Oleh:
DIAH INTAN FIRDAUS
201110330311079
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2015
HASIL PENELITIAN
Diajukan kepada
Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang
Untuk Memenuhi Salah Satu Persyaratan
Dalam Menyelesaikan Program Sarjana
Fakultas Kedokteran
Oleh
201110330311079
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN
2015
LEMBAR PENGESAHAAN
19 Juni 2015
Pembimbing I
Pembimbing II
Mengetahui,
Fakultas Kedokteran
Dekan,
ii
Karya Tulis Akhir oleh Diah Intan Firdaus ini
Tim Penguji
iii
KATA PENGANTAR
Puji syukur saya panjatkan kepada Allah SWT, karena atas berkat dan
Penulisan penelitian ini dilakukan dalam rangka memenuhi salah satu syarat untuk
Penulis menyadari bahwa penyusunan tugas akhir ini jauh dari sempurna,
penyusunan. Tanpa bantuan dan dorongan dari berbagai pihak, sangatlah tidak
mudah menjalani masa perkuliahan hingga pada penyusunan tugas akhir ini. Oleh
Muhammadiyah Malang.
4. dr. Iwan Sis, Sp. KJ selaku Pembantu Dekan III Fakultas Kedokteran
iv
5. dr. Indra Setiawan, Sp. THT.KL selaku Pembimbing I atas bimbingan,
7. dr. Suharto, Sp.Rad selaku Penguji atas saran, kritik dan bimbingannya
9. Orang tuaku tercinta Muallimin dan Henik Z yang selama ini menjadi
10. Adikku Herlin Kurnia Fitri dan Tiara Nabila yang telah mendukung dan
11. Mas Muhammad Afifudin yang telah membantu, mendukung dan selalu
Hikma, Enggar Ayu, Gunawan Saputro, Ayu yuztia) yang selalu menolong
13. Pak Iwan analis yang tiada lelah membantu dan membimbing dalam
v
14. Semua teman-teman FK UMM angkatan 2011 yang menjadi teman
15. Semua pihak yang turut membantu dalam menyelesaikan karya tulis ini
dan juga mendoakan demi suksesnya karya tulis ini yang tidak bisa penulis
sebutkan satu-persatu
Penulis
vi
DAFTAR ISI
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN................................................................................... ii
LEMBAR PENGUJI............................................................................................. iii
KATA PENGANTAR............................................................................................. iv
ABSTRAK............................................................................................................. vii
DAFTAR ISI.......................................................................................................... ix
DAFTAR TABEL .................................................................................................. xii
DAFTAR GAMBAR.............................................................................................. xiii
DAFTAR SINGKATAN ...................................................................................... xiv
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN …………………………………………………………. xv
BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN ...................................................................................... 1
1.1. Latar Belakang ............................................................................... 1
1.2. Rumusan Masalah ........................................................................... 3
1.3. Tujuan Penelitian ............................................................................ 3
1.3.1. Tujuan umum ...................................................................... 3
1.3.2. Tujuan khusus ..................................................................... 3
1.4. Manfaat Penelitian .......................................................................... 3
1.4.1. Manfaat klinis ..................................................................... 3
1.4.2. Manfaat akademis ............................................................... 3
1.4.3. Manfaat masyarakat ............................................................ 4
BAB 2 TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ........................................................................... 5
2.1 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)....................................................... 5
2.1.1 Definisi........ ........................................................................ 5
2.1.2 Etiologi.................................................................................. 5
2.1.3 Epidemiologi.......... .............................................................. 7
2.1.4 Patofisiologi.......................................................................... 8
2.1.5 Gambaran Klinis .................................................................. 10
2.1.6 Diagnosis .............................................................................. 10
2.1.7 Penatalaksanaan................................................................... 14
2.2 Rinitis Alergi ................................................................................... 18
2.2.1 Definisi................................................................................. 18
vii
2.2.2 Etiologi................................................................................. 18
2.2.3 Klasifikasi....................... ..................................................... 19
2.2.4 Patofisiologi.......................................................................... 20
2.2.5 Manifestasi Klinis................................................................. 22
2.2.6 Diagnosis.............................................................................. 22
2.2.7 Penatalaksanaan................................................................... 24
2.2.8 Komplikasi........................................................................... 26
2.3 Hubungan Rinitis alergi dengan Obstructive Sleep Apnea ............... 26
2.3.1 Hubungan gejala rhinitis alergi dengan Obstructive Sleep
Apnea .................................................................................. 26
2.3.2 Pengaruh Rinitis alergi terhadap gangguan tidur................. 28
BAB 3 KERANGKA KONSEPTUAL DAN HIPOTESIS PENELITIAN..... 30
3.1 Kerangka Konseptual Penelitian....................................................... 30
3.2 Hipotesis Penelitian ......................................................................... 32
BAB 4 METODE PENELITIAN...................................................................... 33
4.1 Jenis Penelitian ................................................................................ 33
4.2 Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian ........................................................... 33
4.2.1 Lokasi Penelitian.................................................................. 33
4.2.2 Waktu Penelitian.................................................................. 33
4.3 Populasi dan Sampel ....................................................................... 33
4.3.1 Populasi ............................................................................... 33
4.3.2 Sampel ................................................................................. 33
4.3.3 Teknik Pengambilan Sampel ............................................... 33
4.3.4 Karakteristik Sampel Penelitian .......................................... 33
4.3.4.1 Kriteria Inklusi ........................................................... 33
4.3.4.2 Kriteria Eksklusi ......................................................... 34
4.3.5 Variabel Penelitian .............................................................. 34
4.3.5.1 Variabel Bebas ........................................................... 34
4.3.5.2 Variabel Tergantung ................................................... 34
4.3.5.3 Variabel Kontrol.......................................................... 34
4.3.5.4 Definisi Operasional .................................................. 34
4.4 Instrumen Penelitian....................................................................... 35
viii
4.5 Prosedur Penelitian ......................................................................... 36
4.5.1 Alur Penelitian .............................................................. 36
4.5.2 Prosedur Pengumpulan Data ........................................ 36
4.6 Analisa Data ................................................................................... 36
BAB 5 HASIL PENELITIAN DAN ANALISA DATA....................................... 38
5.1 Hasil penelitian................................................................................ 38
5.1.1 Distribusi Frekuensi Responden Berdasarkan Jenis 38
Kelamin...................................................................................
5.1.3 Distribusi Responden berdasarkan Insiden OSA pada 39
Responden yang Menderita Rinitis Alergi...........................
5.1.4 Distribusi Responden Berdasarkan Kelompok Gejala 39
Rinitis Alergi yang Menyebabkan OSA.................................
5.2 Analisa Data ......................................................................................... 40
5.2.1 Uji Chi-square................................................................ 41
BAB 6 PEMBAHASAN........................................................................................ 42
BAB 7 KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN................................................................... 48
7.1 Kesimpulan........................................................................................ 48
7.2 Saran................................................................................................... 49
DAFTAR PUSTAKA .......................................................................................... 50
ix
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel Halaman
Tabel 2.1. Faktor pro inflamasi yang mempengaruhi tidur dan 29
gejala...............................................................................
Kelamin...........................................................................
x
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar Halaman
xi
DAFTAR SINGKATAN
Singkatan
ECG = Electrocardiogram
EEG = Electroenchepalogram
EMG = Electromyogram
EOG = Electroocculogram
UPPP = Uvulopalatopharingoplasty
PG2D = Prostaglandin
xii
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran Halaman
Lampiran 7 Dokumentasi................................................................... 66
xiii
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
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and Sleep Distrurbance, J Allergy Clin Immunol 114 :SI39-45
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Deguzman, David A, Battcher, Chatrine N, et al, 2013, Alergic Rhinitis.Michigan:
Guideline for Clinical Care Ambulatory Faculty Group Practice, Quality
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Mortality: A Decade-Long Historial Cohort Study, DOI: 10.1371/
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of Allergic Rhinitis,Kingston: Department of Medicare Queets University,
Kingston On Canada.
Lam J.C.M, Sharma S. K, Lam B., 2010, Obstructive sleep apnoea: Definitions,
epidemiology & natural history, Indian J Med Res 131, pp 165-170.
Maesana,Isabella Annesi, Eric Bateman, Ali Ben Kheder, 2008, Allergic Rhinitis
Impact On Asthma 2008 Update, Canada, WHO and Global Allergy and
Asthma European Nework
Nugraha, Prasetya Yulian, 2011, Prevalensi Dan Faktor Resiko Rinitis Alergi
Pada Siswa Sekolah Umur 16-19 tahun Di Kodya Semarang, Semarang:
Universitas Diponegoro, Hal 4-5.
xv
Nunes, Ines C.,Dirceu,Sole.,2010, Allergic Rhinitis:Indicators of Quality of Life,
Journal Brasileiro de Pneumologia, Vol 36,No 1
Pratiwi Mey F.,2008, Hubungan Antara Riwayat Alergi Keluarga, Lama Sakit
Dan Hasil Tes Kulit dengan Jenis dan Beratnya Rinitis Alergi, Semarang:
Universitas Diponegoro, Hal 4-5.
Rimmer J.,Hellgren J.,2012, Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Sleep, Woolcock
Institute and University of Sydney, Departement of ENT, Sydney.
Storms W., 2008, Allergic Rhintis- Induced Nasal Congestion : its impact on
sleep quality, Primary Care Respiratory Journal, Vol 17 (1).
Strollo J.P, Rogers M.R., 2013, Obstructive Sleep Apnea, The New England
Journal Of Medicine, Vol 334 (2).
Small P., Kim H.,2011, Allergic Rhinitis, Allergy, Asthma & Clinical
Immunology, diakses pada 26 September 2014,
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Strollo,Patrick J., Soose,Ryan J., Maurer,Joachim T.,et al, 2014, Upper Airway
Stimulayion for Obstructive Sleep Apnea, The New England journal of
Medicine 370;139-49
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Zancanella E.,Haddad FM.,Oliveira LAMP.,Nakasato A., Duarte BB.,Soarces
CFP., Cahali MB et al, 2014, Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Primary
Snoring :diagnosis, Braz.j.otorhinolaryngol.vol 80 no 1.
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