BAB 4: KESIHATAN MANUSIA

TAHAP 1: Mengingat Kembali Pengetahuan dan Kemahiran Sains Mengenai Kesihatan Manusia

1. Tick (/) the infectious disease that can be transmitted from one person to another and which is spread by
pathogens, water or air.
Tandakan (/) pada penyakit berjangkit yang disebarkan dari seorang individu kepada individu yang lain
melalui patogen, water or air.

i. Denggi v. High fever

Dengue Demam panas
ii. Tuberculosis vi. Cholera
Batuk kering Taun
iii. High blood pressure vii. Ringworm
Tekanan darah tinggi Kurap
iv. Leptospirosis viii. SARS
Kencing tikus SARS

2. State TRUE or FALSE for the following statements in the space provided.
Nyatakan samada BENAR atau PALSU bagi pernyataan berikut di ruang yang disediakan.

Statement TRUE/FALSE
Pernyataan BENAR/
PALSU
i. Asthma, cance and diabetes are non-infectious diseases and are probably
caused by genetic or lifestyle factors.
Asma, kanser, dan diabetes merupakan penyakit tidak berjangkit dan
mungkin disebabkan faktor genetik atau gaya hidup.

ii. Outbreaks of bird flu always happen after floods.

Wabak selsema burung selalu berlaku selepas kejadian banjir.

iii. Scabies can be transmitted through physical contact.

Kudis buta boleh disebarkan melalui sentuhan.

iv. Heart attack can be transmitted from one individual to another individual.
Serangan jantung boleh berpindah daripada seseorang individu kepada
individu yang lain.

v. HIV can be spread through sharing of needles.

Virus HIV boleh merebak melalui perkongsian jarum suntikan.
3. Underline the correct answer about the terms in the body defence system.
Gariskan jawapan yang betul mengenai istilah yang betul dalam sistem pertahanan badan.
a. (Immunization, Immunity) is the ability of the body system to fight pathogen before the body is
infected with the pathogen.
(Imunisasi, Keimunan) ialah keupayaan sistem badan melawan sesuatu patogen sebelum badan
dijangkiti oleh patogen tersebut.

b. Foreign bodies that stimulate antibody production are called ( genes, antigens)
Jasad asing yang merangsang penghasilan antibodi dipanggil (gen, antigen)

c. (Antibodies, Vaccines) are proteins that are produced by white blood cells into bloodstream as a
response to antigens.
(Antibodi, Vaksin) ialah protein yang dihasilkan oleh sel darah putih ke dalam aliran darah sebagai
gerak balas terhadap antigen.
TAHAP 2: Memahami kesihatan manusia serta dapat menjelaskan kefahaman tersebut.

1. Complete the following statements with the correct answers.

Lengkapkan pernyataan berikut menggunakan perkataan yang betul.

a. Infectious diseases occur due to infections from ______________________ directly or through

medium or vectors from an individual to another individual. For example ___________________
disease is a ______________ infectious disease caused by Aedes mosquito bites.
Penyakit berjangkit berlaku disebabkan jangkitan daripada ___________________ secara langsung
atau melalui medium dan vektor daripada seseorang individu kepada individu yang lain. Contohnya
penyakit ______________ yang merupakan jangkitan ________________ berlaku disebabkan oleh
gigitan nyamuk Aedes.

b. Non-infectious disease occur due to ________________ and person’s ________________. For

example, ________________ disease is caused by imbalanced diet, smoking habit and lack of
exercise.
Penyakit tidak berjangkit berlaku disebabkan oleh factor __________________ dan _____________
seseorang. Contohnya, penyakit __________________ disebabkan oleh pengambilan diet yang
tidak seimbang, tabiat suka merokok dan kurang bersenam.

2. Match the ways infectious diseases are spread with the correct explaination.
Padankan cara penyebaran penyakit berjangkit dengan penerangan yang betul.
(i) Sharing needle, blood transfusion, sexual intercourse as
a. Air well as towel and clothes sharing.
Udara Perkongsian jarum suntikan, pemindahan darah,
hubungan seks serta perkongsian tuala dan pakaian.

(ii) Sewage water is not properly treated, poor toilet sanitation

b. Water system and flood areas.
Air Air kumbahan tidak dirawat dengan sempuran, system
sanitasi tandas yang kurang baik dan kawasan banjir.

c. Contact (iii) Infected through droplets and dust infections. For

Sentuha example, when a patients sneezes or cough, sprinkle of
n tiny water droplets that contains pathogens will come out
of the patient’s mouth and nose.
Dijangkiti melalui jangkitan titisan dan jangkitan habuk.
Contohnya, apabila seseorang pesakit bersin atau batuk,
percikan titisan air yang mengandungi patogen akan
keluar daripada mulut dan hidung pesakit.

d. Vector (iv) Pathogens are transmitted through animals.

 Vektor Patogen dipindahkan melalui haiwan.
3. Complete the table below regarding non-specific defence mechanisms and specific defence mechanisms.
Lengkapkan jadual di bawah mengenai mekanisme pertahanan tidak spesifik dan mekanisme pertahanan
spesifik.
Types of Non- specific defence mechanisms Specific defence
mechanisms Mekanisme pertahanan tidak spesifik mechanisms
Jenis Mekanisme pertahanan
mekanisme spesifik

Lines of  _____________ line of  ______________ line of  ______________ line

defence defence. defence of defence
Barisan  Barisan pertahanan  Barisan pertahanan  Barisan pertahanan
pertahanan ____________________ ____________________ __________________
_
Function
Fungsi  _______________  Fight against pathogens  Fight against
pathogens from entering through pathogens through
body ____________________ ___________________
 ____________________pat  Melawan pathogen  Melawan patogen
hogen daripada memasuki melalui melalui
badan ____________________ __________________
_
Barrier and
how it works  Skin secretes  ____________________  The body’s immune
Penghalang ____________ and will engulf and digest system produces
dan _______________ pathogens using ______________ when
bagaimana containing chemicals that enzymes through pathogens enter the
ia bekerja can destroy pathogens. ____________________ body. ______________
attach to pathogens
 Kulit merembeskan  ____________________ and caused pathogens
______________ dan akan menelan dan to _____________
______________ yang mencerna pathogen
mengandungi bahan kimia menggunakan enzim  Sistem keimunan
yang boleh memusnahkan melalui badan menghasilkan
patogen. ____________________ _________________
apabila terdapat
 _________________ patogen memasuki
secrete mucous to trap badan.
__________________ that __________________
enter the respiratory tract. melekat pada patogen
 ___________________ dan menyebabkan
merembeskan mukus untuk patogen
memerangkap _________________.
___________________
yang memasuki salur
pernafasan.
TAHAP 3: Mengaplikasikan pengetahuan mengenai kesihatan manusia untuk menerangkan kejadian atau
fenomena alam dan melaksanakan tugasan mudah

1. Complete the following bubble map on ways to prevent the tansmission of infectious deseases.
Lengkapkan peta buih berikut dengan cara menghalang penularan penyakit berjangkit.

a.

f. a.

How to prevent the

b.
e. transmission of
infectious deseases

Cara menghalang
penularan penyakit
berjangkit

d. c.
2. Complete the following double bubble map on the comparison between passive immunity and active
immunity.
Lengkapkan peta buih berganda mengenai perbandingan antara keimunan pasif dengan keimunan aktif
yang berikut.

a. b. c.

Active immunity Passive d.

h. immunity
Keimunan aktif
Keimunan pasif

g. f. e.
3. Complete the buble map below on the importance of the level of health of an individual towards family.
Lengkapkan peta buih berikut mengenai kepentingan tahap kesihatan individu terhadap keluarga,
masyarakat, ekonomi dan negara.

a. b.

Importance of the level of

health of an individual

Kepentingan kesihatan
seseorang individu

c. d.
TAHAP 4: Menganalisis pengetahuan mengenai kesihatan manusia dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah
mengenai kejadian atau fenomena alam

1. Diagram 1 shows a conversation between a doctor and a pregnant woman.

Rajah 1 menunjukkan perbualan antara doctor dan seorang wanita mengandung.

Doctor, I just return from Brazil and now I have You might be infected with the Zika virus carried by
fever,rashes, joint pain and red eyes. a vector.
Doktor, saya baru pulang dari Brazil dan sekarang Puan mungkin telah dijangkiti oleh virus Zika yang
saya demam, ruam, sakit sendi dan mata merah. dibawa oleh vektor.

Diagram 1/ Rajah 1

a. If the doctor was right, explain how the woman can be infected with the virus.
Jika doctor tersebut benar, terangkan bagaimana wanita tersebut boleh dijangkiti oleh virus
tersebut.
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b. Predict what would happen to the foetus if his mother is infected with the Zika virus.
Ramalkan apakah yang berlaku kepada fetus tersebut jika ibunya telah dijangkiti oleh virus Zika.

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c. Dengue fever is a disease transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes.

Demam denggi merupakan penyakit yang disebarkan oleh nyamuk Aedes.
(i) What are the symptoms of dengue fever?
Apakah gejala-gejala bagi demam denggi?
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(ii) Complete Table 1 to show the differences between dengue fever and malaria.
Lengkapkan Jadual 1 bagi menunjukkan perbezaan antara demam denggi dengan
malaria.

Aspect Dengue fever Malaria

Aspek Demam denggi Malaria
Vector
Vektor
Pathogen
Patogen
Symptoms
Gejala
Table 1 / Jadual 1
2. The graph in Diagram 2.1 shows one of immunity.
Graf dalam Rajah 2.1 menunjukkan satu jenis keimunan.

Kepekatan antibody dalam darah/

Concentration of antibody in the blood

Diagram 2.1/ Rajah 2.1

a. Why is the concentration of the antibody increased some time after the first and the second
injections of the vaccine?
Mengapakah kepekatan antibody meningkat beberapa ketika selepas suntikan vaksin pertama dan
kedua?
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b. Compare the levels of antibody after the first and the second injections.
Bandingkan aras antibody selepas suntikan pertama dan kedua.
First injection/ suntikan pertama: ____________________________________________________
Second injection/ suntikan kedua: ___________________________________________________
c. Why is there a need for a second injection?
Mengapakah suntikan kedua diperlukan?
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d. Diagram 2.2 shows a dialogue between Shihah and Catherine.

Rajah 2.2 menunjukkan perbualan antara Shiha dan Catherine.

I just recovered from measles. The doctor My mother said that I got my vaccination for
told me that I have the immunity to measles measles when I was 6 months. So, I have the
in the future. immunity to measles.

Saya baru saja sembuh daripada demam
campak. Doctor member tahu bahawa saya
sekarang mempunyai keimunan terhadap
demam campak pada masa hadapan.
Ibu saya memberitahu bahawa saya telah
mendapat pemvaksinan untuk demam
campak semasa berumur 6 bulan. Jadi saya
mempunyai keimunan terhadap demam
campak.

Diagram 2.2/ Rajah 2.2

Explain the type of immunity gained by:

Terangkan jenis keimunan yang diperoleh oleh:

(i) Shihah
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(ii) Catherine
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3. Diagram 3 shows a kitchen occupied by rats.

Rajah 3 menunjukkan keadaan sebuah dapur yang dihuni tikus.

Diagram 3/ Rajah 3

a. (i) State the health problem that may occur if the rats keep roaming around in the kitchen.
Nyatakan penyakit yang mungkin dihidapi jika tikus itu terus berkeliaran di dapur itu.
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(ii) What is the cause of the problem as in 3 a (i)?

Apakah punca terjadi masalah seperti di 3 a. (i)?
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b. Suggest what can be done by the house occupant to prevent the health problem stated in a. (i).
Cadangkan apa yang boleh dilakukan oleh tuan rumah tersebut untuk menghindari penyakit
seperti yang anda nyatakan di a. (i).
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4. The body’s defence mechanism protects the body from infectious diseases by preventing the entry of
pathogens into the body and by reacting with pathogens that have entered into the body. There are three
types of defence lines in the human body that are responsible for protecting the human body from
infectious diseases.
 Mekanisme pertahanan badan melindungi badan daripada berjangkit dengan cara menghalang
kemasukan patogen ke dalam badan dan bertindak balas dengan patogen yang telah memasuki badan.
Terdapat tiga jenis barisan pertahanan di dalam badan manusia yang bertanggungjawab melindungi badan
manusia daripada penyakit berjangkit.
Diagram 4 shows the sebaceous and sweat glands in the skin in the first line of defence.
Rajah 4 menunjukkan kelenjar sebum dan kelenjar peluh di bahagian kulit di dalam barisan pertahanan
pertama.

Diagram 4/ Rajah 4
a. What are the functions of the sebaceous and sweat glands in protecting microorganisms from
entering the body.
Apakah fungsi kelenjar sebum dan kelenjar peluh dalam melindungi mikroorganisma daripada
memasuki badan.
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a. Mucous membrane is the epithelium lining that lines digestive tract, respirotary tract, reproductive
tract and excretory tract. Justify the importance of mucous membrane in the human body defence
system.
Membran mukus adalah lapisan epithelium yang melapisi salur pencernaan, salur pernafasan,
salur pembiakan dan salur perkumuhan. Wajarkan kepentingan membran mukus dalam sistem
pertahanan badan manusia.
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TAHAP 5: Menilai pengetahuan mengenai kesihatan manusia dalam konteks penyelesaian masalah dan membuat
keputusan untuk melaksanakan satu tugasan.
1. A woman undergoes a medical examination. The doctor found the antibody level in her body decreases.
Hence, she has a higher risk of getting a disease. Diagram 5 shows the conversation between Doctor Basir
and his patient.
Seorang wanita menjalani pemeriksaan kesihatan. Doktor mendapati paras antibody di dalam badannya
semakin menurun. Ini menyebabkan wanita tersebut mempunyai risiko yang tinggi untuk mendapat
sesuatu penyakit. Rajah 5 menunjukkan perbualan antara Doktor Basir dengan pesakitnya.

Madam, to overcome your Okay. Can you explain

health problem, I suggest that further about this matter?
you consume a lot of
Ok. Bolehkah doktor
vegetables and control your
jelaskan lebih lanjut
body weight.
tentang perkara ini?
Puan, bagi mengatasi
masalah kesihatan puan,
saya cadangka puan perlu
mengambil sayur-sayuran
dan menjaga berat badan.
Diagram 5/ Rajah 5

What are the explanations that could be given by Doctor Basir to her patient?
Apakah penjelasan yang boleh diberikan oleh Doktor Bashirah kepada pesakitnya?
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2. Read the article from the newspaper below.
Baca petikan dari surat khabar di bawah.

SHAH ALAM – a total of 1663 cases of dengue fever reported throughout the country since January 1, this
year.
Director General of Health, Datuk Dr Noor Hisham Abdullah said the number showed an increase
of 25 percent which is 334 cases compared to the previous week.
As such, he advised the society to be more alert and take immediate action if facing with the
symptoms of the dengue fever.
SHAH ALAM – sebanyak 1663 kes demam denggi dilaporkan berlaku di seluruh Negara sejak 1 Januari
tahun ini.
Ketua Pengarah kesihatan, Datuk Dr Noor Hisham Abdullah berkata, jumlah itu menunjukkan
peningkatan sebanyak 25 peratus, iaitu sebanyak 334 kes berbanding minggu sebelumnya.
Sehubungan itu, beliau menasihatkan masyarakat agar lebih peka dan mengambil tindakan
segera jika berdepan dengan simtom demam denggi.

a. Explain the factors that cause an increase in the cases of dengue fever in this year.
 Terangkan faktor yang menyebabkan peningkatan kes demam denggi pada tahun ini.
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b. Mrs. Normah was attacked by measle disease and she was recovered after two weeks. Two years
later, she is attached by the same disease but not suffering from measles at that time. Explain this
situation.
Puan Normah diserang penyakit campak dan sembuh selepas dua minggu. Selepas dua tahun, dia
diserang oleh penyakit yang sama tetapi tidak mengalami demam campak pada kali itu. Jelaskan
keadaan ini.
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3. a. Justify the importance of immunization and the health level of migrant workers to a country.
Wajarkan kepentingan imunisasi dan tahap kesihatan pekerja asing terhadap sesebuah negara.
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b. The cost of medical treatment is rising nowadays. Suggest a way that allows the Malaysian
residents to receive the best treatment in hospitals that can provide good health. Explain.
 Kos rawatan kesihatan kini semakin meningkat. Cadangkan satu cara yang membolehkan
penduduk di Malaysia menerima rawatan terbaik di hospital yang dapat menyediakan
perkhidmatan kesihatan yang baik. Jelaskan.
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4. The boundless relationship over the internet makes the parents concerned about their children. This
situation can turn the youngsters’ virtual love to real love. Give the impact of the future generation from the
aspect of AIDS if this unhealthy situation persists and steps to prevent this immoral activity.
Pergaulan bebas dunia tanpa sempadan menggunakan jaringan internet membawa kepada kebimbangan
ibu bapa terhadap anak mereka. Keadaan ini boleh menyebabkan anak muda terjebak ke kancah
percintaan daripada alam maya ke alam nyata. Berikan kesan kepada generasi akan datang jika perlakuan
ini semakin berleluasa dari aspek penderitaan penyakit AIDS dan langkah-langkah untuk mengelakkan
penularan kegiatan tidak bermoral seperti ini.
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5. Rats are mammals which are not dangerous to human. But high population of rats might cause the
widespread of leptospirosis disease which is very dangerous. Rats are the vector of this disease.
Tikus merupakan sejenis mamalia yang tidak memberhayakan manusia. Tetapi populasi tikus yang tinggi
boleh menyebabkan merebaknya penyakit leptospirosis yang amat merbahaya. Tikus adalah vektor
kepada penyakit ini.
a. Population of rats in town K is increasing. In your opinion, why rats population increase in Town K?
Populasi tikus di Bandar K meningkat. Pada pendapat anda, mengapakah populasi tikus di Bandar
K?
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b. Due to high population of rats, Town K Municipal Council organizes a Leptospirosis prevention
Campaign to eliminate the disease vector.
Ekoran daripada populasi tikus yang tinggi, Majlis Perbandaran Bandar K telah mengadakan
kempen Pencegahan Penyakit Leptospirosis bagi menghapuskan vektor penyakit itu?

LEPTOSPIROSIS PREVENTION CAMPAIGN

KEMPEN MENCEGAH LEPTOSPIROSIS

DATE : 1-30 JULY 2016

TARIKH : 1-30 JULAI 2016 ONE RAT = RM 1

SATU TIKUS = RM

ORGANISED BY:
ANJURAN OLEH:
Town K municipal council
Majlis Perbandaran Bandar K

Table 2 shows the result of the study about the effectiveness of the campaign.
Jadual 2 menunjukkan keputusan kajian tentang keberkesanan kempen tersebut.
 Information May 2015 July 2015
Maklumat Mei 2015 Julai 2015
Number of rats in Town K 12 500 1700
Bilangan tikus di Bandar K
Number of reported cases of Leptospirosis 18 2
Bilangan kes leptospirosis yang dilaporkan
Table 2/ Jadual 2
c. Mei Ling’s mother is a hawker. Mei Ling always helps her mother at the food stall. What are the
precautionary steps they have to take to prevent the cholera disease?
Ibu Mei Ling ialah seorang penjaja makanan. Mei Ling selalu membantu ibunya di gerai makanan
itu. Apakah langkah berjaga-jaga yang perlu dilakukan oleh mereka untuk mengelakkan penyakit
taun?
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TAHAP 6: Mereka cipta menggunakan pengetahuan dan kemahiran sains mengenai kesihatan manusia dalam
konteks penyelesaian masalah atau membuat keputusan atau dalam melaksanakan aktiviti/tugasan dalam situasi
baharu secara kreatif dan inovatif dengan mengambil kira nilai social/ekonomi/budaya masyarakat.
1. Carry out the following task in group.
Jalankan tugasan berikut dalam kumpulan.
Task/ tugasan:
Carry out a case study on infectious diseases in Malaysia according to the statistics of the Ministry of
Health.
Membuat kajian kes tentang penyakit berjangkit di Malaysia berdasarkan statistik Kementerian Kesihatan.

Instructions/ Arahan
a. Carry out the task in group/ Jalankan aktiviti secara berkumpulan.
b. Visit the website http://www.moh.gov.my/ Layari laman web http://www.moh.gov.my
c. Collect the information about the statistics of infectious diseases from the website/ Kumpulkan
maklumat tentang statistik penyakit berjangkit dari laman web tersebut.
d. Discuss the following items/ Bincangkan perkara-perkara berikut:
(i) The most common infectious diseases occuring in Malaysia/ Penyakit yang paling banyak
dihidapi di Malaysia
(ii) Types of infectious diseases, the causes and the ways to overcome/ Jenis-jenis penyakit
yang boleh berjangkit, penyebabnya dan cara menanganinya
(iii) Suggestions to overcome this problem/ Cadangan langkah untuk mengatasi masalah ini
e. Present your task in the multimedia presentations/ Bentangkan hasil kajian kumpulan anda dalam
bentuk persembahan multimedia