
8.76 x 104 x 0.016

=
7.86 x 14.6677 x 336
= 0,036183 mm/y
Hasil perhitungan untuk seluruh spesimen dapat dilihat di tabel 4.2, tabel 4.3 dan
tabel 4.4
38
Tabel 4.2 Hasil perhitungan laju korosi konsentrasi NaCl 1000 ppm
Rata-Rata
Konsentrasi Konsentrasi W awal W akhir Weight D Cr
No. Spec T (jam) K A (cm2) Keterangan Cr
Inhibitor Nacl (ppm) (g) (g) Loss(g) (g/cm3) (mm/year)
(mm/year)
1a 0 1000 1.775 1.759 0.016 336 87600 14.6677 7.86 0.036183 Replikasi 1
0.040166
1b 0 1000 1.832 1.812 0.020 336 87600 15.0260 7.86 0.044150 Replikasi 2
4a NaNO2 (150) 1000 1.615 1.603 0.012 336 87600 14.4169 7.86 0.027609 Replikasi 1
0.031896
4b NaNO2 (150) 1000 1.694 1.678 0.016 336 87600 14.6677 7.86 0.036183 Replikasi 2
7a NaNO2 (250) 1000 1.737 1.725 0.012 336 87600 14.4886 7.86 0.027472 Replikasi 1
0.026517
7b NaNO2 (250) 1000 1.844 1.833 0.011 336 87600 14.2736 7.86 0.025562 Replikasi 2
10a NaNO2 (350) 1000 1.720 1.709 0.011 336 87600 14.2378 7.86 0.025627 Replikasi 1
0.025594
10b NaNO2 (350) 1000 1.819 1.808 0.011 336 87600 14.2736 7.86 0.025562 Replikasi 2
13a Na2CrO4 (150) 1000 1.782 1.769 0.013 336 87600 14.2736 7.86 0.030210 Replikasi 1
0.033330
13b Na2CrO4 (150) 1000 1.716 1.700 0.016 336 87600 14.5603 7.86 0.036450 Replikasi 2
0.027573
0.026666
39
Rata-Rata
Konsentrasi Konsentrasi W awal W akhir Weight D Cr
No. Spec T (jam) K A (cm2) Keterangan Cr
Inhibitor Nacl (g) (g) Loss (g/cm3) (mm/year)
(mm/year)
2a 0 1100 1.731 1.715 0.016 336 87600 14.4169 7.86 0.036812 Replikasi 1
0.044293
2b 0 1100 1.708 1.686 0.022 336 87600 14.0945 7.86 0.051774 Replikasi 2
5a NaNO2 (150) 1100 1.498 1.486 0.012 336 87600 14.6462 7.86 0.027177 Replikasi 1
0.032086
5b NaNO2 (150) 1100 1.784 1.768 0.016 336 87600 14.3453 7.86 0.036996 Replikasi 2
8a NaNO2 (250) 1100 1.820 1.808 0.012 336 87600 14.5173 7.86 0.027418 Replikasi 1
0.025247
8b NaNO2 (250) 1100 1.722 1.712 0.010 336 87600 14.3740 7.86 0.023076 Replikasi 2
11a NaNO2 (350) 1100 1.590 1.579 0.011 336 87600 14.5603 7.86 0.025059 Replikasi 1
0.024149
11b NaNO2 (350) 1100 1.651 1.641 0.010 336 87600 14.2736 7.86 0.023238 Replikasi 2
0.035184
0.028845
0.026508
40
Rata-Rata
Konsentrasi Konsentrasi W awal Weight Cr
No. Spec W akhir (g) T (jam) K A (cm2) D (g/cm3) Keterangan Cr
Inhibitor Nacl (g) Loss (mm/year)
(mm/year)
3a 0 1200 1.802 1.779 0.023 336 87600 14.1375 7.86 0.053963 Replikasi 1
0.047255
3b 0 1200 1.770 1.752 0.018 336 87600 14.7251 7.86 0.040547 Replikasi 2
6a NaNO2 (150) 1200 1.811 1.798 0.013 336 87600 14.7036 7.86 0.029327 Replikasi 1
0.034416
6b NaNO2 (150) 1200 1.716 1.699 0.017 336 87600 14.2736 7.86 0.039505 Replikasi 2
9a NaNO2 (250) 1200 1.779 1.765 0.014 336 87600 14.5961 7.86 0.031815 Replikasi 1
0.027651
9b NaNO2 (250) 1200 1.649 1.639 0.010 336 87600 14.1232 7.86 0.023486 Replikasi 2
12a NaNO2 (350) 1200 1.764 1.756 0.008 336 87600 14.5459 7.86 0.018243 Replikasi 1
0.021871
12b NaNO2 (350) 1200 1.699 1.688 0.011 336 87600 14.3095 7.86 0.025498 Replikasi 2
0.036618
0.030110
0.023999
41
4.2.3 Perhitungan Efisiensi Inhibitor
Perhitungan efisiensi penggunaan inhibitor pada pengujian ini
dijelaskan pada perhitungan di bawah ini :
Diketahui :
Corrosion Rate (Variabel Terkontrol 0 ppm)
Corrosion Rate (Variabel Variasi 150 ppm, 250 ppm, 350 ppm)
Berikut ini perhitungan laju korosi dengan menggunakan metode kehilangan
berat :
𝐶𝑅0 −𝐶𝑅1
Efisiensi Inhibitor (Einh) = x 100%
𝐶𝑅0
Dimana :
CR0 : 0,0480 (mm/y)
CR1 : 0,0480 (mm/y)
Rata-rata dari spesimen kode 1a untuk konsetrasi NaCl 1000 ppm
𝐶𝑅0 −𝐶𝑅1
Efisiensi Inhibitor (Einh) = x 100%
𝐶𝑅0
0,036183−0,,036183
= ,036183
x 100%
=0%
tabel 4.7
Tabel 4.5 Hasil perhitungan efisiensi inhibitor konsentrasi NaCl 1000 ppm
Rata-Rata Efisiensi
No. Konsentrasi Konsentrasi Weight Cr
Keterangan Cr Inhibitor
Spec Inhibitor Nacl (ppm) Loss(g) (mm/year)
(mm/year) (%)
1a 0 1000 0.016 0.036183 Replikasi 1

0.040166 0.000
1b 0 1000 0.020 0.044150 Replikasi 2
4a NaNO2 (150) 1000 0.012 0.027609 Replikasi 1
0.031896 0.206
4b NaNO2 (150) 1000 0.016 0.036183 Replikasi 2
7a NaNO2 (250) 1000 0.012 0.027472 Replikasi 1
0.026517 0.340
7b NaNO2 (250) 1000 0.011 0.025562 Replikasi 2
10a NaNO2 (350) 1000 0.011 0.025627 Replikasi 1
0.025594 0.363
10b NaNO2 (350) 1000 0.011 0.025562 Replikasi 2
13a Na2CrO4 (150) 1000 0.013 0.030210 Replikasi 1
0.033330 0.170
13b Na2CrO4 (150) 1000 0.016 0.036450 Replikasi 2
0.027573 0.314
42
0.026666 0.336
Rata-Rata Efisiensi
(mm/year) (%)
2a 0 1100 0.016 0.036812 Replikasi 1

0.044293 0.000
2b 0 1100 0.022 0.051774 Replikasi 2
5a NaNO2 (150) 1100 0.012 0.027177 Replikasi 1
0.032086 0.276
5b NaNO2 (150) 1100 0.016 0.036996 Replikasi 2
8a NaNO2 (250) 1100 0.012 0.027418 Replikasi 1
0.025247 0.430
8b NaNO2 (250) 1100 0.010 0.023076 Replikasi 2
11a NaNO2 (350) 1100 0.011 0.025059 Replikasi 1
0.024149 0.455
11b NaNO2 (350) 1100 0.010 0.023238 Replikasi 2
0.035184 0.206
0.028845 0.349
0.026508 0.402
Rata-Rata Efisiensi
(mm/year) (%)
3a 0 1200 0.023 0.053963 Replikasi 1

0.047255 0.000
3b 0 1200 0.018 0.040547 Replikasi 2
6a NaNO2 (150) 1200 0.013 0.029327 Replikasi 1
0.034416 0.272
6b NaNO2 (150) 1200 0.017 0.039505 Replikasi 2
9a NaNO2 (250) 1200 0.014 0.031815 Replikasi 1
0.027651 0.415
9b NaNO2 (250) 1200 0.010 0.023486 Replikasi 2
12a NaNO2 (350) 1200 0.008 0.018243 Replikasi 1
0.021871 0.537
12b NaNO2 (350) 1200 0.011 0.025498 Replikasi 2
0.036618 0.225
0.030110 0.363
0.023999 0.492
43
4.2.3 Perhitungan Minimum Thickness
Terdapat beberapa parameter yang dibutuhkan untuk menghitung minimum
thickness. Perhitungan ini digunakan untuk mendukung perhitungan Remaining
Life. Parameter yang digunakan untuk perhitungan ini dapat dilihat pada tabel 4.8
Tabel 4.8 Parameter pendukung perhitungan Minimum Thickness
Berdasarkan ASME B31.3 2016 tentang Process Piping untuk menghitung nilai
thickness minimum menggunakan persamaan 2.3
𝑃(𝑑+2𝑐)
Minimum Thickness (tm) = 2[(𝑆𝐸𝑊−𝑃(1−𝑌)]
132.3(26.64+(2𝑥0.5))
= 2[(22000𝑥1𝑥1)−132.3(1−0.4)]
= 0.08341 mm
4.2.4 Perhitungan Remaining Life

Perhitungan Remaining Life menggunakan referensi dari standart API 570
ada pada persamaan 2.4 yaitu sebagai berikut:
Rata-rata dari spesimen kode 1a untuk konsetrasi NaCl 1000 ppm
𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑐−𝑡𝑚
Remaining Life (tm) = 𝐶𝑟
3.38−0.08341
= 0.040166
= 82.07 year
tabel 4.11
44
Tabel 4.9 Hasil perhitungan Remaining Life konsentrasi NaCl 1000 ppm
Allowable
Mechanica Weld
Rata-Rata Design Inside Stress Quality
No. Konsentrasi Konsentrasi Weight Cr l Coefficient Joint Remaining
Keterangan Cr tacc Pressure Diameter Value for Factor tm
Spec Inhibitor Nacl (ppm) Loss(g) (mm/year) Allowance (Y) Strength Life (year)
(mm/year) (psig) (mm) Material (E)
(c) (W)
(S)
1a 0 1000 0.019 0.036183 Replikasi 1
0.040166 3.38 132.3 26.64 0.5 22000 1 0.4 1 0.08341 82.07
1b 0 1000 0.020 0.044150 Replikasi 2
4a NaNO2 (150) 1000 0.012 0.027609 Replikasi 1
0.031896 3.38 132.3 26.64 0.5 22000 1 0.4 1 0.08341 103.36
4b NaNO2 (150) 1000 0.016 0.036183 Replikasi 2
7a NaNO2 (250) 1000 0.012 0.027472 Replikasi 1
0.026517 3.38 132.3 26.64 0.5 22000 1 0.4 1 0.08341 124.32
7b NaNO2 (250) 1000 0.009 0.025562 Replikasi 2
10a NaNO2 (350) 1000 0.012 0.025627 Replikasi 1
0.025594 3.38 132.3 26.64 0.5 22000 1 0.4 1 0.08341 128.80
10b NaNO2 (350) 1000 0.004 0.025562 Replikasi 2
0.033330 3.38 132.3 26.64 0.5 22000 1 0.4 1 0.08341 98.91
0.027573 3.38 132.3 26.64 0.5 22000 1 0.4 1 0.08341 119.56
0.026666 3.38 132.3 26.64 0.5 22000 1 0.4 1 0.08341 123.63
45
Allowable
Weld
Rata-Rata Design Inside Mechanical Stress Quality
No. Konsentrasi Konsentrasi Weight Cr Coefficient Joint Remaining
Keterangan Cr tacc Pressure Diameter Allowance Value for Factor tm
Spec Inhibitor Nacl (ppm) Loss(g) (mm/year) (Y) Strength Life (year)
(mm/year) (psig) (mm) (c) Material (E)
(W)
(S)
2a 0 1100 0.021 0.036812 Replikasi 1
0.044293 3.38 132.3 26.64 0.5 22000 1 0.4 1 0.08341 74.43
2b 0 1100 0.020 0.051774 Replikasi 2
5a NaNO2 (150) 1100 0.012 0.027177 Replikasi 1
0.032086 3.38 132.3 26.64 0.5 22000 1 0.4 1 0.08341 102.74
5b NaNO2 (150) 1100 0.016 0.036996 Replikasi 2
8a NaNO2 (250) 1100 0.013 0.027418 Replikasi 1
0.025247 3.38 132.3 26.64 0.5 22000 1 0.4 1 0.08341 130.57
8b NaNO2 (250) 1100 0.010 0.023076 Replikasi 2
11a NaNO2 (350) 1100 0.011 0.025059 Replikasi 1
0.024149 3.38 132.3 26.64 0.5 22000 1 0.4 1 0.08341 136.51
11b NaNO2 (350) 1100 0.006 0.023238 Replikasi 2
0.035184 3.38 132.3 26.64 0.5 22000 1 0.4 1 0.08341 93.70
0.028845 3.38 132.3 26.64 0.5 22000 1 0.4 1 0.08341 114.28
0.026508 3.38 132.3 26.64 0.5 22000 1 0.4 1 0.08341 124.36
46
Allowable
Design Inside Mechanical Quality Weld Joint
No. Konsentrasi Konsentrasi Weight Cr Rata-Rata Cr Stress Value Coefficient Remaining
Keterangan tacc Pressure Diameter Allowance Factor Strength tm
Spec Inhibitor Nacl (ppm) Loss(g) (mm/year) (mm/year) for Material (Y) Life (year)
(psig) (mm) (c) (E) (W)
(S)
3a 0 1200 0.014 0.053963 Replikasi 1

0.047255 3.38 132.3 26.64 0.5 22000 1 0.4 1 0.08341 69.76
3b 0 1200 0.014 0.040547 Replikasi 2
6a NaNO2 (150) 1200 0.012 0.029327 Replikasi 1
0.034416 3.38 132.3 26.64 0.5 22000 1 0.4 1 0.08341 95.79
6b NaNO2 (150) 1200 0.008 0.039505 Replikasi 2
9a NaNO2 (250) 1200 0.010 0.031815 Replikasi 1
0.027651 3.38 132.3 26.64 0.5 22000 1 0.4 1 0.08341 119.22
9b NaNO2 (250) 1200 0.004 0.023486 Replikasi 2
12a NaNO2 (350) 1200 0.008 0.018243 Replikasi 1
0.021871 3.38 132.3 26.64 0.5 22000 1 0.4 1 0.08341 150.73
12b NaNO2 (350) 1200 0.004 0.025498 Replikasi 2
0.036618 3.38 132.3 26.64 0.5 22000 1 0.4 1 0.08341 90.03
0.030110 3.38 132.3 26.64 0.5 22000 1 0.4 1 0.08341 109.48
0.023999 3.38 132.3 26.64 0.5 22000 1 0.4 1 0.08341 137.37
47
4.3 Analisa dan Pembahasan
4.3.1 Analisa Hasil Pengujian Laju Korosi Konsentrasi NaCl 1000 ppm
Analisa hasil pengujian laju korosi dengan menggunakan larutan NaCl
1000 ppm ditunjukkan oleh gambar dibawah ini:
Laju Korosi Konsentrasi NaCl 1000 ppm

0.0410
Laju Korosi (mm/year)
0.0390
0.0370
0.0350 Na2CrO4
0.0330 NaNO2
0.0310
0.0290
0.0270
0.0250
0 150 250 350
Konsentrasi Inhibitor
Gambar 4.11 Grafik Laju Korosi Konsentrasi NaCl 1000 ppm (data pribadi)
Dari grafik diatas menunjukkan bahwa laju korosi dengan

menggunakan konsentrasi NaCl sebesar 1000 ppm yang terjadi pada
konsentrasi 0 ppm (tanpa inhibitor) sebesar 0.040166 mm/year. Untuk laju
korosi pada inhibitor NaNO2 dengan konsentrasi 150 ppm terjadi korosi
sebesar 0.031896 mm/year, konsentrasi 250 ppm terjadi korosi sebesar
0.026517 mm/year dan konsentrasi 350 ppm terjadi korosi sebesar 0.025594
mm/year. Sedangkan untuk laju korosi pada inhibitor Na2CrO4 dengan
konsentrasi 150 ppm terjadi korosi sebesar 0.03333 mm/year, konsentrasi 250
ppm terjadi korosi sebesar 0.02757 mm/year dan konsentrasi 350 ppm terjadi
korosi sebesar 0.02667 mm/year. Dari grafik diatas menunjukkan penurunan
laju korosi pada inhibitor NaNO2 dan Na2CrO4 dikarenakan semakin tinggi
konsentrasi inhibitor maka semakin kecil laju korosi yang terjadi dan
inhibitor NaNO2 memiliki laju korosi yang lebih rendah dibandingkan
dengan Na2CrO4 pada konsentrasi NaCl 1000 ppm.
48
4.3.2 Analisa Hasil Pengujian Laju Korosi Konsentrasi NaCl 1100 ppm

0.0461
0.0436
0.0412
0.0387
0.0363
0.0338 Na2CrO4
0.0314 NaNO2
0.0289
0.0265
0.0240
0 150 250 350

konsentrasi 150 ppm terjadi korosi sebesar 0.035184 mm/year, konsentrasi
250 ppm terjadi korosi sebesar 0.028845 mm/year dan konsentrasi 350 ppm
terjadi korosi sebesar 0.026508 mm/year. Dari grafik diatas menunjukkan
penurunan laju korosi pada inhibitor NaNO2 dan Na2CrO4 dikarenakan
semakin tinggi konsentrasi inhibitor maka semakin kecil laju korosi yang
terjadi dan inhibitor NaNO2 memiliki laju korosi yang lebih rendah
dibandingkan dengan Na2CrO4 pada konsentrasi NaCl 1100 ppm.
49
4.3.3 Analisa Laju Korosi Konsentrasi NaCl 1200 ppm

0.0472
0.0438
0.0404
0.0370
0.0336
Na2CrO4
0.0302
NaNO2
0.0268
0.0234
0.0200
0 150 250 350

konsentrasi 150 ppm terjadi korosi sebesar 0.036618 mm/year, konsentrasi
250 ppm terjadi korosi sebesar 0.030110 mm/year dan konsentrasi 350 ppm
terjadi korosi sebesar 0.023999 mm/year. Dari grafik diatas menunjukkan
penurunan laju korosi pada inhibitor NaNO2 dan Na2CrO4 dikarenakan
semakin tinggi konsentrasi inhibitor maka semakin kecil laju korosi yang
terjadi dan inhibitor NaNO2 memiliki laju korosi yang lebih rendah
dibandingkan dengan Na2CrO4 pada konsentrasi NaCl 1200 ppm.
50
4.3.4 Analisa Hasil Perhitungan Efisiensi Inhibitor Konsentrasi NaCl 1000 ppm
Analisa hasil perhitungan efisiensi inhibitor pada konsentrasi NaCl
1000 ppm, dapat ditunjukkan oleh gambar dibawah ini:
Efisiensi Inhibitor NaCl 1000 ppm

0.400
0.360
Efisiensi Inhibitor (%)
0.320
0.280
0.240
0.200
0.160 NaNO2
0.120 Na2CrO4
0.080
0.040
0.000
0 150 250 350
Gambar 4.14 Grafik Efisiensi Inhibitor Konsentrasi NaCl 1000 ppm (data pribadi)
Dari grafik diatas menunjukkan bahwa efisiensi inhibitor pada

konsentrasi NaCl 1000 ppm yang terjadi pada konsentrasi 0 ppm (tanpa
inhibitor) sebesar 0%. Untuk inhibitor NaNO2 dengan konsentrasi 150 ppm
memiliki efisiensi sebesar 0,206%, konsentrasi 250 ppm memiliki efisiensi
sebesar 0,340% dan konsentrasi 350 ppm memiliki efisiensi sebesar 0,363%.
Sedangkan untuk inhibitor Na2CrO4 dengan konsentrasi 150 ppm memiliki
efisiensi sebesar 0,170%, konsentrasi 250 ppm memiliki efisiensi sebesar
0,314% dan konsentrasi 350 ppm memiliki efisiensi sebesar 0,336%. Dari
grafik diatas menunjukkan inhibitor NaNO2 memiliki nilai efisiensi lebih
tinggi dibandingkan dengan inhibitor Na2CrO4 pada konsentrasi NaCl 1000
ppm.
51

0.500
0.450
Efisiensi Inhibitor (%)
0.400
0.350
0.300
0.250
0.200 NaNO2
0.150 Na2CrO4
0.100
0.050
0.000
0 150 250 350

memiliki efisiensi sebesar 0,276%, konsentrasi 250 ppm memiliki eiesiensi
ppm.
52
0.6000
0.5400
Efisiensi Inhibitor (%) 0.4800
0.4200
0.3600
0.3000
NaNO2
0.2400
0.1800 Na2CrO4
0.1200
0.0600
0.0000
0 150 250 350

memiliki efisiensi sebesar 0,272%, konsentrasi 250 ppm memiliki eiesiensi
ppm.
4.3.7 Analisa Hasil Perhitungan Remaining Life Konsentrasi NaCl 1000 ppm
Analisa hasil perhitungan lifetime pada konsentrasi NaCl 1000 ppm,
dapat ditunjukkan oleh gambar dibawah ini:
53
Remaining Life Konsentrasi NaCl 1000 ppm
130
125
120
Remaining Life (year)
115
110
105
100 NaNO2
95 Na2CrO4
90
85
80
0 150 250 350
Gambar 4.17 Grafik Remaining Life Konsentrasi NaCl 1000 ppm (data pribadi)
Dari grafik diatas menunjukkan bahwa Remaining Life pada

inhibitor) sebesar 82.07 tahun. Untuk inhibitor NaNO2 dengan konsentrasi
150 ppm memiliki lifetime sebesar 103.36 tahun, konsentrasi 250 ppm
memiliki lifetime 124.32 tahun dan konsentrasi 350 ppm memiliki lifetime
sebesar 128.80 tahun. Sedangkan untuk inhibitor Na2CrO4 dengan
konsentrasi 150 ppm memiliki lifetime sebesar 98.91 tahun, konsentrasi 250
ppm memiliki lifetime sebesar 119.56 tahun dan konsentrasi 350 ppm
memiliki efisiensi sebesar 123.63 tahun. Dari grafik diatas menunjukkan
inhibitor NaNO2 memiliki nilai lifetime yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan
dengan inhibitor Na2CrO4 pada konsentrasi NaCl 1000 ppm.
54
140
133

126
119
112
105 NaNO2
98
91 Na2CrO4
84
77
70
0 150 250 350

memiliki lifetime sebesar 130.57 tahun dan konsentrasi 350 ppm memiliki
lifetime sebesar 136.51 tahun. Sedangkan untuk inhibitor Na2CrO4 dengan
55
160
150
140
130
120
110
NaNO2
100
Na2CrO4
90
80
70
60
0 150 250 350

memiliki lifetime sebesar 119.22 tahun dan konsentrasi 350 ppm memiliki
lifetime sebesar 150.73 tahun. Sedangkan untuk inhibitor Na2CrO4 dengan
56
BAB 5
KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN
BAB 5
KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN
5.1 Kesimpulan
Dari hasil pengolahan data dan analisis pada bab sebelumnya, maka dapat
diambil kesimpulan sebagai berikut :
1. Dari pengujian laju korosi dengan menggunakan metode weight loss
dengan hasil rata-rata dari masing masing variabel inhibitor menunjukkan
hasil laju korosi terendah menggunakan inhibitor NaNO2, dengan
konsentrasi NaCl 1200 ppm, yaitu sebesar 0.021817 mm/y sedangkan pada
inhibitor Na2CrO4 memiliki laju korosi terendah sebesar 0.023999 mm/y.
Hal tersebut menunjukkan penggunaan inhibitor NaNO2 memiliki hasil
laju korosi jauh lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan menggunakan inhibitor
Na2CrO4.
2. Berdasarkan perhitungan remaining life yang didapat dari perhitungan laju
korosi dengan membandingkan 2 inhibitor yakni NaNO2 dan Na2CrO4
didapatkan remaining life tertinggi adalah inhbitor NaNO2 sebesar 150.73
tahun sedangkan pada inhibitor Na2CrO4 sebesar 137.37 tahun. Hal
tersebut menunjukkan perlindungan korosi untuk pipa ASTM A105 dipilih
dengan menggunakan inhibitor NaNO2 karena memiliki remaining life
yang lebih lama dibandingkan dengan inhibitor Na2CrO4.
3. Penggunaan inhibitor yang paling efektif untuk material ASTM A105
adalah menggunakan inhibitor NaNO2 dengan nilai efisiensi sebesar
0.537%. Semakin besar konsentrasi inhibitor, maka semakin kecil laju
korosinya. Demikian pula dengan semakin lama usia pakai, maka semakin
tinggi nilai efisiensi suatu material.
5.2 Saran
Dari penelitian tugas akhir ini terdapat beberapa saran untuk kelanjutan
pengembangan dan penelitian selanjutnya, antara lain:
57
1. Penelitian selanjutnya dapat menggunakan inhibitor yang berbeda dan
menambahkan variabel lain sebagai parameter pengujian.
2. Penelitian selanjutnya dapat menambah metode pengujian lainnya untuk
mendapatkan kualitas penggunaan inhibitor yang lebih baik
3. Penelitian selanjutnya dapat menambahkan perhitungan ekonomis.
58
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
ASME B31.3. (2014). Process Piping. Chemical Engineer (Vol. ASME Code)
API 570, Piping Inspection Code : In-service Inspection , Rating , Repair , and
Alteration of Piping Systems. (2010), Edition, T(November 2009).
https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMCC.2011.2109710
ASTM-G01–03. (2011). Standard Practice for Preparing, Cleaning, and Evaluating

Corrosion Test Specimens. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 1–9.
https://doi.org/10.1520/G0001-03R11
ASTM-G31–72. (2004). Standard Practice for Laboratory Immersion Corrosion

Testing of Metals. American Society for Testing and Materials, 72
(Reapproved), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1520/G0031-72R04
ASTM A105. (2010). Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping
Applications.
Atmadja, S. T. (2010). Pengendalian korosi pada sistem pendingin menggunakan

penambahan zat inhibitor. Rotasi, 12(2), 7–13.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1238223
Damayanti, E. A. (2018). Analisis Laju Korosi dan Lifetime Pipa Underground

Baja Karbon A53 dengan Wrapping Protection. Proceeding 3rd Conference
of Piping Engineering and Its Applicationrd, (Corrosion), 193–198.
Firdausi, Agung. 2012. “Penyebab Korosi dan Laju Korosi” (Tanggal 2 Januari
2018 http://www.agungfirdausi.my.id/2012/04/faktor-faktor-yang-
mempengaruhi-korosi.html)
Fontana, M. G. (1986). Corrosion engineering Series in materials science and

engineering.
59
Furqan, Muhammad. 2013. “Corrosion Engineer: Macam-macam Bentuk Korosi”
(Tanggal 2 Januari http://m10mechanicalengineering.blogspot.co.id/
2013/11/macam-macambentuk-korosi.html)
Ganesya, A. B. (2018). Pengaruh Variasi Kelembaban , Temperatur Dan Ketebalan

Cat Pada Material a53 Grade B Terhadap Laju Korosi Di Pt Pjb Ubjom
Pacitan, 151–156.
Khuncoro, D. B. (2018). Perbandingan Inhibitor NaNO3 Dengan K2CrO4 Pada

Material Stainless Steel 316L Terhadap Laju Korosi Fluida Sulfuric Acid,
229–234.
Pratiwi, W. D., & Setiawan, A. (2015). Korosi: Ratapan Dibalik Sanjungan:

Politeknik Perkapalan Negeri Surabaya
Roberge, P. R. (1999). Handbook of Corrosion Engineering.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0026-0576(00)83445-5
Suherman, Wahid. (1987). Pengetahuan Bahan. Surabaya: Institut Teknologi

Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya
Utomo, S. (2015). PENGARUH KONSENTRASI LARUTAN NaNO 2 SEBAGAI

INHIBITOR, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/0194436070165323
LAMPIRAN A
ASTM G1
Designation: G 1 – 03
Standard Practice for

Preparing, Cleaning, and Evaluating Corrosion Test
Specimens1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G 1; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope G 31 Practice for Laboratory Immersion Corrosion Testing

1.1 This practice covers suggested procedures for preparing of Metals6
bare, solid metal specimens for tests, for removing corrosion G 33 Practice for Recording Data from Atmospheric Cor-
products after the test has been completed, and for evaluating rosion Tests of Metallic-Coated Steel Specimens6
the corrosion damage that has occurred. Emphasis is placed on G 46 Guide for Examination and Evaluation of Pitting
procedures related to the evaluation of corrosion by mass loss Corrosion6
and pitting measurements. (Warning—In many cases the G 50 Practice for Conducting Atmospheric Corrosion Tests
corrosion product on the reactive metals titanium and zirco- on Metals6
nium is a hard and tightly bonded oxide that defies removal by G 78 Guide for Crevice Corrosion Testing of Iron Base and
chemical or ordinary mechanical means. In many such cases, Nickel-Base Stainless Alloys in Seawater and Other
corrosion rates are established by mass gain rather than mass Chloride-Containing Aqueous Environments6
loss.) 3. Terminology
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 3.1 See Terminology G 15 for terms used in this practice.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 4. Significance and Use
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific 4.1 The procedures given are designed to remove corrosion
precautionary statements, see 1 and 7.2. products without significant removal of base metal. This allows
an accurate determination of the mass loss of the metal or alloy
2. Referenced Documents that occurred during exposure to the corrosive environment.
2.1 ASTM Standards: 4.2 These procedures, in some cases, may apply to metal
A 262 Practices for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranu- coatings. However, possible effects from the substrate must be
lar Attack in Austenitic Stainless Steels2 considered.
D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water3 5. Reagents and Materials
D 1384 Test Method for Corrosion Test for Engine Coolants
in Glassware4 5.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall be
D 2776 Test Methods for Corrosivity of Water in the Ab- used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that
sence of Heat Transfer (Electrical Methods)5 all reagents conform to the specifications of the Committee on
G 15 Terminology Relating to Corrosion and Corrosion Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society where
Testing6 such specifications are available.7 Other grades may be used,
G 16 Guide for Applying Statistics to Analysis of Corrosion provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently
Data6 high purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy of
the determination.
5.2 Purity of Water—Unless otherwise indicated, references
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G01 on Corrosion to water shall be understood to mean reagent water as defined
of Metals and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G01.05 on Laboratory by Type IV of Specification D 1193.
Corrosion Tests.
Current edition approved October 1, 2003. Published October 2003. Originally
approved in 1967. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as G 1 – 90 (1999)e1.
2 7
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.03. Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, American
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01. Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not
4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.05. listed by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for Laboratory
5
Discontinued, replaced by Guide G 96. See 1990 Annual Book of ASTM Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia
Standards, Vol 03.02. and National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,
6
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.02. MD.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
G 1 – 03
6. Methods for Preparing Specimens for Test D 1384). The edges as well as the faces of the specimens
6.1 For laboratory corrosion tests that simulate exposure to should be abraded to remove burrs.
service environments, a commercial surface, closely resem- 6.3.4 Rinse thoroughly, hot air dry, and store in desiccator.
bling the one that would be used in service, will yield the most 6.4 When specimen preparation changes the metallurgical
meaningful results. condition of the metal, other methods should be chosen or the
6.2 It is desirable to mark specimens used in corrosion tests metallurgical condition must be corrected by subsequent treat-
with a unique designation during preparation. Several tech- ment. For example, shearing a specimen to size will cold work
niques may be used depending on the type of specimen and and may possibly fracture the edges. Edges should be ma-
test. chined.
6.5 The clean, dry specimens should be measured and
6.2.1 Stencil or Stamp—Most metallic specimens may be
weighed. Dimensions determined to the third significant figure
marked by stenciling, that is, imprinting the designation code
and mass determined to the fifth significant figure are sug-
into the metal surface using hardened steel stencil stamps hit
gested. When more significant figures are available on the
with a hammer. The resulting imprint will be visible even after
measuring instruments, they should be recorded.
substantial corrosion has occurred. However, this procedure
introduces localized strained regions and the possibility of 7. Methods for Cleaning After Testing
superficial iron contamination in the marked area.
6.2.2 Electric engraving by means of a vibratory marking 7.1 Corrosion product removal procedures can be divided
tool may be used when the extent of corrosion damage is into three general categories: mechanical, chemical, and elec-
known to be small. However, this approach to marking is much trolytic.
more susceptible to having the marks lost as a result of 7.1.1 An ideal procedure should remove only corrosion
corrosion damage during testing. products and not result in removal of any base metal. To
determine the mass loss of the base metal when removing
6.2.3 Edge notching is especially applicable when extensive
corrosion products, replicate uncorroded control specimens
corrosion and accumulation of corrosion products is antici-
should be cleaned by the same procedure being used on the test
pated. Long term atmospheric tests and sea water immersion
specimen. By weighing the control specimen before and after
tests on steel alloys are examples where this approach is
cleaning, the extent of metal loss resulting from cleaning can
applicable. It is necessary to develop a code system when using
be utilized to correct the corrosion mass loss.
edge notches.
6.2.4 Drilled holes may also be used to identify specimens NOTE 4—It is desirable to scrape samples of corrosion products before
when extensive metal loss, accumulation of corrosion products, using any chemical techniques to remove them. These scrapings can then
be subjected to various forms of analyses, including perhaps X-ray
or heavy scaling is anticipated. Drilled holes may be simpler
diffraction to determine crystal forms as well as chemical analyses to look
and less costly than edge notching. A code system must be for specific corrodants, such as chlorides. All of the chemical techniques
developed when using drilled holes. Punched holes should not that are discussed in Section 7 tend to destroy the corrosion products and
be used as they introduce residual strain. thereby lose the information contained in these corrosion products. Care
6.2.5 When it is undesirable to deform the surface of may be required so that uncorroded metal is not removed with the
specimens after preparation procedures, for example, when corrosion products.
testing coated surfaces, tags may be used for specimen identi- 7.1.2 The procedure given in 7.1.1 may not be reliable when
fication. A metal or plastic wire can be used to attach the tag to heavily corroded specimens are to be cleaned. The application
the specimen and the specimen identification can be stamped of replicate cleaning procedures to specimens with corroded
on the tag. It is important to ensure that neither the tag nor the surfaces will often, even in the absence of corrosion products,
wire will corrode or degrade in the test environment. It is also result in continuing mass losses. This is because a corroded
important to be sure that there are no galvanic interactions surface, particularly of a multiphase alloy, is often more
between the tag, wire, and specimen. susceptible than a freshly machined or polished surface to
6.3 For more searching tests of either the metal or the corrosion by the cleaning procedure. In such cases, the
environment, standard surface finishes may be preferred. A following method of determining the mass loss due to the
suitable procedure might be: cleaning procedure is preferred.
6.3.1 Degrease in an organic solvent or hot alkaline cleaner. 7.1.2.1 The cleaning procedure should be repeated on speci-
(See also Practice G 31.) mens several times. The mass loss should be determined after
each cleaning by weighing the specimen.
NOTE 1—Hot alkalies and chlorinated solvents may attack some metals.
7.1.2.2 The mass loss should be graphed as a function of the
NOTE 2—Ultrasonic cleaning may be beneficial in both pre-test and number of equal cleaning cycles as shown in Fig. 1. Two lines
post-test cleaning procedures.
will be obtained: AB and BC. The latter will correspond to
6.3.2 Pickle in an appropriate solution if oxides or tarnish corrosion of the metal after removal of corrosion products. The
are present. In some cases the chemical cleaners described in mass loss due to corrosion will correspond approximately to
Section 6 will suffice. point B.
7.1.2.3 To minimize uncertainty associated with corrosion
NOTE 3—Pickling may cause localized corrosion on some materials.
of the metal by the cleaning method, a method should be
6.3.3 Abrade with a slurry of an appropriate abrasive or with chosen to provide the lowest slope (near to horizontal) of line
an abrasive paper (see Practices A 262 and Test Method BC.
2
G 1 – 03
7.4 Mechanical procedures can include scraping, scrubbing,
brushing, ultrasonic cleaning, mechanical shocking, and im-
pact blasting (for example, grit blasting, water-jet blasting, and
so forth). These methods are often utilized to remove heavily
encrusted corrosion products. Scrubbing with a nonmetallic
bristle brush and a mild abrasive-distilled water slurry can also
be used to remove corrosion products.
7.4.1 Vigorous mechanical cleaning may result in the re-
moval of some base metal; therefore, care should be exercised.
These should be used only when other methods fail to provide
adequate removal of corrosion products. As with other meth-
ods, correction for metal loss due to the cleaning method is
recommended. The mechanical forces used in cleaning should
be held as nearly constant as possible.
8. Assessment of Corrosion Damage

8.1 The initial total surface area of the specimen (making
corrections for the areas associated with mounting holes) and
FIG. 1 Mass Loss of Corroded Specimens Resulting from the mass lost during the test are determined. The average
Repetitive Cleaning Cycles
corrosion rate may then be obtained as follows:
Corrosion Rate 5 ~K 3 W!/~A 3 T 3 D! (1)
7.1.3 Repeated treatment may be required for complete
removal of corrosion products. Removal can often be con- where:
firmed by examination with a low power microscope (for K = a constant (see 8.1.2),
example, 73 to 303). This is particularly useful with pitted T = time of exposure in hours,
surfaces when corrosion products may accumulate in pits. This A = area in cm2,
repeated treatment may also be necessary because of the W = mass loss in grams, and
requirements of 7.1.2.1. Following the final treatment, the D = density in g/cm3 (see Appendix X1).
specimens should be thoroughly rinsed and immediately dried. 8.1.1 Corrosion rates are not necessarily constant with time
7.1.4 All cleaning solutions shall be prepared with water of exposure. See Practice G 31 for further guidance.
and reagent grade chemicals. 8.1.2 Many different units are used to express corrosion
7.2 Chemical procedures involve immersion of the corro- rates. Using the units in 7.1 for T, A, W, and D, the corrosion
sion test specimen in a specific solution that is designed to rate can be calculated in a variety of units with the following
remove the corrosion products with minimal dissolution of any appropriate value of K:
base metal. Several procedures are listed in Table A1.1. The Constant (K) in Corrosion
choice of chemical procedure to be used is partly a matter of Corrosion Rate Units Desired Rate Equation
mils per year (mpy) 3.45 3 106
trial and error to establish the most effective method for a inches per year (ipy) 3.45 3 103
specific metal and type of corrosion product scale. inches per month (ipm) 2.87 3 102
millimetres per year (mm/y) 8.76 3 104
(Warning—These methods may be hazardous to personnel).
micrometres per year (um/y) 8.76 3 107
7.2.1 Chemical cleaning is often preceded by light brushing picometres per second (pm/s) 2.78 3 106
(non metallic bristle) or ultrasonic cleaning of the test speci- grams per square meter per hour (g/m2·h) 1.00 3 104 3 D
milligrams per square decimeter per day (mdd) 2.40 3 106 3 D
men to remove loose, bulky corrosion products. micrograms per square meter per second (µg/m2·s) 2.78 3 106 3 D
7.2.2 Intermittent removal of specimens from the cleaning
solution for light brushing or ultrasonic cleaning can often NOTE 5—If desired, these constants may also be used to convert
corrosion rates from one set of units to another. To convert a corrosion rate
facilitate the removal of tightly adherent corrosion products.
in units X to a rate in units Y, multiply by KY/KX; for example:
7.2.3 Chemical cleaning is often followed by light brushing
or ultrasonic cleaning in reagent water to remove loose 15 mpy 5 15 3 ~2.78 3 106!/~3.45 3 106! pm/s (2)
products.
7.3 Electrolytic cleaning can also be utilized for removal of 8.1.3 In the case of sacrificial alloy coatings for which there
corrosion products. Several useful methods for corrosion test is preferential corrosion of a component whose density differs
specimens of iron, cast iron, or steel are given in Table A2.1. from that of the alloy, it is preferable to use the density of the
7.3.1 Electrolytic cleaning should be preceded by brushing corroded component (instead of the initial alloy density) for
or ultrasonic cleaning of the test specimen to remove loose, calculating average thickness loss rate by use of Eq 1. This is
bulky corrosion products. Brushing or ultrasonic cleaning done as follows: (1) cleaning to remove corrosion products
should also follow the electrolytic cleaning to remove any only and determine the mass loss of the corroded component;
loose slime or deposits. This will help to minimize any (2) stripping the remaining coating to determine the mass of the
redeposition of metal from reducible corrosion products that uncorroded component; (3) chemical analysis of the stripping
would reduce the apparent mass loss. solution to determine the composition of the uncorroded
3
G 1 – 03
component; (4) performing a mass balance to calculate the 9. Report
composition of the corroded component; (5) using the mass 9.1 The report should include the compositions and sizes of
and density of the corroded component to calculate the average specimens, their metallurgical conditions, surface preparations,
thickness loss rate by use of Eq 1. An example of this and cleaning methods as well as measures of corrosion
procedure is given in Appendix X2. damage, such as corrosion rates (calculated from mass losses),
The procedure described above gives an average penetration maximum depths of pitting, or losses in mechanical properties.
rate of the coating, but the maximum penetration for a
multiphase alloy may be larger when the corroded phase is not 10. Precision and Bias
uniformly distributed across the surface. In such cases, it is 10.1 The factors that can produce errors in mass loss
generally considered good practice to obtain a cross section measurement include improper balance calibration and stan-
through the corroded surface for microscopic examination. dardization. Generally, modern analytical balances can deter-
This examination will reveal the extent of selective corrosion mine mass values to 60.2 mg with ease and balances are
of particular phases in the coating, and help in understanding available that can obtain mass values to 60.02 mg. In general,
the mechanism of attack. mass measurements are not the limiting factor. However,
8.2 Corrosion rates calculated from mass losses can be inadequate corrosion product removal or overcleaning will
misleading when deterioration is highly localized, as in pitting affect precision.
or crevice corrosion. If corrosion is in the form of pitting, it 10.2 The determination of specimen area is usually the least
may be measured with a depth gage or micrometer calipers precise step in corrosion rate determinations. The precision of
with pointed anvils (see Guide G 46). Microscopical methods calipers and other length measuring devices can vary widely.
will determine pit depth by focusing from top to bottom of the However, it generally is not necessary to achieve better than
pit when it is viewed from above (using a calibrated focusing 61 % for area measurements for corrosion rate purposes.
knob) or by examining a section that has been mounted and 10.3 The exposure time can usually be controlled to better
metallographically polished. The pitting factor is the ratio of than 61 % in most laboratory procedures. However, in field
the deepest metal penetration to the average metal penetration exposures, corrosive conditions can vary significantly and the
(as measured by mass loss). estimation of how long corrosive conditions existed can
NOTE 6—See Guide G 46 for guidance in evaluating depths of pitting. present significant opportunities for error. Furthermore, corro-
NOTE 7—See Guide G 78 for guidance in evaluating crevice corrosion. sion processes are not necessarily linear with time, so that rate
8.3 Other methods of assessing corrosion damage are: values may not be predictive of the future deterioration, but
8.3.1 Appearance—The degradation of appearance by rust- only are indications of the past exposure.
ing, tarnishing, or oxidation. (See Practice G 33.) 10.4 Regression analysis on results, as are shown in Fig. 1,
8.3.2 Mechanical Properties—An apparent loss in tensile can be used to obtain specific information on precision. See
strength will result if the cross-sectional area of the specimen Guide G 16 for more information on statistical analysis.
(measured before exposure to the corrosive environment) is 10.5 Bias can result from inadequate corrosion product
reduced by corrosion. (See Practice G 50.) Loss in tensile removal or metal removal caused by overcleaning. The use of
strength will result if a compositional change, such as dealloy- repetitive cleaning steps, as shown in Fig. 1, can minimize both
ing taking place. Loss in tensile strength and elongation will of these errors.
result from localized attack, such as cracking or intergranular 10.5.1 Corrosion penetration estimations based on mass loss
corrosion. can seriously underestimate the corrosion penetration caused
8.3.3 Electrical Properties—Loss in electrical conductivity by localized processes, such as pitting, cracking, crevice
can be measured when metal loss results from uniform corrosion, and so forth.
corrosion. (See Test Methods D 2776.)
8.3.4 Microscopical Examination—Dealloying, exfoliation, 11. Keywords
cracking, or intergranular attack may be detected by metallo- 11.1 cleaning; corrosion product removal; evaluation; mass
graphic examination of suitably prepared sections. loss; metals; preparation; specimens
4
G 1 – 03
ANNEXES
(Mandatory Information)
A1. CHEMICAL CLEANING PROCEDURES
TABLE A1.1 CHEMICAL CLEANING PROCEDURES FOR REMOVAL OF CORROSION PRODUCTS
Designation Material Solution Time Temperature Remarks

C.1.1 Aluminum and Alu- 50 mL phosphoric acid (H3PO4, sp gr 1.69) 5 to 10 min 90°C to Boiling If corrosion product films remain, rinse, then
minum Alloys 20 g chromium trioxide (CrO3) follow with nitric acid procedure (C.1.2).
Reagent water to make 1000 mL
C.1.2 Nitric acid (HNO3, sp gr 1.42) 1 to 5 min 20 to 25°C Remove extraneous deposits and bulky
corrosion products to avoid reactions that
may result in excessive removal of base
metal.
C.2.1 Copper and Copper 500 mL hydrochloric acid (HCl, sp gr 1.19) 1 to 3 min 20 to 25°C Deaeration of solution with purified nitrogen
Alloys Reagent water to make 1000 mL will minimize base metal removal.
C.2.2 4.9 g sodium cyanide (NaCN) 1 to 3 min 20 to 25°C Removes copper sulfide corrosion products
Reagent water to make 1000 mL that may not be removed by hydrochloric
acid treatment (C.2.1).
C.2.3 100 mL sulfuric acid (H2SO4, sp gr 1.84) 1 to 3 min 20 to 25°C Remove bulky corrosion products before
Reagent water to make 1000 mL treatment to minimize copper redeposition
on specimen surface.
C.2.4 120 mL sulfuric acid (H2SO4, sp gr 1.84) 5 to 10 s 20 to 25°C Removes redeposited copper resulting from
30 g sodium dichromate (Na2Cr2O7·2H2O) sulfuric acid treatment.
C.2.5 54 mL sulfuric acid (H2SO4, sp gr 1.84) 30 to 60 min 40 to 50°C Deaerate solution with nitrogen. Brushing of
Reagent water to make 1000 mL test specimens to remove corrosion
products followed by re-immersion for 3 to
4 s is recommended.
C.3.1 Iron and Steel 1000 mL hydrochloric acid (HCl, sp gr 1.19) 1 to 25 min 20 to 25°C Solution should be vigorously stirred or
20 g antimony trioxide (Sb2O3) specimen should be brushed. Longer times
50 g stannous chloride (SnCl2) may be required in certain instances.
C.3.2 50 g sodium hydroxide (NaOH) 30 to 40 min 80 to 90°C Caution should be exercised in the use of
200 g granulated zinc or zinc chips any zinc dust since spontaneous ignition
Reagent water to make 1000 mL upon exposure to air can occur.
C.3.3 200 g sodium hydroxide (NaOH) 30 to 40 min 80 to 90°C Caution should be exercised in the use of
20 g granulated zinc or zinc chips any zinc dust since spontaneous ignition
C.3.4 200 g diammonium citrate 20 min 75 to 90°C Depending upon the composition of the
((NH4)2HC6H5O7) corrosion product, attack of base metal
Reagent water to make 1000 mL may occur.
C.3.5 500 mL hydrochloric acid (HCl, sp gr 1.19) 10 min 20 to 25°C Longer times may be required in certain
3.5 g hexamethylene tetramine instances.
C.3.6 Molten caustic soda (NaOH) with 1 to 20 min 370°C For details refer to Technical Information
1.5–2.0 % sodium hydride (NaH) Bulletin SP29-370, “DuPont Sodium
Hydride Descaling Process Operating
Instructions.’’
C.4.1 Lead and Lead Alloys 10 mL acetic acid (CH3COOH) 5 min Boiling ...
C.4.2 50 g ammonium acetate (CH3COONH4) 10 min 60 to 70°C ...
C.4.3 250 g ammonium acetate (CH3COONH4) 5 min 60 to 70°C ...
C.5.1 Magnesium and Mag- 150 g chromium trioxide (CrO3) 1 min Boiling The silver salt is present to precipitate
nesium Alloys 10 g silver chromate (Ag2CrO4) chloride.
C.5.2 200 g chromium trioxide (CrO3) 1 min 20 to 25°C The barium salt is present to precipitate
10 g silver nitrate (AgNO3) sulfate.
20 g barium nitrate (Ba(NO3)2)
C.6.1 Nickel and Nickel 150 mL hydrochloric acid (HCl, sp gr 1.19) 1 to 3 min 20 to 25°C ...
Alloys Reagent water to make 1000 mL
C.6.2 100 mL sulfuric acid (H2SO4, sp gr 1.84) 1 to 3 min 20 to 25°C ...
C.7.1 Stainless Steels 100 mL nitric acid (HNO3, sp gr 1.42) 20 min 60°C ...
5
G 1 – 03
TABLE A1.1 Continued

C.7.2 150 g diammonium citrate 10 to 60 min 70°C ...
((NH4)2HC6H5O7)
C.7.3 100 g citric acid (C6H8O7) 5 min 60°C ...
50 mL sulfuric acid (H2SO4, sp gr 1.84)
2 g inhibitor (diorthotolyl thiourea or
quinoline ethyliodide or betanaphthol
quinoline)
C.7.4 200 g sodium hydroxide (NaOH) 5 min Boiling ...
30 g potassium permanganate (KMnO4)
followed by
100 g diammonium citrate
((NH4)2HC6H5O7)
C.7.5 100 mL nitric acid (HNO3, sp gr 1.42) 5 to 20 min 20 to 25°C ...
20 mL hydrofluoric acid (HF, sp gr
1.198–48 %)
C.7.6 200 g sodium hydroxide (NaOH) 20 min Boiling Caution should be exercised in the use of
50 g zinc powder any zinc dust since spontaneous ignition
C.8.1 Tin and Tin Alloys 150 g trisodium phosphate 10 min Boiling ...
(Na3PO4·12H2O)
C.8.2 50 mL hydrochloric acid (HCl, sp gr 1.19) 10 min 20°C ...
C.9.1 Zinc and Zinc Alloys 150 mL ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH, 5 min 20 to 25°C ...
sp gr 0.90)
followed by
50 g chromium trioxide (CrO3) 15 to 20 s Boiling The silver nitrate should be dissolved in water
10 g silver nitrate (AgNO3) and added to the boiling chromic acid to
Reagent water to make 1000 mL prevent excessive crystallization of silver
chromate. The chromic acid must be
sulfate free to avoid attack of the zinc base
metal.
C.9.2 100 g ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) 2 to 5 min 70°C ...
C.9.3 200 g chromium trioxide (CrO3) 1 min 80°C Chloride contamination of the chromic acid
Reagent water to make 1000 mL from corrosion products formed in salt
environments should be avoided to prevent
attack of the zinc base metal.
C.9.4 85 mL hydriodic acid (HI, sp gr 1.5) 15 s 20 to 25°C Some zinc base metal may be removed. A
Reagent water to make 1000 mL control specimen (3.1.1) should be
employed.
C.9.5 100 g ammonium persulfate ((NH4)2S2O8) 5 min 20 to 25°C Particularly recommended for galvanized
Reagent water to make 1000 mL steel.
C.9.6 100 g ammonium acetate (CH3COONH4) 2 to 5 min 70°C ...
A2. ELECTROLYTIC CLEANING PROCEDURES
TABLE A2.1 ELECTROLYTIC CLEANING PROCEDURES FOR REMOVAL OF CORROSION PRODUCTS

E.1.1 Iron, Cast Iron, Steel 75 g sodium hydroxide (NaOH) 20 to 40 min 20 to 25°C Cathodic treatment with 100 to 200 A/m2 cur-
25 g sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) rent density. Use carbon, platinum or stainless
75 g sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) steel anode.
6
G 1 – 03
TABLE A2.1 Continued

E.1.2 28 mL sulfuric acid (H2SO4, sp gr 1.84) 3 min 75°C Cathodic treatment with 2000 A/m2 current den-
0.5 g inhibitor (diorthotolyl thiourea or sity. Use carbon, platinum or lead anode.
quinoline)
E.1.3 100 g diammonium citrate 5 min 20 to 25°C Cathodic treatment with 100 A/m2 current den-
((NH4)2HC6H5O7) sity. Use carbon or platinum anode.
E.2.1 Lead and Lead Alloys 28 mL sulfuric acid (H2SO4, sp gr 1.84) 3 min 75°C Cathodic treatment with 2000 A/m2 current den-
0.5 g inhibitor (diorthotolyl thiourea or sity. Use carbon, platinum or lead anode.
quinoline)
E.3.1 Copper and Copper 7.5 g potassium chloride (KCl) 1 to 3 20 to 25°C Cathodic treatment with 100 A/m2 current den-
Alloys Reagent water to make 1000 mL sity. Use carbon or platinum anode.
E.4.1 Zinc and Cadmium 50 g dibasic sodium phosphate (Na2HPO4) 5 min 70°C Cathodic treatment with 110 A/m2 current den-
Reagent water to make 1000 mL sity. Specimen must be energized prior to im-
mersion. Use carbon, platinum or stainless
steel anode.
E.4.2 100 g sodium hydroxide (NaOH) 1 to 2 min 20 to 25°C Cathodic treatment with 100 A/m2 current den-
Reagent water to make 1000 mL sity. Specimen must be energized prior to im-
mersion. Use carbon, platinum or stainless
steel anode.
E.5.1 General (excluding Alu- 20 g sodium hydroxide (NaOH) 5 to 10 min 20 to 25°C Cathodic treatment with 300 A/m2 current den-
minum, Magnesium Reagent water to make 1000 mL sity. A S31600 stainless steel anode may be
and Tin Alloys) used.
APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. DENSITIES FOR A VARIETY OF METALS AND ALLOYS
TABLE X1.1 DENSITIES FOR A VARIETY OF METALS AND ALLOYS
NOTE 1—All UNS numbers that include the letter X indicate a series of numbers under one category.
NOTE 2—An asterisk indicates that a UNS number not available.
Aluminum Alloys
UNS Number Alloy Density g/cm3
A91100 1100 2.71
A91199 1199 2.70
A92024 2024 2.78
A92219 2219 2.84
A93003 3003 2.73
A93004 3004 2.72
A95005 5005 2.70
A95050 5050 2.69
A95052 5052 2.68
A95083 5083 2.66
A95086 5086 2.66
A95154 5154 2.66
A95357 5357 2.69
A95454 5454 2.69
A95456 5456 2.66
A96061 6061 2.70
* 6062 2.70
A96070 6070 2.71
A96101 6101 2.70
A97075 7075 2.81
A97079 7079 2.75
A97178 7178 2.83
Stainless Steels
S20100 Type 201 7.94
S20200 Type 202 7.94
S30200 Type 302 7.94
S30400 Type 304 7.94
7
G 1 – 03
TABLE X1.1 Continued

Aluminum Alloys
UNS Number Alloy Density g/cm3
S30403 Type 304L 7.94
S30900 Type 309 7.98
S31000 Type 310 7.98
S31100 Type 311 7.98
S31600 Type 316 7.98
S31603 Type 316L 7.98
S31700 Type 317 7.98
S32100 Type 321 7.94
S32900 Type 329 7.98
N08330 Type 330 7.98
S34700 Type 347 8.03
S41000 Type 410 7.70
S43000 Type 430 7.72
S44600 Type 446 7.65
S50200 Type 502 7.82
Other Ferrous Metals
F1XXXX Gray cast iron 7.20
GXXXXX–KXXXXX Carbon steel 7.86
* Silicon iron 7.00
KXXXXX Low alloy steels 7.85
Copper Alloys
C38600 Copper 8.94
C23000 Red brass 230 8.75
C26000 Cartridge brass 260 8.52
C28000 Muntz metal 280 8.39
* Admiralty 442 8.52
C44300 Admiralty 443 8.52
C68700 Aluminum brass 687 8.33
C22000 Commercial bronze 220 8.80
C60800 Aluminum bronze, 5 % 608 8.16
* Aluminum bronze, 8 % 612 7.78
* Composition M 8.45
* Composition G 8.77
C51000 Phosphor bronze, 5 % 510 8.86
C52400 Phosphor bronze, 10 % 524 8.77
* 85-5-5-5 8.80
C65500 Silicon bronze 655 8.52
C70600 Copper nickel 706 8.94
C75200 Nickel silver 752 8.75
Lead
L53305–53405 Antimonial 10.80
L5XXXX Chemical 11.33
Nickel Alloys
N02200 Nickel 200 8.89
N04400 Nickel copper 400 8.84
N06600 Nickel chromium iron alloy 600 8.51
N06625 Nickel chromium molybdenum alloy 625 8.44
N08825 Iron nickel chromium alloy 825 8.14
N08020 Iron nickel chromium alloy 20 Cb-3 8.08
* Iron nickel chromium cast alloy 20 8.02
N10665 Nickel molybdenum alloy B2 9.2
N10276 Nickel chromium molybdenum alloy 8.8
C-276
N06985 Nickel chromium molybdenum alloy G-3 8.3
Other Metals
M1XXXX Magnesium 1.74
R03600 Molybdenum 10.22
P04980 Platinum 21.45
P07016 Silver 10.49
R05200 Tantalum 16.60
L13002 Tin 7.30
R50250 Titanium 4.54
Z13001 Zinc 7.13
R60001 Zirconium 6.53
8
G 1 – 03
X2. CALCULATION OF AVERAGE THICKNESS LOSS RATE OF AN ALLOY WHEN THE DENSITY OF THE CORRODING
METAL DIFFERS FROM THAT OF THE BULK ALLOY
X2.1 Example X2.2.7 Aluminum content of remaining uncorroded coating

X2.1.1 55% Al-Zn alloy coating on steel sheet exposed for by chemical analysis of the stripping solution, Cu
20.95 years at Point Reyes, CA. (As reported in H.E. Townsend Cu 5 57.7% Al (X2.7)
and H.H.Lawson, “Twenty-One Year Results for Metallic-
X2.3 Calculations
Coated Sheet in the ASTM 1976 Atmospheric Corrosion
Tests”).8 X2.3.1 Mass loss of corroded coating, W
W 5 W1 – W2 5 79.3586 – 78.7660 5 0.5926 g (X2.8)
X2.2 Measurements X2.3.2 Mass of remaining uncorroded coating, Wu
X2.2.1 Initial aluminum content of coating, C1, as measured Wu 5 W2 – W3 5 78.7660 – 75.0810 5 3.6850 g (X2.9)
by stripping (Table A1.1, C.3.) and chemical analysis of
X2.3.3 Total mass of original coating, Wt
uncorroded specimens.
Wt 5 W 1 Wu 5 0.5926 1 3.6850 5 4.2776 g (X2.10)
C1 5 55.0% Al (X2.1)
X2.3.4 Composition of corroded coating, C
X2.2.2 Time of Exposure, T
CW 1 CuWu 5 C1Wt (X2.11)
T 5 20.95 years5 183 648 hours (X2.2)
X2.2.3 Specimen Area, A Rearranging gives
A 5 300 cm2 (X2.3) C 5 ~C1Wt – CuWu!/W (X2.12)
X2.2.4 Initial Mass, W1

C 5 ~55.0 3 4.2776 – 57.7 3 3.6850!/0.5926 (X2.13)
W1 5 79.3586 g (X2.4)
X2.2.5 Mass after exposure and removal of corrosion prod- C 5 38.2 % Al (X2.14)
ucts according to Table A1.1, C.9.3, W2 X2.3.5 The density, D, of a 38.2 % Al-Zn alloy is 4.32
W25 78.7660 g (X2.5) g/cm–3. In cases where alloy densities are not known, they can
X2.2.6 Mass after removal of remaining coating according be estimated by linear interpolation of the component densities.
to Table A1.1, C.3.5, W3 X2.3.6 Calculate the average thickness loss rate, L (corro-
sion rate per Eq 1).
W3 5 75.0810 g (X2.6)
L 5 ~K 3 W!/~A 3 T 3 D! (X2.15)
where K is given in 8.1.2 as 8.76 3 10 7
8
Outdoor Atmospheric Corrosion, STP 1421, H. E. Townsend, Ed., American L = (8.76 3 1073 0.5926)/(300 3 183 648 3 4.32)
Society for Testing and MAterials, West Conshohocken, PA, 2002, pp. 284–291. L = 0.218 micrometres per year
ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
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9
LAMPIRAN B
ASTM G31-72
Designation: G 31 – 72 (Reapproved 2004)
Standard Practice for

Laboratory Immersion Corrosion Testing of Metals1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G 31; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope G 16 Guide for Applying Statistics to Analysis of Corrosion

1.1 This practice2 describes accepted procedures for and Data
factors that influence laboratory immersion corrosion tests, G 46 Guide for Examination and Evaluation of Pitting
particularly mass loss tests. These factors include specimen Corrosion
preparation, apparatus, test conditions, methods of cleaning 3. Significance and Use
specimens, evaluation of results, and calculation and reporting
of corrosion rates. This practice also emphasizes the impor- 3.1 Corrosion testing by its very nature precludes complete
tance of recording all pertinent data and provides a checklist standardization. This practice, rather than a standardized pro-
for reporting test data. Other ASTM procedures for laboratory cedure, is presented as a guide so that some of the pitfalls of
corrosion tests are tabulated in the Appendix. (Warning—In such testing may be avoided.
many cases the corrosion product on the reactive metals 3.2 Experience has shown that all metals and alloys do not
titanium and zirconium is a hard and tightly bonded oxide that respond alike to the many factors that affect corrosion and that
defies removal by chemical or ordinary mechanical means. In “accelerated” corrosion tests give indicative results only, or
many such cases, corrosion rates are established by mass gain may even be entirely misleading. It is impractical to propose an
rather than mass loss.) inflexible standard laboratory corrosion testing procedure for
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the general use, except for material qualification tests where
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information standardization is obviously required.
only. 3.3 In designing any corrosion test, consideration must be
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the given to the various factors discussed in this practice, because
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the these factors have been found to affect greatly the results
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- obtained.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 4. Interferences
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.1 The methods and procedures described herein represent
2. Referenced Documents the best current practices for conducting laboratory corrosion
2.1 ASTM Standards: 3 tests as developed by corrosion specialists in the process
A 262 Practices for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranu- industries. For proper interpretation of the results obtained, the
lar Attack in Austenitic Stainless Steels specific influence of certain variables must be considered.
E 8 Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials These include:
G 1 Practice for Preparing, Cleaning, and Evaluating Cor- 4.1.1 Metal specimens immersed in a specific hot liquid
rosion Test Specimens may not corrode at the same rate or in the same manner as in
G 4 Guide for Conducting Corrosion Coupon Tests in Field equipment where the metal acts as a heat transfer medium in
Applications heating or cooling the liquid. If the influence of heat transfer
effects is specifically of interest, specialized procedures (in
which the corrosion specimen serves as a heat transfer agent)
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G01 on Corrosion
must be employed (1).4
of Metals and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G01.05 on Laboratory 4.1.2 In laboratory tests, the velocity of the environment
Corrosion Tests. relative to the specimens will normally be determined by
Current edition approved May 1, 2004. Published May 2004. Originally convection currents or the effects induced by aeration or
approved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as G 31 – 72 (1998).
2
This practice is based upon NACE Standard TM-01-69, “Test Method- boiling or both. If the specific effects of high velocity are to be
Laboratory Corrosion Testing of Metals for the Process Industries,” with modifica- studied, special techniques must be employed to transfer the
tions to relate more directly to Practices G 1 and G 31 and Guide G 4.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
4
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
the ASTM website. this practice.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
G 31 – 72 (2004)
environment through tubular specimens or to move it rapidly 4.1.7.4 Dealloying or “parting” corrosion is a condition in
past the plane face of a corrosion coupon (2). Alternatively, the which one constituent is selectively removed from an alloy, as
coupon may be rotated through the environment, although it is in the dezincification of brass or the graphitization of cast iron.
then difficult to evaluate the velocity quantitatively because of Close attention and a more sophisticated evaluation than a
the stirring effects incurred. simple mass loss measurement are required to detect this
4.1.3 The behavior of certain metals and alloys may be phenomenon.
profoundly influenced by the presence of dissolved oxygen. If 4.1.7.5 Certain metals and alloys are subject to a highly
this is a factor to be considered in a specific test, the solution localized type of attack called pitting corrosion. This cannot be
should be completely aerated or deaerated in accordance with evaluated by mass loss alone. The reporting of nonuniform
8.7. corrosion is discussed below. It should be appreciated that
4.1.4 In some cases, the rate of corrosion may be governed pitting is a statistical phenomenon and that the incidence of
by other minor constituents in the solution, in which case they pitting may be directly related to the area of metal exposed. For
will have to be continually or intermittently replenished by example, a small coupon is not as prone to exhibit pitting as a
changing the solution in the test. large one and it is possible to miss the phenomenon altogether
in the corrosion testing of certain alloys, such as the AISI Type
4.1.5 Corrosion products may have undesirable effects on a
300 series stainless steels in chloride contaminated environ-
chemical product. The amount of possible contamination can
ments.
be estimated from the loss in mass of the specimen, with proper
4.1.7.6 All metals and alloys are subject to stress-corrosion
application of the expected relationships among (1) the area of
cracking under some circumstances. This cracking occurs
corroding surface, (2) the mass of the chemical product
under conditions of applied or residual tensile stress, and it
handled, and (3) the duration of contact of a unit of mass of the
may or may not be visible to the unaided eye or upon casual
chemical product with the corroding surface.
inspection. A metallographic examination may confirm the
4.1.6 Corrosion products from the coupon may influence the presence of stress-corrosion cracking. It is imperative to note
corrosion rate of the metal itself or of different metals exposed that this usually occurs with no significant loss in mass of the
at the same time. For example, the accumulation of cupric ions test coupon, although certain refractory metals are an exception
in the testing of copper alloys in intermediate strengths of to these observations. Generally, if cracking is observed on the
sulfuric acid will accelerate the corrosion of copper alloys, as coupon, it can be taken as positive indication of susceptibility,
compared to the rates that would be obtained if the corrosion whereas failure to effect this phenomenon simply means that it
products were continually removed. Cupric ions may also did not occur under the duration and specific conditions of the
exhibit a passivating effect upon stainless steel coupons ex- test. Separate and special techniques are employed for the
posed at the same time. In practice, only alloys of the same specific evaluation of the susceptibility of metals and alloys to
general type should be exposed in the testing apparatus. stress corrosion cracking (see Ref. (3)).
4.1.7 Coupon corrosion testing is predominantly designed
to investigate general corrosion. There are a number of other 5. Apparatus
special types of phenomena of which one must be aware in the 5.1 A versatile and convenient apparatus should be used,
design and interpretation of corrosion tests. consisting of a kettle or flask of suitable size (usually 500 to
4.1.7.1 Galvanic corrosion may be investigated by special 5000 mL), a reflux condenser with atmospheric seal, a sparger
devices which couple one coupon to another in electrical for controlling atmosphere or aeration, a thermowell and
contact. The behavior of the specimens in this galvanic couple temperature-regulating device, a heating device (mantle, hot
are compared with that of insulated specimens exposed on the plate, or bath), and a specimen support system. If agitation is
same holder and the galvanic effects noted. It should be required, the apparatus can be modified to accept a suitable
observed, however, that galvanic corrosion can be greatly stirring mechanism, such as a magnetic stirrer. A typical resin
affected by the area ratios of the respective metals, the distance flask setup for this type test is shown in Fig. 1.
between the metals and the resistivity of the electrolyte. The 5.2 The suggested components can be modified, simplified,
coupling of corrosion coupons then yields only qualitative or made more sophisticated to fit the needs of a particular
results, as a particular coupon reflects only the relationship investigation. The suggested apparatus is basic and the appa-
between these two metals at the particular area ratio involved. ratus is limited only by the judgment and ingenuity of the
4.1.7.2 Crevice corrosion or concentration cell corrosion investigator.
may occur where the metal surface is partially blocked from 5.2.1 A glass reaction kettle can be used where the configu-
the corroding liquid as under a spacer or supporting hook. It is ration and size of the specimen will permit entry through the
necessary to evaluate this localized corrosion separately from narrow kettle neck (for example, 45/50 ground-glass joint). For
the overall mass loss. solutions corrosive to glass, suitable metallic or plastic kettles
4.1.7.3 Selective corrosion at the grain boundaries (for may be employed.
example, intergranular corrosion of sensitized austenitic stain- 5.2.2 In some cases a wide-mouth jar with a suitable closure
less steels) will not be readily observable in mass loss is sufficient when simple immersion tests at ambient tempera-
measurements unless the attack is severe enough to cause grain tures are to be investigated.
dropping, and often requires microscopic examination of the 5.2.3 Open-beaker tests should not be used because of
coupons after exposure. evaporation and contamination.
2
G 31 – 72 (2004)
7.3 The size and shape of specimens will vary with the
purpose of the test, nature of the materials, and apparatus used.
A large surface-to-mass ratio and a small ratio of edge area to
total area are desirable. These ratios can be achieved through
the use of square or circular specimens of minimum thickness.
Masking may also be used to achieve the desired area ratios but
may cause crevice corrosion problems. Circular specimens
should preferably be cut from sheet and not bar stock, to
minimize the exposed end grain. Special coupons (for example,
sections of welded tubing) may be employed for specific
purposes.
7.3.1 A circular specimen of about 38-mm (1.5-in.) diam-
eter is a convenient shape for laboratory corrosion tests. With
a thickness of approximately 3 mm (0.125-in.) and an 8-mm
(5⁄16-in.) or 11-mm (7⁄16-in.) diameter hole for mounting, these
specimens will readily pass through a 45/50 ground-glass joint
of a distillation kettle. The total surface area of a circular
specimen is given by the following equation:
A 5 p/2~D 2 2 d 2! 1 tpD 1 tpd (1)
where:
t = thickness,
D = diameter of the specimen, and
d = diameter of the mounting hole.
NOTE 1—The flask can be used as a versatile and convenient apparatus 7.3.1.1 If the hole is completely covered by the mounting
to conduct simple immersion tests. Configuration of top to flask is such support, the last term (tpd) in the equation is omitted.
that more sophisticated apparatus can be added as required by the specific
7.3.2 Strip coupons 50 by 25 by 1.6 or 3 mm (2 by 1 by 1⁄16
test being conducted. A = thermowell, B = resin flask, C = specimens hung
on supporting device, D = air inlet, E = heating mantle, F = liquid inter- or 1⁄8 in.) may be preferred as corrosion specimens, particularly
face, G = opening in flask for additional apparatus that may be required, if interface or liquid line effects are to be studied by the
and H = reflux condenser. laboratory tests (see Fig. 1), but the evaluation of such specific
FIG. 1 Typical Resin Flask effects are beyond the scope of this practice.
7.3.3 All specimens should be measured carefully to permit
accurate calculation of the exposed areas. A geometric area
5.2.4 In more complex tests, provisions might be needed for calculation accurate to 61 % is usually adequate.
continuous flow or replenishment of the corrosive liquid, while 7.4 More uniform results may be expected if a substantial
simultaneously maintaining a controlled atmosphere. layer of metal is removed from the specimens to eliminate
variations in condition of the original metallic surface. This can
6. Sampling be done by chemical treatment (pickling), electrolytic removal,
6.1 The bulk sampling of products is outside the scope of or by grinding with a coarse abrasive paper or cloth such as No.
this practice. 50, using care not to work harden the surface (see section 5.7).
At least 0.0025 mm (0.0001 in.) or 0.0155 to 0.0233 mg/mm2
7. Test Specimen (10 to 15 mg/in.2) should be removed. (If clad alloy specimens
7.1 In laboratory tests, uniform corrosion rates of duplicate are to be used, special attention must be given to ensure that
specimens are usually within 610 % under the same test excessive metal is not removed.) After final preparation of the
conditions. Occasional exceptions, in which a large difference specimen surface, the specimens should be stored in a desic-
is observed, can occur under conditions of borderline passivity cator until exposure, if they are not used immediately. In
of metals or alloys that depend on a passive film for their special cases (for example, for aluminum and certain copper
resistance to corrosion. Therefore, at least duplicate specimens alloys), a minimum of 24 h storage in a desiccator is recom-
should normally be exposed in each test. mended. The choice of a specific treatment must be considered
7.2 If the effects of corrosion are to be determined by on the basis of the alloy to be tested and the reasons for testing.
changes in mechanical properties, untested duplicate speci- A commercial surface may sometimes yield the most signifi-
mens should be preserved in a noncorrosive environment at the cant results. Too much surface preparation may remove segre-
same temperature as the test environment for comparison with gated elements, surface contamination, and so forth, and
the corroded specimens. The mechanical property commonly therefore not be representative.
used for comparison is the tensile strength. Measurement of 7.5 Exposure of sheared edges should be avoided unless the
percent elongation is a useful index of embrittlement. The purpose of the test is to study effects of the shearing operation.
procedures for determining these values are shown in detail in It may be desirable to test a surface representative of the
Test Methods E 8. material and metallurgical conditions used in practice.
3
G 31 – 72 (2004)
7.6 The specimen can be stamped with an appropriate 7.11.3 A complete discussion of corrosion testing of welded
identifying mark. If metallic contamination of the stamped area coupons or the effect of heat treatment on the corrosion
may influence the corrosion behavior, chemical cleaning must resistance of a metal is not within the scope of this practice.
be employed to remove any traces of foreign particles from the
surface of the coupon (for example, by immersion of stainless 8. Test Conditions
steel coupons in dilute nitric acid following stamping with steel 8.1 Selection of the conditions for a laboratory corrosion
dies). test will be determined by the purpose of the test.
7.6.1 The stamp, besides identifying the specimen, intro- 8.1.1 If the test is to be a guide for the selection of a material
duces stresses and cold work in the specimen that could be for a particular purpose, the limits of the controlling factors in
responsible for localized corrosion or stress-corrosion crack- service must be determined. These factors include oxygen
ing, or both. concentration, temperature, rate of flow, pH value, composi-
tion, and other important characteristics of the solution.
7.6.2 Stress-corrosion cracking at the identifying mark is a
8.2 An effort should be made to duplicate all pertinent
positive indication of susceptibility to such corrosion. How-
service conditions in the corrosion test.
ever, the absence of cracking should not be interpreted as
8.3 It is important that test conditions be controlled through-
indicating resistance (see 4.1.7.6).
out the test in order to ensure reproducible results.
7.7 Final surface treatment of the specimens should include 8.4 The spread in corrosion rate values for duplicate speci-
finishing with No. 120 abrasive paper or cloth or the equiva- mens in a given test probably should not exceed 610 % of the
lent, unless the surface is to be used in the mill finished average when the attack is uniform.
condition. This resurfacing may cause some surface work 8.5 Composition of Solution:
hardening, to an extent which will be determined by the vigor 8.5.1 Test solutions should be prepared accurately from
of the surfacing operation, but is not ordinarily significant. The chemicals conforming to the Specifications of the Committee
surface finish to be encountered in service may be more on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society5 and
appropriate for some testing. distilled water, except in those cases where naturally occurring
7.7.1 Coupons of different alloy compositions should never solutions or those taken directly from some plant process are
be ground on the same cloth. used.
7.7.2 Wet grinding should be used on alloys which work 8.5.2 The composition of the test solutions should be
harden quickly, such as the austenitic stainless steels. controlled to the fullest extent possible and should be described
as completely and as accurately as possible when the results are
7.8 The specimens should be finally degreased by scrubbing
reported.
with bleach-free scouring powder, followed by thorough rins-
8.5.2.1 Minor constituents should not be overlooked be-
ing in water and in a suitable solvent (such as acetone,
cause they often affect corrosion rates.
methanol, or a mixture of 50 % methanol and 50 % ether), and
8.5.2.2 Chemical content should be reported as percentage
air dried. For relatively soft metals (such as aluminum,
by weight of the solutions. Molarity and normality are also
magnesium, and copper), scrubbing with abrasive powder is helpful in defining the concentration of chemicals in some test
not always needed and can mar the surface of the specimen. solutions.
Proper ultrasonic procedures are an acceptable alternate. The 8.5.3 If problems are suspected, the composition of the test
use of towels for drying may introduce an error through solutions should be checked by analysis at the end of the test
contamination of the specimens with grease or lint. to determine the extent of change in composition, such as
7.9 The dried specimens should be weighed on an analytical might result from evaporation or depletion.
balance to an accuracy of at least 60.5 mg. If cleaning deposits 8.5.4 Evaporation losses may be controlled by a constant
(for example, scouring powder) remain or lack of complete level device or by frequent addition of appropriate solution to
dryness is suspected, then recleaning and drying is performed maintain the original volume within 61 %. Preferably, the use
until a constant mass is attained. of a reflux condenser ordinarily precludes the necessity of
7.10 The method of specimen preparation should be de- adding to the original kettle charge.
scribed when reporting test results, to facilitate interpretation 8.5.5 In some cases, composition of the test solution may
of data by other persons. change as a result of catalytic decomposition or by reaction
7.11 The use of welded specimens is sometimes desirable, with the test coupons. These changes should be determined if
because some welds may be cathodic or anodic to the parent possible. Where required, the exhausted constituents should be
metal and may affect the corrosion rate. added or a fresh solution provided during the course of the test.
8.5.6 When possible, only one type of metal should be
7.11.1 The heat-affected zone is also of importance but
exposed in a given test (see 4.1.6).
should be studied separately, because welds on coupons do not
faithfully reproduce heat input or size effects of full-size
weldments. 5
Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, American
7.11.2 Corrosion of a welded coupon is best reported by Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not
description and thickness measurements rather than a millime- listed by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for Laboratory
Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia
tre per year (mils per year) rate, because the attack is normally and National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,
localized and not representative of the entire surface. MD.
4
G 31 – 72 (2004)
8.6 Temperature of Solution: metal surface that exists in practice. The actual time of contact
8.6.1 Temperature of the corroding solution should be of the metal with the solution must also be taken into account.
controlled within 61°C (61.8°F) and must be stated in the Any necessary distortion of the test conditions must be
report of test results. considered when interpreting the results.
8.6.2 If no specific temperature, such as boiling point, is 8.10 Method of Supporting Specimens:
required or if a temperature range is to be investigated, the 8.10.1 The supporting device and container should not be
selected temperatures used in the test, and their respective affected by or cause contamination of the test solution.
duration, must be reported. 8.10.2 The method of supporting specimens will vary with
8.6.3 For tests at ambient temperature, the tests should be the apparatus used for conducting the test, but should be
conducted at the highest temperature anticipated for stagnant designed to insulate the specimens from each other physically
storage in summer months. This temperature may be as high as and electrically and to insulate the specimens from any metallic
from 40 to 45°C (104 to 113°F) in some areas. The variation in container or supporting device used within the apparatus.
temperature should be reported also (for example, 40 6 2°C).
8.10.3 Shape and form of the specimen support should
8.7 Aeration of Solution:
assure free contact of the specimen with the corroding solution,
8.7.1 Unless specified, the solution should not be aerated.
the liquid line, or the vapor phase as shown in Fig. 1. If clad
Most tests related to process equipment should be run with the
alloys are exposed, special procedures will be required to
natural atmosphere inherent in the process, such as the vapors
ensure that only the cladding is exposed, unless the purpose is
of the boiling liquid.
to test the ability of the cladding to protect cut edges in the test
8.7.2 If aeration is employed, the specimen should not be solution.
located in the direct air stream from the sparger. Extraneous
effects can be encountered if the air stream impinges on the 8.10.4 Some common supports are glass or ceramic rods,
specimens. glass saddles, glass hooks, fluorocarbon plastic strings, and
various insulated or coated metallic supports.
8.7.3 If exclusion of dissolved oxygen is necessary, specific
techniques are required, such as prior heating of the solution 8.11 Duration of Test:
and sparging with an inert gas (usually nitrogen). A liquid 8.11.1 Although duration of any test will be determined by
atmospheric seal is required on the test vessel to prevent further the nature and purpose of the test, an excellent procedure for
contamination. evaluating the effect of time on corrosion of the metal and also
8.7.4 If oxygen saturation of the test solution is desired, this on the corrosiveness of the environment in laboratory tests has
can best be achieved by sparging with oxygen. For other been presented by Wachter and Treseder (4). This technique is
degrees of aeration, the solution should be sparaged with air or called the “planned interval test,” and the procedure and
synthetic mixtures of air or oxygen with an inert gas. Oxygen evaluation of results are given in Table 1. Other procedures that
saturation is a function of the partial pressure of oxygen in the require the removal of solid corrosion products between
gas. exposure periods will not measure accurately the normal
8.8 Solution Velocity: changes of corrosion with time.
8.8.1 The effect of velocity is not usually determined in 8.11.2 Materials that experience severe corrosion generally
normal laboratory tests, although specific tests have been do not ordinarily need lengthy tests to obtain accurate corro-
designed for this purpose. sion rates. However, there are cases where this assumption is
8.8.2 Tests at the boiling point should be conducted with the not valid. For example, lead exposed to sulfuric acid corrodes
minimum possible heat input, and boiling chips should be used at an extremely high rate at first, while building a protective
to avoid excessive turbulence and bubble impingement. film; then the rates decrease considerably so that further
8.8.3 In tests below the boiling point, thermal convection corrosion is negligible. The phenomenon of forming a protec-
generally is the only source of liquid velocity. tive film is observed with many corrosion-resistant materials.
8.8.4 In test solutions with high viscosity, supplemental Therefore, short tests on such materials would indicate a high
controlled stirring with a magnetic stirrer is recommended. corrosion rate and be completely misleading.
8.9 Volume of Test Solution: 8.11.3 Short-time tests also can give misleading results on
8.9.1 The volume of the test solution should be large enough alloys that form passive films, such as stainless steels. With
to avoid any appreciable change in its corrosivity during the borderline conditions, a prolonged test may be needed to
test, either through exhaustion of corrosive constituents or by permit breakdown of the passive film and subsequent more
accumulation of corrosion products that might affect further rapid attack. Consequently, tests run for long periods are
corrosion. considerably more realistic than those conducted for short
8.9.2 Two examples of a minimum “solution volume- durations. This statement must be qualified by stating that
tospecimen area” ratio are 0.20 mL/mm2 (125 mL/in.2) of corrosion should not proceed to the point where the original
specimen surface (Practice A 262), and 0.40 mL/mm 2 (250 specimen size or the exposed area is drastically reduced or
mL/in.2). where the metal is perforated.
8.9.3 When the test objective is to determine the effect of a 8.11.4 If anticipated corrosion rates are moderate or low, the
metal or alloy on the characteristics of the test solution (for following equation gives the suggested test duration:
example, to determine the effects of metals on dyes), it is Hours 5 2000/~corrosion rate in mpy! (2)
desirable to reproduce the ratio of solution volume to exposed
5
G 31 – 72 (2004)
TABLE 1 Planned Interval Corrosion Test 9. Methods of Cleaning Specimens after Test
(Reprinted by permission from Chemical Engineering Progress, June
1947) 9.1 Before specimens are cleaned, their appearance should
Identical specimens all placed in the same corrosive fluid. Imposed be observed and recorded. Location of deposits, variations in
conditions of the test kept constant for entire time t + 1. Letters, A1, A types of deposits, or variations in corrosion products are
t, At+1, B, represent corrosion damage experienced by each test
extremely important in evaluating localized corrosion, such as
specimen. A2 is calculated by subtracting Atfrom At+1.
pitting and concentration cell attack.
Occurrences During Corrosion Test Criteria
9.2 Cleaning specimens after the test is a vital step in the
Liquid corrosiveness unchanged A1 = B
decreased B < A1
corrosion test procedure and if not done properly, can cause
increased A1 < B misleading results.
9.2.1 Generally, the cleaning procedure should remove all
Metal corrodibility unchanged A2 = B corrosion products from specimens with a minimum removal
decreased A2 < B of sound metal.
increased B < A2
9.2.2 Set rules cannot be applied to specimen cleaning,
Combinations of Situations
because procedures will vary, depending on the type of metal
being cleaned and on the degree of adherence of corrosion
Liquid corrosiveness Metal corrodibility Criteria
products.
1. unchanged unchanged A1 = A 2 = B
2. unchanged decreased A2 < A1 = B
9.3 Cleaning methods can be divided into three general
3. unchanged increased A1 = B < A2 categories: mechanical, chemical, and electrolytic.
4. decreased unchanged A2 = B < A1 9.3.1 Mechanical cleaning includes scrubbing, scraping,
5. decreased decreased A2 < B < A1
6. decreased increased A1 > B < A2 brushing, mechanical shocking, and ultrasonic procedures.
7. increased unchanged A1 < A2 = B Scrubbing with a bristle brush and mild abrasive is the most
8. increased decreased A1 < B > A2 popular of these methods. The others are used principally as a
9. increased increased A1 < B < A2
supplement to remove heavily encrusted corrosion products
Example; Conditions: Duplicate strips of low-carbon steel, each 19 by 76 mm
(3⁄4 by 3 in.), immersed in 200 mL of 10 % AlCl3-90 % SbCl3 mixture through
before scrubbing. Care should be used to avoid the removal of
which dried HCl gas was slowly bubbled at atmospheric pressure. Temperature sound metal.
90°C. 9.3.2 Chemical cleaning implies the removal of material
Apparent from the surface of the specimen by dissolution in an appro-
Interval, Mass Loss, Penetration, Corrosion
days mg mm (mils) Rate, mm/y priate chemical solution. Solvents such as acetone, carbon
(mpy) tetrachloride, and alcohol are used to remove oil, grease, or
A1 0–1 1080 .043 (1.69) 15.7 (620) resin and are usually applied prior to other methods of
At 0–3 1430 .057 (2.24) 6.9 (270) cleaning. Chemicals are chosen for application to a specific
At+1 0–4 1460 .058 (2.29) 5.3 (210)
B 3–4 70 .003 (0.11) 1.0 (40)
material. Methods for chemical cleaning after testing of spe-
A2 calc. 3–4 30 .001 (0.05) 0.5 (18) cific metals and alloys are described in Practice G 1.
Example: A2 < B < A1 9.3.3 Electrolytic cleaning should be preceded by scrubbing
.001 < .003 < .043 (0.05 < 0.11 < 1.69) to remove loosely adhering corrosion products. A method of
Therefore, liquid markedly decreased in corrosiveness during test, and formation electrolytic cleaning is described in Practice G 1.
of partially protective scale on the steel was indicated.
9.3.3.1 Precautions must be taken to ensure good electrical
contact with the specimen, to avoid contamination of the
where mpy = mils per year (see 11.2.1 and Note 1 for solution with easily reducible metal ions, and to ensure that
conversion to other units). inhibitor decomposition has not occurred.
8.11.4.1 Example—Where the corrosion rate is 0.25 mm/y 9.4 Whatever treatment is used to clean specimens after a
(10 mpy), the test should run for at least 200 h. corrosion test, its effect in removing metal should be deter-
8.11.4.2 This method of estimating test duration is useful mined and the mass loss should be corrected accordingly. A
only as an aid in deciding, after a test has been made, whether “blank” specimen should be weighed before and after exposure
or not it is desirable to repeat the test for a longer period. The to the cleaning procedure to establish this mass loss (see also
most common testing periods are 48 to 168 h (2 to 7 days). Practice G 1). Careful observation is needed to ensure that
8.11.5 In some cases, it may be necessary to know the pitting does not occur during cleaning.
degree of contamination caused by the products of corrosion.
9.4.1 Following removal of all scale, the specimen should
This can be accomplished by analysis of the solution after
be treated as discussed in 5.8.
corrosion has occurred. The corrosion rate can be calculated
from the concentration of the matrix metal found in the 9.4.2 The description of the cleaning method should be
solution and it can be compared to that determined from the included with the data reported.
mass loss of the specimens. However, some of the corrosion
products usually adhere to the specimen as a scale and the 10. Interpretation of Results
corrosion rate calculated from the metal content in the solution 10.1 After corroded specimens have been cleaned, they
is not always correct. should be reweighed with an accuracy corresponding to that of
8.12 The design of corrosion testing programs is further the original weighing. The mass loss during the test period can
discussed in Guide G 16. be used as the principal measure of corrosion.
6
G 31 – 72 (2004)
10.2 After the specimens have been reweighed, they should 11.2.1 Many different units are used to express corrosion
be examined carefully for the presence of any pits. If there are rates. Using the above units for T, A, W, and D, the corrosion
any pits, the average and maximum depths of pits are deter- rate can be calculated in a variety of units with the following
mined with a pit gage or a calibrated microscope which can be appropriate value of K:
focused first on the edges and then on the bottoms of the pits. Constant (K) in Corrosion
The degree of lateral spreading of pits may also be noted. Corrosion Rate Units Desired Rate Equation
mils per year (mpy) 3.45 3 106
10.2.1 Pit depths should be reported in millimetres or inches per year (ipy) 3.45 3 103
thousandths of an inch for the test period and not interpolated inches per month (ipm) 2.87 3 102
or extrapolated to millimetres per year, thousandths of an inch millimetres per year (mm/y) 8.76 3 104
per year, or any other arbitrary period because rarely, if ever, is micrometres per year (µm/y) 8.76 3 107
the rate of initiation or propagation of pits uniform. picometres per second (pm/s) 2.78 3 106
10.2.2 The size, shape, and distribution of pits should be grams per square metre per hour (g/m2·h) 1.00 3 104 3 DA
noted. A distinction should be made between those occurring milligrams per square decimetre per day (mdd) 2.40 3 106 3 DA
underneath the supporting devices (concentration cells) and micrograms per square metre per second (µg/ 2.78 3 106 3 DA
m2·s)
those on the surfaces that were freely exposed to the test ___________
solution (see Guide G 46). A
Density is not needed to calculate the corrosion rate in these units. The density
10.3 If the material being tested is suspected of being in the constant K cancels out the density in the corrosion rate equation.
subject to dealloying forms of corrosion such as dezincification NOTE 1—If desired, these constants may also be used to convert
or to intergranular attack, a cross section of the specimen corrosion rates from one set of units to another. To convert a corrosion rate
should be microscopically examined for evidence of such in units X to a rate of units Y, multiply by KY/KX for example:
attack.
15 mpy 5 15 3 [~2.78 3 10 6!/~~3.45 3 106!#pm/s
10.4 The specimen may be subjected to simple bending tests
to determine whether any embrittlement attack has occurred. 5 12.1 pm/s (4)
10.5 It may be desirable to make quantitative mechanical
tests, comparing the exposed specimens with uncorroded 12. Report
specimens reserved for the purpose, as described in 7.2.
12.1 The importance of reporting all data as completely as
possible cannot be overemphasized.
11. Calculating Corrosion Rates
12.2 Expansion of the testing program in the future or
11.1 Calculating corrosion rates requires several pieces of correlating the results with tests of other investigators will be
information and several assumptions: possible only if all pertinent information is properly recorded.
11.1.1 The use of corrosion rates implies that all mass loss 12.3 The following checklist is a recommended guide for
has been due to general corrosion and not to localized reporting all important information and data.
corrosion, such as pitting or intergranular corrosion of sensi- 12.3.1 Corrosive media and concentration (any changes
tized areas on welded coupons. Localized corrosion is reported during test).
separately. 12.3.2 Volume of test solution.
11.1.2 The use of corrosion rates also implies that the 12.3.3 Temperature (maximum, minimum, average).
material has not been internally attacked as by dezincification 12.3.4 Aeration (describe conditions or technique).
or intergranular corrosion. 12.3.5 Agitation (describe conditions or technique).
11.1.3 Internal attack can be expressed as a corrosion rate if 12.3.6 Type of apparatus used for test.
desired. However, the calculations must not be based on mass 12.3.7 Duration of each test.
loss (except in qualification tests such as Practices A 262), 12.3.8 Chemical composition or trade name of metals
which is usually small but on microsections which show depth tested.
of attack.
12.3.9 Form and metallurgical conditions of specimens.
11.2 Assuming that localized or internal corrosion is not 12.3.10 Exact size, shape, and area of specimens.
present or is recorded separately in the report, the average
12.3.11 Treatment used to prepare specimens for test.
corrosion rate can be calculated by the following equation:
12.3.12 Number of specimens of each material tested, and
Corrosion rate 5 ~K 3 W!/~A 3 T 3 D! (3) whether specimens were tested separately or which specimens
tested in the same container.
where: 12.3.13 Method used to clean specimens after exposure and
K = a constant (see below) the extent of any error expected by this treatment.
T = time of exposure in hours to the nearest 0.01 h, 12.3.14 Initial and final masses and actual mass losses for
A = area in cm2 to the nearest 0.01 cm2, each specimen.
W = mass loss in g, to nearest 1 mg (corrected for any loss 12.3.15 Evaluation of attack if other than general, such as
during cleaning (see 9.4)), and crevice corrosion under support rod, pit depth and distribution,
D = density in g/cm3, (see Appendix X1 of Practice G 1). and results of microscopical examination or bend tests.
12.3.16 Corrosion rates for each specimen.
7
G 31 – 72 (2004)
12.4 Minor occurrences or deviations from the proposed test 13. Keywords
program often can have significant effects and should be
13.1 accelerated; immersion; laboratory; mass loss; metals;
reported if known.
pitting
12.5 Statistics can be a valuable tool for analyzing the
results from test programs designed to generate adequate data.
Excellent references for the use of statistics in corrosion studies
include Ref. (5-7) and in Guide G 16.
REFERENCES
(1) Fisher, A. O., and Whitney, Jr., F. L., “Laboratory Methods for Mathematics in Chemical Engineering 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill
Determining Corrosion Rates Under Heat Flux Conditions,” Corro- Book Co., New York, NY 1957.
sion, Vol 15, No. 5, May 1959, p. 257t. (6) Youden, W. J., Experimentation and Measurement, National Science
(2) U.S. Patent 3,228,236, 1969. Teachers Assn., Washington, DC, 1962.
(3) “Stress Corrosion Test Environments and Test Durations,” Symposium
on Stress Corrosion Testing, ASTM STP 425, ASTM, 1967. (7) Booth, F. F., and Tucker, G. E. G., “Statistical Distribution of
(4) Wachter, A., and Treseder, R. S., “Corrosion Testing Evaluation of Endurance in Electrochemical Stress-Corrosion Tests,” Corrosion, Vol
Metals for Process Equipment,” Chemical Engineering Progress, Vol 21, No. 5, May 1965, pp. 173–177.
43, June 1947, pp. 315–326. (8) Champion, F. A., Corrosion Testing Procedures, 2nd Edition, John
(5) Mickley, H. S., Sherwood, T. K., and Reed, C. E. editors, Applied Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 1965.
ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.
This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should
make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.
This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above
address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or service@astm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website
(www.astm.org).
8
LAMPIRAN C
API 570
54 API 570
Refer to API 576 for additional information on PRD pop test results and investigations.
7 Inspection Data Evaluation, Analysis, and Recording

7.1 Corrosion Rate Determination
7.1.1 General
The owner/user may use either the Point-to-Point analysis method or a statistical analysis method, or a combination
of both, to determine the long term or short time corrosion rates.
7.1.2 Point-to-Point Method
The Long Term (LT) corrosion rate of an individual CML shall be calculated from the following formula:
t initial – t actual
Corrosion rate ( LT ) = -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- (1)
time ( years ) between t initial and t actual
The Short Term (ST) corrosion rate of an individual CML shall be calculated from the following formula:
t initial – t actual
Corrosion rate ( ST ) = -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
time ( years ) between t previous and t actual
where
tinitial is the thickness, in inches (millimeters), at the same location as tactual measured at initial installation
or at the commencement of a new corrosion rate environment;
tprevious is the thickness, in inches (millimeters), at the same location as tactual measured during one or more
previous inspections.
LT and ST corrosion rates should be compared to see which results in the shortest remaining life as part of the data
assessment. The authorized inspector, in consultation with a corrosion specialist, shall select the corrosion rate that
best reflects the current process (see 6.3.3 for inspection interval determination).
7.1.3 Statistical Analysis Method
The Owner–User may elect to use a statistical analysis method (e.g. probability plots or related tools) to establish a
representative corrosion, remaining life estimate and/or re-inspection date. Any statistical approach shall be
documented. Care shall be taken to ensure that the statistical treatment of data results reflects a reasonably
conservative representation of the various pipe components within the circuit. Statistical analysis employing point
measurements is not applicable to piping circuits with significant localized unpredictable corrosion mechanisms (See
additional notes and statistical analysis in 6.5). There are many statistical tools that can be employed once Piping
Circuits have been properly established. While such calculations offer a convenient means to numerically summarize
Circuit data, it is often the combination of descriptive statistics plus data visualization through statistical plots that
provide the most useful results.
See API 574 for additional discussion on statistical analysis methods.
7.2 Remaining Life Calculations
The remaining life shall be calculated from the following formula:

t actual – t required
Remaining life ( years ) = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (2)
corrosion rate [ inches ( mm ) per year ]
--`,,,``````````,`,,,`,,``,,,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Copyright American Petroleum Institute

Provided by IHS under license with API
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
PIPING INSPECTION CODE: IN-SERVICE INSPECTION, RATING, REPAIR, AND ALTERATION OF PIPING SYSTEMS 55
where
tactual is the actual thickness, in inches (millimeters), measured at the time of inspection for a given location
or component as specified in 5.7.
trequired is the required thickness, in inches (millimeters), at the same location or component as the actual
measurement computed by the design formulas (e.g. pressure and structural) before corrosion
allowance and manufacturer's tolerance are added.
7.3 Newly Installed Piping Systems or Changes in Service
For new piping systems and piping systems for which service conditions are being changed, one of the following
methods shall be employed to determine the probable rate of corrosion from which the remaining wall thickness at the
time of the next inspection can be estimated.
a) A corrosion rate for a piping circuit may be calculated from data collected by the owner/user on piping systems of
similar material in comparable service and comparable operating conditions.
b) If data for the same or similar service are not available, a corrosion rate for a piping circuit may be estimated from
the owner/user's experience or from published data on piping systems in comparable service.
c) If the probable corrosion rate cannot be determined by either method listed in 7.3a) or 7.3b), the initial thickness
measurement determinations shall be made after no more than three months of service by using nondestructive
thickness measurements of the piping system. Corrosion monitoring devices, such as corrosion coupons or
corrosion probes, may be useful in establishing the timing of these thickness measurements. Subsequent
measurements shall be made after appropriate intervals until the corrosion rate is established.
7.4 Existing and Replacement Piping
Corrosion rates shall be calculated on one of the methods identified in 7.1. For repaired or in-kind replacement piping,
the corrosion rate shall be established based on the previous worse case measured rate at the replacement location
or the circuit average rate.
If calculations indicate that an inaccurate rate of corrosion has been assumed, the rate to be used for the next period
shall be adjusted to agree with the actual rate found.
7.5 MAWP Determination
The MAWP for the continued use of piping systems shall be established using the applicable code. Computations
may be made for known materials if all the following essential details are known to comply with the principles of the
applicable code:
a) upper and/or lower temperature limits for specific materials,

--`,,,``````````,`,,,`,,``,,,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
b) quality of materials and workmanship,
c) inspection requirements,
d) reinforcement of openings,
e) any cyclical service requirements.
Copyright American Petroleum Institute

Provided by IHS under license with API
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
LAMPIRAN D
ASME B31.3
ASME B31.3-2016
the wall thickness shall be increased to prevent over- the maximum value allowable under the pur-
stress, damage, collapse, or buckling due to superim- chase specification.
posed loads from supports, ice formation, backfill, E p quality factor from Table A-1A or Table A-1B
transportation, handling, or other loads enumerated in P p internal design gage pressure
para. 301. S p stress value for material from Table A-1 or
(b) Where increasing the thickness would excessively Table A-1M
increase local stresses or the risk of brittle fracture, or T p pipe wall thickness (measured or minimum in
is otherwise impracticable, the impact of applied loads accordance with the purchase specification)
may be mitigated through additional supports, braces, t p pressure design thickness, as calculated in
or other means without requiring an increased wall
accordance with para. 304.1.2 for internal pres-
thickness. Particular consideration should be given to
sure or as determined in accordance with
the mechanical strength of small pipe connections to
para. 304.1.3 for external pressure
piping or equipment.
tm p minimum required thickness, including
mechanical, corrosion, and erosion allowances
PART 2 W p weld joint strength reduction factor in accor-
PRESSURE DESIGN OF PIPING COMPONENTS dance with para. 302.3.5(e)
303 GENERAL Y p coefficient from Table 304.1.1, valid for t < D/6
and for materials shown. The value of Y may
Components manufactured in accordance with stan- be interpolated for intermediate temperatures.
dards listed in Table 326.1 shall be considered suitable For t ≥ D/6,
for use at pressure–temperature ratings in accordance
with para. 302.2.1 or para. 302.2.2, as applicable. The d + 2c
rules in para. 304 are intended for pressure design of Yp
D + d + 2c
components not covered in Table 326.1, but may be used
for a special or more-rigorous design of such compo- 304.1.2 Straight Pipe Under Internal Pressure
nents, or to satisfy requirements of para. 302.2.2. Designs (a) For t < D/6, the internal pressure design thickness
shall be checked for adequacy of mechanical strength for straight pipe shall be not less than that calculated
--`,,,,,`,,````,````,````,``,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
as described in para. 302.5. in accordance with either eq. (3a) or eq. (3b)
PD
304 PRESSURE DESIGN OF COMPONENTS tp (3a)
2共SEW + PY 兲
304.1 Straight Pipe
P 共d + 2c兲
(16) 304.1.1 General tp (3b)
2关SEW − P 共1 − Y 兲兴
(a) The required thickness of straight sections of pipe
shall be determined in accordance with eq. (2) (b) For t ≥ D/6 or for P/SE > 0.385, calculation of
pressure design thickness for straight pipe requires spe-
tm p t + c (2)
cial consideration of factors such as theory of failure,
The minimum thickness, T, for the pipe selected, con- effects of fatigue, and thermal stress.
sidering manufacturer’s minus tolerance, shall be not 304.1.3 Straight Pipe Under External Pressure. To (16)
less than tm . determine wall thickness and stiffening requirements
(b) The following nomenclature is used in the equa- for straight pipe under external pressure, the procedure
tions for pressure design of straight pipe: outlined in the BPV Code, Section VIII, Division 1, UG-28
c p sum of the mechanical allowances (thread or through UG-30 shall be followed, using as the design
groove depth) plus corrosion and erosion length, L, the running centerline length between any
allowances. For threaded components, the two sections stiffened in accordance with UG-29. As an
nominal thread depth (dimension h of
exception, for pipe with Do /t < 10, the value of S to be
ASME B1.20.1, or equivalent) shall apply. For
used in determining Pa2 shall be the lesser of the follow-
machined surfaces or grooves where the toler-
ing values for pipe material at design temperature:
ance is not specified, the tolerance shall be
(a) 1.5 times the stress value from Table A-1 or
assumed to be 0.5 mm (0.02 in.) in addition to
the specified depth of the cut. Table A-1M of this Code, or
D p outside diameter of pipe as listed in tables of (b) 0.9 times the yield strength tabulated in Section II,
standards or specifications or as measured Part D, Table Y-1 for materials listed therein
d p inside diameter of pipe. For pressure design (The symbol Do in Section VIII is equivalent to D in this
calculation, the inside diameter of the pipe is Code.)
ASME B31.3-2016
Table 304.1.1 Values of Coefficient Y for t < D/6

Temperature, °C (°F)
482 (900) 510 538 566 593 621 649 677 (1,250)
Material and Below (950) (1,000) (1,050) (1,100) (1,150) (1,200) and Above
Ferritic steels 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7
Austenitic steels 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.7
Nickel alloys 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.7
UNS Nos. N06617,
N08800, N08810,
and N08825
Gray iron 0.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Other ductile metals 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
Fig. 304.2.1 Nomenclature for Pipe Bends Fig. 304.2.3 Nomenclature for Miter Bends
R1
Intrados
Extrados
304.2 Curved and Mitered Segments of Pipe

304.2.1 Pipe Bends. The minimum required thick-
ness, tm, of a bend, after bending, in its finished form,
shall be determined in accordance with eqs. (2) and (3c)
PD
tp (3c)
2[(SEW/I) + PY]
where at the intrados (inside bend radius) 304.2.2 Elbows. Manufactured elbows not in accor-
dance with para. 303 shall be qualified as required by
4(R1/D) − 1
Ip (3d) para. 304.7.2 or designed in accordance with
4(R1/D) − 2
para. 304.2.1, except as provided in para. 328.4.2(b)(6).
and at the extrados (outside bend radius) 304.2.3 Miter Bends. An angular offset of 3 deg or
4(R1/D) + 1 less (angle ␣ in Fig. 304.2.3) does not require design
Ip (3e) consideration as a miter bend. Acceptable methods for
4(R1/D) + 2
pressure design of multiple and single miter bends are
and at the sidewall on the bend centerline radius, given in (a) and (b) below.
I p 1.0, and where (a) Multiple Miter Bends. The maximum allowable
R1 p bend radius of welding elbow or pipe bend internal pressure shall be the lesser value calculated from
eqs. (4a) and (4b). These equations are not applicable
Thickness variations from the intrados to the extrados when ␪ exceeds 22.5 deg.
and along the length of the bend shall be gradual. The
SEW 共T − c 兲
冢冣
thickness requirements apply at the mid-span of the T−c
Pm p (4a)
bend, ␥/2, at the intrados, extrados, and bend centerline r2 共T − c兲 + 0.643 tan␪冪r2共T − c 兲
radius. The minimum thickness at the end tangents shall
SEW 共T − c 兲 R1 − r2
not be less than the requirements of para. 304.1 for
straight pipe (see Fig. 304.2.1).
Pm p
r2 冢
R1 − 0.5r2 冣 (4b)
ASME B31.3-2016
Table 302.3.5 Weld Joint Strength Reduction Factor, W

Component Temperature, Ti, °C (°F)
427 454 482 510 538 566 593 621 649 677 704 732 760 788 816
Steel Group (800) (850) (900) (950) (1,000) (1,050) (1,100) (1,150) (1,200) (1,250) (1,300) (1,350) (1,400) (1,450) (1,500)
CrMo 1 0.95 0.91 0.86 0.82 0.77 0.73 0.68 0.64 ... ... ... ... ... ...
[Notes (1)–(3)]
CSEF (N + T) ... ... ... 1 0.95 0.91 0.86 0.82 0.77 ... ... ... ... ... ...
[Notes (3)–(5)]
CSEF ... ... 1 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 ... ... ... ... ... ...
[Notes (3) and (4)]
(Subcritical PWHT)
Autogenous welds in aus- ... ... ... 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
tenitic stainless grade
3xx, and N088xx and
N066xx nickel alloys
[Note (6)]
Austenitic stainless grade ... ... ... 1 0.95 0.91 0.86 0.82 0.77 0.73 0.68 0.64 0.59 0.55 0.5
3xx and N088xx nickel
alloys [Notes (7) and
(8)]
Other materials [Note (9)] ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
GENERAL NOTES:
(a) Weld joint strength reduction factors at temperatures above the upper temperature limit listed in Appendix A for the base metal or out-
side of the applicable range in Table 302.3.5 are the responsibility of the designer. At temperatures below those where weld joint
strength reduction factors are tabulated, a value of 1.0 shall be used for the factor W where required; however, the additional rules of
this Table and Notes do not apply.
(b) Tcr p temperature 25°C (50°F) below the temperature identifying the start of time-dependent properties listed under
"NOTES – TIME-DEPENDENT PROPERTIES" (Txx) in the Notes to Tables 1A and 1B of the BPV Code Section II, Part D for the base metals
joined by welding. For materials not listed in the BPV Code Section II, Part D, Tcr shall be the temperature where the creep rate or
stress rupture criteria in paras. 302.3.2(d)(4), (5), and (6) governs the basic allowable stress value of the metals joined by welding.
When the base metals differ, the lower value of Tcr shall be used for the weld joint.
(c) Ti p temperature, °C (°F), of the component for the coincident operating pressure–temperature condition, i, under consideration.
(d) CAUTIONARY NOTE: There are many factors that may affect the life of a welded joint at elevated temperature and all of those factors
cannot be addressed in a table of weld strength reduction factors. For example, fabrication issues such as the deviation from a true cir-
cular form in pipe (e.g., "peaking" at longitudinal weld seams) or offset at the weld joint can cause an increase in stress that may
result in reduced service life and control of these deviations is recommended.
(e) The weld joint strength reduction factor, W, may be determined using linear interpolation for intermediate temperature values.
NOTES:
(1) The Cr–Mo Steels include: 1⁄2Cr–1⁄2Mo, 1Cr–1⁄2Mo, 11⁄4Cr–1⁄2Mo–Si, 21⁄4Cr–1Mo, 3Cr–1Mo, 5Cr–1⁄2Mo, 9Cr–1Mo. Longitudinal and spiral
(helical seam) welds shall be normalized, normalized and tempered, or subjected to proper subcritical postweld heat treatment (PWHT)
for the alloy. Required examination is in accordance with para. 341.4.4 or 305.2.4.
(2) Longitudinal and spiral (helical seam) seam fusion welded construction is not permitted for C–1⁄2Mo steel above 850°F.
(3) The required carbon content of the weld filler metal shall be ≥0.05 C wt. %. See para. 341.4.4(b) for examination requirements.
Basicity index of SAW flux ≥1.0.
(4) The CSEF (Creep Strength Enhanced Ferritic) steels include grades 91, 92, 911, 122, and 23.
(5) N + T p Normalizing + Tempering PWHT.
(6) Autogenous welds without filler metal in austenitic stainless steel (grade 3xx) and austenitic nickel alloys UNS Nos. N066xx and
N088xx. A solution anneal after welding is required for use of the factors in the Table. See para. 341.4.3(b) for examination
requirements.
(7) Alternatively, the 100,000 hr Stress Rupture Factors listed in ASME Section III, Division 1, Subsection NH, Tables I-14.10 A-xx, B-xx,
and C-xx may be used as the weld joint strength reduction factor for the materials and welding consumables specified.
(8) Certain heats of the austenitic stainless steels, particularly for those grades whose creep strength is enhanced by the precipitation of
temper-resistant carbides and carbonitrides, can suffer from an embrittlement condition in the weld heat affected zone that can lead to
premature failure of welded components operating at elevated temperatures. A solution annealing heat treatment of the weld area miti-
gates this susceptibility.
(9) For carbon steel, W p 1.0 for all temperatures. For materials other than carbon steel, CrMo, CSEF, and the austenitic alloys listed in
Table 302.3.5, W shall be as follows: For Ti ≤ Tcr, W p 1.0. For Tcr < Ti ≤ 1,500°F, W p 1 − 0.000909(Ti − Tcr). If Ti exceeds the upper
temperature for which an allowable stress value is listed in Appendix A for the base metal, the value for W is the responsibility of the
designer.
ASME B31.3-2016
(16) Table A-1 Basic Allowable Stresses in Tension for Metals (Cont’d)
Numbers in Parentheses Refer to Notes for Appendix A Tables; Specifications Are ASTM Unless Otherwise Indicated
Specified
Class/ Min. Min. Min.
Type/ UNS Condition/ Temp., Strength, ksi Temp.
Material Spec. No. Grade No. Temper Size, in. P-No. (5) Notes °F (6) Tensile Yield to 100 200 300
Carbon Steel (Cont’d)

Plates, Bars, Shapes, and Sheets (Structural)
... A283 A K01400 ... ... 1 (8c)(57) A 45 24 15.0 14.7 14.2
... A1011 30 K02502 ... ... 1 (8c)(57) A 49 30 16.3 16.3 16.3

... A283 B K01702 ... ... 1 (8c)(57) A 50 27 16.7 16.5 15.9
... A1011 33 K02502 ... ... 1 (8c)(57) A 52 33 17.3 17.3 17.3
... A1011 36 K02502 ... ... 1 (8c)(57) A 53 36 17.7 17.7 17.7
... A283 C K02401 ... ... 1 (8c)(57) A 55 30 18.3 18.3 17.7

... A1011 40 K02502 ... ... 1 (8c)(57) A 55 40 18.3 18.3 18.3
... A36 ... K02600 ... ... 1 (8c) A 58 36 19.3 19.3 19.3
... A283 D K02702 ... ... 1 (8c)(57) A 60 33 20.0 20.0 19.5

... A1011 45 K02507 ... ... 1 (8c)(57) A 60 45 20.0 20.0 20.0
... A1011 50 K02507 ... ... 1 (8c)(57) A 65 50 21.7 21.7 21.7

... A992 . . . ... ... ... 1 (8c)(57) A 65 50 19.9 19.9 19.9
Forgings and Fittings

... A350 LF1 K03009 ... ... 1 (9)(57)(59) −20 60 30 20.0 18.3 17.7
... A181 ... K03502 60 ... 1 (9)(57)(59) A 60 30 20.0 18.3 17.7
... A420 WPL6 K03006 ... ... 1 (57) −50 60 35 20.0 20.0 20.0
... A234 WPB K03006 ... ... 1 (57)(59) B 60 35 20.0 20.0 20.0
... A350 LF2 K03011 1 ... 1 (9)(57) −50 70 36 23.3 22.0 21.2
... A350 LF2 K03011 2 ... 1 (9)(57) 0 70 36 23.3 22.0 21.2
... A105 ... K03504 ... ... 1 (9)(57)(59) −20 70 36 23.3 22.0 21.2
... A181 ... K03502 70 ... 1 (9)(57)(59) A 70 36 23.3 22.0 21.2
... A234 WPC K03501 ... ... 1 (57)(59) B 70 40 23.3 23.3 23.3
Castings (2)
... A216 WCA J02502 ... ... 1 (57) −20 60 30 20.0 18.3 17.7
... A352 LCB J03003 ... ... 1 (9)(57) −50 65 35 21.7 21.4 20.6
... A352 LCC J02505 ... ... 1 (9) −50 70 40 23.3 23.3 23.3
... A216 WCB J03002 ... ... 1 (9)(57) −20 70 36 23.3 22.0 21.2
... A216 WCC J02503 ... ... 1 (9)(57) −20 70 40 23.3 23.3 23.3
ASME B31.3-2016
Table A-1B Basic Quality Factors for Longitudinal Weld Joints in Pipes and Tubes, Ej (16)
These quality factors are determined in accordance with para. 302.3.4(a). See also para. 302.3.4(b) and
Table 302.3.4 for increased quality factors applicable in special cases. Specifications, except API, are ASTM.
Ej Appendix A
Spec. No. Class (or Type) Description [Note (2)] Notes
Carbon Steel
API 5L ... Seamless pipe 1.00 ...
Electric fusion welded pipe, 100% radiographed 1.00 ...
Electric resistance welded pipe 0.85 ...
Electric fusion welded pipe, double butt seam 0.95 ...
Continuous welded (furnace butt welded) pipe 0.60 ...
A53 Type S Seamless pipe 1.00 ...
Type E Electric resistance welded pipe 0.85 ...
Type F Furnace butt welded pipe 0.60 ...
A105 ... Forgings 1.00 (9)
A106 ... Seamless pipe 1.00 ...
A134 ... Electric fusion welded pipe, single butt, straight 0.80 ...
or spiral (helical) seam
A135 ... Electric resistance welded pipe 0.85 ...
A139 ... Electric fusion welded pipe, straight or spiral 0.80 ...
(helical) seam
A179 ... Seamless tube 1.00 ...
A181 ... Forgings 1.00 (9)
Electric resistance welded pipe 0.85 ...
A350 ... Forgings 1.00 (9)
A381 ... Electric fusion welded pipe, 100% radiographed 1.00 ...
Electric fusion welded pipe, spot radiographed 0.90 (19)
Electric fusion welded pipe, as manufactured 0.85 ...
A587 ... Electric resistance welded pipe 0.85 ...
A671 12, 22, 32, 42, 52 Electric fusion welded pipe, 100% radiographed 1.00 ...
13, 23, 33, 43, 53 Electric fusion welded pipe, double butt seam 0.85 ...
Low and Intermediate Alloy Steel

A182 ... Forgings 1.00 (9)
Electric resistance welded pipe 0.85 (78)
A350 ... Forgings 1.00 ...
13, 23, 33, 43, 53 Electric fusion welded pipe, double butt seam 0.85 (78)
LAMPIRAN E
ASTM A105
LAMPIRAN F
HANDBOOK OF
CORROSION ENGINEERING
0765162_Ch10_Roberge 9/1/99 6:15 Page 833
Chapter
10
Corrosion Inhibitors
10.1 Introduction 833

10.2 Classification of Inhibitors 834
10.2.1 Passivating (anodic) 836
10.2.2 Cathodic 837
10.2.3 Organic 837
10.2.4 Precipitation inhibitors 837
10.2.5 Volatile corrosion inhibitors 838
10.3 Corrosion Inhibition Mechanism 838
10.3.1 Inhibitors for acid solutions 839
10.3.2 Inhibitors in near-neutral solutions 845
10.3.3 Inhibitors for oil and gas systems 851
10.3.4 Atmospheric and gaseous corrosion 857
10.4 Selection of an Inhibitor System 860
References 861
10.1 Introduction
The use of chemical inhibitors to decrease the rate of corrosion
processes is quite varied. In the oil extraction and processing indus-
tries, inhibitors have always been considered to be the first line of
defense against corrosion. A great number of scientific studies have
been devoted to the subject of corrosion inhibitors. However, most of
what is known has grown from trial and error experiments, both in the
laboratories and in the field. Rules, equations, and theories to guide
inhibitor development or use are very limited.
By definition, a corrosion inhibitor is a chemical substance that, when
added in small concentration to an environment, effectively decreases
the corrosion rate. The efficiency of an inhibitor can be expressed by a
measure of this improvement:
833
0765162_Ch10_Roberge 9/1/99 6:15 Page 834
834 Chapter Ten
(CR uninhibited CR inhibited)

Inhibitor efficiency (%) 100 (10.1)
CRuninhibited
where CRuninhibited corrosion rate of the uninhibited system

CRinhibited corrosion rate of the inhibited system
In general, the efficiency of an inhibitor increases with an increase
in inhibitor concentration (e.g., a typically good inhibitor would give
95% inhibition at a concentration of 0.008% and 90% at a concentra-
tion of 0.004%). A synergism, or cooperation, is often present between
different inhibitors and the environment being controlled, and mix-
tures are the usual choice in commercial formulations. The scientific
and technical corrosion literature has descriptions and lists of numer-
ous chemical compounds that exhibit inhibitive properties. Of these,
only very few are actually used in practice. This is partly because the
desirable properties of an inhibitor usually extend beyond those sim-
ply related to metal protection. Considerations of cost, toxicity, avail-
ability, and environmental friendliness are of considerable importance.
Table 10.1 presents some inhibitors that have been used with suc-
cess in typical corrosive environments to protect the metallic elements
of industrial systems. Commercial inhibitors are available under var-
ious trade names and labels that usually provide little or no informa-
tion about their chemical composition. It is sometimes very difficult to
distinguish between products from different sources because they may
contain the same basic anticorrosion agent. Commercial formulations
generally consist of one or more inhibitor compounds with other addi-
tives such as surfactants, film enhancers, de-emulsifiers, oxygen scav-
engers, and so forth. The inhibitor solvent package used can be critical
in respect to the solubility/dispersibility characteristics and hence the
application and performance of the products.
10.2 Classification of Inhibitors

Inhibitors are chemicals that react with a metallic surface, or the envi-
ronment this surface is exposed to, giving the surface a certain level of
protection. Inhibitors often work by adsorbing themselves on the metallic
surface, protecting the metallic surface by forming a film. Inhibitors are
normally distributed from a solution or dispersion. Some are included in
a protective coating formulation. Inhibitors slow corrosion processes by
■ Increasing the anodic or cathodic polarization behavior (Tafel slopes)
■ Reducing the movement or diffusion of ions to the metallic surface
■ Increasing the electrical resistance of the metallic surface
LAMPIRAN G
DATA IMMERSION TEST
LAMPIRAN H
MSDS NaNO2
He a lth 3
0 0
Fire
3 1
Re ac tivity 0
P e rs
rs o n a l C
Prote ctio n
Material Safety Data Sheet

Sodium nitrite MSDS
Section 1: Chemical Product and Company Identification
Name: Sodium nitrite
Product Name: Sodium Contact Information:
Codes: SLS2356, SLS3778, SLS1558
Catalog Codes: SLS2356, Sciencelab.com, Inc.
14025 Smith Rd.
CAS#: 7632-00-0
CAS#: 7632-00-0 Houston, Texas 77396
RTECS: RA1225000
RTECS: RA1225000 US Sales: 1-800-901-7247
International Sales: 1-281-441-4400
TSCA: TSCA 8(b) inventory: Sodium nitrite
TSCA: TSCA
Order Online: ScienceLab.com
CI#: Not available.
CI#: Not
CHEMTREC (24HR Emergency Telephone), call:
Synonym: 1-800-424-9300
Chemical Name: Sodium
Name: Sodium Nitrite call: 1-703-527-3887
International CHEMTREC, call: 1-703-527-3887
Chemical Formula: NaNO2
Formula: NaNO2 call: 1-281-441-4400
For non-emergency assistance, call: 1-281-441-4400
Section 2: Composition and Information on Ingredients

Composition:
Name C AS # % by Weight
Sodium nitrite 7632-00-0 1 00
Ingredients: Sodium nitrite: ORAL (LD50): Acute: 180 mg/kg [Rat]. 175 mg/kg [Mouse].
Toxicological Data on Ingredients: Sodium
Section 3: Hazards Identification
Potential Acute Health Effects:

Very hazardous in case of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation. Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant).
Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (permeator). Prolonged exposure may result in skin burns and ulcerations. Over-
exposure by inhalation may cause respiratory irritation. Severe over-exposure can result in death. Inflammation of the eye is
characterized by redness, watering, and itching.
Potential Chronic Health Effects:
CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Mutagenic for mammalian somatic cells. Mutagenic
for bacteria and/or yeast. TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: Classified POSSIBLE for human. DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY:
Classified Reproductive system/toxin/female, Reproductive system/toxin/male [POSSIBLE]. The substance may be toxic to
blood, cardiovascular system, Smooth Muscle. Repeated or prolonged exposure to the substance can produce target organs
damage. Repeated exposure to a highly toxic material may produce general deterioration of health by an accumulation in one
or many human organs.
Section 4: First Aid Measures
p. 1
Eye Contact:
Check for and remove any contact lenses. In case of contact, immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15
minutes. Cold water may be used. Get medical attention immediately.
Skin Contact:
In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water. Cover the irritated skin with an emollient. Remove contaminated
clothing and shoes. Cold water may be used.Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse. Get medical
attention.
Serious Skin Contact:
Wash with a disinfectant soap and cover the contaminated skin with an anti-bacterial cream. Seek immediate medical
attention.
Inhalation:
If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical
attention immediately.
Serious Inhalation:
Evacuate the victim to a safe area as soon as possible. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. If
breathing is difficult, administer oxygen. If the victim is not breathing, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. WARNING: It may
be hazardous to the person providing aid to give mouth-to-mouth resuscitation when the inhaled material is toxic, infectious or
corrosive. Seek immediate medical attention.
Ingestion:
If swallowed, do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel. Never give anything by mouth to an
unconscious person. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. Get medical attention immediately.
Serious Ingestion: Not available.
Section 5: Fire and Explosion Data
Flammability of the Product: Non-flammable.

Auto-Ignition Temperature: Not applicable.
Flash Points: Not applicable.
Flammable Limits: Not applicable.
Products of Combustion: Not available.
Fire Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: Not applicable.
Explosion Hazards in Presence of Various Substances:
Risks of explosion of the product in presence of static discharge: Not available. Slightly explosive in presence of shocks, of
heat.
Fire Fighting Media and Instructions: Not applicable.
Special Remarks on Fire Hazards:
When in contact with organic matter, it will ignite by friction. May ignite combustibles.
Special Remarks on Explosion Hazards:
Explodes when heated over 1000 F (538 C). Sodium Nitrite + thiocyanate explodes on heating. A mixture of sodium nitrite and
various cyanides explodes on contact. Mixture of sodium nitrite and phthalic acid or anhydride explode violently on heating.
Fusion of urea with sodium nitrite Interaction of nitrites when heated with metal amidosulfates (sulfamates) may become
explosively violent owing to liberation of nitrogen and steam mixed with ammonium sulfamate form. Violent explosion occurs
if an ammonium salt is is melted with nitrite salt. Shock may explode nitrites. must be carried out exactly as described to avoid
irsk of explosion.
Section 6: Accidental Release Measures
p. 2
Small Spill: Use appropriate tools to put the spilled solid in a convenient waste disposal container.
Large Spill:
Oxidizing material. Poisonous solid. Stop leak if without risk. Do not get water inside container. Avoid contact with a
combustible material (wood, paper, oil, clothing...). Keep substance damp using water spray. Do not touch spilled material.
Use water spray to reduce vapors. Prevent entry into sewers, basements or confined areas; dike if needed. Call for assistance
on disposal.
Section 7: Handling and Storage
Precautions:
Keep locked up.. Keep away from heat. Keep away from sources of ignition. Keep away from combustible material.. Do not
ingest. Do not breathe dust. In case of insufficient ventilation, wear suitable respiratory equipment. If ingested, seek medical
advice immediately and show the container or the label. Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Keep away from incompatibles such
as reducing agents, combustible materials, organic materials, metals, acids.
Storage:
Oxidizer. Hygroscopic. Air sensitive. Keep container tightly closed. Keep container in a cool, well-ventilated area. Separate
from acids, alkalies, reducing agents and combustibles. See NFPA 43A, Code for the Storage of Liquid and Solid Oxidizers.
Do not store above 23°C (73.4°F).
Section 8: Exposure Controls/Personal Protection
Engineering Controls:
Use process enclosures, local exhaust ventilation, or other engineering controls to keep airborne levels below recommended
exposure limits. If user operations generate dust, fume or mist, use ventilation to keep exposure to airborne contaminants
below the exposure limit.
Personal Protection: Safety glasses. Synthetic apron. Gloves (impervious).
Personal Protection in Case of a Large Spill:
Splash goggles. Full suit. Boots. Gloves. Suggested protective clothing might not be sufficient; consult a specialist BEFORE
handling this product.
Exposure Limits: Not available.
Section 9: Physical and Chemical Properties
Physical state and appearance: Solid. (Powdered solid.)

Odor: Odorless.
Taste: Saline. (Slight.)
Molecular Weight: 69 g/mole
Color: White to slightly yellowish.
pH (1% soln/water): 9 [Basic.]
Boiling Point: 320°C (608°F)
Melting Point: 271°C (519.8°F)
Critical Temperature: Not available.
Specific Gravity: 2.2 (Water = 1)
Vapor Pressure: Not applicable.
Vapor Density: Not available.
p. 3
Volatility: Not available.
Odor Threshold: Not available.
Water/Oil Dist. Coeff.: Not available.
Ionicity (in Water): Not available.
Dispersion Properties: See solubility in water, methanol.
Solubility:
Easily soluble in hot water. Soluble in cold water. Partially soluble in methanol. Very slightly soluble in diethyl ether.
Section 10: Stability and Reactivity Data
Stability: The product is stable.

Instability Temperature: Not available.
Conditions of Instability:
Excess heat, dust generation, ignition sources, exposure to air, combustible materials, incompatible materials, exposure to
moist air or water.
Incompatibility with various substances:
Highly reactive with combustible materials, organic materials. Reactive with reducing agents, metals, acids. Slightly reactive to
reactive with moisture.
Corrosivity: Non-corrosive in presence of glass.
Special Remarks on Reactivity:
Hygroscopic. Strong oxidizer. Slowly oxidizes to nitrate in air. Reacts vigorously with reducing materials. Sodium nitrite is
a strong oxidizer and is incompatible with the following: acetanilide, metals as powders, ammonium salts, aminoguanidine
salts, anitpyrine, Butadiene, chlorates, hypophosphites, activated carbon, iodides, mercury salts, permanganate, phthalic acid,
phthalic anydride, sodium amide, sodium disulphi te, cyanides (e.g. potassium cyanide, sodium cyanide), sodium thiocyanate,
lithium, sulfites, tannic acid, urea, wood, vegetable astringent decoctions, infusions, or tinctures.
Special Remarks on Corrosivity: Not available.
Polymerization: Will not occur.
Section 11: Toxicological Information
Routes of Entry: Absorbed through skin. Inhalation. Ingestion.

Toxicity to Animals:
WARNING: THE LC50 VALUES HEREUNDER ARE ESTIMATED ON THE BASIS OF A 4-HOUR EXPOSURE. Acute oral
toxicity (LD50): 175 mg/kg [Mouse]. Acute toxicity of the dust (LC50): 5.5 4 hours [Rat].
Chronic Effects on Humans:
MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Mutagenic for mammalian somatic cell s. Mutagenic for bacteria and/or yeast. TERATOGENIC
EFFECTS: Classified POSSIBLE for human. DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Classified Reproductive system/toxin/female,
Reproductive system/toxin/male [POSSIBLE]. May cause damage to the following organs: blood, cardiovascular system,
Smooth Muscle.
Other Toxic Effects on Humans:
Very hazardous in case of ingestion, of inhalation. Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant). Slightly hazardous in case of
skin contact (permeator).
Special Remarks on Toxicity to Animals: Not available.
Special Remarks on Chronic Effects on Humans:
May cause cancer (tumorigen), affect gentic material (mutagen), cause adverse reproductive effects (fertility, fetotoxicity) and
birth defects based on animal data. Passes through the placental barrier in animal.
p. 4
Special Remarks on other Toxic Effects on Humans:
Acute Potential Health Effects: Skin: Causes skin irritation. May be absorbed through skin. Eyes: Causes eye irritation. May
cause conjunctivitis. May cause permanent corneal opacification. Ingestion: Harmful if swallowed. Causes gastrointestinal
tract irritation with nausea. May affect behavior, brain, nervous system (change in motor activity, muscular incoordination,
loss of reflexes, convulsions, coma), blood (methemoglobinemia), liver, metabolism, cardiovasular system (decrease in
blood pressure, rapid pulse) and urinary system. May also cause weakness. Inhalation: May be fatal if inhaled. May cause
respiratory tract irritation, cyanosis, dyspena, pulmonary edema, asphyxia, chemical pneumonitis, upper airway obstruction
caused by edema and possible death. May cause biochemical changes. May affect the blood (methemoglobinemia), and the
cardiovascular system (tachycardia).
Section 12: Ecological Information
Ecotoxicity: Not available.
BOD5 and COD: Not available.
Products of Biodegradation:
Possibly hazardous short term degradation products are not likely. However, long term degradation products may arise.
Toxicity of the Products of Biodegradation: The products of degradation are less toxic than the product itself.
Special Remarks on the Products of Biodegradation: Not available.
Section 13: Disposal Considerations
Waste Disposal:
Waste must be disposed of in accordance with federal, state and local environmental control regulations.
Section 14: Transport Information
DOT Classification:
CLASS 5.1: Oxidizing material. CLASS 6.1: Poisonous material.
Identification: : Sodium nitrite UNNA: 1500 PG: III
Special Provisions for Transport: Marine Pollutant
Section 15: Other Regulatory Information
Federal and State Regulations:

New York release reporting list: Sodium nitrite Pennsylvania RTK: Sodium nitrite Massachusetts RTK: Sodium nitrite New
Jersey: Sodium nitrite California Director's List of Hazardous Substances: Sodium nitrite TSCA 8(b) inventory: Sodium
nitrite TSCA 12(b) one time export: Sodium nitrite SARA 313 toxic chemical notification and release reporting: Sodium nitrite
CERCLA: Hazardous substances.: Sodium nitrite: 100 lbs. (45.36 kg)
Other Regulations:
OSHA: Hazardous by definition of Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200). EINECS: This product is on the
European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances.
Other Classifications:
WHMIS (Canada):
CLASS C: Oxidizing material. CLASS D-1A: Material causing immediate and serious toxic effects (VERY TOXIC). CLASS
D-2A: Material causing other toxic effects (VERY TOXIC).
DSCL (EEC):
HMIS (U.S.A.):
p. 5
Health Hazard: 3
Fire Hazard: 0
Reactivity: 0
Personal Protection: C
National Fire Protection Association (U.S.A.):
Health: 3
Flammability: 0
Reactivity: 1
Specific hazard:
Protective Equipment:
Gloves (impervious). Synthetic apron. Wear appropriate respirator when ventilation is inadequate. Safety glasses.
Section 16: Other Information
References: Not available.
Other Special Considerations: Not available.
Created: 10/10/2005 08:27 PM
Last Updated: 05/21/2013 12:00 PM
The information above is believed to be accurate and represents the best information currently available to us. However, we
make no warranty of merchantability or any other warranty, express or implied, with respect to such information, and we assume
no liability resulting from its use. Users should make their own investigations to determine the suitability of the information for
their particular purposes. In no event shall ScienceLab.com be liable for any claims, losses, or damages of any third party or for
lost profits or any special, indirect, incidental, consequential or exemplary damages, howsoever arising, even if ScienceLab.com
has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
p. 6
LAMPIRAN I
MSDS Na2CrO4
He a lth 3
0 0
Fire
3 0
Re ac tivity 0
P e rs
rs o n a l E
Prote ctio n

Sodium chromate anhydrous MSDS
Name: Sodium chromate anhydrous

Codes: SLS3043
Catalog Codes: SLS3043 Sciencelab.com, Inc.
14025 Smith Rd.
CAS#: 7775-11-3
CAS#: 7775-11-3 Houston, Texas 77396
RTECS: GB2955000
RTECS: GB2955000 US Sales: 1-800-901-7247
International Sales: 1-281-441-4400
TSCA: TSCA 8(b) inventory: Sodium chromate anhydrous
TSCA: TSCA
Order Online: ScienceLab.com
CI#: Not available.
CI#: Not
CHEMTREC (24HR Emergency Telephone), call:
Synonym: Disodium Chromate 1-800-424-9300
Name: Chromic Acid, disodium salt
Chemical Name: Chromic call: 1-703-527-3887
Formula: Na2CrO4
Chemical Formula: Na2CrO4 call: 1-281-441-4400

Composition:
Sodium chromate tetrahydrate 10034-82-9 10 0
Ingredients: Sodium chromate tetrahydrate: DERMAL (LD50): Acute: 101 mg/kg [Rabbit].

Potential Acute Health Effects:

Very hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant, permeator), of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, . Hazardous in case of skin
contact (corrosive, sensitizer), of eye contact (corrosive), of inhalation (lung irritant). Severe over-exposure can result in death.
Inflammation of the eye is characterized by redness, watering,
w atering, and itching. Skin inflammation is characterized by itching,
scaling, reddening, or, occasionally, blistering.
CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Classified A1 (Confirmed for human.) by ACGIH, 1 (Proven for human.) by IARC. MUTAGENIC
EFFECTS: Mutagenic for mammalian somatic cells. Mutagenic for bacteria and/or yeast. TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: Not
available. DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Not available. The substance may be toxic to blood, kidneys, liver, upper respiratory
tract. Repeated or prolonged exposure to the substance can produce target organs damage. Repeated exposure to a highly
hi ghly
toxic material may produce general deterioration of health
heal th by an accumulation in one or many human organs.
p. 1
Eye Contact:
minutes. Cold water may be used. Get medical attention immediately.
Skin Contact:
In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing
and shoes. Cover the irritated skin with an emollient. Cold water may be used.Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean
shoes before reuse. Get medical attention immediately.
Serious Skin Contact:
Wash with a disinfectant soap and cover the contaminated skin with an anti-bacterial cream. Seek immediate medical
attention.
Inhalation:
attention immediately.
Serious Inhalation:
Evacuate the victim to a safe area as soon as possible. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. If
breathing is difficult, administer oxygen. If the victim is not breathing, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. WARNING: It may
be hazardous to the person providing aid to give mouth-to-mouth resuscitation when the inhaled material is toxic, infectious or
corrosive. Seek immediate medical attention.
Ingestion:
If swallowed, do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel. Never give anything by mouth to an
unconscious person. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. Get medical attention immediately.

Fire Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: combustible materials, organic materia
Risks of explosion of the product in presence of mechanical impact: Not available. Risks of explosion of the product in
presence of static discharge: Not available.
Special Remarks on Fire Hazards:
Toxic chromium oxide fumes may form in fire. May increase intensity of fire when in contact with combustible material. Contact
with combustible or organic materials may cause fire. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of sodium oxide
Special Remarks on Explosion Hazards: Hydrazine is decomposed explosively by chromates
Small Spill: Use appropriate tools to put the spilled solid in a convenient waste disposal container.
Large Spill:
Poisonous solid. Stop leak if without risk. Do not get water inside container. Do not touch spilled material. Use water spray to
reduce vapors. Prevent entry into sewers, basements or confined areas; dike if needed. Call for assistance on disposal. Be
careful that the product is not present at a concentration level above TLV. Check TLV on the MSDS and with local authorities.
p. 2
Precautions:
Keep container dry. Do not ingest. Do not breathe dust. Never add water to this product. In case of insufficient ventilation,
wear suitable respiratory equipment. If ingested, seek medical advice immediately and show the container or the label. Avoid
contact with skin and eyes. Keep away from incompatibles such as combustible materials, organic materials.
Storage: Keep container tightly closed. Keep container in a cool, well-ventilated area.
Personal Protection:
Splash goggles. Lab coat. Dust respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Gloves.
Splash goggles. Full suit. Dust respirator. Boots. Gloves. A self contained breathing apparatus should be used to avoid
inhalation of the product. Suggested protective clothing might not be sufficient; consult a specialist BEFORE handling this
product.
Exposure Limits:
TWA: 0.05 (mg (Cr)/m) from ACGIH (TLV) [United States] Consult l ocal authorities for acceptable exposure limits.
Physical state and appearance:

Solid. (Crystals solid. Somewhat deliquescent crystals solid.)
Odor: Odorless.
Taste: Not available.
Molecular Weight: 161.97 g/mole
Color: Yellow.
pH (1% soln/water): Not available.
Boiling Point: Not available.
Specific Gravity: Density: 2.723 (Water = 1)
Dispersion Properties: See solubility in water.
Solubility:
p. 3
Easily soluble in hot water. Soluble in cold water. Slightly soluble in ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol. Solubility in water: 873 g/l
water @ 30 deg. C

Conditions of Instability: Store away from combustibles; avoid high temperatures; keep well closed.
Incompatibility with various substances: Reactive with combustible materials, organic materials.
Corrosivity: Non-corrosive in presence of glass.
Special Remarks on Reactivity: Any combustible, organic, or readily oxidizable material (paper, wood, sulfur, aluminum,
plastics)
Routes of Entry: Absorbed through skin. Dermal contact. Eye contact. Inhalation. Ingestion.
Toxicity to Animals: Acute oral toxicity (LD50): 136 mg/kg [Rat].
Chronic Effects on Humans:
CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Classified A1 (Confirmed for human.) by ACGIH, 1 (Proven for human.) by IARC. MUTAGENIC
EFFECTS: Mutagenic for mammalian somatic cells. Mutagenic for bacteria and/or yeast. May cause damage to the following
organs: blood, kidneys, liver, upper respiratory tract.
Other Toxic Effects on Humans:
Very hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant, permeator), of ingestion, . Hazardous in case of skin contact (corrosive,
sensitizer), of eye contact (corrosive), of inhalation (lung i rritant).
Special Remarks on Toxicity to Animals: Not available.
May affect genetic material (mutagenic). May cause adverse reproductive effects based on animal test data
Acute Potential Health Effects: Skin: Corrosive. It causes severe skin irritation with reddness and pain, and may cause
burns. Contact with broken skin may cause ulcers (chromic sores) and absorption which may cause systemic poisoning. It
may be fatal if absorbed through skin. May affect behavior/central nervous system/nervous system (somnolence, muscle
weakness, flaccid paraylsis withough anesthesia), function) if absorbed through skin. May cause skin sensitization or
dermatitis. Eyes: Corrosive. Contact can cause blurred vision, rednes, pain, severe irritation, conjunctivitis, and corneal
tissue burns. It may cause corneal injury or blindness. Inhalation: Causes respiratory tract irritation. It is destructive to the
tissues of the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract. It may cause ulceration and perforation of the nasal septum.
Symptoms may include sore throat, coughing, shortness of breath, and labored breathing. It may product pulmonary edema,
sensitization or allergic asthma. Higher exposures may cause pulmonary edema. Ingestion: Corrosive. Harmful if swallowed.
Ingestion can cause severe burns of the mough, throat, and stomach, leading to death. It can cause sore throat, intense thirst,
muscle cramps, vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, violent gastroenteritis, violent epigastric pain, peripheral vascular collapse, liver
damage (elevated liver enzymes, acute hepatic failure), acute renal failure, renal tubular necrosis, mydriasis, and may affect
behavior (somnolence, dizziness, coma), respiration (respiratory distress syndrome), cardiovascular system (hypotension or
hypertension, dysrythmia, circulatory collapse, shock), and blood. Chronic Potential Health Effects: Repeated or prolonged
exposure can cause ulceration and perforation of the nasal septum, respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, plumonary fibrosis,
emphysema, asthma, liver and kidney damage, and ulceration of the skin. Ulcerations at first may be painless, but may
penetrate to the bone producing "chromic holes." respiration, liver function, urinary system (kidney
p. 4
Toxicity of the Products of Biodegradation: The products of degradation are less toxic than the product itself.
Waste Disposal:
DOT Classification: CLASS 6.1: Poisonous material.

Identification: : Toxic solid, inorganic, n.o.s (sodium chromate) UNNA: 3288 PG: I
Special Provisions for Transport: Not available.
Federal and State Regulations:

California prop. 65: This product contains the following ingredients for which the State of California has found to cause cancer,
birth defects or other reproductive harm, which would require a warning under the statute: Sodium chromate anhydrous
California prop. 65: This product contains the following ingredients for which the State of California has found to cause cancer
which would require a warning under the statute: Sodium chromate anhydrous Connecticut hazardous material survey.:
Sodium chromate anhydrous Illinois chemical safety act: Sodium chromate anhydrous New York release reporting list: Sodium
chromate anhydrous Pennsylvania RTK: Sodium chromate anhydrous Massachusetts RTK: Sodi um chromate anhydrous
Massachusetts spill list: Sodium chromate anhydrous New Jersey: Sodium chromate anhydrous New Jersey spill list: Sodium
chromate anhydrous Louisiana spill reporting: Sodium chromate anhydrous TSCA 8(b) inventory: Sodium chromate anhydrous
TSCA 6 final risk management: Sodium chromate anhydrous TSCA 8(a) IUR: Sodium chromate anhydrous TSCA 12(b)
annual export notification: Sodium chromate anhydrous SARA 313 toxic chemical notification and release reporting: Sodium
chromate anhydrous CERCLA: Hazardous substances.: Sodium chromate anhydrous: 10 lbs. (4.536 kg)
Other Regulations:
WHMIS (Canada):
CLASS C: Oxidizing material. CLASS D-2A: Material causing other toxic effects (VERY TOXIC).
DSCL (EEC):
R21- Harmful in contact with skin. R25- Toxic if swallowed. R26- Very toxic by inhalation. R37/38- Irritating to respiratory
system and skin. R41- Risk of serious damage to eyes. R43- May cause sensitization by skin contact. R46- May cause
heritable genetic damage. R49- May cause cancer by inhalation. R50/53- Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause
long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. S45- In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice
immediately (show the label where possible). S53- Avoid exposure - obtain special instructions before use. S60- This
material and its container must be disposed of as hazardous waste. S61- Avoid release to the environment. Refer to special
instructions/Safety data sheets.
HMIS (U.S.A.):
p. 5
Health Hazard: 3
Fire Hazard: 0
Reactivity: 0
Personal Protection: E
Health: 3
Flammability: 0
Reactivity: 0
Specific hazard:
Gloves. Lab coat. Dust respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Wear appropriate respirator
when ventilation is inadequate. Splash goggles.
References: Not available.
Created: 10/09/2005 06:31 PM
Last Updated: 05/21/2013 12:00 PM
p. 6
LAMPIRAN J
MSDS NaCl
Health 1
0 0
Fire
1 0
Reactivity 0
Personal E
Protection

Sodium chloride MSDS
Name: Sodium chloride
Codes: SLS3262, SLS1045, SLS3889, SLS1669,
Catalog Codes: SLS3262, Sciencelab.com, Inc.
SLS3091 14025 Smith Rd.
Houston, Texas 77396
CAS#: 7647-14-5
CAS#: 7647-14-5
US Sales: 1-800-901-7247
RTECS: VZ4725000
RTECS: VZ4725000 International Sales: 1-281-441-4400
TSCA: TSCA 8(b) inventory: Sodium chloride

TSCA: TSCA Order Online: ScienceLab.com
CI#: Not applicable.
CI#: Not CHEMTREC (24HR Emergency Telephone), call:
1-800-424-9300
Synonym: Salt; Sea Salt
call: 1-703-527-3887
Name: Sodium chloride
Chemical Name: Sodium
call: 1-281-441-4400
Formula: NaCl
Chemical Formula: NaCl

Composition:
Sodium chloride 7647-14-5 100
Ingredients: Sodium chloride: ORAL (LD50): Acute: 3000 mg/kg [Rat.]. 4000 mg/kg [Mouse].
DERMAL (LD50): Acute: >10000 mg/kg [Rabbit]. DUST (LC50): Acute: >42000
& gt;42000 mg/m 1 hours [Rat].
Effects: Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, of
Potential Acute Health Effects: Slightly
inhalation.
CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Mutagenic for mammalian somatic cells. Mutagenic for
bacteria and/or yeast. TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Not available. Repeated or
prolonged exposure is not known to aggravate medical condition.
Eye Contact:
p. 1
minutes. Cold water may be used. Get medical attention.
Skin Contact:
Wash with soap and water. Cover the irritated skin with an emollient. Get medical attention if irritation develops. Cold water
may be used.
Serious Skin Contact: Not available.
Inhalation:
attention if symptoms appear.
Serious Inhalation: Not available.
Ingestion:
Do NOT induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious
person. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. Get medical attention if symptoms appear.

Fire Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: Not applicable.
Risks of explosion of the product in presence of mechanical impact: Not available. Risks of explosion of the product in
presence of static discharge: Not available.
Special Remarks on Fire Hazards: When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes.
Special Remarks on Explosion Hazards:
Electrolysis of sodium chloride in presence of nitrogenous compounds to produce chlorine may lead to formation of explosive
nitrogen trichloride. Potentially explosive reaction with dichloromaleic anhydride + urea.
Small Spill:
Use appropriate tools to put the spilled solid in a convenient waste disposal container. Finish cleaning by spreading water on
the contaminated surface and dispose of according to local and regional authority requirements.
Large Spill:
Use a shovel to put the material into a convenient waste disposal container. Finish cleaning by spreading water on the
contaminated surface and allow to evacuate through the sanitary system.
Precautions:
Keep locked up.. Do not ingest. Do not breathe dust. Avoid contact with eyes. Wear suitable protective clothing. If ingested,
seek medical advice immediately and show the container or the label. Keep away from incompatibles such as oxidizing
agents, acids.
p. 2
Storage: Keep container tightly closed. Keep container in a cool, well-ventilated area. Hygroscopic
Personal Protection:
Splash goggles. Lab coat. Dust respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Gloves.
Splash goggles. Full suit. Dust respirator. Boots. Gloves. A self contained breathing apparatus should be used to avoid
inhalation of the product. Suggested protective clothing might not be sufficient; consult a specialist BEFORE handling this
product.
Exposure Limits: Not available.
Physical state and appearance: Solid. (Solid crystalline powder.)

Odor: Slight.
Taste: Saline.
Molecular Weight: 58.44 g/mole
Color: White.
pH (1% soln/water): 7 [Neutral.]
Boiling Point: 1413°C (2575.4°F)
Specific Gravity: 2.165 (Water = 1)
Dispersion Properties: See solubility in water.
Solubility:
Easily soluble in cold water, hot water. Soluble in glycerol, and ammonia. Very slightly soluble in alcohol. Insoluble in
Hydrochloric Acid.
p. 3
Conditions of Instability: Incompatible materials, high temperatures.
Incompatibility with various substances: Reactive with oxidizing agents, metals, acids.
Corrosivity: Not considered to be corrosive for metals and glass.
Special Remarks on Reactivity:
Hygroscopic. Reacts with most nonnoble metals such as iron or steel, building materials (such as cement) Sodium chloride is
rapidly attacked by bromine trifluoride. Violent reaction with lithium.
Routes of Entry: Inhalation. Ingestion.

Toxicity to Animals:
WARNING: THE LC50 VALUES HEREUNDER ARE ESTIMATED ON THE BASIS OF A 4-HOUR EXPOSURE. Acute oral
toxicity (LD50): 3000 mg/kg [Rat.]. Acute dermal toxicity (LD50): >10000 mg/kg [Rabbit]. Acute toxicity of the dust (LC50):
>42000 mg/m3 1 hours [Rat].
Chronic Effects on Humans: MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Mutagenic for mammalian somatic cells. Mutagenic for bacteria and/
or yeast.
Other Toxic Effects on Humans: Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation.
Special Remarks on Toxicity to Animals: Lowest Published Lethal Dose (LDL) [Man] - Route: Oral; Dose: 1000 mg/kg
Causes adverse reproductive effects in humans (fetotoxicity, abortion, ) by i ntraplacental route. High intake of sodium chloride,
whether from occupational exposure or in the diet, may increase risk of TOXEMIA OF PREGNANCY in susceptible women
(Bishop, 1978). Hypertonic sodium chloride solutions have been used to induce abortion in late pregnancy by direct infusion
into the uterus (Brown et al, 1972), but this route of administration is not relevant to occupational exposures. May cause
adverse reproductive effects and birth defects in animals, particularly rats and mice (fetotoxicity, abortion, musculoskeletal
abnormalities, and maternal effects (effects on ovaries, fallopian tubes) by oral, intraperitoneal, intraplacental, intrauterine,
parenteral, and subcutaneous routes. While sodium chloride has been used as a negative control n some reproductive
studies, it has also been used as an example that almost any chemical can cause birth defects in experimental animals
if studied under the right conditions (Nishimura & Miyamoto, 1969). In experimental animals, sodium chloride has caused
delayed effects on newborns, has been fetotoxic, and has caused birth defects and abortions in rats and mice (RTECS, 1997).
May affect genetic material (mutagenic)
Acute Potential Health Effects: Skin: May cause skin irritation. Eyes: Causes eye irritation. Ingestion: Ingestion of large
quantities can irritate the stomach (as in overuse of salt tablets) with nausea and vomiting. May affect behavior (muscle
spasicity/contraction, somnolence), sense organs, metabolism, and cardiovascular system. Continued exposure may
produce dehydration, internal organ congestion, and coma. Inhalation: Material is irritating to mucous membranes and upper
respiratory tract.
Toxicity of the Products of Biodegradation: The product itself and its products of degradation are not toxic.
p. 4
Waste Disposal:
DOT Classification: Not a DOT controlled material (United States).

Identification: Not applicable.
Special Provisions for Transport: Not applicable.
Federal and State Regulations: TSCA 8(b) inventory: Sodium chloride

Other Regulations: EINECS: This product is on the European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances.
WHMIS (Canada): Not controlled under WHMIS (Canada).
DSCL (EEC):
R40- Possible risks of irreversible effects. S24/25- Avoid contact with skin and eyes.
HMIS (U.S.A.):
Health Hazard: 1
Fire Hazard: 0
Reactivity: 0
Personal Protection: E
Health: 1
Flammability: 0
Reactivity: 0
Specific hazard:
Gloves. Lab coat. Dust respirator. Be sure to use an approved/certified respirator or equivalent. Splash goggles.
References:
-Hawley, G.G.. The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11e ed., New York N.Y., Van Nostrand Reinold, 1987. -SAX, N.I.
Dangerous Properties of Indutrial Materials. Toronto, Van Nostrand Reinol d, 6e ed. 1984. -The Sigma-Aldrich Library of
Chemical Safety Data, Edition II.
Created: 10/11/2005 12:33 PM
p. 5
Last Updated: 11/06/2008 12:00 PM
p. 6
LAMPIRAN K
DATA PERUSAHAAN
LAMPIRAN L
REKOMENDASI SIDANG
LAMPIRAN M
DAFTAR KEMAJUAN
TUGAS AKHIR
LAMPIRAN N
FOTO PENGUJIAN
LAMPIRAN O
BIODATA DIRI
BIODATA PENULIS
1. Judul Tugas Akhir : Analisis Laju Korosi dan Lifetime Pipa ASTM
A105 dengan Perbandingan Inhibitor NaNO2 dan Na2CrO4
2. Nama Lengkap : Titries Adistantria Mariami
3. NRP : 0815040061
4. Program Studi : D4 Teknik Perpipaan
5. Jurusan : Teknik Permesinan Kapal
6. Tempat/Tanggal Lahir : Surabaya/ 04 Januari 1997
7. Alamat Asli : Griyo Mapan Sentosa CB-23 RT01/RW07, Kel.
Tambah Sawah, Kec. Waru, Sidoarjo
8. E-mail : titriesadistantria@gmail.com
RIWAYAT PENDIDIKAN :
Sekolah dasar : SD Hang Tuah 10 Juanda / 2009
Sekolah Menengah Pertama : SMP Negeri 12 Surabaya / 2012
Sekolah Menengah Atas : SMA Dharma Wanita Surabaya / 2015
Perguruan Tinggi : Politeknik Perkapalan Negeri Surabaya / 2019

Titries Adistantria Mariami - Analisis Laju Korosi Dan - I - Lifetime - I - Pipa ASTM A105 Dengan Perbandingan Inhibitor NaNO2 Dan Na2CrO4

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Titries Adistantria Mariami - Analisis Laju Korosi Dan - I - Lifetime - I - Pipa ASTM A105 Dengan Perbandingan Inhibitor NaNO2 Dan Na2CrO4

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TUGAS AKHIR (608502A)

ANALISIS LAJU KOROSI DAN LIFETIME PIPA ASTM A105 DENGAN

PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK PERPIPAAN

ANALISIS LAJU KOROSI DAN LIFETIME PIPA ASTM A105

Titries Adistantria Mariami

PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK PERPIPAAN

Surabaya, 21 Agustus 2019

Keywords : ASTM A105, Inhibitor, Immersion Test, Corrosion Rate, Lifetime

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ............................................................................... iii

Tabel 2.1 Chemical requirements A105 ........................................................ 21

Gambar 1.1 Internal Corrosion .................................................................. 1

1.1 Latar Belakang

Gambar 1.1 Internal Corrosion

1.2 Rumusan Masalah

1.3 Tujuan Penelitian

1.5 Batasan Masalah

Menurut dari berbagai jurnal dan buku, beberapa pengertian tersebut

Gambar 2.1 Korosi merata

Korosi jenis ini bisa dicegah dengan cara :

Gambar 2 2 Korosi galvanik

Gambar 2.3 Korosi selektif pada pipa

2.2.4 Korosi Sumuran (Pitting Corrosion)

Gambar 2.4 Korosi sumuran

2.2.5 Korosi Celah (Crevice Corrosion)

Gambar 2.5 Korosi celah

2.2.6 Korosi Batas Butir (Intergranular Corrosion)

2.2.7 Korosi Retak Tegangan (Stress Corrosion Cracking)

2.2.8 Korosi Erosi (Errosion Corrosion)

Gambar 2.8 Korosi erosi

Gambar 2.9 Pengaruh konsentrasi material terhadap laju korosi

Suatu logam yang berada pada lingkungan dengan kandungan O2 yang

Gambar 2.10 Pengaruh temperatur terhadap laju korosi

5. Gas, cair atau padat

(Sumber: ASTM A105)

2.7 Metode Weight Loss

2.8 Remaining Life

Gambar 2.12 Kerangka Konseptual

3.1 Diagram Alir Penelitian

Identifikasi Awal dan

Studi Lapangan Studi Literatur

Pengumpulan Data Data Sekunder

Tahap Persiapan dan Pengumpulan Data

Uji Korosi dengan

Perhitungan Laju Korosi

Tahap Pengolahan Data

Kesimpulan dan Saran

Tahap Analisa dan Kesimpulan

Gambar 3.1 Diagram Alir Penelitian

Tabel 3.1 Parameter perhitungan Immersion Test

NaCl 1000 NaCl 1100 NaCl 1200 Laju Korosi Lifetime

3.2 Jadwal Penelitian

HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN

4.1 Tahap Pelaksanaan Eksperimen

Gambar 4.1 Spesimen pengujian laju korosi (data pribadi)

2. Pembersihan material dari plug yang tertempel pada material.

Gambar 4.3 Proses penimbangan spesimen (data pribadi)

Gambar 4.5 Proses perendaman dengan larutan inhibitor (data pribadi)

Gambar 4.6 Proses pengeringan spesimen (data pribadi)

Gambar 4.7 Proses pembuatan larutan NaCl (data pribadi)

Gambar 4.9 Proses penimbangan setelah pengujian (data pribadi)

4.2 Analisa Hasil Uji Korosi dengan Pengujian Immersion Test

Untuk spesimen kode 1a