DAFTAR ISI

Halaman
HALAMAN JUDUL........................................................................................ i
HALAMAN PENGESAHAN.......................................................................... ii
HALAMAN PERNYATAAN.......................................................................... iii
HALAMAN MOTTO DAN PERSEMBAHAN ............................................. iv
PRAKATA ...................................................................................................... v
SARI .............................................................................................................. vii
DAFTAR ISI ................................................................................................... viii
DAFTAR TABEL ........................................................................................... xii
DAFTAR GAMBAR ....................................................................................... xiii
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ................................................................................... xv
BAB I PENDAHULUAN ................................................................................ 1
1.1 Latar Belakang Masalah............................................................................. 1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah ...................................................................................... 3
1.3 Batasan Masalah......................................................................................... 4
1.4 Tujuan Penelitian ....................................................................................... 5
1.5 Manfaat Penelitian ..................................................................................... 5
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA DAN HIPOTESIS........................................ 6
2.1 Tinjauan Pustaka........................................................................................ 6
2.1.1 Tinjauan Tentang Kulit Manusia................................................... 6
2.1.2 Fungsi Kulit................................................................................... 9
2.1.3 Pemberian Obat Melalui Kulit....................................................... 11
2.1.4 Permeabilitas dan Penetrasi Kulit.................................................. 14
2.1.5 Tinjauan Tentang Enhancer........................................................... 15
2.1.6 Mekanisme enhancer..................................................................... 17
2.1.7 Syarat enhancer............................................................................. 18
2.1.8 Fungsi enhancer pada Permeasi Sediaan Transdermal.................. 19
2.1.9 Tinjauan Tentang Transdermal...................................................... 19
2.1.10 Penghantaran Obat melalui Transdermal....................................... 20
2.1.11 Keuntungan Penghantaran Obat Secara Transdermal................... 22
2.1.12 Parameter Penyerapan Sediaan Transdermal................................. 23
2.1.13 Tinjauan Tentang Gel.................................................................... 23
2.1.14 Keuntungan dan Kerugian Gel...................................................... 24
2.1.15 Syarat Gel yang Baik..................................................................... 25
2.1.16 Tinjauan Tentang Komponen dalam Formulasi Gel...................... 26
2.1.16.1 Natrium diklofenak (Zat Aktif)....................................... 26
2.1.16.2 Minyak Zaitun................................................................ 30
2.1.16.3 Propil Paraben.................................................................. 31
2.1.16.4 Carbopol........................................................................... 32
2.1.16.5Propilenglikol................................................................... 34
2.1.16.6 Gliserin............................................................................ 35
2.1.16.7Metil Paraben.................................................................... 36
2.1.16.8Aquadestilata.................................................................... 37
2.1.16.9Trietanolamin (TEA)........................................................ 37
2.1.17 Tinjauan Pelepasan Perkutan......................................................... 38
2.1.18 Tinjauan Tentang Spektrofotometri UV-Vis................................. 39
2.1.19 Tinjauan Tentang Metode Optimasi.............................................. 41
2.1.20 Simplex Lattice Design.................................................................. 41
 2.1.21 Tinjauan Tentang log P.................................................................. 44
2.2 Hipotesis.................................................................................................... 45
BAB III METODE PENELITIAN...................................................................
46
3.1 Obyek Penelitian........................................................................................
46
3.2 Sampel dan Teknik Sampling....................................................................
46
3.3 Variabel Penelitian.....................................................................................
46
3.3.1 Variabel Bebas.................................................................................
46
3.3.2 Variabel Terikat...............................................................................
46
3.3.3 Variabel Terkontrol..........................................................................
47
3.4 Teknik Pengumpulan Data........................................................................
47
3.4.1 Alat yang Digunakan........................................................................
47
3.4.2 Bahan yang Digunakan....................................................................
47
3.4.3 Formula............................................................................................
47
3.5 Skema Kerja...............................................................................................
49
3.5.1 Evaluasi Sediaan Gel........................................................................
50
3.5.2 Uji Penetrasi Gel Natrium dklofenak...............................................
52
 3.5.3 Penentuan Formula Optimum..........................................................
54
3.6 Analisis Data..............................................................................................
55
BAB IV HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN..................................
56
4.1 Hasil Pengujian Gel Natrium Diklofenak...................................................
59
4.1.1 Uji Karakteristik Fisik Gel Natrium Diklofenak..............................
59
4.1.1.1 Uji Organoleptis...................................................................
60
4.1.1.2 Uji Homogenitas...................................................................
60
4.1.1.3 Uji pH...................................................................................
61
4.1.1.4 Uji Viskositas.......................................................................
63
4.1.1.5 Uji Daya Sebar.....................................................................
66
4.1.1.6 Uji Waktu Lekat...................................................................
69
4.1.2 Uji Penetrasi Natrium Diklofenak dalam Sediaan Gel.....................
71
4.1.3 Penentuan Formula Optimum...........................................................
75
BAB V SIMPULAN DAN SARAN.................................................................
80
5.1 Simpulan....................................................................................................
80
5.2 Saran..........................................................................................................
80
DAFTAR PUSTAKA.......................................................................................
81
LAMPIRAN.....................................................................................................
88
 DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel Halaman
1. Formula Gel Transdermal Natrium diklofenak dengan Enhancer
Propilenglikol dan Minyak Zaitun............................................................. 47
2. Hasil Uji Karakteristik Fisik Gel Natrium Diklofenak.............................. 58
3. Hasil Persen Obat Terdifusi Gel Natrium Diklofenak............................... 72
4. Hasil Uji Formula Optimum Karakteristik Fisik Gel Natrium Diklofenak 78
5. Hasil Uji Formula Optimum Karakteristik Fisik Gel Natrium
Diklofenak................................................................................................
79
6. Hasil Uji t Teoritis dan Percobaan............................................................. 79
 DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar Halaman
1. Anatomi Kulit.............................................................................................. 7
2. Proses Masuknya Natrium Diklofenak Menuju Cairan Sendi.................... 12
3. Jalur Penetrasi Obat Melalui Stratum Corneum.......................................... 14
4. Profil Penyerapan Molekul yang Berdifusi Melalui Kulit.......................... 21
5. Struktur Kimia Natrium Diklofenak........................................................... 26
6. Struktur Kimia Minyak Zaitun.................................................................... 30
7. Struktur Kimia Propil Paraben.................................................................... 33
8. Struktur Kimia Karbopol............................................................................. 32
9. Struktur Kimia Propilenglikol..................................................................... 34
10. Struktur Kimia Gliserin............................................................................... 35
11. Struktur Kimia Metil Paraben................................................................... 36
12. Struktur Kimia Trietanolamin.................................................................... 38
13. Sel Difusi Franz.......................................................................................... 39
14. Skema Kerja Penelitian.............................................................................. 48
15. Grafik Pengaruh Perbedaan Konsentrasi Propilenglikol dan Minyak Zaitun
Terhadapan pH Sediaan Gel Natrium Diklofenak Berdasarkan Simplex
Lattice Design............................................................................................ 60
16. Grafik Pengaruh Perbedaan Konsentrasi Propilenglikol dan Minyak Zaitun
Terhadapan Viskositas Sediaan Gel Natrium Diklofenak Berdasarkan
Simplex Lattice Design.............................................................................. 64
17. Grafik Pengaruh Perbedaan Konsentrasi Propilenglikol dan Minyak Zaitun
Terhadapan Daya Sebar Sediaan Gel Natrium Diklofenak Berdasarkan
Simplex Lattice Design.............................................................................. 66
18. Grafik Pengaruh Perbedaan Konsentrasi Propilenglikol dan Minyak Zaitun
Terhadap Waktu Lekat Sediaan Gel Natrium Diklofenak Berdasarkan
Simplex Lattice Design.............................................................................. 69
19. Grafik Pengaruh Perbedaan Konsentrasi Propilenglikol dan Minyak Zaitun
Terhadap Penentrasi Sediaan Gel Natrium Diklofenak Berdasarkan
Simplex Lattice Design.............................................................................. 74
20. Hasil Formula Optimum Gel Transdermal Natrium Diklofenak............... 76
21. Profil Area Optimal Sediaan Gel Transdermal Natrium Diklofenak
Berdasarkan Metode Simplex Lattice Design dengan menggunakan Design
Expert 10.0.1.............................................................................................. 78
 DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Lampiran Halaman
1. Certificate of Analysis Natrium Diklofenak............................................... 88
2. Certificate of Analysis Propilenglikol......................................................... 89
3. Certificate of Analysis Minyak Zaitun........................................................ 90
4. Surat Keterangan Selongsong Kulit Ular................................................... 91
5. Penimbangan Bahan................................................................................... 92
6. Pembuatan Gel Natrium Diklofenak.......................................................... 94
7. Hasil Sediaan Gel Natrium......................................................................... 95
8. Pengujian Karakteristik Fisik dan Penetrasi Gel Natrium Diklofenak....... 96
9. Selongsong Kulit Ular................................................................................ 98
10. Uji Karakteristik Gel Transdermal Natrium Diklofenak............................ 99
11. Perhitungan dan Penimbangan Kurva Baku Natrium Diklofenak.............. 101
12. Kurva Deret Baku Natrium Dilofenak........................................................ 103
13. Scanning Panjang Gelombang Maksimal Natrium Diklofenak.................. 104
14. Hasil Uji Penetrasi Sediaan Orientasi Gel Natrium Diklofenak................. 105
15. Perhitungan Uji Daya Penetrasi.................................................................. 107
16. Persamaan Oprimasi Berdasarkan Design Expert 10.0.1........................... 100
17. Hasil ANOVA Berdasarkan Design Expert 10.0.1.................................... 115
18. Penentuan Formula Optimum Gel Transdermal Natrium Diklofenak
Berdasarkan Design Expert 10.0.1............................................................ 118
19. Uji Formula Optimum............................................................................... 119
20. Uji Normalitas dan T-test Formula Optimum dengan SPSS 23................ 124
21. Alat Penelitian........................................................................................... 127