Internasional en Id

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IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL, VOL. XXX, TIDAK. XXX, JANUARI 201X 1
Menuju Internet of Things for Physical

Internet: Perspektif dan Tantangan
Hoa Tran-Dang, Anggota, IEEE, Nicolas Krommenacker, Patrick Charpentier, Dong-Seong Kim, Senior
Anggota, IEEE.
Abstrak —The Physical Internet (PI, atau π) Paradigma telah hal-hal mengumpulkan dan berbagi informasi [5]. Dengan
dikembangkan menjadi sistem logistik global yang bertujuan untuk menanamkan TIK terbaru seperti Radio Frequency Identi fi cation
memindahkan, menangani, menyimpan, dan mengangkut produk
(RFID), Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), Global Positioning System
logistik secara berkelanjutan dan efisien. Untuk mencapai tujuan
tersebut, PI memerlukan interkonektivitas tingkat tinggi dalam aspek
(GPS), dan modul tertanam (misalnya, chip cerdas, transceiver
fisik, informasional, dan operasional yang dimungkinkan oleh jaringan nirkabel frekuensi radio, middleware, dll.) Hal-hal termasuk entitas
interkoneksi dari hub antar-modal, protokol kolaboratif, dan kontainer fisik dan virtual, aktor, dan sistem diubah menjadi objek pintar [6],
standar, modular, dan cerdas. Dalam konteks ini, PI adalah pemain [7]. Transformasi memungkinkan hal-hal pintar ini berkomunikasi
kunci yang siap untuk mendapatkan keuntungan dari revolusi Internet
di mana-mana dan secara universal. Dengan demikian sistem
of Things (IoT) karena berpotensi memberikan visibilitas ujung ke ujung
dari objek, operasi, dan sistem PI melalui pertukaran informasi di
logistik dapat memanfaatkan komunikasi yang meresap seperti itu
mana-mana. Makalah ini untuk menyelidiki peluang penerapan untuk mewujudkan visibilitas ujung ke ujung, transparansi, dan
teknologi IoT dalam visi PI. Selain itu, ekosistem IoT ( π- IoT) yang keterlacakan yang, pada gilirannya, memfasilitasi keputusan
mencakup teknologi IoT yang memungkinkan kunci, blok bangunan, operasional layanan logistik, sehingga mengurangi waktu
dan arsitektur berorientasi layanan (SoA) diusulkan sebagai komponen
pemrosesan dan meningkatkan efisiensi proses [ 8]. Ada sejumlah
potensial untuk mempercepat implementasi PI. Tantangan utama
terkait penerapan IoT ke dalam konsep logistik yang muncul juga
penelitian lain yang mengklaim potensi tersebut
dibahas secara intensif untuk penelitian lebih lanjut. keuntungan yang didapat dari penerapan IoT. Misalnya, file
adopsi IoT memungkinkan logistik untuk mencapai integritas
Istilah Indeks —Internet of Things (IoT), Layanan IoT, Teknologi IoT-
nologi, Arsitektur Berorientasi Layanan (SoA), Internet Fisik, Sistem
lengkap, yang memastikan bahwa pengiriman telah ditangani
Logistik, Operasi Logistik, Keberlanjutan. secara memadai sesuai dengan perjanjian kontrak yang telah ditetapkan sebelumnya
dalam praktek [9]. Dengan demikian, posisi item dan aset logistik dapat dilacak secara
real time oleh sistem ketertelusuran yang dibangun berdasarkan teknologi RFID dan
I. Saya PENDAHULUAN GPS. Secara paralel,
Secara praktis, teknologi informasi dan komunikasi (TIK) memainkan WSN memastikan bahwa produk tidak terkena kondisi lingkungan yang
peran penting dalam meningkatkan berbagi dan pemrosesan informasi merusak (misalnya suhu, cahaya, dan kelembaban) karena fitur
dalam industri logistik yang berkolaborasi dan rumit [1]. Peningkatan penginderaan waktu nyata dari sensor. Sebuah studi kasus tentang
upaya dalam mengembangkan teknologi semacam itu memungkinkan penerapan IoT dalam logistik [10] yang dilakukan oleh para pemimpin
para pelaku dalam sistem logistik dan rantai untuk menerima dan di domain IoT (CISCO 1) dan logistik (DHL 2) menunjukkan bahwa IoT juga
berbagi informasi elektronik yang relevan dengan cara yang andal, dapat meningkatkan kapabilitas organisasi untuk memantau,
akurat, dan waktu nyata. Informasi yang dipertukarkan tersebut dapat mengontrol, mengelola, dan mengoptimalkan hampir semua aktivitas
dimanfaatkan untuk meningkatkan kinerja operasi logistik dan logistik. Akibatnya, hal ini mengarah pada peningkatan efisiensi
kemudian meningkatkan keuntungan bisnis. Misalnya, informasi operasional yang signifikan dalam hal manajemen lalu lintas dan lalu
berharga yang dikumpulkan memungkinkan pengambilan keputusan lintas, kontrol inventaris, pemantauan sumber daya dan energi,
yang rumit diselesaikan secara efektif, sehingga memberikan pemantauan peralatan dan karyawan, keselamatan, dan keamanan.
tanggapan yang lebih cepat, waktu tunggu yang lebih singkat, dan
menurunkan biaya bagi penyedia layanan logistik [2]. Sementara itu, TIK canggih, kekhususan teknologi IoT yang muncul
adopsi TIK membawa banyak manfaat untuk bisnis ritel seperti Gies adalah titik sakelar untuk inovasi operasi logistik yang selangkah
peningkatan penjualan, penurunan penyimpanan persediaan dan biaya demi selangkah dapat membentuk logistik global yang berkelanjutan
angkut [3]. Oleh karena itu, TIK akan menjadi faktor kunci untuk dan efisien di masa depan. Akibatnya banyak paradigma logistik
meningkatkan daya saing perusahaan logistik [4]. telah diusulkan dan dikembangkan untuk bergerak menuju visi tersebut.
Saat ini, Internet of Things (IoT) diakui sebagai solusi Misalnya, logistik cerdas (pintar) [11], [12] adalah pendekatan
pamungkas yang merevolusi cara berkembang yang menambah karakteristik kecerdasan
sistem dengan menanamkan TIK canggih ke setiap bagian dari
Tran Dang Hoa bekerja di departemen Teknik Konvergensi TI, Institut Teknologi
sistem logistik seperti angkutan-transportasi [13], [14],
Nasional Kumoh, Korea, e-mail: hoa.tran-dang@kumoh.ac.kr.
Nicolas Krommenacker, Patrick Charpentier berada di Pusat Penelitian
1 CISCO IoT, https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/internet-of-things/
Pengendalian Otomatis di Nancy (CRAN), Universitas Lorraine, email:
{nicolas.krommenacker, patrick.charpentier}@univ-lorraine.fr overview.html
2 DHL
Dong-Seong Kim bekerja di departemen Teknik Konvergensi TI, Institut IoT, https://www.logistics.dhl/global-en/home/
Teknologi Nasional Kumoh, Korea, e-mail: dskim@kumoh.ac.kr. wawasan-dan-inovasi / pemikiran-kepemimpinan / laporan-tren /
Naskah diterima 11 Januari 201x; direvisi 19 April 201x. internet-of-hal-dalam-logistik.html
2327-4662 (c) 2019 IEEE. Penggunaan pribadi diperbolehkan, tetapi republikasi / redistribusi memerlukan izin IEEE. Lihat http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html untuk informasi lebih lanjut.
Penggunaan berlisensi resmi terbatas pada: University of Canberra. Diunduh pada 28 April 2020 pukul 01:16:41 UTC dari IEEE Xplore. Pembatasan berlaku.
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Jurnal Hal
kargo cerdas [15], [16], [17], kontainer cerdas [18], dan truk cerdas beberapa aliansi termasuk MHI 3 dan ALICE 4 telah menyatakan PI
[19]. Dengan cara ini, efisiensi keseluruhan paradigma logistik ini sebagai visi jangka panjang untuk jaringan logistik global ujung ke
meningkat secara signifikan dalam hal pengambilan keputusan ujung dan mempromosikan penerapan PI dalam praktiknya. Sesuai
operasi, manajemen aliran, dan otomatisasi proses. Logistik hijau dengan roadmap yang direncanakan, target pada tahun 2020 adalah
[20], [21], [22] adalah model lain yang efisien yang terutama untuk mendapatkan interoperabilitas penuh antara mitra yang terlibat,
bertujuan untuk mengurangi dampak logistik pada perspektif pemangku kepentingan, bisnis, dan jaringan di sektor logistik. Untuk
lingkungan seperti emisi gas rumah kaca (GRK), dan kebisingan di mewujudkan tujuan tersebut, PI membutuhkan hyperinterconnectivity
kota-kota hijau [23]. Solusi yang diusulkan didasarkan pada dalam aspek fisik, informasional, dan operasional sehingga
pendekatan optimasi model penelitian operasi (OR) [24], [25] untuk π- kontainer di bawah kendali kolaboratif yang efisien π-
meminimalkan dampak lingkungan dengan mengoptimalkan protokol dipindahkan melalui jaringan yang saling berhubungan π-
aliran material. Logistik terbalik adalah bagian dari logika ekonomi node dengan lancar. Dalam konteks ini, PI adalah pemain kunci yang siap untuk
sirkuler dan menciptakan logistik loop tertutup untuk mengatasi mendapatkan keuntungan dari revolusi IoT [39] karena IoT dapat menyediakan sarana
masalah lingkungan dengan menggunakan kembali sumber daya / untuk memperoleh interkonektivitas dan pertukaran data di antara operasi dan aktor
aset logistik secara efektif dan efisien [26], [27], [28], [29], [30]. yang terlibat. Dengan demikian, ini memastikan visibilitas operasional yang lengkap dan
Meskipun paradigma ini sebagian dapat menyelesaikan masalah memungkinkan keputusan waktu nyata terbaik dalam proses logistik. Selain itu, sangat
terkait logistik, diperlukan penilaian lengkap untuk melihat situasi besar
logistik global. manfaat dapat diperoleh dari kemampuan IoT melalui
layanan dan aplikasi cerdas untuk meningkatkan efisiensi dan
Dalam pengertian ini, penyelidikan komprehensif mengenai
keberlanjutan logistik. Namun, banyak literatur PI dan IoT,
masalah operasi logistik saat ini dilakukan oleh Profesor Montreuil
sampai saat ini, sebagian besar telah terputus-putus tanpa
dan dilaporkan di [31]. Dalam studi ini, ia mengklaim bahwa sistem
banyak penekanan pada teori atau penerapan praktis [40].
logistik global dihadapkan pada tantangan besar yang ditandai
Makalah ini membahas tren aplikasi IoT di PI dan mengungkap
dengan ketidakberlanjutan dan inefisiensi dari segi ekonomi,
berbagai masalah yang harus diatasi untuk mengubah
lingkungan, dan masyarakat. Selain itu, ia mengusulkan dan
paradigma logistik ini melalui inovasi IoT. Dalam hal ini,
mendeskripsikan Internet Fisik (disebut sebagai PI, atau π) sebagai
kontribusi utama makalah dirangkum sebagai berikut:
model logistik baru untuk menyelesaikan tantangan secara efektif.
Oleh karena itu, untuk memperoleh keberlanjutan dan efisiensi • Sebuah tinjauan mutakhir terkait dengan pengembangan
global, PI memerlukan inovasi luar biasa yang mencakup komponen utama PI dan aplikasi IoT dalam logistik
penerapan teknologi canggih untuk infrastruktur, kerja sama dan disorot.
kolaborasi tingkat tinggi baik di sektor horizontal maupun vertikal, • Ekosistem IoT yang mencakup teknologi kunci yang
perencanaan strategis dan manajemen untuk membentuk kembali memungkinkan, blok bangunan, dan arsitektur
logistik saat ini menjadi global. sistem logistik [32]. Awalnya, berorientasi layanan terkait disajikan sebagai proposisi
dengan memanfaatkan fitur-fitur dari Internet Digital, komponen menuju aplikasi IoT di PI.
utama yang memungkinkan PI termasuk • Sementara visi IoT memiliki potensi untuk mempercepat
π- wadah, π- node, dan π- protokol [33]. Dengan demikian, PI tidak realisasi PI, ekosistem masih dalam tahap awal karena
memanipulasi barang fisik secara langsung tetapi menggunakan hambatan yang belum terungkap. Makalah ini secara intensif
π- wadah yang membungkus barang dagangan fisik di dalamnya. menyelidiki hambatan signifikan yang dapat membuka
Selain itu, seperti paket data di Internet Digital, kontainer ini penelitian dan pengembangan lebih lanjut.
distandarisasi secara global dalam hal spesifikasi fisik (yaitu, pintar, Makalah ini disusun sebagai berikut: Bagian II
hijau, dan modular) dan fungsi [34]. Secara paralel, file π- node menyajikan secara singkat gambaran umum mengenai konsep IoT,
seperti pusat distribusi atau gudang berperan sebagai antarmuka paradigma PI dengan komponen utamanya, dan pengembangan
pintar yang memastikan aliran bahan dan informasi masuk / keluar aplikasi IoT yang canggih yang digunakan dalam sistem logistik
dengan lancar. Itu π- node sangat bergantung π- penggerak yang yang ada. Menuju ekosistem IoT ( π- IoT) untuk PI, Bagian III,
terdiri dari sistem penanganan material yang inovatif untuk IV, dan V masing-masing menjelaskan teknologi IoT yang
menyelesaikan tugas mereka secara efisien [35]. Terakhir, π- protokol memungkinkan kunci, blok bangunan, dan SoA. Setelah itu, Bagian VI
seperti protokol TCP / IP di Digital Internet mengontrol dan memperkenalkan tantangan penerapan IoT di PI. Akhirnya, Bagian VII
mengelola aliran dengan andal berdasarkan aturan standar, dan menyimpulkan makalah dan mengusulkan perkembangan lebih lanjut.
kontrak.
II. B ACKGROUND
PI telah muncul sebagai konsep inovatif dalam logistik yang dapat
menjadi pengganti potensial dari sistem logistik yang ada. Beberapa A. Internet of Things
penelitian dan studi sejak 2011 telah mengembangkan dan Sampai saat ini, ada sejumlah perspektif terkait
mendemonstrasikan prototipe bukti konsep untuk menilai kelayakan definisi konsep Internet of Things dalam literatur. Secara
implementasi PI. Indikator kinerja utama PI dalam berbagai skenario telah umum, paradigma IoT dapat dilihat dari empat paradigma
diselidiki melalui studi eksperimental [36], [37] dan kerangka simulasi [34],
3 MHI, logistik penanganan material terbesar, dan asosiasi rantai pasokan di AS,
[38]. Hasil demonstrasi utama yang dilaporkan dalam [33] menyiratkan
telah menciptakan komunitas pemimpin pemikir industri yang disebut
berbagai dampak positif dari PI pada ketiga aspek berkelanjutan, yaitu,
Peta Jalan AS untuk Penanganan Material & Logistik. Http://www.mhi.org/
ekonomi, lingkungan, dan masyarakat. Dalam arti ini, 4 ALICE (Aliansi untuk Inovasi Logistik melalui Kolaborasi di Eropa),
http://www.etp-logistics.eu/
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Visi: Perspektif berorientasi hal, berorientasi Internet, berorientasi semantik, dan [39] menyarankan tiga lapisan utama untuk sistem IoT, yang meliputi lapisan
berorientasi layanan. Dalam visi yang berorientasi pada hal, hal-hal termasuk persepsi (atau lapisan penginderaan), lapisan jaringan, dan lapisan layanan (atau
entitas fisik dan virtual difokuskan dan IoT dianggap sebagai teknologi yang lapisan aplikasi). Demikian pula, pekerjaan di [50] mengusulkan struktur
membuat mereka menjadi pintar. Hal-hal pintar yang mampu melihat, organisasi tiga tingkat untuk sistem IIoT praktis yang diusulkan, yang terdiri dari
mendengar, berpikir, berbagi informasi, mengkoordinasikan keputusan, dan tiga lapisan: lapisan penginderaan, lapisan relai, dan lapisan konvergensi.
melakukan tugas-tugas dimungkinkan oleh teknologi yang muncul seperti RFID, Arsitektur semacam itu dikembangkan untuk mendukung perutean data waktu
sensor, komputasi, dan komunikasi [41]. Dalam sistem IoT yang didasarkan pada nyata dalam sistem IoT. Dalam arsitektur IoT yang diterima secara luas yang
visi berorientasi Internet, terdapat bias terhadap pengembangan jaringan diperkenalkan pada [51], tiga jaringan berlapis dieksploitasi untuk mengaktifkan
berbasis IP (Internet Protocols) yang memungkinkan berbagai hal untuk koneksi dari tiga tingkatan industri: edge, platform, dan tingkatan perusahaan.
terhubung dan berkomunikasi bersama. Misalnya, aliansi IPSO (IP for Smart Sementara itu, Liu dkk. [ 52] merancang infrastruktur aplikasi IoT berdasarkan
Objects) telah mengembangkan tumpukan IP sebagai protokol ringan untuk model OSI tradisional yang berisi lapisan fisik, lapisan transport, lapisan
menghubungkan sejumlah besar objek pintar [42]. Munculnya visi berorientasi middleware, dan lapisan aplikasi. Dalam [53] arsitektur empat lapis yang terdiri
semantik dihasilkan dari fakta bahwa ada sejumlah besar data dari sensor atau dari empat lapisan: lapisan penginderaan, lapisan jaringan, lapisan layanan, dan
objek pintar yang dipertukarkan dalam sistem IoT. Selain itu, data tersebut lapisan antarmuka diterapkan dalam sistem untuk perspektif menawarkan
dihasilkan oleh perangkat heterogen dengan sejumlah besar informasi di alam. fungsionalitas, layanan cerdas, dan aplikasi. Sementara itu, International
Dengan demikian, muncul masalah interoperabilitas dalam memahami data di Telecommunication Union (ITU) mendefinisikan arsitektur IoT yang lebih kompleks
antara hal-hal tersebut. Dalam konteks ini, teknologi semantik yang terkait dalam termasuk lima lapisan, yaitu, penginderaan, pengaksesan, jaringan, middleware,
sistem IoT adalah solusi untuk mengekstrak kumpulan data mentah ke dalam dan aplikasi.
format homogen dan heterogen, dan kemudian memprosesnya menjadi
representasi dan interpretasi yang bermakna [43], [44]. Para penulis di [45]
memperkenalkan visi berorientasi layanan yang berkonsentrasi pada
pengembangan layanan dan aplikasi cerdas IoT berdasarkan tiga perspektif yang
disebutkan di atas. B. Internet Fisik
1) Konsep Dasar: Paradigma PI telah dikembangkan
sebagai cara untuk memecahkan tantangan besar keluar dari sistem
logistik. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, ekosistem yang sesuai adalah
direnovasi dan berinovasi. Mengambil Internet Digital sebagai
Terlepas dari berbagai pandangan, bagaimanapun, prinsip IoT adalah menghubungkan
metafora untuk merancang, PI dipandang sebagai jaringan jaringan
hal-hal heterogen dengan satu protokol Internet dan untuk mengeksploitasi informasi bersama
logistik yang dimungkinkan oleh interkoneksi dan interoperasi
melalui koneksi ini untuk mendukung pengambilan keputusan dan menyediakan serta
π- node dan standar π- protokol untuk menangani, mengangkut,
mengembangkan layanan dan aplikasi cerdas. Dengan demikian, untuk mengaktifkan
dan menyimpan π- wadah menggunakan yang sesuai π- penggerak. Gambar 1
interkonektivitas, ekosistem IoT dibangun sebagai infrastruktur jaringan global yang dibangun
menggambarkan prinsip operasi jaringan PI untuk mengangkut barang
berdasarkan teknologi yang sedang berkembang. Faktanya, sistem berbasis IoT terdiri dari
dari pabrik 1 ke pusat distribusi (DC) 2 melalui
beberapa blok kunci yang bertanggung jawab untuk berbagai fungsi sistem seperti
π- simpul 1, π- simpul 3, dan π- simpul 4 mengikuti yang terkait
penginderaan, identifikasi, aktuasi, komunikasi, pemrosesan, komputasi, dan analisis. Berbagai DC2
π- protokol.
Rencana 1
studi survei telah meringkas teknologi yang memungkinkan IoT berdasarkan sudut pandang
klasifikasi yang berbeda. Misalnya, empat domain utama termasuk aplikasi, middleware,
Jaringan PI
jaringan, dan domain objek disajikan dalam [45] untuk membuat daftar berbagai perangkat
keras, perangkat lunak, dan teknologi sesuai dengan fungsionalitas dan kapabilitas tertentu.
- node1
Untuk lebih rinci, teknologi kunci IoT yang memungkinkan yang disebutkan dalam [46]
Tanaman 2
- node5 DC1
diklasifikasikan menjadi tiga belas kelompok seperti identifikasi, arsitektur, komunikasi, jaringan,
dan sebagainya. Sementara itu, penulis dalam [47] memprediksi tren perkembangan teknologi
IoT untuk Internet masa depan termasuk kecerdasan tertanam untuk objek pintar, konektivitas,
- node3
dan interaksi antara objek pintar. komunikasi, jaringan, dan sebagainya. Sementara itu, penulis
dalam [47] memprediksi tren perkembangan teknologi IoT untuk Internet masa depan termasuk
- node2 - node4
kecerdasan tertanam untuk objek pintar, konektivitas, dan interaksi antara objek pintar.
komunikasi, jaringan, dan sebagainya. Sementara itu, penulis dalam [47] memprediksi tren
perkembangan teknologi IoT untuk Internet masa depan termasuk kecerdasan tertanam untuk Tanaman 1
DC2
menulis
objek pintar, konektivitas, dan interaksi antara objek pintar.
- wadah komposit-wadah
Selain aplikasi target, arsitektur sistem IoT adalah salah satu
Gbr. 1: Pemandangan khas angkutan barang berdasarkan
faktor signifikan yang berdampak pada pemilihan teknologi
jaringan PI.
pendukung yang sesuai yang dibangun. Dilihat dari perspektif
yang berbeda, belum ada arsitektur IoT yang umum disepakati
oleh para praktisi secara universal. Misalnya, sistem berbasis Bersamaan dengan memilih lompatan berikutnya (yaitu, π- node), itu π-
IoT yang diperkenalkan di [48] hanya terdiri dari empat bagian: protokol menetapkan jenis π- penggerak (misalnya, π- truk, π- kereta) untuk
node sensor, gateway, Internet publik, dan aplikasi akhir. Karya setiap transportasi hop. Memang untuk mengoptimalkan pemanfaatan π- penggerak,
di [49], pengangkutan ditangani, disimpan, dan diangkut
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dalam bentuk beban unit yang efisien (yaitu, komposit π- kontainer) yang
dibuat dengan menyusun algoritme.
Fitur PI yang terbuka dan dibagikan memungkinkan pemegang saham
atau pihak mana pun untuk bergabung dan mengeksploitasi jaringan untuk
transportasi barang, penyimpanan, dan penanganan pada koneksi tingkat
apa pun seperti dari pabrik ke π- node, dari π- node ke node lain π-
node, dari π- node ke DC (misalnya, pengecer, supermarket), atau
seluruh rantai logistik (yaitu, dari pabrik ke DC). Karena penerapan
paradigma PI mendefinisikan kembali struktur sistem logistik,
maka diperlukan metodologi yang seragam dan standar dalam Gbr. 2: Prototipe M-box (H-containers) yang dirancang oleh proyek
merancang empat komponen utama (yaitu, π- wadah, π- MOD- ULUSHCA untuk menangani FMCG.
node, π- penggerak, dan π- protokol) untuk mengoptimalkan
efisiensi operasi.
2) Komponen Utama PI: Bagian ini secara singkat menyajikan
karakteristik dari empat elemen kunci termasuk π- wadah, π-
node, π- penggerak, dan π- protokol serta desain proposisi
canggih yang memungkinkan implementasi PI.
Sebuah) π- wadah:
Dengan meniru fitur keunggulan paket data yang dirutekan
secara efisien dalam jaringan Internet Digital, file π- kontainer
dirancang untuk menjadi standar dunia, cerdas, ramah
lingkungan, dan modular [31]. Dengan karakteristik seperti itu,
Gbr. 3: Konsep enkapsulasi fisik yang dimungkinkan oleh
mereka dapat dipindahkan, ditangani, disimpan, dan diangkut
modularitas π- kontainer membantu dalam memfasilitasi
dengan lancar melalui infrastruktur logistik global terbuka yang
komposisi dan proses dekomposisi dalam visi PI [35].
dibangun untuk jaringan PI. Untuk mengurangi masalah yang
terkait dengan keragaman kotak dan kontainer dalam logistik yang
ada, PT π- kontainer dapat dibedakan menjadi tiga kategori:
Secara khusus, modularitas dimensi memungkinkan
transportasi, penanganan dan kemasan kontainer (masing-masing
enkapsulasi fisik yang akan diterapkan dalam tiga jenis
disebut sebagai T / H / P-kontainer) yang ditandai dengan fungsi
π- wadah. Dengan cara demikian, sejumlah P-container dapat
spesifik dan dimensi terkait [54]. Oleh karena itu, P-container
disusun menjadi blok komposisi (komposit π- container)
dengan ukuran paling kecil digunakan untuk mengemas langsung
sehingga ukurannya cocok dengan ruang internal container-H.
barang fisik. Sedangkan H-container dengan ukuran sedang
digunakan untuk keperluan penanganan seperti pemindahan,
pengangkutan, dan penyimpanan sementara satu set P-container Selain aspek fisik, PI juga menekankan
tentang pentingnya instrumentasi informasional untuk membuat π- wadah pintar.
untuk memudahkan operasi logistik terkait. Terakhir, kontainer-T
dengan ukuran terbesar yang dibawa oleh kendaraan besar, kapal, Apalagi sejak π- kontainer dapat dilibatkan dalam rangkaian kegiatan (misalnya,
menyusun, memuat, memindahkan, dll.) dan diproses oleh berbagai pelaku, sifat
atau pesawat angkut digunakan untuk mengangkut kontainer-H
kecerdasan menyediakan sumber informasi yang relevan untuk mengoptimalkan
dan / atau kontainer-P dalam jumlah besar melintasi kota, negara,
kinerja operasi. Seperti yang diungkapkan dalam [31], [33], π-
dan benua. Meski, dimensi π- kontainer harus tunduk pada komite
standar internasional serta ukuran produk, dimensi modular π- kontainer
dapat dinyatakan dalam tinggi, lebar dan kedalaman melalui wadah memiliki informasi kunci:
kombinasi dimensi berikut: 0,12m, 0,24m, 0,36m, 0,48m, • Pengidentifikasi unik: Masing-masing π- container dikaitkan dengan
0.6m, 1.2m, 2.4m, 3.6m, 4.8m, 6m, 12m dan 18m. Ukuran kontainer beberapa pengenal unik yang diperlukan untuk pelacakan,
terbaik diperoleh dari model optimasi matematis yang dikembangkan penelusuran, dan penanganan yang memadai oleh setiap pemangku
oleh mitra proyek CELDi PI [55] untuk memaksimalkan pemanfaatan kepentingan yang terlibat dalam jaringan PI global. Pengenal tersebut
ruang pada tingkat beban unit yang berbeda [34]. Berdasarkan hasil mencakup pengenal unik di seluruh dunia π- wadah seperti alamat
ini, proyek MODULUSCA merancang M-box (yaitu, H-container) seperti MAC di jaringan Internet Digital, pengidentifikasi klien menggunakan π-
yang diilustrasikan pada Gambar 2, yang digunakan untuk menangani kontainer, pengidentifikasi penyedia layanan logistik. Dalam konteks
barang konsumen yang bergerak cepat (FMCG). ini, setiap pelanggan atau pemangku kepentingan dapat merujuk
Selain itu, dengan modularitas dan struktur yang saling terkait, konsep pengidentifikasi untuk mendapatkan informasi waktu nyata (misalnya,
enkapsulasi fisik [32] dapat diterapkan untuk menciptakan beban unit yang posisi, status) tentang pengiriman yang dipesan oleh aplikasi
efisien yang memungkinkan proses penanganan material seperti berkemampuan IoT. Khususnya, data historis dapat diambil lebih
pemindahan, pemuatan, penyimpanan, atau pengangkutan difasilitasi. lanjut dengan fungsi penelusuran dan kemudian dianalisis dengan
Gambar. 3 mengilustrasikan konsep enkapsulasi yang direalisasikan teknologi pemrosesan data canggih (misalnya, analitik data besar,
dengan menyusun sembilan lebih kecil π- wadah (yaitu, c saya, i = 1, ..., 9) pembelajaran mesin, kecerdasan buatan) untuk meningkatkan
untuk membuat komposit π- kontainer sebagai beban unit yang efisien. Di pengambilan keputusan dalam aktivitas logistik.
Selain itu, ditumpuk π- kontainer dapat dengan mudah diurai
dalam proses sebaliknya (yaitu, dekomposisi). • Informasi spesifikasi: Informasi tersebut meliputi
Jurnal Hal
deskripsi penting dari π- wadah seperti dimensi (yaitu, volume

dan berat), dan fungsionalitas (misalnya, transportasi,
penanganan, atau pengemasan).
• Kondisi yang dipantau: Masing-masing π- wadah mampu
memantau lingkungan sekitar (misalnya, suhu, kelembaban,
dll.) untuk memastikan dan menyesuaikan kondisi konten
yang sesuai. Kemampuan canggih yang pintar π-
wadah termasuk memantau integritas konten (yaitu,
bukaan), dan mendeteksi pencurian.
(Sebuah) π- truk angkat (b) π- penggerak
Olehmenerapkan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi
Gambar 4: Contoh π- prototipe penggerak yang dirancang untuk
seperti RFID, dan WSN, persyaratan cerdas π-
memanfaatkan dimensi modular π- wadah dan untuk memfasilitasi π-
kontainer dapat direalisasikan. Misalnya, objek apa pun dapat ditambah
penanganan kontainer [35].
dengan kemampuan cerdas yang ditandai dengan identifikasi,
penginderaan lingkungan, komunikasi, dan komputasi untuk menjadi objek
cerdas [6]. Ketika dihubungkan dengan papan sensor profesional (misalnya, TABEL I: Kunci π- node dengan fungsionalitas spesifiknya di PI.
kelembaban, suhu, dll), kemampuan penginderaan dari node sensor
memungkinkan kondisi lingkungan sekitar wadah untuk dipantau secara
π- simpul Fungsionalitas utama
berkala [56], [57]. Dengan kemampuan seperti itu, π- container dapat Mentransfer π- operator dari masuk π- kendaraan ke
π- transit
mengidentifikasi statusnya dan melaporkannya, membandingkan statusnya outbound π- kendaraan
Transfer unimodal dari π- kontainer dari yang masuk
dengan ambang batas yang telah ditentukan, dan mengirim informasi π- beralih
π- penggerak untuk berangkat π- penggerak
(misalnya, peringatan) ketika kondisi tertentu terpenuhi. Sebuah kerangka Transfer multi-modal satu-ke-satu dari π- wadah dari
π- jembatan
kerja yang diusulkan dalam [31], [58] menggunakan tag pintar yang sebuah yang masuk π- penggerak untuk berangkat π- penggerak
Menerima π- kontainer dari satu / beberapa titik masuk dan harus
memanfaatkan RFID dan GPS untuk mendukung pengidentifikasian,
π- tukang sortir menyortirnya untuk mengirimkannya masing-masing dari titik keluar
perutean, pemantauan kondisi, dan perutean melalui operasi logistik. yang ditentukan, berpotensi dalam urutan tertentu. Membangun
Cerdas π- kontainer dapat memberikan peningkatan kemampuan untuk komposit π- kontainer dari set tertentu
π- komposer
membuatnya aktif [59]. Keaktifan memungkinkan orang pintar π- wadah dari π- wadah
π- toko Menyimpan π- kontainer dalam durasi waktu tertentu
berinteraksi bersama atau berkomunikasi dengan sistem manajemen untuk
Menerima π- kontainer dan melepaskannya sehingga
π- pintu gerbang
pertukaran informasi dan pengambilan keputusan yang efisien. mereka dan isinya dapat diakses di jaringan pribadi
b) π- penggerak: Transfer dari π- kontainer dari masuk
π- pusat
π- penggerak untuk keluar π- penggerak
Dalam visi PI, π- penggerak mengacu pada semua peralatan dan sistem
penanganan material yang digunakan untuk bergerak π- kontainer dari satu
tempat ke beberapa tujuan. Selain itu, pemindahan adalah istilah umum
yang digunakan untuk mencakup serangkaian proses logistik seperti tingkat nasional, dan operasional. Tabel I merangkum kuncinya π-
pengangkutan, pengangkutan, penanganan, pengangkatan, penyimpanan, node dirancang untuk jaringan PI [35]. walaupun π- jenis node
bervariasi
dan manipulasi. Jenis utama π- penggerak termasuk π- pengangkut (mis., π- truk, dalam hal orientasi misi, kapabilitas, dan kapasitas,
π- trailer, dll.), π- konveyor, dan π- penangan (mis., π- truk angkat, dll.) [35]. fungsi utamanya adalah memproses input secara efisien
untuk memenuhi persyaratan keluaran. Sebagai contoh, π- gateway
Sejak π- penggerak berurusan langsung dengan π- kontainer, memungkinkan masuknya yang efisien dan terkontrol π- kontainer ke
mereka berinovasi untuk memanfaatkan fitur sebaik mungkin π- PI serta keluarnya dari PI sehingga waktu tinggal berada dalam periode
wadah untuk memfasilitasi kegiatan terkait dan dengan demikian yang telah ditentukan. Selain persyaratan waktu penyelesaian, tata
letak keluaran komposit π- wadah yang disusun oleh π- komposer harus
meningkatkan kinerja secara keseluruhan. Misalnya, dimensi π- penggerak
dirancang untuk memanfaatkan dimensi modular π- wadah untuk benar-benar cocok dengan yang diinginkan mengenai orientasi, dan
memindahkan wadah atau komposit tersebut π- wadah difasilitasi. posisi taruhan (lihat Gbr. 3). Manajemen π- node memainkan peran
Gambar 4 mengilustrasikan desain model π- penggerak yang penting dalam PI karena sebagian besar operasi logistik yang rumit
memperhitungkan ukuran modular π- wadah untuk memfasilitasi dilakukan di tempat-tempat ini. Selanjutnya a π- node dapat memiliki
kegiatan penanganan terkait. satu set π- penggerak dan / atau tertanam lainnya π- node secara
Dalam desain inovatif yang serupa, adopsi TIK secara luas permanen atau sementara, yang dikolaborasikan untuk tujuan
memungkinkan π- penggerak bertindak sebagai agen aktif, yang dapat penanganan material bersama (misalnya, menyusun π- wadah,
berinteraksi dengan π- wadah dan sistem manajemen Internet Fisik memindahkan komposit π- wadah, menyimpan komposit π- wadah, dll.).
(PIMS) untuk bertukar informasi yang relevan seperti pengidentifikasi, Secara khusus, penggunaan π- penggerak memperlihatkan perhatian
dimensi, dan tujuan akhir. Selain itu, informasi tersebut dimanfaatkan yang signifikan mengenai pendekatan penjadwalan untuk
oleh π- penggerak untuk membuat keputusan yang memadai. meningkatkan atau mengoptimalkan
pemanfaatan dan efisiensi π- node. Misalnya, metode berbasis
c) π- node: heuristik, meta-heuristik dan multi-agen
Mirip dengan sistem logistik yang ada, π- node dalam visi PI dikembangkan [60] untuk mengoptimalkan jarak yang ditempuh oleh masing-masing π-
mencakup pusat transit, hub lintas dok, pusat distribusi, dan kontainer ke dermaga, serta jumlah π- truk yang digunakan
gudang, yang merupakan antarmuka cerdas untuk untuk memindahkan ini π- kontainer di rel jalan π- pusat.
memungkinkan interkoneksi tanpa batas pada fisik, informasi. Mengoptimalkan jadwal operasi π- truk untuk meminimalkan
Jurnal Hal
Lapisan Internet Digital Internet Fisik

konsumsi energi diperhitungkan dalam pekerjaan [61] untuk meningkatkan
1 Fisik Fisik
efisiensi dan keberlanjutan π- pusat. Dari perspektif perancangan, metode 2 Hubungan data Tautan
optimasi ini mendukung dalam membangun tata letak yang nyata π- node, yang 3 Jaringan Jaringan
4 Angkutan Rute
mengatur situs fungsional dengan tepat. Misalnya, Gambar 5 menunjukkan
5 Sidang pengiriman
desain prototipe untuk jalan rel π- hub yang mengalokasikan secara optimal 6 Presentasi Enkapsulasi
7 Aplikasi Web Logistik
lokasi penyimpanan, penyortir rel-rel, penyortir rel-rel, dan penyortir
TABEL II: Analogi model struktur lapisan antara
rel-rel dan area parkir π- penggerak (misalnya, π- truk) [60].
Internet Digital dan Internet Fisik [33]
Karena lapisan hanya memperhitungkan layanan ini, mereka dikembangkan sehingga

kualitas layanan dimaksimalkan. Misalnya, seperti yang diilustrasikan pada Gambar. 6,
untuk membangun sebuah efisiensi
π- protokol untuk mengangkut FMCG, tiga faktor yang
dipertimbangkan bersama termasuk: (i) pemilihan π- jenis wadah
(misalnya, wadah H atau P atau gabungan), (ii) komposisi π- kontainer,
dan (iii) rute terbaik arus pengiriman (yaitu, pemilihan π- node di
sepanjang jalur transportasi keseluruhan) [64].
Gbr. 5: Prototipe umum rel jalan raya π- hub dirancang untuk

mendukung efisiensi π- penjadwalan truk [60].
Namun, untuk memodelkan dan merumuskan masalah optimisasi

secara memadai, informasi real-time tentang keadaan π- node,
π- penggerak, dan π- kontainer harus tersedia. Dalam konteks ini,
sistem manajemen informasi yang menerapkan teknologi yang
muncul dalam domain informasi dan komunikasi seperti teknologi
IoT adalah solusi yang efisien karena mereka dapat memberikan
visibilitas ujung ke ujung dari aset logistik di π- node seperti yang
Gbr. 6: Pertimbangan untuk mendesain π- protokol yang digunakan dalam
diterapkan di Supply Hub di Industrial Parks (SHIP) [62], [63].
transportasi FMCG yang didukung PI di Prancis [64].
d) π- protokol:
Melengkapi fasilitas fisik standar (mis.,
π- wadah, π- penggerak, dan π- node), yang diandalkan PI π-
protokol yang terdiri dari seperangkat aturan standar, perjanjian untuk
C. Pendahuluan Aplikasi berbasis IoT dalam Sistem Logistik
memindahkan, menangani, menyimpan, dan mengangkut π- wadah
untuk mencapai efisiensi dan keberlanjutan maksimal. Mirip dengan
Internet Digital, file π- protokol adalah entitas virtual yang mewarisi fitur Umumnya, solusi berbasis IoT meningkatkan pengambilan keputusan di
protokol TCP / IP yang didefinisikan dalam model Open Systems adanya ketidakpastian dengan memanfaatkan informasi bersama
Interconnection (OSI) untuk mempertahankan kelancaran produk dan di antara perangkat IoT, sistem. Dengan cara demikian, pengambil
operasi di jaringan logistik [33]. Dengan cara ini, file keputusan dalam industri logistik dapat memanfaatkan teknologi
π- protokol mendefinisikan layanan jaringan yang juga terstruktur ini untuk menangani dan memperbaiki masalah yang terkait
ke dalam lapisan yang diusulkan oleh Open Logistics dengan operasi logistik secara efisien seperti operasi
Interconnection (OLI) untuk diterapkan pada PI. Dengan demikian, pergudangan, transportasi kargo, dan pengiriman last-mile.
model OLI terdiri dari tujuh lapisan: fisik, tautan, jaringan, Bagian ini bertujuan untuk meninjau perkembangan mutakhir dari
perutean, pengiriman, enkapsulasi, dan web logistik yang solusi berbasis IoT di sektor logistik industri.
masing-masing menyediakan layanan khusus untuk mendukung Dari perspektif bisnis, peluang yang melimpah bisa
kegiatan logistik tertentu seperti pengadaan, penanganan, dimanfaatkan oleh penyedia logistik untuk meningkatkan produktivitas,
realisasi (produksi, perakitan , penyelesaian, dll.), penyimpanan mengoptimalkan proses logistik, dan menyediakan layanan baru dengan
dan transportasi. Tabel II menyajikan struktur berlapis dari dua memanfaatkan IoT di organisasi mereka. Namun, penanda seperti itu
model OSI dan OLI [33]. Manfaat yang sangat penting pada akhirnya akan bergantung pada seberapa baik logistiknya
Manfaat layering layanan adalah untuk mendistribusikan pengelolaan logistik aset seperti peti kemas, kendaraan, dan sistem saling berhubungan di
kemudian mengoptimalkan efisiensi kegiatan logistik [33]. Misalnya, lapisan fisik sepanjang rantai pasokan dan seberapa efisien interkonektivitas tersebut
bertanggung jawab untuk memastikan pergerakan fisik π- wadah dengan lancar. dieksploitasi. Ini dicapai dengan menerapkan IoT dan menanamkan
Lapisan tersebut memberikan informasi yang berkaitan dengan peralatan teknologi yang menyertainya seperti RFID, dan jaringan sensor nirkabel
penanganan ( π- truk, π- penggerak, dll.) dan kemudian menjamin kondisi fisik (WSN). Dengan integrasi TIK tersebut, infrastruktur logistik menjadi objek
(mekanis, elektrik) untuk menyelesaikan aktivitas logistik lapisan ini (misalnya smart IoT [6] yang memiliki kemampuan dasar seperti identifikasi, ambient
membongkar, menyimpan, menyusun). sensing, komputasi, dan komunikasi.
Jurnal Hal
Rantai pasokan makanan (FCS) saat ini semakin rumit di semua dimensi termasuk skala visibilitas arus pengiriman secara menyeluruh ditingkatkan dengan
geografis dan temporal, proses operasi, dan sejumlah besar pemangku kepentingan yang sistem pelacakan kargo [15], [16], [17] yang menangkap informasi
terlibat. Kompleksitas tersebut telah menimbulkan masalah yang signifikan dalam memastikan waktu nyata yang berkaitan dengan lokasi, waktu dan status kendaraan
kualitas pangan serta meningkatkan efisiensi dan keberlanjutan operasi. Menerapkan teknologi dan iCargo yang diangkut. Dengan cara ini, proses logistik seperti
IoT dianggap sebagai solusi yang efektif untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut karena dapat manajemen aset, jalur rute pengiriman barang dapat dioptimalkan
meningkatkan pengambilan keputusan dan tindakan kontrol melalui pemantauan, pelacakan untuk menghindari truk kosong atau kemacetan.
status makanan secara real-time [65]. Kerangka kerja komprehensif di [66] memperkenalkan As a critical sector of FSC industry, supply chain for
sistem IoT untuk memantau dan mengontrol seluruh FSC secara farm-to-plate mulai dari makanan yang mudah rusak (SCPF) sering dihadapkan pada tantangan yang
pertanian yang tepat, hingga produksi makanan, pemrosesan, penyimpanan, distribusi, dan ditandai dengan penurunan kualitas makanan yang mudah busuk dari
akhirnya konsumsi di konsumen akhir. Sebagai sistem IoT yang khas, model yang diusulkan waktu ke waktu dan aktivitas logistik lintas regional [70]. Untuk mengatasi
terdiri dari tiga komponen utama: perangkat lapangan dengan node WSN, dan tag / pembaca tantangan ini, model konseptual dari SCPF berkemampuan IoT diusulkan di
RFID; sistem tulang punggung dengan database, dan server komputasi; dan infrastruktur [71] untuk mengangkut barang yang mudah rusak secara tepat waktu dan
komunikasi termasuk jaringan WLAN, seluler, dan satelit. Secara khusus, untuk secara efisien aman dengan mengeksploitasi dua Pusat Pasokan berbasis IoT di Kawasan
menangani dan mengeksploitasi sejumlah besar data yang dipertukarkan di dalam sistem, Industri (KAPAL) [62], [63] untuk mewujudkan berbagi informasi waktu nyata
arsitektur fusi informasi tiga tingkat dikembangkan. Oleh karena itu, sistem menerapkan di antara berbagai peran dalam rantai pasokan. Demonstrasi studi kasus
teknologi canggih dalam pemrosesan data seperti big data, dan komputasi awan untuk diturunkan untuk menunjukkan peningkatan kinerja SCPF secara
mempercepat pemrosesan data, meningkatkan akurasi prediksi siklus hidup makanan, dan keseluruhan.
mendukung perencanaan ulang rantai pasokan secara real time. Kelayakan kerangka prototipe Warehouses play an important role in distributing, routing,
dibuktikan melalui penerapan uji coba lapangan. Karena makanan dan sayuran segar sangat menyimpan barang dengan benar dalam sistem logistik dan rantai
sensitif terhadap lingkungan sekitar seperti suhu, kelembapan, dan cahaya, yang menjamin pasokan. Kompleksitas gudang yang dicirikan oleh sejumlah besar
kualitasnya di sepanjang FSC memerlukan sistem pengawasan yang dapat memantau status aset logistik (mis., Barang, kendaraan, peralatan penanganan
barang dan kemudian mengontrol kondisi sekitar secara real time. Pekerjaan di [67] material, dll.) Dan operasi logistik (mis., Memuat, membongkar,
mempresentasikan survei pada sistem berbasis IoT yang dirancang untuk mendukung memungut, menyusun, dll.) Menimbulkan tantangan termasuk
penginderaan jauh waktu nyata dan pengendalian di rantai dingin. Dalam sistem seperti itu, kurangnya ruang , penundaan pembongkaran, pemanfaatan
komponen utama termasuk infrastruktur penginderaan dan komunikasi [68]. Informasi tentang ruang yang tidak tepat, ruang lingkup terbatas untuk
kualitas makanan dilaporkan terus menerus oleh sensor yang tertanam dalam paket cerdas ke meningkatkan pendapatan, dan kurangnya visibilitas ke lokasi
hub lokal melalui jaringan lokal, dan akhirnya ke sistem pusat untuk diproses lebih lanjut, yang sebagian digunakan. Dalam konteks ini, mengembangkan
pengambilan keputusan. Dengan metode yang sama, wadah cerdas seperti InBin dan cahaya sistem berbasis IoT adalah solusi yang efisien untuk mengelola
yang menjamin kualitasnya di sepanjang FSC membutuhkan sistem pengawasan yang dapat pusat distribusi karena visibilitas penuh inventaris yang
memantau status barang dan kemudian mengontrol kondisi sekitar secara real time. Pekerjaan diuntungkan dari koneksi objek pintar memungkinkan proses
di [67] mempresentasikan survei pada sistem berbasis IoT yang dirancang untuk mendukung
logistik dioptimalkan [72]. Sistem seperti itu dikembangkan dan
penginderaan jauh waktu nyata dan pengendalian di rantai dingin. Dalam sistem seperti itu,
disajikan pada [73] menggunakan teknologi RFID untuk melakukan
komponen utama termasuk infrastruktur penginderaan dan komunikasi [68]. Informasi tentang
pemutakhiran data dinamis dan operasi pencarian inventaris
kualitas makanan dilaporkan terus menerus oleh sensor yang tertanam dalam paket cerdas ke
secara real time. Pada dasarnya, produk tersebut dipasang secara
hub lokal melalui jaringan lokal, dan akhirnya ke sistem pusat untuk diproses lebih lanjut,
fisik dengan tag RFID. Pembaca RFID terkait digunakan di ruang
pengambilan keputusan. Dengan metode yang sama, wadah cerdas seperti InBin dan cahaya
stok untuk sering membaca tag. Untuk mendukung pengiriman
yang menjamin kualitasnya di sepanjang FSC membutuhkan sistem pengawasan yang dapat
data baca inventaris ke server pusat ( Raspberry Pi 3 platform), the
memantau status barang dan kemudian mengontrol kondisi sekitar secara real time. Pekerjaan
readers are interfaced with IoT platforms ( NodeMcu). The platform
di [67] mempresentasikan survei pada sistem berbasis IoT yang dirancang untuk mendukung
can communicate with the server via Internet or Wifi. In addition,
penginderaan jauh waktu nyata dan pengendalian di rantai dingin. Dalam sistem seperti itu, komponen utama termasuk infrastruktur penginderaan dan komunikasi [68]. Informasi tentang kualitas makanan dilaporkan
a web server was developed as an interface to display the data
diaktifkan oleh teknologi IoT seperti RFID, WSN mampu mengidentifikasi, of products and facilitate the real time searching of items in
penginderaan lingkungan, komputasi, dan komunikasi. Selain itu, sistem the warehouse. In similar method, the work [74] introduced
pemantauan cerdas menggunakan tag RFID, sensor, dan teknologi PhyNetLab as a real large-scale warehouse testbed made of
komunikasi nirkabel dapat dibentuk di dalam wadah untuk memantau dan cyber-physical objects and smart sensing devices (i.e.,
menyesuaikan kondisi lingkungan seperti suhu, kelembapan, dan cahaya. PhyNodes [ 75], [76]) developed for important applications in
Proyek lain bernama TRAXENS 6 telah dikembangkan kontainer multi-moda the warehouse management such as the inventory control,
cerdas yang dapat mencapai keuntungan besar dalam efisiensi, layanan, and material handling. In this testbed, each smart containers is
dan perlindungan planet ini karena visibilitas kontainer kargo diperoleh attached with a corresponding PhyNode at its front that can
secara real time. Baru-baru ini, kargo cerdas (iCargo) telah dikembangkan communicate wirelessly with the infrastructure including
untuk dapat mengidentifikasi diri, deteksi konteks, akses layanan, access points (AP), a central server. The results from the
pemantauan dan pendaftaran status, perilaku independen dan pengambilan implementation of testbed show that the IoT-based system can
keputusan otonom [69]. Dengan kemampuan seperti itu, reduce the delay of material handling processes such as order
picking or sorting, thus to improve the efficiency of warehouse
management. The authors in [77] have proposed
a newly fashioned real-time locating system using active RFID
5 inBin project, http://www.industrie40.iml.fraunhofer.de/en/ergebnisse/ for asset management in indoor environments, i.e., the iLocate
inbin.html system, for the IoT. To eliminate the RFID RSSI noise, iLocate
6 TRAXENS project, http://www.traxens.com/en/
employed the frequency-hopping technique.
Authorized licensed use limited to: University of Canberra. Downloaded on April 28,2020 at 01:16:41 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/JIOT.2020.2971736, IEEE Internet of
Things Journal
IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL, VOL. XXX, NO. XXX, JANUARY 201X 8
To achieve the fine-grained localization accuracy, it took packages perform sensing environment inside the vehicles and
advantage of the virtual reference tags and the tag-tag frequently transmit the sensed data to the gateway placed in
communication protocol. To apply the proposed approach in a the vehicles. The gateway, in turn, can communicate with a
large-scale RFID network, iLocate used ZigBee-based networks. customer’s legacy data analytics and management system via
The associated experimental results and the real project have an API firewall for further receiving the decision making. Sim-
shown the superiority of the proposed system. Recently, ilarly, simple Links 8 is developed as an alternative framework of
collaborative warehouses are widely used in supply chains intelligent logistics. The project conducted by the consumer
since they allow several manufacturers and distribution good forum aims to create, manage and analyze digital links
companies share physical spaces and logistics information to between items and their containers as a dynamic hierarchy,
enhance overall performance. To efficiently manage such then to infer item-level tracking and monitoring information
complex facilities, the authors in [78] proposed a dynamic for any item based on searching the hierarchy for the best
bottom-up approach to improve warehouse visibility, available track, monitor and prediction data at a given time.
traceability, and transparency. The method significantly is The objective of project is enabled by an underlying principle
supported by a developed IoT infrastructure based on RFID, that make items and their containers communicate together to
ambient intelligence, and multi-agent system. One of critical share information all along the logistics links by using low cost
issues in warehouses management refers to inherent risks of identification technology (i.e., QR code). The primary
hazardous accidents due to incompatibility of products. Such demonstration results of the project imply the positive impact
issue is mainly caused by human errors, misplacement of of project since it supports both ecological and economical
products, and unplanned movements of products within the value end-to-end.
warehouses. To avoid the risk, an efficient plan is introduced in As the last phase of the entire freight transportation way to
[79] to optimal the product allocation with respect to the the end customers, last mile delivery is the most cost intensive and
compatible constraints of products. The plan used IoT inefficient since it faces several significant challenges regarding to
technologies encompassing RFID, WSN, communicating object security and delivery ability [83]. Practically, a delivery operation is
paradigm and multi-agent system methodology to synchronize unsuccessful in the case that no customers is available for receipt
perfectly the virtual view of products placements in centralized confirmation. For security reason, a re-delivery with addition cost si
warehouse management system (WMS) and the real situation required since leaving the parcels is prevented by regulations or
in the facility. In this way, any risk in the warehouse is detected residential policies. Efficient solutions must take the need satisfaction
and controlled in the real time manner. of both
the customers and delivery service providers into account to
Freight transportation is constituted as a crucial part of the address such issues. Intelligent lockers or smart mailboxes
entire logistics chain since it is responsible to deliver the provide alternative delivery locations [84], [85] so as the
products from one point to another point. Practically, the consumers can schedule package delivery at an established
efficiency of delivery operation in terms of delivery speed, time to a specific location for quick retrieval. IoT-based mobile
service quality, operation cost, and facility utilization depends apps such as United Parcel Service (UPS) 9 or MailHaven 10
heavily on the state of public transportation systems such as enable the users to track purchases and receive exclusive deals
traffic congestion, road conditions, and so on. In addition, the from retailers.
management of logistics transportation is facing a significant
challenge regarding to the lack of information synchronization III. K EY T ECHNOLOGIES FOR π- I O T R EALIZATION
of freight across modes of transportation and globe. Such a The IoT technologies have been summarized in a number of
gap can be closed by IoT-based systems that enable survey literature to date for a variety of IoT-based applications
information sharing through interconnection among logistics [45], [86], [87], [88], [89], [90], [91]. From the business
assets (i.e., products, and vehicles) and systems. For example, perspective, the authors in [92] predict a data-driven approach,
by equip- ping the physical objects with IoT technologies (e.g., which will be widely applied to build the IoT ecosystems for
RFID tags, GPS, sensors), logistics stakeholders can exploit the enterprises. Based on this vision, the key data-driven IoT tech-
intelligent transportation systems [13], [14], [80] to conduct nologies for π- IoT can be grouped into four functional blocks:
real-time monitoring of object movement from an origin to a data acquisition (identification, sensing, tracking), connectiv-
destination [81]. Furthermore, the vehicles with powerful ca- ity, data processing (advanced computing), and middleware as
pabilities including sensing, networking, communication, and shown on Table 7. This section elaborates key enabling IoT
data processing share under-utilized resources in the parking technologies for shaping the π- IoT framework and emerging
space or on the road [82]. Such a smarter freight management IoT technologies that aid in accelerating the π- IoT realization.
system developed by Intel 7 enables real-time location and
integrity monitoring and management of high-cost, high-risk A. Enabling Technology for π- IoT
shipments through smart sensor tracking and real-time edge 1) Data-Acquisition Technology:
analytics. In this system, the smart sensors attached to the
8 Simple Links project introduction, https://www.theconsumergoodsforum.
7 Smart Freight Management System, https:// com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/CGF-Simple Links White Paper.pdf
9 https://www.ups.com/us/en/services/individual-shipper/
www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/industrial-automation/
smart-freight-technology-powered-by-the-internet-of-things-solution-brief. ups-access-point-deliveries.page
10 https://mailhaven.co/cgi-sys/suspendedpage.cgi
html?wapkw=smart+freight+technology+powered+by
2327-4662 (c) 2019 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
Things Journal
Functional Block Enabling Technologies

Classification Examplesof key technologies
Data-Acquisition Identification RFID, 2D-QR, Bar-Code, NFC

Generateand acquire
Data-Dr iven Technologies for -IoT
Sensing Sensors (i.e., bio-sensors, humidity, temperaturesensors)

relevant IoTdata
Tracking GPS, GPRS(General Packet RadioService)
Connectivity Global coverage Cel lular (2G, 3G, 4G, 5G), satellite
Transmit IoT data to IoT
Long rangecoverage LPWA (Low Power WideArea) (Sigfox, LoRa, NB-IoT, LTE-M) Wi-Fi,
devicesandCloud
Short rangecoverage Zigbee, Bluetooth, BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy)
Data Processing CloudComputing: Thewholebig IoT data isprocessed at the remoteand powerful Cloud
Filter, classify, sort, Edge/FogComputing: Setsof IoT dataareprocessed at edge IoT devicesor Fog nodesnear to
analyze IoTdata to get thedatasources(IoT gateways, routers) to improveperformances(e.g., reduced latency, balanced
insights into it
traffic load)
BigDataAnalytics: Relevant algorithmsareused to analyzetheIoT data to improve

decisionmakings
Middleware Regardlessthe IoT characteristics(i.e., heterogeneity, complex structure), middlewarerelies

Integratea set or whole only theIoT data to createapplications, and servicesultimately. Middlewareisbuild on from
IoTdata to create aset of approachessuch asevent-based, agent-based, resource-based, service-oriented,
applicationsand services database-oriented, and application-specific perspectives.
Fig. 7: Taxonomies of key enabling technologies for π- IoT.
• Identification Technology ternet Protocol at the global scale can exploit such
Major identification technologies including RFID, NFC, information for improving decision making in logistics
bar-code, or QR code systems play a pivotal role in the operation management. Particularly, the real-time infor-
IoT-based system and naturally are indispensable in the mation sharing brings about multiple benefits for the
logistics related applications. Basically, identification logistics management such as reduction of labor cost,
systems consist of a set of smart tags (i.e., RFID tags, business process simplification, improved accuracy of in-
bar-code labels, and NFC cards) attached permanently to ventory control and management, and business efficiency
the physical objects and a set of readers located at affixed improvement.
gates or movable equipment like trucks, and fork- lifts to To take the advantages of identification technology, all
scan and read data stored in the tags. With the physical infrastructure of PI (e.g., π- containers, and π-
capabilities to identify, trace, and track physical objects, movers) can be equipped with the smart tags that enable
the identification systems play an crucial role in IoT achieving a higher level of visibility and real-time tracking
network as a means of communication and data supplier. in the logistics operations. In addition, the identification
To connect the identification system to the Internet, the systems, particularly RFID-based systems can be further
standalone readers (e.g., RFID, and bar-code readers) or exploited to provide more valuable services. For example,
the reader-integrated devices (e.g, PDA, and smart the SmartLocator system introduced in [93] combined the
phones) are connected to an Internet-connected system RFID system with infrared radiation (IR) technology to
such as a server, or an access point. Fig. 8 illustrates an track the assets in real time. In another proposition in
architecture in which the identification system is [94], a system made use of passive RFID tags to localize
connected to the Internet. the pallets in the warehouse. In the similar method, π- IoT
can apply this system in π- nodes for searching the
physical π- facilities efficiently. To localize a specific π- container
DataRequest in larger H-containers or T-containers, a system as
StandaloneRedears
Server
proposed in [95] provides such position information in
DataResponse three dimensions. Recent development of the RFID
Internet
RFIDtags/Labels/
NFCcards
technology focuses on the data transmission mechanisms
Reader-integrated devices AccessPoint
and technology of managing RFID applications [96]. Since
(PDAs, Smart Phones) the π- containers are ma- nipulated worldwide by all
Fig. 8: Connecting the identification systems to IoT. stakeholders, the information relating to their physical
status and context must be captured, coded, protected
The identification data becomes most valuable in the and transferred accurately. The EPCglobal standard
logistics IoT systems since multi-party, multi-stage, and provides a solution that allows iden- tifying π- containers
multi-logistics processes interconnected by a single In- uniquely. Concretely, the container
Things Journal
code is created in line of RFID tag with the EPC standard. workplace conditions (e.g., indoor/outdoor environment, and
Thus, when the code is put into service, the information obstacles influencing the connectivity), technical specification (e.g.,
fed to an EPC Information Service (EPCIS 11) is shared coverage, data rate, and bandwidth), investment cost, and
among stakeholders. so on.
• Sensing Technology For example, the outdoor activities such as the freight trans-
As a central functionality and utility component of the IoT portation and fleet management on the ground with the large
systems, sensing modules embedded in smart objects π- assets (e.g., π- trucks, and π- ships) require the technology to
provide data relating to the status of objects and state of provide a wide, even global coverage. The traditional cellular
surrounding environment conditions through detecting technology (2G/3G) has been best suited since it ensures a
events or sensing changes in a specific quantity of continuous and reliable connectivity as these logistics assets
ambient environment (e.g., pressure, temperature, and are transported across urban or rural areas of countries [100].
humidity). In addition, as the sensors are empowered by Other significant advantage that the cellular technology pro-
communication modules, the sensed data can be shared vides is a ubiquitous interoperability since it is the interna-
with other smart objects or delivered to the cloud (directly tional communication standard. In addition, the mobile M2M
or via a gateway) for advanced services such as communication enabled by cellular connectivity can provide
monitoring, controlling the status of objects/assets or additional logistics benefits such as decreased operational cost
maintenance predictions of equipment. Therefore, com- in a long-term run due to exploitation of existing infrastructure
plementary to the identification data, the sensed data and its longevity feature, increased visibility, and reduced loss
helps in ensuring the complete visibility and integrity of of vehicles and containers [101], [102]. Furthermore, cross
whole logistics operations. With such features, the sensor communications among π- trucks or between π- trucks with π-
technology is extremely important component of π- IoT. nodes remotely can be effective to get instant and adequate
Nevertheless, recent advance technologies in microelec- decision makings. Especially, the latest development of cellar
tromechanical system (MEMS) can create microscopic generation (4G, NB-IoT, LTM-M, and 5G) provides value- added
scale sensors [97], [98], [99] which are small enough to be services including multimedia transmission such as video
embedded into every π- infrastructure including small- streaming, which, in turn, improve significantly the decisions.
size P-containers. In particular, the emerging wireless For instance, a π- truck can deliver a part of inventory to
intelligent sensor technologies, such as electromagnetic another nearby π- trucks directly instead of storing it in some
sensors, biosensors, and off-board sensors further facil- π- nodes to achieve a high inventory flexibility and optimize the
itate the sensor implementation and deployment in IoT performance efficiency. For air freight transportation using
applications. solely π- aircraft, the satellite technology is used perfectly to enable
• Tracking Technology the visibility through the air-to-ground communication.
In reality, tracking is one of most important and vital op- In addition, the satellite communication with long range also
erations in the logistics management. Therefore, deploying allow the nodes on the ground networks to remain connected
the tracking enabled system is indispensable in the π- in the absence of cellular connectivity.
IoT ecosystem. The identification or sensor technologies Apart from the large assets working in outdoor environment,
can be exploited to monitor the location of objects in most of logistics assets with lower values are involved in indoor
limited spaces such as π- nodes, H/T-containers. The execution processes. To interconnect such things, short range
professional satellite technologies such as GPS (Global communication technologies such as the acquisition
Positioning System), GPRS (General Packet Radio Ser- technologies are first effective options. While the identification
vices), and GIS (Geographic Information System) are technologies enable the unidirectional communication (i.e.,
required to track the transportation means with higher data is sent only from the tags to the readers), the sensor
quality services (e.g., fine-grained positioning, real time, technology can allow bidirectional interaction between objects
global reach, and reliability) in significant activities such as with built-in radios (e.g., Wi-Fi, Zigbee, Bluetooth, and BLE).
monitoring the valuable assets and fleet. LPWA networks can be another economical connectivity op-
2) Connectivity Technology: Connectivity is a huge chal- tion that track such a large number of widely dispersed objects
lenging facet of π- IoT ecosystem since it encompasses a variety through the integrated sensors.
of heterogeneous networks operating under different Since π- IoT can contain a number of heterogeneous net-
protocols and standards. In addition, the challenge is amplified works, usage of IoT gateways is mandatory to enable data
by mobility nature of almost π- objects including π- containers, communication of various things over the Internet [103], [104],
π- movers that impact strongly to the reliability of D2D/M2M [105]. In addition, depending on workplaces (e.g., π-
communication. To date, there are a overwhelming number of nodes, inside T-containers, etc.) of π- IoT the deployment of
possible options to connect devices to other devices (i.e., D2D, gateways need to be optimized with respect to multiple factors
and M2M) and to the Internet (ie., cloud), viz., cellular, satel- such as quantity, placements, and cost. As an integral part of π- IoT
lite, WiFi, Bluetooth, RFID, NFC, and LPWAN. Therefore, there ecosystem, the functionalities of smart gateways can be
are a set of significant aspects taken into account within the extended. For example, these devices can derive the optimal
selection of suitable connectivity technologies such as solutions to complicated tasks related to networking and
communication issues after executing the optimization
11 EPCIS, GS1 standard, https://www.gs1.org/epcis/epcis/1-1 algorithms based on network awareness such as topology, and
Things Journal
operation protocols [106], [107], [108], [109], [110], [111]. provide π- IoT services with stringent QoS requirements such
3) Data Processing: Practically, the daily activities in the as a real time and reliable response. In this context, fog and
logistics sector such as picking, loading, transporting by their edge computing have been emerged as alternative solutions to
own generate a huge volume of data. The data is significantly overcome the shortcomings by enabling the IoT data to be
needed to process by a certain way so that the managers can processed at nearby sources or even at edge devices [126],
get insight from the outcomes to improve the decision [127]. In principle, the edge devices or fog nodes such as
makings. Since the local database servers fail to meet the in- access points, IoT gateways, routers, switches, and handheld
creasing requirements regarding the data process, the existing devices are capable of processing the IoT data, performing
logistics businesses have relied on cloud-based services (i.e., algorithms, and producing intelligent services as efficient re-
Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS), Software-as-a-Service (SaaS), and placements of remote cloud servers. For example, adoption of
Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)) to solve the problems fog computing in logistics distribution centers is investigated in
efficiently [112], [113], [114]. In addition, from business [128]. Especially, mobile devices such as handheld devices,
perspective multiple benefits can be gained from the cloud smart phones, or PDAs can serve as fog nodes that can use
computing such as cost efficiency, management simplification, relevant data acquired from embedded sensors to execute an
flexibility, visibility, scalability, and sustainability [115], [116], algorithm to create and display a three-dimension (3D) layout
[117]. (see Fig. 9) [56], [129]. Since the retrieved layout is perfectly
π-pallet (πP) or
As the PI is transformed into IoT revolution the limitations of reflecting the equivalent
real spatial arrangement of π- containers on a
H-container
IoT devices (e.g., low computation, low power, and low π P (i.e., π- pallet), it is used to validate the accuracy of
memory) in π- IoT vitally requires a deployment of cloud- based composition process as well as detect the incompatibly of
platforms (i.e., cloud computing) to store and process an ever neighboring π- containers to avoid possible risks.
growing and complicated influx of IoT data [118]. Basically, the
IoT data is transmitted to the central cloud databases,
processed there, and then the desired outcomes are delivered
Data request
to the subscribed applications. The fast growing amount of
data generated in π- IoT can be viewed as a form of big data Data response
concept which typically is characterized by three Vs: velocity, 3D layout
PDA, Smart Phone,
variety (i.e., structured, unstructured, and semi-structured data Handheld Device π-pallet or equivalent
Embedded sensors
format), and volume [119]. The rise of big data on the cloud H-container
computing opens the opportunities to combine these two Fig. 9: An example of using a handheld device as a fog node to
emerging technologies [120]. While the cloud provides the perform a computing task in π- IoT.
services for data processing, big data helps in enterprises to
optimize the decision making by sophisticated analytic 4) Midleware: The potential benefits of IoT-based systems
algorithms [121], [122], [123], [124]. For example, a case study can be gained by exploiting the valuable information shared
reported in [125] found that adopting big data analytics (BDA) among the physical objects and systems to offer valuable
and IoT helps in supporting strategies of large logistics applications. As an integral component of IoT systems, the
business to improve driver safety, lower operating costs, and main role of IoT middleware is to coordinate between IoT
reduce the environmental impact of their vehicles. Similarly, components and distribute resources (i.e., hardware, data, and
UPS used the big data analytic methods to analyze the functional software) appropriately to develop and manage a
captured IoT data (e.g., real-time GPS data, weather data, road set of IoT services for the final applications [46], [130]. In this
maintenance data, and fleet and personnel schedules) to regard, the IoT middleware solutions can be referred to as IoT
optimize the transportation routes 12. The optimization results platforms, which not only enable communication but also
introduced a ”no-left-turn-policy” that can be applied for all facilitate it [131]. In addition, sitting directly below the
truck drivers of UPS efficiently to improve the transportation application layer in IoT systems the middleware layer helps
performance and overall logistics operations. in hiding the complexity of lower layers such as operating
The unlimited capabilities of cloud computing has proved its systems, network, and heterogeneous physical devices. De-
essential role not only in processing big data effectively but pending on the specific utilities, the information exchange is
also enabling the scalability for π- IoT. However, the centralized different in modes including which information should be sent,
computing method exposes critical drawbacks of cloud-based which objects or systems should be received, or which routes
platforms such as longer latency, heavier network load, and are chosen to deliver the data. In this sense, the middleware
low security. In addition, relying merely on the central data uses relevant software to abstract from the information about
servers to process a set of mobile IoT data generated by the the devices, hardware, networks, protocols. Based on the
mobile π- assets might lead to an additional latency as well as abstracting process, the information is accessed easily by the
unreliable quality of services (QoS). The low performance sophisticated software, algorithms to get the insight from it
practically inhibits the cloud-based platforms to be applicable and provide intelligent services, applications. For example, the
in scenarios, which require the systems to authors in [132] developed a sensor tag middleware
12 ”No-left-turn-policy” architecture, namely middleware for monitoring containers
of UPS, https://theconversation.com/
why-ups-drivers-dont-turn-left-and-you-probably-shouldnt-either-71432? utm (MMC) as an interface to ubiquitously collect and process
source=datafloq&utm medium=ref&utm campaign=datafloq heterogeneous data from RFID and sensors inside the
Things Journal
containers. In particular, the middleware incorporates char- logistics-related activities and organizations. Moreover, if π-
acteristics of standard EPCglobal middleware with several IoT framework is totally in place, integrating some advanced
unique features such as reader abstraction, integration, high ICT technologies such as software-defined networking (SDN),
performance and scalability. To support the IoT devise in big data analytics (BDA), machine learning (ML), artificial in-
providing Web services, a middleware approach was proposed telligence (AI), and BlockChain (BC) in the π- IoT might help in
in [133] to solve the logistics service composition. In addition, a achieving unprecedented efficiency in logistics management by
decentralized coordination mechanism was incorporated in the maximizing simultaneously the performance of both IoT and PI
method to monitor and find component services with satisfied network. In this context, these emerging technologies are
QoS requirements. As a result, the composite service which is considered as crucial driving forces to speed up the π-
aggregated from the component services can be provided to IoT realization. This section provides an in-depth investigation
the IoT-enabled devices such as mobile phones, handheld regarding major roles of such technologies in the acceleration
devices with few required resources [134]. process.
Depending on the requirements and characteristics of IoT 1) Software-Defined Networking (SDN): IoT-based systems
systems, there are a variety of approaches to develop the obviously present a multi-dimensional complexity with respect to
suitable middleware for specific applications [131]. A survey communication and networking characterized mainly by a huge number of
[135] presents a comprehensive list of methods to design heterogeneous IoT devices, different types of networks, a diversity of IoT
middleware used in various IoT-based applications, viz., event- applications/services with various QoS requirements. Such situation certainly
based, agent-based, resource-based, service-oriented, implies a unsuitability of traditional network technologies to deal with the
database- oriented, and application-specific approach. To growing complexity in the IoT-based systems. The SDN technology with
support the IoT ecosystems featured by heterogeneity, many advantage features has emerged as an efficient solution to response
mobility, scalability, multiplicity, and security, two well-known to the aforementioned issues [141]. The fundamental of SDN is separation of
approaches to develop the suited middleware include service traffic flows into data plane and control plane to dispense the dependence of
and agent orientation [136]. Despite important advantages software on hardware in the traditional network infrastructure, thus
such as decentralized multi-agent systems, context enabling system flexibility and scalability. In addition, such traffic division
awareness, and intelligent elements, the agent approach still enables the operators and users to access
holds some obstacles with respect to the interoperability of IoT
subsystems since the heterogeneous IoT devices, networks use
different standards in protocols and data formats. the IoT devices remotely as well as make informed decisions
In the context of π- IoT, the middleware which is developed regarding network control and management.
based on the SOA approach promises an ultimate effective The SDN could be deployed efficiently in three types
solution. On the one hand, from the interoperability point of of networks: access network, core network, and wide-area
view the service orientation is superior to the agent orien- network (WAN) between the edge and the core in the IoT-
tation since it enables subsystems to inter-operate efficiently based systems [142], [143]. The deployment of SDN in the
through three provided functionalities: service discovery, ser- access network aims to address the QoS and network reliability
vice composition, and service access [137], [138]. On the other issues for mobile IoT devices or vehicles. Meanwhile, the SDN
hand, from logistics perspective since the complexity of in the core network is exploited to optimally coordinate traffic
logistics system is characterized by a huge number of physical or services for different purposes (e.g., to reduce the amount
facilities involved in a vast and dynamic number of associated of traffic being sent to the could, to improve the resource
operations, managing it through the corresponding services is utilization at the edge, to balance the workload of edge
recognized as an efficient way. In addition, SOA is considered network, or to save consumption energy). Notably,
suitable for data-driven logistics chains since it can integrate software-defined wide area networking (SD-WAN) technology
logistics process and information, and then share such has emerged in recent years with the aim to simplify the
information to create a better environment for data exchange, complexity of enterprise networks in the whole IoT system by
responsiveness, collaboration, synchronization, and visibility introducing more flexible, programmable network
across the entire logistics chain in real-time fashion. These architectures that can meet the changing requirements of
implications expose a focus on designing SoA- based users. More importantly, the deployment of SD-WAN also aims
middleware to provide such valuable IoT services. For example, at preventing potential security threats at access points.
the well-known Hydra middleware [139] was developed for These benefits gained from the SDN adoption can poten-
three IoT-enabled application domains including building tially share with the IoT-based PI network. That eventually
automation, health-care, and agriculture [140]. Hydra enables contributes as a driving force to accelerate the π- IoT frame-
the IoT devices act as service providers, thus the end users can work.
interact with the edge nodes and access the services through 2) Advanced Data Processing: BDA, Machine Learning
web-services interfaces. (ML), and Artificial Intelligence (AI): The π- IoT framework with
the accompanying infrastructure enables the evolution of
decision support systems (DSS) in the PI scenarios by
B. Technological Trends for π- IoT Realization Acceleration generating and delivering logistics related big data. Due to
The proposed π- IoT framework realized by the engagement the complexity of big data, it certainly cannot be handled of IoT
and PI potentially promises multi-fold benefits for and made full use of by traditional database management
Things Journal
tools but rather by advanced data processing technologies, and coordinate the transactions. In particular, the BC with four
specifically BDA, ML, and AI. As illustrated in Fig. 10 these key features, namely, data transparency, data security, asset
technologies creates the layer above the IoT infrastructure and management, and smart contract is worthily studied and
gradually optimizes the system performance by performing adopted in IoT-based supply chain and logistics networks,
their exclusive roles. which are recognized as completely untrusting environments
[149], [150]. The application of BC in such context offer a
Machine Learning (ML)/
variety of benefits. Most of use cases recognize the BC as an
Artificial Intelligence (AI) efficient solution to address security and trust issues, which are
Data-basedmining& learning
imposed during real-time information exchanges between IoT
devices and companies [151]. In addition, the BC can help in
improving transparency and traceability capabilities for the
BigDataAnalytics
Data storage& analysis logistics stakeholders since any change of state of IoT object is
recorded and triggered instantaneously by the interconnected
databases of involved parties [152]. Extending the
implementation of BC in the PI, the work [153] introduces a
Internet of Things(IoT)
Data collection & pre-processing conceptual framework of BC to support four levels of
interactions: π- organizations and governance at the highest
Fig. 10: Relationship of IoT, BDA, ML, and AI technologies level, π- nodes, π- movers, and finally π- containers at the lowest and
their roles in optimizing the performance of IoT-based level. In a similar methodology as suggested in [154] the system.
secure data exchange capability of BC technology can leverage the
ubiquitous and (near) real-time exchange of information flow
enabled by π- IoT to accelerate significantly the physical
Accordingly, the data pushed from the IoT layer is analyzed by various flow and financial flow in the PI context since the secure data
advanced analytical techniques to extract patterns and trends. These sharing of BC can mitigate many fiction regulations of global
well-analyzed information then is used by ML algorithms and AI to logistics stakeholders.
accelerate time to get valuable insights, which eventually is exploited to
support the decision makings in the logistics activities. Therefore, the
IV. B UILDING-BLOCKS OF π- I O T
integration of BDA, ML, and AI into IoT implies extreme benefits for the
implementation of IoT-based logistics systems [144], [145], [146]. For The huge potential of IoT is morphing from smart concept
example, the study [147] developed an architecture integrating BDA to IoT to reality such as smart cities, smart grids, and smart factories.
for support real-time analysis of high-speed data in the supply chain Considered as a smart system, π- IoT can be built on three key
environment. The model deals with a set of data-based processes including building blocks including smart objects, smart networks, and smart
generation, extraction, and ingestion of data from IoT layer and the relation PIMS.
database management system (RDBMS) in Hadoop distributed file system
(HDFS). The data is visualized and analyzed in real-time through ML models
A. Smart Objects
to generate knowledge and informed decision-makings. Notably, a recent
work [148] proposed a BDA framework that is applied in the PI-based Similar to the general IoT systems [155], π- IoT can be
manufacturing shop floors. Through deploying IoT and wireless founded on the smart objects enabled by relevant
technologies, typical production resources including workers, machines, technologies. The term ”smart object” refers to all physical
materials, and order are transformed into smart manufacturing objects equipment, devices, machines, or logistics assets used to carry
(SMOs), which then generate an enormous amount of logistics data to out the logistics activities in the PI such as π- containers, and π-
reflect their behaviors along the production processes. A BDA framework movers.
was introduced in the study to process, analyze, and harness such big data By embedding the advanced technologies in information
for visualizing the whole logistics trajectory and evaluating the efficiency of and communication domain, the objects can be transformed
logistics operations in the shops. In particular, the analysis and evaluation into smart objects, which are able to perceive and interact to
outcomes can be translated into managerial guidance that is then used to proximity including the surrounding environment and other
support efficiently the decision makings in practical logistics activities. smart objects [6], [156]. Fig. 11 illustrates four main modules
of smart objects in π- IoT ecosystem: data acquisition,
connectivity, power, and processing module.
The main function of data acquisition component is to
acquire the relevant data such as environment conditions (i.e.,
temperature, and humidity) and the object states through
3) Advanced Security with Blockchain (BC): Fundamen- tally, BC can be interaction capabilities enabled by the data acquisition tech-
referred to as a shared, distributed ledger technology that can record nologies (i.e., RFID, sensors,and tracking). The processing
transactions between parties in a secure and permanent way. As the module is the core brain of smart objects which performs a
participants share databases the BC enables an elimination of the need for complicated set of tasks (e.g., data processing, data storage,
third-parties, which previously act as trusted mediators to record, verify, etc.) to realize the smart functionality of objects. To enable
communication and data exchange among the objects, the
Things Journal
c15 c6 and transmitted to

c2 central
c15 management system for real time P3
controlling.
c7 c16 c13 c9
DataAcquisition Processing R4 Connectivity 3) Telemetry:
S4 The telemetry data includes
C4 information col- L4
Module Module Module
c8 c9 lected by the objects
c6 through
c11 sensing the surrounding envi- P4
ronment and exchanging data with other objects or systems.
Receiving Site Thanks to the ICT ting Site each smart π-
Sorintegration, Composing
container is Site
represented by a corresponding intelligent agent (e.g., a smart
tag, wireless sensor node, etc.) as illustrated in Fig. 12.
Power Module
Fig. 11: A typical structure of smart objects for the π- IoT vision
enabled by four integrated modules. Database
connectivity module encompasses several components including

PIMS
antenna, wired/wireless transceivers, and signal processing
hardware. Finally, the power module with rechargeable or un-
rechargeable batteries is the integral part to provide energy for
every operational modules.
c1 c2
The increasing development of technologies in information,
computation, communication, and augmenting domains enables Communication, interaction
the smart object to extend the functionality. For example, the π- vehicles Agents (sensors, smar t tags)
not only provides their real-time movement information to the Fig. 12: The intelligent agents embedded in the π- containers
fleet management centers through GPS systems but also sensed enable them interact together and with other management
status data such as engine speed, and temperature to provide systems (e.g., PIMS) actively.
early warning or potential maintenance activities. In addition, the π-
trucks not only are sources of valuable information but also act as
fog nodes which is enable to carry out computation and Through exchanging significant information the agents help
communication [157], [158] even they are in motion. in ensuring the identification, integrity, routing, conditioning,
monitoring, traceability and security of each π- container. For
To take full advantage of interconnection among the smart example, in our previous work [159] a gateway or a coor-
objects in the IoT systems, more semantic and valuable data dinator sensor deployed in a π- pallet or a π- truck collected the
can be inserted in the memory of smart objects, thus it can neighboring information of sensor nodes in network to
exploited as best as possible via interaction for improving monitor the locations and states of π- containers carried on it
decision makings. For example, the sensors embedded in π- by a retrieval 3D layout. Fig. 13 illustrates an example showing
e
containers can store two kinds of information: proprioceptive and Loading
the monitoring functionality of π- movers ( π- pallet ( π P) and π-
Site
exteroceptive to make these devices active [59]. While the truck ( π T)) enabled by equipped wireless sensors or gateway.
proprioceptive data is related to the specification of contained
products or the π- containers such as volume, and dimension, the
exteroceptive data is obtained through interaction with the Database
environment or other devices such as temperature, and humidity.
Similarly, to be best consumed and handled by different IoT
devices and back-end systems, common categories of information I tems Id Color Size Final
I tems Id Color Size Final
Destination
PIMS
Destination
exchanged in π- IoT can be grouped into four groups: metadata,

c1 C100 red [2x1x1] H2
P1 P100 white [3x2x1] H2
c2 C200 green [2x1x1] H2

state data, telemetry data, and commands.

c3 C300 violet [1x1x1] H2
c4 C400 blue [1x1x1] H2

1) Metadata: Metadata encompasses the immutable and

fixed specification of smart objects such as identifier (ID), Sensor Coordinator , Internet
Sensor Coordinator
model, manufacturing date, and hardware serial number. Usu- GW
ally, this kind of data is read by using identification systems

(i.e., RFID, NFC, and bar-codes).
2) State information: The state data refers to the current status of the
objects, not of the ambient environment such as CPU operating
- truck ( T) or - pal let ( P) or
temperature, and battery state. This information can be updated through equivalent T-container equivalent H-container
reading or writing process. Since this information is valuable in a short-term
periods the updating is not frequent. However, to maintain the operating Fig. 13: The monitoring functions of π P and π T enabled by
sate of smart objects, the information is required to be monitored equipped wireless sensors or gateway.
Mounted-computer
Things Journal
In particular, to support routing protocols effectively, routing

information (i.e. previous/next/final destination address) of the π- container
provided by the PIMS is also added to the memory of the sensor. In
this way, such information can be checked using any device such
Remote clouds Database systems
as a computer, tablet or even a mobile phone for efficiently Back-end systems
distributed handling, storage, and moving automation when the π- containers

WMS TMS ERP ...
are involved in the corresponding processes [35].
Fig. 14: A typical structure of smart PIMS.

This information type is the major source used and exploited
to develop and provide the IoT-based applications. Therefore,
sophisticated strategies of data processing (e.g., Big Data
analytics) should be applied to get insights from it since a huge to enable the efficient management of logistics operations and
number of smart objects transmits such big data to the cloud. resources (e.g., π- containers, and π- movers). Furthermore, the
PIMS should be active to exploit as best as possible the
4) Commands: Commands indicate actions performed by the smart capabilities of π- facilities in π- IoT. The term ”activeness” refers
objects after collecting a set of relevant information and then making to the ability of PIMS in communicating and exchanging data
with the logistics assets (i.e., smart objects) in real time. Thus,
decisions. For example, the alarming commands are sent by a certain π- container
to a nearby management system when it detects a potential risk (e.g., an the PIMS can leverage the exchanged information to optimize
explosion) caused by a proximity π- container. Additional specialized sensors scheduling, processes, and the utilization of assets.
can be deployed depending on the customer requirements or contents. For Fig. 15 illustrates such a smart PIMS developed for manag-
example, for high security purpose sensors are used to detect the opening ing a certain π- hub ( π H). As defined in Table I the exchange of π-
of π- containers preventing theft. Sensitive contents such as perishable food containers from carriers to another is the core activity of π Hs.
requires sensors to monitoring temperature, humidity so as the quality of However, to ensure the efficient and sustainable transfer of π- containers
food maintain viable until reaching the destination. Thus alarming through the π H, a set of complicated activities (e.g., receiving,
commands are triggered once the monitored parameters are over the sorting, composing, etc.) needs to be optimized.
threshold values. In another example, the PIMS can be alerted when a π- truck
is being over-utilized or when an idle π- pallet should be assigned to do other In this case, the PIMS is distributed into active subsystems,
task. each of which is responsible for accomplishing its own func-
tion by using an assigned set of resources. For example, at the
receiving site, all inbound π- movers, and π- containers are
Throughout the open and shared PI network stakeholders, registered, verified and scanned for validation and security
managers, and end customers can access necessary data by purposes. At this stage, the activeness of π- facilities are
interacting with the agents. However, depending on the roles exploited to cross-check the current incoming inputs against
of requesters more restricted data may be required and the information transmitted from π H1. After passing such
accessed to ensure the security and privacy of data. A initial processes, π- containers are directed to appropriate lo-
MODULUSHCA common data model proposed in [160] is cations for their next involved processes. Usually, moving the π-
composed of four data types: business data, shipment data, containers is supported by π- conveyors or π- carriers
network data, and public data, which can be accessed by depending on their next destination and next processes. To
corresponding actors with the granted rights to support avoid collisions and balance the loads, the π- containers are
exchanging information among the partners of the PI. allocated to go in different input lanes. As illustrated in Fig.
15, every four π- containers are scheduled and moved in one
lane (i.e., R1, R2, R3, and R4) to ensure the smooth flow in both
B. Smart PIMS
time window and space window [159].
A PIMS refers to a network of computer-based systems In the same way, the other subsystems (i.e., sorting, compos-
including specialized software (e.g., warehouse management ing, and loading subsystems) evolving specific π- containers
systems (WMS), transportation management system (TMS), and and facilities assigned by the PIMS manages and take its
enterprise resource planning (ERP)), back-end systems, function. In addition, an active subsystem is also responsible
database servers, and/or remote clouds that aims to manage for managing a set of PI assets, inventories (i.e., π- containers,
and control all logistics processes, operations efficiently and π- movers) within a scheduled period to complete its
through the information flow captured by the underlying IoT specific task.
infrastructure (see Fig. 14).
In π- IoT, the PIMS is transformed to be smart so that it
exploits as best as possible the information shared through IoT C. Smart Networks
vision to ensure the synchronization between information and To enable seamlessly interconnectivity and interoperability
material flow. In addition, dealing with a huge number of π- containers
within π- IoT, smart networks are indispensable in π- IoT. Such
and logistics assets, and a complexity of logistics processes in networks must be designed to adapt in a flexible way to the
each π- node, the smart PIMS should be distributed intelligently dynamic change nature of PI operations. Therefore, the smart
over a high number of resources networks must provide an availability characterized by reliable
Things Journal
Database Database Database

of H1 of H2 of H3
PIMS PIMS PIMS

of H1 of H2 of H3
A A A A
Subsystem Subsystem Subsystem Subsystem
Receiving Sor ting Composing Loading
c1 c2 c1 c4
R1 S1 C1 L1
c3 c16 P1 T1
c3 c4
c11 c5 c12 c7
R2 S2 C2 L2
c13 c12 c8 c10
P2 T2
c10 c14 c14 c5

R3 S3 C3 L3
c15 c6 c2 c15 P3 T3
c7 c16 c13 c9
R4 S4 C4 L4
c8 c9 c6 c11 P4 T4
Receiving Site Sor ting Site Composing Site Loading Site

Fig. 15: A typical smart PIMS can interact with π- containers, π- movers to facilitate the transfer of materials in a π H2 [159].
and ubiquitous connectivity, value-added service provision, poses a challenging task. The investigation on the connectivity and
convergence. Fig. 16 highlights the features of smart technologies for π- IoT as presented in the previous section networks in the
proposed π- IoT. exposes a necessity of communication redundancy to resolve
the challenge. Accordingly, four major groups of wireless
communication networks including wireless mesh, wireless
LAN, cellular, and satellite must coexist to enable the ubiqui-
Featuresof Smart Networks in tous connectivity for the smart objects since some of them can
Convergence
IoT-enabled Logistics leave or join the networks dynamically in every workplace of
Support communication
Network as of heterogeneousIoT π- IoT ecosystem. Generally, the seamless connection relies

data: voice, media,
aService wireless, wired heavily on the deployment of network infrastructure (i.e.,
Using edge, fog
computing, big data to
access points, and gateways). Such design takes account not
providevaluableservices
only the performance optimization of private stakeholders but
Redundancy
Network redundancy to
also other public network infrastructure. For example, right
ensure reliableand
ubiquitousconnectivity
networking technologies need to exploit as best as possible the
public network infrastructure to maximize the communication
and networking capabilities such as V2V (Vehicle- to-Vehicle)
[161], IVC (Inter-Vehicle Communication) [162], V2I
Fig. 16: Typical features of smart networks in π- IoT.
(Vehicle-to-Infrastructure) [163], [164], [165], [166], and
Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) [167] communication networks.
From networking perspective, π- IoT involves several profes- As a key block of π- IoT architecture and infrastructure, the
sional networks such as RFID systems, NFC systems, MAN- smart networks provide not only means for data communi-
NETs, VANNETs, and WSNs, which operate with different cation, processing, and sharing effectively and efficiently but
standards and protocols. The diversity of networks is enlarged also intelligent functionalities and services. For example, as
increasingly due to various communication technologies used π- containers with embedded wireless sensors are loaded on a π-
by businesses and stakeholders. In combination with the truck, an ad-hoc network formed from such collaborated
mobility nature of smart objects (i.e., π- containers, and π- sensors can execute algorithms to provide valuable applica-
movers), deploying networks and associated infrastructure to tions such as monitoring conditions at every positions inside
ensure a seamless communication in π- IoT environment im- the π- truck [57], [56].
Things Journal
A smart network is capable of processing data smartly should be met by providing customization functionality under a
enabled by computing technologies [168]. Since transmitting flexible fashion. Thus an SOA is considered an efficient method
an overwhelming volume of data generated by the connected achieve interoperability between heterogeneous devices in a
devices or sensors to the central base stations or the remote multitude of way [39], [86], [178]. In addition, SOA is
clouds can cause a critical bottleneck on network and a considered suitable for the logistics sector. In particular, SOA
degraded performance. The smart networks in this context can can integrate logistics processes and information; and sharing
extend functionality right or near to the edge so that the data such information can help create a better environment for
can be processed and analyzed locally before it is delivered to real-time data exchange, real-time responsiveness, real- time
the server or the clouds. Edge computing, fog computing are collaboration, real-time synchronization, and real-time visibility
possible technologies used to allow the smart network to across the entire logistics chain. The architecture provides an
realize such functionality [169], [170]. For example, an IoT end-to-end design of π- IoT ecosystem based on the enabling
gateway connecting a WSN and the Internet can employ the technologies, building blocks to realize the final IoT-based
fog computing, edge computing techniques to handle a bundle applications and services. This section describes such an
of sensor data locally [171]. This promisingly improves the architecture comprising four layers: physical layer, network
scalability and the high QoS (quality of services) such as quick layer, service layer and interface layer for π- IoT of PI. Fig. 17
response time, low bandwidth for any network enforcement, illustrates the conceptual design of SOA for π- IoT.
especially supports the mobility of IoT systems [172]. In
addition, by combining with the big data analytics the smart A. Physical Layer
networks can offer efficient predictive analysis and reporting
The physical layer involves all the infrastructure including
functions which, in turns, are used to enhance data- driven
the three key building blocks (i.e., smart objects, smart net-
decision makings. For instance, the results obtained from the
works, and smart PIMS) for π- IoT ecosystem. As the lowest
analysis of traffic behavior can help in determining the
layer in the four-layer architecture, the main role of physical
feasibility of network capacity (e.g., bandwidth, residual
layer is to perceive and acquire the IoT data from the smart
energy, and delay) on supporting the data heavy processes. In
objects, smart networks through communication among them
addition, the traffic flows can be prioritized according to
and interaction between them with surrounding environment.
urgency, importance and feasibility
This process is enabled by the acquisition technologies such
IoT data in π- IoT system can be available in a hetero-
as RFID, NFC, bar-codes, and WSN [179], [180], [181]. With the
geneous set such as text, voice, and media format, which are
massive logistics activities, the huge volume of collected
transferred through the backbone transport networks (i.e.,
information should be pre-processed, categorized,
both wired and wireless communication networks). In this
standardized before it is delivered to the upper layer to reduce
context, a single converged network is essential to guarantee a
the traffic load of IoT system. For example, the information
hyper level of interoperability and support for providing IoT
used to realize the four classes of activeness of π- container can
applications and services. Nevertheless, the converged net-
be classified into four corresponding levels [59], [159]:
work brings about significant benefits for organizations such
1) Passive information: it is collected from static or dynamic
as cost savings, operational simplification, and a consistent
data stored in the RFID tag or sensors. Such information
policy enforcement due to an unified management strategy.
relates to π- container specification and location for pro-
Recently, an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) has been a well-
viding tracking and traceability function.
developed platform standardized by 3GPP and ETSI to provide
2) Triggering information: This information is perceived from
user profile and session control functions for the delivery of
sensing and detecting by adequate sensors. There- fore,
multimedia services for the next generation networks (NGN) in
detected problems are sent to the PIMS as alert mes-
IoT systems [173], [174], [175]. By integrating the IMS the
sage. Such information provides the monitoring function.
smart networks such as WSNs [176] or wireless actuator
3) Decision process information; This information is ob-
networks [177] provide additional context-aware applications
tained through the interaction and communication
and services for users.
among proximity π- containers. The management of
incompatibility between π- containers is an example of
V. S ERVICE-ORIENTED A RCHITECTURE FOR π- I O T services served by such information.
4) Self-organized information: The active π- containers are
Since no architecture standard is agreed universally by the businesses,
self-sufficient and are able to provide services based on the
practitioners to implement IoT, a variety of architectures have been
information obtained from the π- infrastructure in the
proposed for the according IoT-enabled applications [90]. In the context of π-
previous class.
IoT, the dynamic mobility nature of logistics assets requires significantly an
adaptive architecture help devices interact with other things in real- time
manner. In addition, the decentralized and heterogeneous characteristics of B. Network Layer
IoT requires that the architecture provides IoT efficient event-driven as well The network layer is responsible for connecting all hetero-
as on-demand services once requested. More importantly, the geneous things together and allowing them to exchange the
ever-changing demands of businesses and the vastly different requirements relevant information with other connected things and systems. In
of end users addition, the networking layer serves as a means to transport the
information aggregated from the physical layer to the
Things Journal
to non-robust of the network. Such significant concerns as

clarified in Table III must be taken into account to design an
Inter faceLayer appropriate network layer to meet the requirements of
users/applications for π- IoT.
TABLE III: Key considerations for designing a network layer for π-

Handheld IoT (adapted from [178] )
Devices
Design goals Description
How long can an IoT device operate
Energy
with limited power supply?
Creating& Internet C1
How much time is need for message
ServiceLayer
managing Latency
services propagation and processing?
What is the maximum amount of data that
Throughput
can be transported through the network?
C2
Scalability How many devices are supported Who
Middleware,
Cloud Topology must communicate with whom? How
Software,
Security & safety secure and safe is the application?
Platforms
Service-Or iented Architecture for -IoT
Practically, no networks can meet all the defined goals. In

C other words, there exists an inherent trade-off regarding the
GW network performances. Therefore, network optimizations pay a
ways to resolve the issues [183] by optimizing a single or a set
Network Layer
WirelessLAN
WirelessMesh of factors subject to the other constrains.
Internet
C. Service Layer
This layer relies on the associated SOA middleware and
advanced data processing technologies (e.g. cloud computing,
Cloud
BDA, ML, and AI) to integrate multiple stocks of hetero-

Cellular Network SatelliteNetwork
geneous information and create valuable services. The ser-
vices can be on-demand applications, which are requested by
managers to support the facilitation of logistics processes as
well as end users (i.e., customers) to monitor or track their
- pallet ( P) or equivalent
orders. Basic traceability or tracking functions, monitoring,
Physical Layer
- truck ( T) or equivalent
H-container T-container
scheduling, and routing are typical services of this type in the
P logistics operations. Another type of services include
T notification services that provide valuable and notification
H information for the manager, stakeholders, and actors auto-
- mover & -lift-truck
matically. For example, when a π- truck is going to a region of
Intelligent Agent
Sensor/gateway/coordintor
traffic congestion, a service is sent to the truck driver and
notifies the situation. The services can also provide a guide
Fig. 17: The end-to-end Service-Oriented Architecture to regarding the transportation route to avoid the congestion realize IoT
services for π- IoT. region. Another role of service layer is to determine locations
to access the services. Basically, as the smart objects are
equipped with the computing, communication, and storage
capabilities, they can be the service providers. For example,
upper layer. In π- IoT, services provided by IoT devices (i.e., a gateway installed in a π- truck can provide services such as
smart objects) or a collective group of devices (i.e., smart ambient monitoring inside the carried smart container [184]
networks such as ad hoc, mesh networks, and WSNs) will be through communicating with the sensors [185], [186], [187]. As
brought into and stored in the service Internet (i.e., clouds, the wireless sensors are deployed inside the containers [187]
database servers) for further accessing and sharing. Therefore, they can actively send the data including the surround
another role of the network layer is to support discovering and environment, and local positions to the base station. Thus the
delivering the services as they are requested in any time and at real time conditions at any position of container can be
any place. Although the deployment of redundant networks monitored effectively even it is in motion. Another important
can ensure a reliable and ubiquitous connectivity in π- IoT it service provided by the gateway is logistics asset tracking.
imposes various network related issues such as resource While the GPS installed in the π- trucks offers the global
management, routing, energy conservation, congestion, het- positions of large assets, the systems based on the acquisition
erogeneity, scalability, reliability, quality of service (QoS) and technologies such as RFID, and WSNs can track the locations of
security [182]. In addition, the dynamic changing of network small and low value assets in indoor environments (i.e.,
topology due to leaving or joining of IoT devices may lead π- nodes, and π- containers) [188], [189], [190], [191]. This
Things Journal
layer relies on the underlying IoT infrastructure to identify and infancy or at an early stage of implementation. Such similar
realize appropriate services, which are then used to support positive impact can potentially be achieved when the π- IoT is
the logistics operations efficiently. However the layer faces realized and exploited in the PI scenarios. However, since the
security issues with respect to information exchange and PI is at an early stage of implementation, the qualitative impact
storage, database management, search engines (e.g., database of π- IoT on the performance of PI with respect to the economy
search, and service search), and communication protocols sustainability is still not assessed thoroughly. In addition,
among services [39], [86]. Therefore, security mechanisms making the π- IoT framework to become reality requires
must be deployed to mitigate the malicious attacks when they certainly a heavy investment for the transformations in
request and access services such as authenticated validations infrastructure, technology, and business model. Therefore,
and certification of applications and users. the proposed framework can only develop if it enables the PI to
offer significantly higher performance than the current
D. Interface Layer practices.
Generally, IoT brings with it an adverse impact on environ-
In reality, the inherent heterogeneity of smart objects in π-
ment sustainability since it uses numerous resources including
IoT poses a critical challenge regarding accessing the services
energy supplies, harmful substances and non-renewable mate-
since they follow different standards, protocols. The challenge
rial, and then generates carbon-dioxide ( CO 2) emissions, e-
is amplified by an exponential increase in the number of IoT
waste across the entire life cycle. The negative impact might
devices (i.e., smart objects owned by different stakeholders,
become more serious in the activities of logistics sector since a
businesses) joining π- IoT network. Therefore, the ultimate role
huge number of physical infrastructure and logistics-related
of interface layer is to enable the services to be accessed and
operations is involved in running and maintaining the logistics
used by any manager or end user through any device (e.g.,
system. In the context of π- IoT, additional resources are
PDA, handheld devices, smart phones, and computers). Such
consumed to enable the integration of IoT in the PI. For
perfect interface is considered as a means that enables an
example, all the physical infrastructure and facilities including
universal service access through Universal Plug and Play
the smart objects, the high-performance computing systems
(UPnP) activity [182], [192]. However, the heterogeneity fea-
(i.e., fog nodes, data center, and servers) consume a certain
ture of π- IoT limits the ultimate functionality. Instead, an
amount of energy directly for performing multiple tasks such
interface profile can be designed appropriately for a set of
as sensing, identification, data exchanging, and data process-
services standards associated by the compatible interfacing
ing. In addition, due to dynamic nature of logistics activities,
methods. For example, Web Services [182] are technologies
real-time services require the smart objects to be active most
that integrate a set of standards and protocols to exchange
of time for frequent activities, viz., monitoring the surrounding
data between applications developed in different
environment and object health status, storing, processing, and
programming languages and they can run on any platform.
exchanging the captured information, thus resulting in an
Therefore, the Web Services enable the relevant data and
increased energy consumption. Therefore, these issues impose
services to be shared in both private IoT devices and private
an intensive analysis framework to investigate and evaluate
networks through the Internet.
the overall sustainability of system when applying the the π-
IoT framework explicitly in the PI scenarios. For example, the
VI. K EY CHALLENGES OF π- I O T REALIZATION
works [195], [196] aim to establish and examine an efficient
The positive impact of IoT in improving the overall perfor-
green computing platform that is capable of supporting the
mance, efficiency, and sustainability of logistics operations in
provisions of IoT applications. The assessment results of
the PI scenarios has been recognized by many stakeholders
studies show that the fog computing in combination with the
[33]. However, the adoption of IoT in the PI still comes with a
traditional cloud computing will enable a green computing
wide range of challenges, which according to their area of
paradigm with a 40% decrease of mean energy expenditure,
impact can be divided into three main groups, namely, system,
and a considerable reduction of CO 2 emissions produced by data
business, and policy. This section investigates intensively these
centers. Especially, the collaboration paradigm is greener
challenges and associated factors that serve as barriers to the
even in the system that supports huge demands of the next
π- IoT realization.
generation real-time IoT services.
Concerning the impact of IoT on the society sustainability,
A. System-related Challenges batteries, physical connections, energy fields and a
1) System Sustainability: Although the introduction of PI combination of these technologies pose major issues, all of
aims to obtain the efficiency and sustainability of logistics which are shared with the general IoT-based and logistics
activities in three dimensions: economy, environment, and systems. For example, the usage of batteries for the smart
society, application of IoT in such logistics paradigm might objects (e.g., packaging π- containers) can potentially cause
expose severe side effects and thus hindering the goal achieve- critical risks such as explosions of hazardous materials during
ment. handling, storage, and transportation processes [197], [198],
From economy aspect, numerous studies in the literature [199], [200]. Such kind of threats can be additionally caused by
examined the impact of IoT on the economic growth [193], possible reactions of incompatible dangerous goods in the PI
[194]. The studied findings implied an tangible effect of IoT- context since the contents of π- containers (e.g., liquid, solid
based solutions on the economy even if the IoT is still in its bulk, fragile, etc.) are hided to restrict access to the relevant
Things Journal
data [33]. Therefore, any mis-declaration, mis-communication geographic locations of π- nodes as well as multiple logistics
or incorrect documentation with respect to the shipment infor- processes taken place in these transit centers (e.g., loading,
mation could lead to severe consequences. All the mentioned unloading, and sorting π- containers). Therefore, any inefficient
issues pose a high reliability requirement of π- IoT to provide routing protocol certainly leads to an adverse consequence of
the adequate and reliable data. Another controversial issue performance. In addition, the routing protocols must deal with
exposed when transporting the smart objects in the airplanes irregular traffic of π- containers characterized by different
is related to a significant RF interference of smart objects to the degrees of variability and uncertainty in terms of arrival time,
airplane communication system. Until a new legislative contents, quantity, sizes and destination mix [201], [33].
framework is released for a corresponding resolution, the Furthermore, the routing protocols are strongly affected by
problems still act as a significant barrier to the adoption of IoT other perturbations, which come from external and internal
in the PI. environment [202]. The external perturbations refer to factors
2) System Performance Issues: The specific characteristics of influencing on one-hop transportation of π- containers. Such
logistics system negatively affecting the performance of π- crucial factors include bad weathers, transportation status
IoT probably serve as barriers to the convergence of IoT and (e.g., congestion, traffic jams, accidents, and strikes), which can
PI. lead to an increased delivery time and even a disruption
Regarding communication and networking aspects, although the of pre-set scheduling of π- hubs. The internal perturbations relate
redundant communication mechanism of the smart networks can enable to issues inside the transit centers such as breakage of some π- movers
the ubiquitous interconnectivity in the π- that affects the service time and transit lead- times. Although the
IoT vision the communication reliability still faces inherent integration of IoT can help in sharing the real-time information and
challenges. First of all, the presence of high density obstacles supporting efficiently the informed decision-makings, the
such as steel construction, thick wall of π- warehouses, π- problems will not solved yet thoroughly in scenarios with huge
nodes, π- movers, and π- containers certainly cause significant number of traffic flows.
signal loss in the wireless communications. In addition, metal
objects (e.g., π- containers covered by metal materials) create B. Business-related Challenges
destructive interference of radio waves due to multi-path
The ultimate goal of PI is to establish an open and shared
reflection. These adverse effects collectively result in high
network that connects all logistics-related actors, stakeholders,
probability of failures of packets at the target receivers, thus
organizations worldwide for optimizing the performance of
reducing the performance of data communications in the IoT
logistics activities. However, until a single commitment is
networks. Besides selecting the appropriate RF technology with
agreed by all these actors to exploit the PI network, there still
receiver sensitivity, selecting materials for the smart objects,
exists a long distance to reach the practical implementation of
especially the π- containers must be paid close attention to
PI and IoT in businesses. Especially, small and medium
mitigate the unreliability of data communication. Secondly, the
enterprises (SME), which likely have more limitations on
crowded frequency bands of multiple networks present as a
financial, human resources and technical, are likely to have a
potential source to cause missed packets due to in-band
higher uncertainty of deploy π- IoT based solutions. Simultane-
interference. For example, a majority of smart objects can use
ously, the realization of π- IoT requires a massive investment
the ISM (industrial, scientific and medical) bands for radio
for the infrastructure transformations and integration of ad-
communication since they are characterized by advantages
vanced ICT technologies that are adequate and suitable to the
features such as license free and low power consumption for
business situations. Moreover, integration of the relevant IoT
communication. Therefore, the unreliability issue becomes
technologies to the existing systems might lead to additional
critical as a vast number of smart objects located in a close
costs used for activities such as training, familiarity to get used
proximity workplace shares the same ISM band. The advanced
to operations, management, and maintenance of systems.
technologies can offer efficient solutions to these problems
Notably, the realization speed of π- IoT is also inhibited by
such as sufficient blocking capability developed for mobile
security issues of the IoT objects, which are prime targets of
phones or tablets. Other methods can come from the sophisti-
cyber-criminals and hackers. Inevitably, such risks translates to
cated algorithms for networks (i.e., mesh, ad-hoc, and WSNs) to
monetary impact since any disruption or damage to the IoT
regulate the operations of radios. For example, reducing the
infrastructure would lead to a significant loss of revenue and
transmission power helps in mitigating the interference range
even safety threats.
to nearby nodes.
Actually, the paradigm shift from the current logistics to the
PI requires substantial transformations in infrastructure, C. Policy-related Challenges
technology, and business model. Besides the nature challenges The ambition of PI paradigm is to form a global network for
in innovating the physical infrastructure of PI (i.e., standard- providing logistics services in which all involved actors (e.g., partners,
izing π- containers, π- mover, and π- nodes), designing efficient stakeholders, and organizations) in both private and public spheres, and
virtual entities (i.e., routing protocols of π- containers) faces countries are required to share information, protocols, and resources to
existing challenges. Firstly, unlike routing the data packets in jointly obtain the maximized efficiency and sustainability. However, the
the Digital Internet, every one-hop move or sojourn of a diversity of policies issued by these actors and countries to manage the
physical π- container at transit centers (i.e., π- nodes) is cost logistics related activities poses different barriers towards achieving an
intensive and time consuming due to the fact complexity of
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Menuju Internet of Things for Physical

deskripsi penting dari π- wadah seperti dimensi (yaitu, volume

Lapisan Internet Digital Internet Fisik

Karena lapisan hanya memperhitungkan layanan ini, mereka dikembangkan sehingga

Gbr. 5: Prototipe umum rel jalan raya π- hub dirancang untuk

Namun, untuk memodelkan dan merumuskan masalah optimisasi

Functional Block Enabling Technologies

Data-Acquisition Identification RFID, 2D-QR, Bar-Code, NFC

Sensing Sensors (i.e., bio-sensors, humidity, temperaturesensors)

BigDataAnalytics: Relevant algorithmsareused to analyzetheIoT data to improve

Middleware Regardlessthe IoT characteristics(i.e., heterogeneity, complex structure), middlewarerelies

Fig. 7: Taxonomies of key enabling technologies for π- IoT.

c15 c6 and transmitted to

connectivity module encompasses several components includ- ing

exchanged in π- IoT can be grouped into four groups: metadata,

c2 C200 green [2x1x1] H2

state data, telemetry data, and commands.

c4 C400 blue [1x1x1] H2

1) Metadata: Metadata encompasses the immutable and

ally, this kind of data is read by using identiﬁcation systems

In particular, to support routing protocols effectively, routing

distributed handling, storage, and moving automation when the π- containers

are involved in the corresponding processes [35].

Fig. 14: A typical structure of smart PIMS.

Database Database Database

PIMS PIMS PIMS

Receiving Sor ting Composing Loading

c10 c14 c14 c5

Receiving Site Sor ting Site Composing Site Loading Site

Network as of heterogeneousIoT π- IoT ecosystem. Generally, the seamless connection relies

to non-robust of the network. Such signiﬁcant concerns as

TABLE III: Key considerations for designing a network layer for π-

Practically, no networks can meet all the deﬁned goals. In

BDA, ML, and AI) to integrate multiple stocks of hetero-

[184] W. Lang, R. Jedermann, D. Mrugala, A. Jabbari, B. Krieg-Brü¨ckner, and K.

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