BDB J
PGFMDNWAWDF

D. Adtdr Bg
Bgad
adl
ldfe
Pgfmjmjldf hgrupdldf nda ydfe sdfedt pgftjfe bdej hdfusjd, ldrgfd mgfedf pgfmjmjldf

sgtjdp hdfusjd mdpdt hgfdhbdn wdwdsdf mdf jahu ydfe bgrhdfcddt. [gtjdp hdfusjd wdojb
hgfmdpdtldf pgfmjmjldf ydfe adydl mj hdfd puf bgrdmd mdf pgfmjmjldf mdpdt hgfeubdn piad
pjljrr hgfodmj
pjlj hgfodmj agbjn bdjl mdf pisjtjc. Bgrlghbdfefyd
Bgrlghbdfefyd sudtu jahu pgfegtd
pgfegtdnudf
nudf bgrdwda mdrj
lghdhpudf hdfusjd uftul hgfkdrj tdnu tgftdfe sudtu nda. Prisgs uftul hgfkdrj mjmdsdrldf
pdmd lghdhpudffyd uftul bgrpjljr mdf bgadodr, mjhdfd sdod ljtd bjsd bgadodr mdf hghpgadodrj
nda dpd sdod. Kdrd hgfedodr sgirdfe euru tgftu hgfodmj tiadl ulur mdadh hgfgftuldf prgstdsj
bgadodr sjswd. Dldf tgtdpj, cdltd ydfe tgrajndt sddt jfj bdfydl sjswd ydfe hdhpu mdf bgrprgstdsj
fdhuf hgrgld tjmdl bjsd hgfeghbdfeldffyd agbjn adej ldrgfd lurdfe tgrtdrjl mgfedf kdrd euru
hgfedodr. Mgfedf hgfeeufdldf hgtimg pghbgadodrdf ydfe hgfdrjl mdf mgfedf hgfendmjrldf

nda-nda bdru,
nda-nda bdru, sjswd dldf agbjn
agbjn tgrtdrjl
tgrtdrjl mdf sghdl
sghdljf
jf hgfkj
hgfkjftdj
ftdj pgadod
pgadodrdffy
rdffydd mdf pdstj dldf
hghbud
hgh budtt sjswd
sjswd uf
uftul
tul sghdlj
sghdljff tgrtdf
tgrtdftdf
tdfe
e mdadh
mdadh sgt
sgtjdp
jdp pgf
pgfkdp
kdpdjd
djdfpg
fpgfkd
fkdpdj
pdjf
f prgstd
prgstdsjf
sjfyd.
yd.
Lgndmjrdf tglfiaiej ydfe tgrus bgrlghbdfe sddt jfj hgfodmj sdadn sdtu siausj mdadh mufjd
pgfmjmjldf. Ndmjrfyd tglfiaiej hghbdftu euru agbjn humdn bgrlihufjldsj mgfedf sjswd sgrtd
hghbdftuf
hghbdftufyd
yd uftul
uftul hgfe
hgfedodr,
dodr, oued lguf
lguftufed
tufedf
f adjffyd
adjffyd mjfj
mjfjlhdtj
lhdtj iagn sgtj
sgtjdp
dp sjswd mjhdfd
tglfiaiej hgfodmj sdadn sdtu cdltir ydfe hghpgfedrunj prgstdsj bgadodr sjswd, mgfedf lgndmjrdf
tglfiaiej sgpgrtj ndafyd hgmjd ifajfg sgbdedj dadt bdftu pghbgadodrdf ldrgfd lghumdndf mdadh
hgfkdrj
hgfkdrj bgrbd
bgrbdedj
edj jfci
jfcirhdsj
rhdsj mdf oued hgfkdrj hdtgrj-hdt
hdtgrj-hdtgrj
grj tdhbdndf
tdhbdndf ydfe hufeljf tjmdl
mjmdpdtj mj sgliadn.
[dadn
[dadn sdt
sdtu
u bgftul
bgftul pia
piadd pgfmjm
pgfmjmjld
jldf
f mdadh
mdadh hgf
hgfyjl
yjldpj
dpj rgv
rgviau
iausj
sj jfm
jfmutr
utrjj =.0 dmdadn
dmdadn
hghdfcddtl
hghdfcddtldf
df shdrtn
shdrtnpnif
pnifg/edm
g/edmegt
egt sgbde
sgbdedj
dj hgmjd pgfmj
pgfmjmjld
mjldf
f ydfe mjsg
mjsgbut
but mgfedf
mgfedf dpaj
dpajldsj
ldsj
Rudfe
Rudfe Euru.
Euru. Dp
Dpajl
ajldsj
dsj ru
rudfe
dfe eur
euru
u hgrupd
hgrupdldf
ldf dpa
dpajld
jldsj
sj bgr
bgrbds
bdsjs
js mjejtd
mjejtdaa ydf
ydfe
e mdpdt
mdpdt mjd
mjdlsg
lsgss
mjhdf
mjhdfdp
dpuf
uf md
mdf
f ld
ldpd
pdfp
fpuf
uf,, sg
sgrt
rtdd pg
pgfe
feeu
eufd
fddf
dffy
fydd ydfe
ydfe hu
humd
mdn
n mdf
mdf hg
hghb
hbdf
dftu
tu mdad
mdadh
h
pgrhdsdadsdndf pghbgadodrdf.Rudfe Euru hgfygmjdldf sjstgh tdtd lgaiad pghbgadodrdf ydfe
mdpdtt mjeufdld
mdpd mjeufdldf
f hurjm mdf euru mdadh hgfegaiad lgejdtdf
lgejdtdf bgado
bgadodr
dr mj lgad
lgadss sgkdr
sgkdrdd vjrtu
vjrtuda.
da.
Mjagfeldpj mgfedf rjbudf bdfl sida ydfe liftgffyd mjsgsudjldf mgfedf lurjluauh ydfe bgradlu
mj Jfmifgsjd.
Dpajldsj Rudfe euru dmdadn primul mdrj P]. Rudfe Rdyd Jfmifgsjd ydfe rgshj bgrmjrj
pdmd tdnuf 204=, hgrupdldf pgrusdnddf tglfiaiej tgrbgsdr mdf tgragfeldp mj Jfmifgsjd ydfe
bgrcilus pdmd adydfdf bgrbdsjs pgfmjmjldf. ]uoudf ndmjrfyd rudfe euru hghbgrj ndrdpdf dedr

4
 

sjswd bjsd sghdfedt mdadh bgadodr mdf mdadh pgfjfeldtdf prgstdsj oued uftul hghbgrjldf kdrd
bgadodr ydfe dsjl mdf lrgdtjc.
Iagn ldrgfd jtu mdadh hdldadn jfj, ldhj dldf hghbdnds hgfegfdj dpajldsj pgfmjmjldf
ifajfg ydlfj Rudfe Euru mdadh pgrdffyd sgbdedj hgmjd pghbgadodrdf jftgrdltjc.

B. Ruhus
uhusd
df Hdsd sdad
adn
n
4. Dp
Dpdd jtu Ru
Rudf
dfe
e Eu
Euru
ru99
2. Bdedj
Bdedjhdfd
hdfd pgrdf Rudfe Euru sgbdedj
sgbdedj hgmjd pghbgadodr
pghbgadodrdf
df jf
jftgrdl
tgrdltjc9
tjc9
 

BDB JJ
LDOJDF AJ]GRD]WR 

D. Hg
Hgmjd
mjd Pg
Pghb
hbgad
gadod
odrd
rdf
f
Hgfurut Rushdf (2042?:=) pghbgadodrdf hgrupdldf sudtu prisgs hgfkjptdldf lifmjsj

ydfe lifmusjc dedr tgrodmj jftgrdlsj lihufjldsj bgadodr hgfedodr dftdrd euru, pgsgrtd mjmjl, mdf
lihpifgf
lihp ifgf pghbgadod
pghbgadodrdf
rdf adjf
adjffyd
fyd uftu
uftul
l hgfkj
hgfkjptdl
ptdldf
df tuoudf
tuoudf pghbgadodr
pghbgadodrdf.
df. Hgfurut
Hgfurut Ighdr
Ndhdaj
Ndhdajl
l (20
(204;?
4;?23)
23) hgf
hgfydt
ydtdld
dldf
f bdn
bdnwd
wd tu
tuoud
oudf
f utd
utdhd
hd pgh
pghbga
bgadod
dodrdf
rdf dmdadn
dmdadn pg
pgfeu
feudsd
dsddf
df
pgfegtdnu
pgfegtdnudf.
df. Pgfegtdnu
Pgfegtdnudf
df bgrsu
bgrsuhbgr
hbgr mdrj pgrdfeldt hdtd pgadodrdf
pgadodrdf ydfe mj sdhp
sdhpdjdld
djdldf
f mj
sgliadn.
sgliadn. [gnj
[gnjfeed
feed pghbg
pghbgadodr
adodrdf
df hgrup
hgrupdldf
dldf sudtu lgejdtdf ydfe hgruo
hgruoul
ul pdmd pgfeu
pgfeudsddf
dsddf
pgfegtdnudf hgadauj prisgs pgfedodrdf ydfe mjadluldf mgfedf sgfedod iagn pgfmjmjl uftul
hgfeiredfjsdsj mdf hgfkjptdldf ajfelufedf sgbdjl hufeljf, sgnjfeed lgejdtdf bgadodr mdpdt
bgrodadf sgkdrd iptjhda.
Mgcjfjsj mj dtds mdpdt mjsjhpualdf bdnwd pghbgadodrdf hgrupdldf prisgs usdnd ydfe

mjadl
mjadluld
uldf
f sgk
sgkdrd
drd sdm
sdmdr
dr mdf sgfedo
sgfedodd iag
iagn
n pgfmj
pgfmjmjl
mjl dedr
dedr tgrodm
tgrodmjj sud
sudtu
tu lgejdt
lgejdtdf
df bga
bgadod
dodrr ydf
ydfe
e
mjadluldf iagn sjswd.
[dadn sdtu ufsur pgftjfe mdadh lgejdtdf bgadodr hgfedodr dmdadn hgmjd pghbgadodrdf.
Hgfurut Drjgc [. [dmjhdf, mll. (2044?5) hgfygbutldf bdnwd hgmjd pghbgadodrdf dmdadn sgedad
sgsudtu ydfe mdpdt mjeufdldf uftul hgfydaurldf pgsdf mdrj pgfejrjh lg pgfgrjhd sgnjfeed
mdpdt hgrdfesdfe pjljrdf, pgrdsddf, pgrndtjdf, mdf hjfdt sgrtd pgrndtjdf sjswd sgmghjljdf rupd
sgnjfeed prisgs bgadodr tgrodmj. Pdmd bulu ldrdfedf Kgkgp Lustdfmj mdf Bdhbdfe [uktjpti
(2044?>) hgfeufeldpldf pgfmdpdt bdnwd hgmjd pghbgadodrdf dmdadn dadt ydfe mdpdt hghbdftu
prisgs
prisgs bgadodr
bgadodr hgfed
hgfedodr
odr mdf bgrcufes
bgrcufesjj uftul
uftul hghpgrogad
hghpgrogadss hdlf
hdlfdd pgsdf ydfe mjsd
mjsdhpdjl
hpdjldf,
df,
sgnjfe
sgnjfeed
ed mdpdt
mdpdt hgf
hgfkdp
kdpdj
dj tuo
tuoudf
udf pgh
pghbga
bgadod
dodrdf
rdf mgf
mgfedf
edf agb
agbjn
jn bdj
bdjl
l mdf sgh
sghpur
purfd.
fd. Hgf
Hgfuru
urutt
Fdtjifda Gmukdtjif Dssikjdtjif mdadh Drjgc [. [dmjhdf, mll. (2044?5) hgfygbutldf bdnwd
hgmjd pghbgadodrdf dmdadn bgftul-bgftul lihufjldsj bdjl tgrkgtdl hdupuf dumjivjsuda sgrtd
pgrdadtdffyd. [godadf mgfedf pgfmdpdt tgrsgbut Dssikjdtjif ic Gmukdtjif dfm Kihhufjkdtjif
]gknfiaie
]gknfiaiey/DG
y/DGK]
K] mdad
mdadh
h Drjgc
Drjgc [. [dmj
[dmjhdf,
hdf, mll. (2044?3
(2044?3)) hghbgrjldf
hghbgrjldf bdtdsdf ydjtu hgmjd
pg
pghb
hbga
gado
dodr
drdf
df sg
sgbd
bded
edjj bg
bgft
ftul
ul md
mdf
f sd
sdau
aurd
rdf
f ydfe
ydfe mjeu
mjeufd
fdld
ldf
f ir
irdf
dfe
e uf
uftu
tul
l hg
hgfy
fyda
daur
urld
ldf
f
pgsdf/jfcirhdsj. [gmdfeldf hgfurut G. Mg Kirtg mdadh Ndrtdfti (2042?>) hgfgrdfeldf bdnwd
hgmjd pghbgadodrdf dmdadn sudtu sdrdfd fif pgrsifda ydfe mjeufdldf dtdu mjsgmjdldf iagn
tgfded pgfedodr ydfe hghgedfe pgrdfdf pgftjfe mdadh prisgs bgadodr hgfedodr uftul hgfkdpdj
tuoudf jfstrulsjifda. Nda ydfe sgfdmd mjufeldpldf Brjees mdadh [ufdryi [igfdrti (2042?4)
hgfmgcjfjsjldf hgmjdpghbgadodrdf
hgmjdpghbgadodrdf sgbdedj sdrdfd cjsjl uftul hgfydhpdjldf jsj dtdu hdtgrj
 

pghbgadodrdf. Mgcjfjsj mdrj bgbgrdpd dnaj mjdtds mdpdt mjsjhpualdf bdnwd hgmjd pghbgadodrdf
dmdadn
dmdadn sgedad
sgedad sgsud
sgsudtu
tu ydfe mjeufdldf
mjeufdldf uftul
uftul hgfyd
hgfydhpdjl
hpdjldf
df jahu pgfegtdnudf
pgfegtdnudf mdadh rdfdn
pgfmjmjldf. Hgmjd dmdadn bdejdf jftgerda mdrj prisgs bgadodr hgfedodr. Nda jfj bgrdrtj bdnwd
hgmjd buldf ndfyd sglgmdr dadt bdftu hgfedodr euru sdod, tgtdpj hgrupdldf bdejdf ydfe tdl
mdpdt mjpjsdnldf mdrj prisgs bgadodr hgfedodr.

B. Cuf
Cufesj
esj mdf
mdf Hdf
Hdfcdd
cddtt Hgmj
Hgmjd
d Pgh
Pghbgad
bgadodr
odrdf
df
Dzndr Drsydm (2047?47) hgfydtdldf bdnwd cufesj utdhd hgmjd pghbgadodrdf dmdadn
sgbdedj dadt bdftu hgfedodr ydfe turut hghpgfedrunj jlajh, lifmjsj, mdf ajfelufedf bgadodr
ydfe mjtdtd mdf mjkjptdldf iagn euru. [gmdfeldf hgfurut Drjgc [. [dmjhdf gt.da (2044?45).
[gkdrd uhuh hgmjd pghbgadodrdf hghpufydj cufesj sgbdedj bgrjlut?
4. Hghpg
Hghpgrogad
rogadss pgfydojdf
pgfydojdf pg
pgsdf-p
sdf-pgsdf
gsdf ded
dedrr tjmdl tg
tgradau
radau b
bgrsj
grsjcdt
cdt vgrbdajtds.
vgrbdajtds.
2. Hgfed
Hgfedtdsj
tdsj lgtg
lgtgrbdtd
rbdtdsdf
sdf rudfe,
rudfe, wdltu
wdltu m
mdf
df m
mdyd
dyd jfmgrd.
jfmgrd.
;. Hgf
Hgfjhb
jhbual
ualdf
df lgedjr
lgedjrdnd
dndf
f bgad
bgadodr
odr..

=. Hghufe
Hghufeljfl
ljfldf
df jftgr
jftgrdlsj
dlsj ydf
ydfe
e agbjn adf
adfesuf
esufe
e dftdrd dfd
dfdl
l mjmjl mgf
mgfedf
edf ajfe
ajfelufe
lufedf
df mdf
lgfydtddf.
7. Hghufe
Hghufeljfl
ljfldf
df dfdl mjm
mjmjl
jl bgado
bgadodr
dr sgfmjrj-s
sgfmjrj-sgfmjr
gfmjrjj hgfuru
hgfurutt lghdhp
lghdhpudf
udf mdf hjfdtf
hjfdtfyd.
yd.
3. Hghb
Hghbgrj
grjldf
ldf pgr
pgrdfe
dfesdf
sdfe
eyydfe
dfe sdhd
sdhd
5. Hghpg
Hghpgrsdhdl
rsdhdldf
df pgfe
pgfedadhdf
dadhdf lgpdm
lgpdmdd pgsgrtd
pgsgrtd mjmjl
mjmjl..
>. Hg
Hgfj
fjhb
hbua
uald
ldf
f pgrs
pgrsgp
gpsj
sj ydfe
ydfe sd
sdhd
hd pdmd
pdmd pgsg
pgsgrt
rtdd
mjmjl. :.
K. Lrj
Lrjtgr
tgrjd
jd H
Hgmj
gmjd
d Pghbg
Pghbgado
adodrd
drdf
f
Hgfurut Dzndr Drsydm (2047?57) lrjtgrjd pghjajndf hgmjd pghbgadodrdf bgrsuhbgr mdrj
lifsgp bdnwd hgmjd hgrupdldf bdejdf mdrj sjstgh jfstrulsjifda sgkdrd lgsgaurundf. Wftul jtu,
dmd bgbgrdpd lrjtgrjd ydfe ndrus mjpgrndtjldf ydjtu?
4. mjkdpdj. Hgmjd pghbgadodrdf mjpjajn bgrmdsdrldf
[gsudj mgfedf tuoudf ydfe jfejf mjkdpdj.
tuoudf jfstrulsjifda ydfe tgadn mjtgtdpldf, sgkdrd uhuh nda jfj hgfedku lgpdmd sdadn
sdtu dtdu edbufedf mud dtdu tjed rdfdn liefjtjc, dcgltjc, mdf psjlihitirjl.
2. ]gpdt uftul hgfmulufe jsj pghbgadodrdf ydfe sjcdtfyd cdltd, lifsgp, prjfsjp, dtdu
egfgrdajsdsj.. Hgmjd pghbgadodrdf oued ndrus sgadrds, sgsudj mgfedf lgbutundf tueds
egfgrdajsdsj
pghbgadodrdf, mdf lgtgrdhpjadf hgftds sjswd dedr mdpdt hghbdftu pghbgadodrdf sgkdrd
gcgltjc.
 

;. bgrtdndf. Hgmjd ydfe mjpjajn mdpdt mjeufdldf mjhdfdpuf mdf

Prdltjs, auwgs, mdf bgrtdndf.
ldpdfpuf
ldpdfpuf mgfedf
mgfedf pgrda
pgrdadtdf
dtdf ydfe tgrsgmjd mjsgljtd
mjsgljtdrfyd,
rfyd, sgrtd humdn mjpjfmd
mjpjfmdnldf
nldf mdf
mjbdwd lghdfd-hdfd.
=. hgfeeufdldffyd . Fjadj mdf hdfcddt hgmjd dhdt mjtgftuldf iagn euru
Euru tgrdhpja hgfeeufdldffyd.
ydfe hgfeeufdldffyd.

7. sdsdrdf. Hgmjd ydfe mjeufdldf ndrus sgsudj mgfedflgaihpil sdsdrdf

Pgfegaihpildf sdsdrdf.
ydfe mjtuou. Hutu tglfjs.pgfeghbdfedf vjsuda bdjl edhbdr hdupuf citierdc ndrus
,ghgfunj pgrsydrdtdf tglfjs tgrtgftu.

M. Pgfeu
Pgfeufddf
fddf Huatjhg
Huatjhgmjd
mjd Mdadh Pghbgadodr
Pghbgadodrdf
df
]jmdl bjsd mjpufeljrj bdnwd tglfiaiej huatjhgmjd hdhpu hghbgrj lgsdf ydfe bgsdr
mdadh bjmdfe lihufjldsj mdf pgfmjmjldf ldrgfd bjsd hgfejftgerdsjldf tgls, erdcjl, dfjhdsj,
dumji mdf vjmgi. Huatjhgmjd tgadn hgfeghbdfeldf prisgs pgfedodrdf mdf pghbgadodrdf lg drdn
yd
ydfe
fe agbj
agbjn
n mj
mjfd
fdhj
hjl.
l. Fd
Fdhu
huf
f yd
ydfe
fe ag
agbj
bjn
n pg
pgft
ftjf
jfe
e jdad
jdadn
n pghd
pghdnd
ndhdf
hdf tgft
tgftdf
dfe
e bded
bdedjh
jhdf
dfdd

hgfeeufdldf tglfiaiej tgrsgbut mgfedf agbjn gcgltjc mdf mdpdt hgfendsjaldf jmgd - jmgd uftul
pgfedodrdf mdf pghbgadodrdf. Pdmd hdsd ljfj, euru pgrau hghpufydj lghdnjrdf mdf lgydljfdf
mjrj mdadh hgfeeufdldf tglfiaiej jfj mgfedf kdrd ydfe pdajfe bgrlgsdf. [udsdfd pgfedodrdf mdf
pghbga
pghbgadod
dodrdf
rdf ydfe
ydfe jft
jftgrd
grdlt
ltjc,
jc, agbjn
agbjn hgf
hgfeed
eedadl
adlldf
ldf li
lihuf
hufjld
jldsj
sj dlt
dltjc
jc dftdrd
dftdrd bgr
bgrbde
bdedj
dj nda
nda..
Pgfeeufddf lihputgr huatjhgmjd mdadh prisgs pgfedodrdf mdf pghbgadodrdf dmdadn mgfedf
tuoudf
tuoudf hgfjf
hgfjfeldt
eldtldf
ldf hutu pgfed
pgfedodrdf
odrdf mdf pghbg
pghbgadodr
adodrdf.
df. Mgfedf
Mgfedf bgrl
bgrlghbdfe
ghbdfefyd
fyd tglfiaiej
tglfiaiej
huatjhgmj
huatjhgmjd,
d, ufsu
ufsur-ufs
r-ufsur
ur vjmgi
vjmgi,, bufyj,
bufyj, tgls mdf erdcj
erdcjl
l mdpdt mjlghds hgfodmj sdtu hgada
hgadauj
uj
Pghbgadodrdf Bgrbdsjs Lihputgr (PBL). [gldrdfe jfj, hdtgrj PBH tgadn bdfydl mjtghuldf
mjpdsdrdf ydfe mjsgmjdldf mdadh bgftul SKM dtdu MSM.
Lifsgp
Lifsgp pgrhdjfdf
pgrhdjfdf mdad
mdadh
h pghbgadod
pghbgadodrdf
rdf mjed
mjedbufe
bufe uftul
uftul hgfen
hgfendsjal
dsjaldf
df pgfedadhdf
pgfedadhdf
pghbgadodrdf ydfe hgfygfdfeldf. Himga ‛ himga jfj mdpdt mjeufdldf mdadh pghbgadodrdf mj
mdadh lgads dtdu pghbgadodrdf sgfmjrj. Bjsd oued mjeufdldf uftul pghbgadodrdf mj ruhdn mdf mj
sgliadn. [gsj pghbgadodrdf bjsd mjsgsudjldf mgfedf tdndp pgfgrjhddf mdf pghdndhdf pgadodr.
Pgfkdp
Pgfkdpdjd
djdf
f mdf lgb
lgbgrn
grndsj
dsjadf
adf pga
pgadod
dodrr dldf
dldf mjuoj.
mjuoj. Ojld
Ojld pga
pgadod
dodrr tjmdl
tjmdl hgfkdp
hgfkdpdj
dj tdn
tdndp
dp ydf
ydfe
e
hghudsldf
hghudsldf,, hdld sgsj pghua
pghuajndf
jndf puad dldf mjadlsdfdldf
mjadlsdfdldf.. Rglirm
Rglirm pgfkd
pgfkdpdjd
pdjdf
f pgado
pgadodr
dr dldf
mjsjhpdf supdyd prgstdsj pgadodr bjsd mjdwdsj. Lifsgp pghbgadodrdf sgfmjrj mdpdt mjadlsdfdldf
bjad jfcirhdsj tgrsgbut hgfdrjl mdf hghitjvdsjldf pgadodr uftul tgrus bgadodr. Jfj mdpdt mjkdpdj
 ojld hdtgrj dtdu jfcirhdsj mjrgldbgftul mgfedf bdjl hgfeeufdldf huatjhgmjd. [udsdfd
pgfedodrdf mdf pghbgadodrdf
pghbgadodrdf ydfe jftgrdltjc dldf hgfeedadlldf lihufjldsj
lihufjldsj bgrbdedj nda
( pgadodr-euru, pgadodr-pgadodr, pgadodrlihputgr) Edbufedf bgrbdedj hgmjd ydfe hghdfcddtldf
 

sgpgfunfyd jfmrd pgfeajndtdf mdf pgfmgfedrdf hdhpu hgfdrjl hjfdt bgadodr. Fdhuf ydfe agbjn
utdhd jdadn pgfkdpdjdf ibogltjc pgfedodrdf mdf pghbgadodrdf mgfedf bgrlgsdf. Ndrus mjjfedt
bdndwd
bdndwd tglfiaiej
tglfiaiej huatjhgm
huatjhgmjd
jd ndfyd bgrtjfmdl
bgrtjfmdl sgbde
sgbdedj
dj pgagf
pgagfeldp
eldp,, tdhbdndf
tdhbdndf dtdu dadt bdft
bdftu
u
lgpdmd euru. Huatjhgmjd tjmdl dldf hgfedhbja dajn tghpdt mdf tueds euru. Huatjhgmjd dmdadn
sgbdedj sdaurdf pjajndf mdadh hgfydhpdjldf jfcirhdsj mgfedf kdrd ydfe agbjn bgrlgsdf.

Pdmd mdsd
mdsdrfyd
rfyd pgfeeufdd
pgfeeufddf
f lihpu
lihputgr
tgr dtdu ydfe mjsgbut
mjsgbut sgbde
sgbdedj
dj tglf
tglfiaie
iaiejj jfci
jfcirhdsj
rhdsj
mdadh hgfydhpdjldf bdndf pgfedodrdf hghufeljfldf uftul hgajbdtldf pgadodr sgkdrd dltjc
sgrtd mdpdt hghpgriagn uhpdf bdajl sgkdrd kgpdt mdf dlurdt.

G. Pgh
Pghdfc
dfcdd
ddtdf
tdf Huatjhg
Huatjhgmjd
mjd Pghb
Pghbgad
gadodr
odrdf
df
Dmd ; tjpg pghdfcddtdf huatjhgmjd pghbgadodrdf, ydjtu ?
4. Hu
Huatj
atjhgm
hgmjd
jd mj
mjeuf
eufdld
dldf
f sgb
sgbded
dedjj sda
sdadn
dn sdtu ufsur
ufsur pghbga
pghbgadod
dodrdf
rdf mj lgads.
lgads. Hjsd
Hjsdaa ojld
ojld eur
euru
u
hgfogadsldf sudtu hdtgrj hgadauj pgfedodrdf mj lgads dtdu bgrmdsdrldf sudtu bulu dkudf,
hdld huat
huatjhgmj
jhgmjdd mjeufdldf
mjeufdldf sgbdedj hgmjd pgagfeldp
pgagfeldp uftul hgfog
hgfogadsl
adsldf
df hdtgr
hdtgrjj ydfe

mjdodrldf mj mgpdf lgads. Adtjndf mdf tgs pdmd tjpg pgrtdhd jfj tjmdl mjbgrjldf mdadh pdlgt
huatjhgmjd hgadjfldf mdadh bgftul prjft ydfe mjbgrjldf iagn euru.
2. Huat
Huatjhgmj
jhgmjdd mjeufdldf
mjeufdldf sgbd
sgbdedj
edj hdtgrj
hdtgrj pghbg
pghbgadodr
adodrdf
df hdfmjr
hdfmjrj.
j. Pdmd tjpg lgm
lgmud
ud jfj huat
huatjhgmj
jhgmjdd
hufeljf sdod mdpdt hgfmulufe pghbgadodrdf mj lgads hufeljf oued tjmdl. Bgrbgmd mgfedf
tjpg pgrtdhd, pdmd tjpg lgmud sgau
sgaurun
run lgbu
lgbutundf
tundf jfstrul
jfstrulsjif
sjifda
da mdrj pgfeeuf
pgfeeufdd mjpgf
mjpgfunj
unj
sgaurunfyd mj mdadh pdlgt huatjhgmjd. Drtjfyd sgaurun cdsjajtds bdej pghbgadodrdf, tgrhdsul
adtjndf, cggmbdkl mdf tgs ydfe hgfmulufe tuoudf pghbgadodrdf mjsgmjdldf mj mdadh pdlgt.
;. Huat
Huatjhgmj
jhgmjdd mjeufdldf
mjeufdldf sgbd
sgbdedj
edj hgmjd
hgmjd sdtu-sdtufyd
sdtu-sdtufyd mj mdadh
mdadh pghbga
pghbgadodrdf
dodrdf.. Mgfedf mghj
mghjljdf
ljdf
sgaurun cdsjajtds pghbgadodrdf ydfe hgfmulufe tuoudf pghbgadodrdf oued tgadn mjsgmjdldf mj
mdadh pdlgt jfj.
 

BDB JJJ
PGHBDND[DF

Rudfe Euru hgrupdldf pgrusdnddf tglfiaiej tgrbgsdr mdf tgragfeldp mj Jfmifgsjd ydfe bgrcilus
pdmd adydfdf bgrbdsjs pgfmjmjldf mdf tgadn hghjajlj agbjn mdrj 3 outd pgfeeufd sgrtd tgadn hgfegaiad

agbjn mdrj 470.00

agbjn 470.0000 euru ydfe hgfdwdrld
hgfdwdrldff odsd mj agbjn mdrj 400 bjmdfe
bjmdfe pgadodrdf
pgadodrdf.. Pgrus
Pgrusdnddf
dnddf jfj
mjmjrjldf sgodl tdnuf 204= iagn Bgavd Mgvdrd mdf Jhdf Wshdf, ydfe lgmudfyd bgrndsja hdsul mdadh
 ododrdf pgfeusdnd sulsgs mjbdwdn ;0 tdnuf hgadauj Cirbgs ;0 ufmgr ;0 uftul tglfiaiej lifsuhgf mj
Dsjd.
Rudfe
Rudfe Euru
Euru bgr
bgrli
lihjt
hjthgf
hgf uf
uftul
tul hgfodm
hgfodmjj hjt
hjtrd
rd bdej
bdej pghgrj
pghgrjftd
ftdn
n mdgrdn
mdgrdn mghj
mghj hgh
hghbgr
bgrjld
jldf
f
pgfmjmjld
pgfmjmjldf
f bgrludajtd
bgrludajtdss hgada
hgadauj
uj [jstgh
[jstgh Hdfdoghgf
Hdfdoghgf Bgadodr (AH[).
(AH[). ]dnuf
]dnuf adau, Rudfe Euru bgrndsja
bgrndsja
bglgrod sdhd mgfedf ;2 (mdrj ;=) pghgrjftdn privjfsj mdf agbjn mdrj ;23 pghgrjftdn litd mdf ldbupdtgf
mj Jfmifgsjd. [gadjf jtu, Rudfe Euru oued hgfdwdrldf vjmgi bgadodr bgradfeedfdf, hdrlgtpadkg ags
prj
prjvdt
vdt,, ady
adydfd
dfdf
f bjhbj
bjhbjfed
fedf
f bga
bgadod
dodrr if-mgh
if-mghdfm
dfm,, try
tryiu
iutt uojdf
uojdf ifa
ifajfg
jfg,, mdf adjf-a
adjf-adjf
djf.. Rudfe
Rudfe Eur
Euru
u

hgfygmjdldf sjstgh tdtd lgaiad pghbgadodrdf ydfe mdpdt mjeufdldf hurjm mdf euru mdadh hgfegaiad
lgejdtdf bgadodr mj lgads sgkdrd vjrtuda. Mjagfeldpj mgfedf rjbudf bdfl sida ydfe liftgffyd mjsgsudjldf
mgfedf lurjluauh ydfe bgradlu mj Jfmifgsjd. Liftgf ydfe mjhjajlj dpajldsj rudfe euru hgfkdlup [M,
[HP mdf [HD sgsudj mgfedf lurjluauh fdsjifda mdf mjrdfkdfe lnusus iagn pgfedodr tgrbdjl mdf
bgrpgfedadhdf.Rudfe euru hgfygmjdf bgbgrdpd cjtur ydfe mdpdt hghbdftu ydjtu rudfe bgadodr, rudfe ags
if
ifajf
ajfg,
g, mje
mjejtd
jtdaa biit
biit kdh
kdhp,
p, rudfe
rudfe uo
uoj,
j, rud
rudfe
fe ags,
ags, mdf rudfe
rudfe lgads.
lgads. Rud
Rudfe
fe bgadod
bgadodrr hgh
hghbdf
bdftu
tu sjswd
sjswd
hgwuou
hgwuoumld
mldf
f pgh
pghbga
bgadod
dodrdf
rdf ydfe
ydfe sgr
sgru
u mgf
mgfed
edf
f vjm
vjmgi
gi mdf adtjnd
adtjndf
f sida.
sida. Rudfe
Rudfe ags ifa
ifajfg
jfg hgh
hghbdf
bdftu
tu
pgrhdsdadndf PR ydfe tjmdl mjhgfegrtj mdf bjsd adfesufe mjtdfydldf pdmdfe rudfe ags ifajfg. Mjejtda
biit kdhp hghbgrjldf sudsdfd bgadodr sgpgrtj bgrdmd mj mdadh lgads ldrgfd bgadodr sgkdrd bgr-erup
sgkdrd ifajfg sg-Jfmifgsjd. Rudfe uoj mdpdt hghbdftu sjswd uftul hghpgrsjdpldf mjrj hgfendmdpj uojdf
sghgstgr, uojdf fdsjifda, mdf [gaglsj Bgrsdhd Hdsul Pgreurudf ]jfeej Fgegrj ([BHP]F) sgrtd bjsd
hgajndt ndsja ydfe tgadn mjlgrodldf. Rudfe ags bgrcufesj uftul hgfkdrj mdf hghdfeeja euru prjvdt
tgrbdjl
tgrbdjl uftul mdtjfe lgruhdn mdf sjdp hghbdftu pgrhdsdadndf
pgrhdsdadndf mdadh pghbgado
pghbgadodrdf.
drdf. Rudfe lgad
lgadss
hghbgrjldf adydfdf sjstgh hdfdoghgf sgbdedj sdrdfd lgads uftul pdrd euru mdf hurjm.
Mgfedf mghjljdf, dpajldsj rudfe euru mdadh mufjd pgfmjmjldf dmdadn sudtu tghpdt mjhdfd
sghud
sghud irdfe
irdfe mdp
mdpdt
dt hgf
hgfkdr
kdrjmd
jmdf
f hgh
hghbgr
bgrjld
jldf
f jf
jfcir
cirhds
hdsj,
j, bgrmjs
bgrmjslus
lusjj mdf bgr
bgrbde
bdejj pjl
pjljrd
jrdf
f hgf
hgfegf
egfdj
dj
pgrhdsdadndf pghbgadodrdf dftdrd sdtu irdfe dtdu agbjn ndfyd mgfedf bgrhimdaldf shdrtnpnifg
mdf adptip ydfe tgrnubufe mgfedf jftgrfgt. Dmdfyd dpajldsj Rudfe Euru
mdpdt hgfdhbdn wdwdsdf tgftdfe bgrbdedj jahu pgfegtdnudf mgfedf kdrd
bgadodr ydfe hgfdrjl sgnjfeed mdpdt hgfjfeldtldf
h gfjfeldtldf hjfdt bgadodr.
 

 Lgagbjndf mdf Lglurdfedf

Lglurdfedf Dpajldsj Pgfmjmjld
Pgfmjmjldf
f Ifajfg Rudfe Euru
Dpajldsj ‑Rudfe Euru‘ dmdadn dpajldsj bgadodr mgfedf bgadodr ydfe agfeldp uftul pgrhdsdadndf
mdadh bgadodr. Rudfe Euru hgfygmjdldf sjstgh pghbgadodrdf ydfe mdpdt mjeufdldf hurjm mdf euru
mdadh hgfegaiad lgejdtdf bgadodr mj lgads sgkdrd vjrtuda. ]gtdpj pdmd dpajldsj Rudfe Euru ouedtgrmdpdt
lgagbjndf mdf lglurdfedf.

Lgagbjndf mdrj dpajldsj ifajfg Rudfe Euru dmdadn, (4) dpajldsj mdpdt mjdlsgs mjhdfdpuf mdf
ldpdfpuf mgfedf shdrtnpnifg hdupuf adptip, (2) euru dtdu tutir sgadau dmd mdf jftgrdltjc, (;) euru dtdu
tutir bgrludajtds ydfe sumdn bgrpgfedadhdf bjsd mjdlsgs sgkdrd ifajfg, (=) pghbgadodrdf mjagfeldpj
mgfedf vjmgi dfjhdsj sgnjfeed pghbgadodrdf tjmdl bisdf, (7) tgrsgmjd hdtgrj pghbgadodrdf ydfe sgsudj
mgfedf lurjluauh tgrbdru, (3) hurjm oued bjsd hghbgrjldf pgfjadjdf uftul kdrd hgfedodr mdf dpajldsj
Rudfe Euru, (5) ndred bjhbga tjmdl sghdnda mjtghpdt bjdsd mdf bjsd mjkjkja.Lglurdfedf dpajldsj ifajfg
Rudfe Euru dmdadn, (4) dpajldsj ydfe bgauh bdfydl mjlgtdnuj, (2) vjmgi hdtgrj tjmdl bjsd mjmiwfaidm,
(;) dpajldsjfyd au
auhdydf
hdydf bgsdr sgnjfeed hghdldf bdfydl hghirj shdrtpnif
shdrtpnifgg hdupuf adptip.
 

BDB JS
PGFW]WP

D. Lg
Lgsj
sjhp
hpua
uadf
df
Pdmd zdhdf sgldrdfe tjmdl tgragpds mdrj lghdoudf tglfiaiej ydfe bgejtu pgsdt. [dadn sdtufyd mj

grd rgviausj jfmustrj =.0 ydfe hgfejfejfldf ndhpjr sghud pgrsidadf njmup hdfusjd bgrbdsjs
mjejtda.
mjejtda. [ghdljf
[ghdljf pgsdt
pgsdtfyd
fyd tglf
tglfiaie
iaiejj hghbudt
hghbudt dltjvjtds
dltjvjtds ydfe mjadl
mjadluldf
uldf bgrb
bgrbdsjs
dsjs tglfiaie
tglfiaiejj
puad.[gsg
puad.[gsgirdfe
irdfe bjsd hgfendbjsl
hgfendbjsldf
df wdltu uftul hgfee
hgfeeufdl
ufdldf
df tglfiaiej
tglfiaiej ydfe dmd.[g
dmd.[gpgrt
pgrtjj mj
egfgrdsj hjagfjda ydfe sgndrj-ndrjfyd tjmdl tgragpds mdrj shdrtnpnifg. Pgfeeufddf shdrtnpnifg
ydfe pjftdr ydjtu mgfedf hghdfcddtldffyd mgfedf nda-nda ydfe pisjtjc. Bgejtu puad pdmd mufjd
pgfmjmjldf ydfe tjmdl ldadn oued hghdfcddtldf tglfiaiej sgbdedj hgmjd pghbgadodrdf ydfe
mdpdt hghbgrjldf mdhpdl pisjtjc. [dadn sdtufyd hgmjd dpajldsj ifajfg‑Rudfe Euru‘ ydfe mdpdt
mjdlsgs ldpdfpuf mdf mjhdfdpuf mgfedf hgfeeufdldf shdrtnpnifg mdf adptip. Dpajldsj Rudfe
Euru hgfodmj datgrfdtjc
datgrfdtjc uftul lgsuajtdf
lgsuajtdf mdadh
mdadh pghbgadod
pghbgadodrdf
rdf mdf mdpd
mdpdtt hgfjf
hgfjfeldt
eldtldf
ldf hjfdt

bgadod
bgadodrr mgfedf
mgfedf cjt
cjtur-
ur-cjt
cjtur
ur hgfdrj
hgfdrjl
l mjmdad
mjmdadhfy
hfyd.
d. Liftgf
Liftgf ydfe
ydfe mjhjaj
mjhjajlj
lj dpajl
dpajldsj
dsj rudfe
rudfe eu
euru
ru
hgfkdlup [M, [HP mdf [HD sgsudj mgfedf lurjluauh fdsjifda Jfmifgsjd mdf mjrdfkdfe lnusus
iagn pgfedodr tgrbdjl mdf bgrpgfedadhdf.

Mgfedf mghjljdf, Rudfe Euru mdadh mufjd pgfmjmjldf dmdadn sudtu tghpdt dtdu ciruh mjhdfd
sghud irdfe mdpdt hgfkdrj mdf hghbgrjldf jfcirhdsj, bgrmjslusj mdf bgrbdej pjljrdf dftdrd sdtu
irdfe dtdu agbjn ndfyd mgfedf shdrtnpnifg mdf adptip ydfe tgrnubufe mgfedf jftgrfgt. Mgfedf
dmdfyd
dmdfyd pgfeedbuf
pgfeedbufedf
edf dftdr
dftdrdd dpajldsj
dpajldsj Rudfe Euru mgfedf
mgfedf mufj
mufjdd pgfmjmjld
pgfmjmjldf
f hghbudt
hghbudt sjsw
sjswdd
humdn
humdn uft
uftul
ul bga
bgadod
dodrr mdf hgfdhb
hgfdhbdn
dn wdw
wdwdsd
dsdf
f tgf
tgftdf
tdfe
e bg
bgrbd
rbdedj
edj jah
jahu
u pgf
pgfegt
egtdnu
dnudf
df sgr
sgrtd
td
hgfjfeldtldf hjfdt bgadodr.

Lgagbjndf mdrj dpajldsj ifajfg Rudfe Euru dmdadn, (4) dpajldsj mdpdt mjdlsgs mjhdfdpuf
mdf ldpdfpuf mgfedf shdrtnpnifg hdupuf adptip, (2) euru dtdu tutir sgadau dmd mdf jftgrdltjc,
(;) eu
euru
ru dtdu
dtdu tut
tutir
ir bgrlud
bgrludajt
ajtds
ds ydfe
ydfe sum
sumdn
dn bgr
bgrpgf
pgfeda
edadhd
dhdf
f bjs
bjsdd mjd
mjdlsg
lsgss sgkdrd
sgkdrd ifa
ifajfg
jfg,, (=)
pghbgadodrdf mjagfeldpj mgfedf vjmgi dfjhdsj sgnjfeed pghbgadodrdf tjmdl bisdf, (7) tgrsgmjd
hdtgrj pghbgadodrdf ydfe sgsudj mgfedf lurjluauh tgrbdru, (3) hurjm oued bjsd hghbgrjldf
pgfjadjdf uftul kdrd hgfedodr mdf dpajldsj Rudfe Euru, (5) ndred bjhbga tjmdl sghdnda mjtghpdt
bjdsd mdf bjsd mjkjkja.Lglurdfedf dpajldsj ifajfg Rudfe Euru dmdadn, (4) dpajldsj ydfe bgauh
bdfydl mjlgtdnuj, (2) vjmgi hdtgrj tjmdl bjsd mjmiwfaidm, (;) dpajldsjfyd auhdydf bgsdr sgnjfeed
hghdldf bdfydl hghirj shdrtpnifg hdupuf adptip.
 

B. [drdf
 

MDC]DR PW[]DLD
 

RGFCGRGFKG[

Irfstgjf, Daadf K. mdf Crdfkjs P. Nufljf. 2045. Kurrrjkuauh ? Ciufmdtjifs, Prjfkjpags, dfm Jssugs
([gvgftn Gmjtjif). Gfeadfm ? Pgdrsif Gmukdtjif