Cari

Biologi Perkembangan
! Disimpan

Kelompok 6

Diunggah oleh Mawaddah Utm pada Nov 05, 2020

" 100% (1) · 727 tayangan · 25 halaman

Informasi Dokumen #
Biologi perkembangan
Data diunggah
Nov 05, 2020
! Disimpan
Judul Asli
biologi perkembangan kelompok 6
 

Hak Cipta
© © All Rights Reserved

Bagikan dokumen Ini

  LDCDFDE IB@F@MB QKYCKLIDHMDH "
BL[H@F@MB GDH KHG@CY@H@F@MB GDFDL QY@_K_ YKQY@G[C_B
GDH

W[LI[E CKLIDHM

Facebook
LDH[_BD"
Twitter

$
 Hdld: ]bhdhgd
Ckf`lp`c >
Dsudgb
Email
 Hbl: D4D9421?> Hdld : Ykhb Qdrdssd
 Hbl: D4D94211;1

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas? Laporkan Dokumen Ini

CDWD QKHMDHWDY  

Qkrtdld-tdld cdlb lkhmuodpcdh pujb gdh syucur ckpdgd Dffde _]W, cdrkhd ikrcdt gdh
rdeldt-hyd, cdlb gdpdt lkhykfksdbcdh ldcdfde bhb ydhm ikrjuguf " BL[H@F@MB GDH
KHG@CYBH@F@MB GDFDL QY@_K_ YKQY@G[C_B GDH W[LI[E CKLIDHM
LDH[_BD“.

  Wdc fupd pufd cdlb lkhmuodpcdh tkrbld cdsbe ckpdgd biu Gr.Ybcd Edhgdydhb _CL.L.Cks.
skfdcu g`skh ldtd cufbde ib`f`mb pkrcklidhmdh. Cdrkhd, gkhmdh lkliudt ldcdfde bhb
 pkhmktdeudh cdlb gdpdt ikrtdlide

Tingkatkan Pengalaman Anda '

Nilai akan membantu kami untuk
menyarankan dokumen terkait yang
lebih baik kepada semua pembaca kami!

% Bermanfaat

& Tidak
bermanfaat

  Qkhufbs

GDNWDY B_B  

CDWD QKHMDHWDY .....................................................................................................b

GDNWDY B_B ...................................................................................................................bb

IDI B QKHGDE[F[DH................................................................................................. 4

D. Fdtdr Ikfdcdhm .........................................................................................................4

I. Yulusdh Ldsdfde ...................................................................................................9

O. Wujudh Qklidedsdh ................................................................................................9

IDI BB QKLIDED_DH ...................................................................................................7

D. Qkhmkrtbdh Bluh`f`mb ...............................................................................................7

I. Qkhmkrtbdh Khg`crbh`f`mb .........................................................................................;

O. Bluh`f`mb Gdfdl Qr`sks Ykpr`gucsb Gdh Wuliue cklidhm Ldhusbd..............>

G. Khg`crbh`f`mb Gdfdl Qr`sks Ykpr`gucsb Gdh Wuliue Cklidhm Ldhusbd.......49

K. Dhdt`lb _bstkl Ykpr`gucsb ldhusbd .....................................................................4=

IDI BBB QKH[W[Q ...........................................................................................................92

D. Cksblpufdh ................................................................................................................92

GDNWDY Q[_WDCD ........................................................................................................?1

IDI B

QKHGDE[F[DH

D.Fdtdr ikfdcdhm

  Qdgd lufdhyd bluh`f`mb lkrupdcdh odidhm lbcr`ib`f`mb ydhm lklpkfdjdrb rksp`hs tuiue
,tkrutdld rksp`hs ckckidfdh tkredgdp pkhydcbt bhnkcsb,Bluh`f`mb dgdfde sudtu odidhm ydhm fuds
gdrb bflu ib`lkgbs ydhm lkhodcup cdjbdh lkhmkhdb sklud dspkc bluh(ckckidfdh) pdgd sklud
`rmdhbslk.Bluh`f`mb dhtdrd fdbh lklpkfdjdrb pkrdhdh nbsb`f`mbs sbstkl bluh idbc gdfdl ckdgddh
skedt ldupuh sdcbt,lufnuhmsb sbtkl bluh pdgd mdhmmudh bluh`f`mb cdrdctkrbstbcnbsbc,ldhusbdwb
gdh nbsb`f`mbs c`lp`hkh-c`lp`hkh sbstkl bluh.

  Wuiue ldhusbd tbgdc luhmcbh tkrebhgdr gdrb fbhmcuhmdh ydhm lkhmdhguhm lbcr`id
 pdte`mkh gbskckckfbfbhmhyd.lbcr`id tkrskiut gdpdt lkhbliufcdh pkhydcbt bhnkcsb pdgd ldhusbd
lbcr`id pdt`mkh gbskckfbfbhmhyd.Lbcr`id pdte`mkh ydhm dgd ikrsbndt p`fbmkhbc gdh
c`lpfkcs.`fke cdrkhd btu rksp`h bluh tuiue ldhusbd tkredgdp ikridmdb ldodl lbcr`id pdt`mkh
 jumd ikrikgd.ululhyd mdlidrdh ib`f`mbo spksbnbc lbcr`id lkhkhtucdh lkcdhbslk bluh ldhd

ydhm ikrpkrdh uhtuc pr`tkcsb.ikmbtu jumd rksp`h bluh tkredgdp idctkrb kcstrdskfufkr dtdu idctkrb
bhtrdskfufkr lklpuhydb cdrdctkrbstbc tkrtkhtu pufd.

  Wuiue ldhusbd dcdh skfdfu tkrdhodl `fke pdpdrdh idctkrb,vbrus,pdrdsbt,rdgbdsb ldtdedrb,gdh

 p`fusb.strkss kl`sb`hdf dtdu nbsb`f`mb gdrb ckjdgbdh bhb dgdfde tdhtdhmdh fdbh uhtuc 
lklpkrtdedhcdh tuiue ydhm skedt.ibdsdhyd cbtd gbfbhguhmb `fke sbstkl pkrtdedhdh tuiue,sbstkl
ckckidfdh tuiue,tkrutdld ldcr`n,gdh oucup fkhmcdp ckiutuedh mbzb uhtuc lkhjdmd
ckskedtdh.ckfkibedh tdhtdhmdh hkmdtbn,idmdbldhdpuh,gdpdt lkhkcdh sbstkl pkrtdedhdh
tuiue,sbstkl ckckidfdh, gdh lkhmdcbidtcdh ikridmdb pkhydcbt ndtdf.

_bstkl khg`crbh lkrupdcdh systkl ckfkhjdr ydhm lklpr`gucsb suistdhs uhtuc gbmuhdhdch gb
gdfdl tuiue. Ckfkhjdr khg`crbh lkhmkfudrcdh suistdhsb ydhm tktdp ikrkgdr gdh ikckrjd gbgdfdl
tuiue. E`rl`h lkrupdcdh skhydwd cblbd cesus gbpr`gucsb `fke ckfkhjdr khg`crbh tkrtkhtu.
tkrgdpdt e`rl`h sktklpdt gdh e`rl`h ulul. o`ht`e gdrb e`rl`h sktklpdt dgdfde: Dsktbfc`fbh
ydhm gbfkpdscdh `fke idmbdh ujuhm-ujuhm sydrdn pdrdsblpdtbs gdh sydrdn rdhmcd. _kcrktbh ydhm
gbfkpdscdh `fke gbhgbhm gukgkhul gdh gbdhmcut gdfdl gdrde lkhuju pkhcrkds uhtuc 
lkhbliufcdh skcrksb pdhcrkds gdh c`fksbst`cbhbh ydhm gbfkpdscdh gbusus edfus, gbdhmcut
ckcdhguhm klpkgu skebhmmd tbliuf c`htrdcsb cdhguhm klpkgu gdh pdhcrkds skebhmmd tbliuf
skcrksb khzbl.

I. Yulusdh ldsdfde

4. Dpd pkhmkrtbdh bluh`f`mb 0

9. Dpd pkhmkrtbdh khg`crbh`f`mb 0

?. Idmdbldhd bluh`f`mb gdfdl pr`sks rkpr`gucsb gdh tuliue cklidhm ldhusbd 0

7. Idmdbldhd khg`crbh`f`mb gdfdl pr`sks rkpr`gucsb gdh tuliue cklidhm ldhusbd 0

;. Idmdbldhd dhdt`lb sbstkl rkpr`gucsb ldhusbd 0

O. Wujudh Qklidedsdh

4. [htuc lkhmktdeub pkhmkrtbdh bluh`f`mb

9. [htuc lkhmktdeub pkhmkrtbdh khg`crbh`f`mb

IDI BB

QKLIDED_DH

D. Qkhmkrtbdh bluh`f`mb

 Bluh`f`mb ikrdsdf gdrb cdtd bluhbtds ydhm ikrdrtb ckckidfdh tuiue. Qkhmkrtbdh Bluh`f`mb ydbtu
odidhm bflu ydhm lklpkfdjdrb tkhtdhm bluhbtds dtdu ckckidfdh tuiue gdh rkdcsb dfkrmb dtdu
skhsbtbvbtds tkredgdp sksudtu. Bluh`f`mb jumd ikrdrtb bflu ydhm lklpkfdjdrb ckldlpudh tuiue
uhtuc lkfdwdh dtdu lklpkrtdedhcdh gdrb gdrb skrdhmdh pdt`mkh dtdu `rmdhbslk ydhm
lkhykidicdh pkhydcbt.

Bluh`f`mb dgdfde spksbdfbsdsb lkgbs ydhm ikrcdbtdh gkhmdh ckckidfdh gdh sklud dspkc gdrb
ckldlpudh tuiue uhtuc lkfdwdh bhnkcsb gdh pkhydcbt ydhm gbskidicdh `fke pdt`mkh
(`rmdhbslk pkhykidi pkhydcbt, ydhm ibdsdhyd dgdfde lbcr`-`rmdhbslk). O`ht`e `rmdhbslk
 pkhykidi pkhydcbt tkrldsuc vbrus, idctkrb, pr`t`z`d dtdu pdrdsbt ydhm idecdh fkibe iksdr. _kfdbh
btu, suijkc bluh`f`mb gbpkrulbt `fke ndctd idewd bhgbvbgu ldhusbd jumd lkhmklidhmcdh rksp`h
ckckidfdh tkredgdp pr`tkbh skhgbrb (gdh l`fkcuf fdbhhyd) gdfdl dut`bluhbtds gdh lkfdwdh skf-
skf cbtd skhgbrb skodrd lkhyblpdhm. Jkhbs rksp`h bluh bhb jumd tkrldsuc gdfdl ibgdhm pkhkfbtbdh
bluh`f`mb. Wuiue lklkrfucdh bluhbtds dtdu ckckidfdh dmdr tbgdc lugde tkrebhgdr gdrb
skrdhmdh pkhydcbt ydhm gdpdt lkhmedlidt nuhmsb `rmdh tuiue. sdfde sdtu ikhtuc gdrb bluhbtds
ydbtu dgdhyd dhtbi`gb ydhm gb edsbfcdh `fke skf skf fkuc`sbt dtdu skf gdrde putbe. _kf gdrde putbe
 ikckrjd gkhmdh odrd lkhmbcdt gdh cklugbdh lkhmedhourcdh skf ‟ skf pdt`mkh dtdu pkhykidi
 pkhydcbt. [htuc fkibe lkldedlb pkhmkrtbdh bluh`f`mb ldcd skidbchyd cbtd lkhmktdeub sbstkl
bluh ydhm dgd pdgd tuiue. Ikikrdpd jkhbs sbstkl bluh ydhm dgd gdfdl tuiue ydbtu: Bluh`f`mb
dgdfde sudtu odidhm ydhm fuds gdrb bflu ib`lkgbs ydhm lkhodcup cdjbdh lkhmkhdb sklud dspkc 
sbstkl bluh (ckckidfdh) pdgd sklud `rmdhbslk. Bluh`f`mb dhtdrd fdbh lklpkfdjdrb pkrdhdh
Nbsb`f`mbs sbstkl blul idbc gdfdl ckdgddh skedt ldupuh sdcbt3 ldfdnuhmsb sbstkl bluh pdgd
mdhmmudh bluh`f`mb (pkhydcbt dut`bluh, ebpkrskhsbtbvbtds, gknbsbkhsb bluh,, pkh`fdcdh
dff`mrdnt)3 cdrdctkrbstbc nbsbc, cblbdwb, gdh nbsb`f`mbs c`lp`hkh-c`lp`hkh sbstkl bluh bh vbtr`,
bh sbtu, gdh bh vbv`. Bluh`f`mb lklbfbcb ikridmdb pkhkrdpdh pdgd ikridmdb gbsbpfbh bflu gdh
cdrkhdhyd gbpkode lkhjdgb ikikrdpd suigbsbpfbh.

  I. Qkhmkrtbdh Khg`crbh`f`mb

  Khg`crbh`f`mb dgdfde odidhm bflu ckg`ctkrdh ydhm lklpkfdjdrb sbstkl khg`crbh. _bstkl
khg`crbh lkrupdcdh sudtu sbstkl gbldhd e`rl`h-e`rl`h gbpr`gucsb gdh gbdtur `fke `rmdh gdh
ckfkhjdr. @rmdh-`rmdh ydhm tkrldsuc gdfdl sbstkl khg`crbh, pkhydcbt gdh mdhmmudh ckskedtdh
ydhm gdpdt tkrjdgb pdgd ckfkhjdr gdh `rmdh khg`crbh gdpdt lklpkhmdrueb nuhmsb lktdi`fbslk
tuiue skodrd ckskfuruedh. Khg`crbh`f`mb dgdfde bflu ydhm lklpkfdjdrb pkrbfdcu dtdu dctbvbtds
 psbcbs ydhm ikrcdbtdh dtdu tkrjdgb cdrkhd pkruidedh pdgd sbstkl khg`crbh.

Gdfdl tuiue ldhusbd tkrgdpdt ckfkhjdr, khzbl gdh ikikrdpd idmbdh pkhtbhm ydhm lklpkhmdrueb
ckstdibfdh tuiue. _dfde sdtu ckfkhjdr ydhm lklbfbcb pkhmdrue gdfdl tuiue dgdfde ckfkhjdr 
khg`crbh. Ckfkhjdr bhb lkrupdcdh ckfkhjdr ydhm tkrsusuh dtds susuhdh skf lbcr` ydhm sdhmdt
skgkredhd ydh tkrgbrb dtds jdrbhmdh bcdt edfus ydhm lkhmdhguhm pkliufue cdpbfkr. Ckfkhjdr 
khg`crbh dgdfde skiude `rmdh ydhm lklpr`gucsb zdt dctbn (e`rl`hk), ydhm gbfkpdscdh lkfdfudb
gdrde. Zdt dctbn bhb dcdh lkhmdtur ckrjd skiude `rmdh dtdu idecdh ikikrdpd `rmdh skcdfbmus.
_bndt ckrjd e`rl`hk dgdfde ikckrjd skidmdb o`htr`f ulpdh idfbc, ikckrjd pdgd spksbnbc tdrmkt, gdh
lklbfbcb lkcdhbslk ckrjd tkrtkhtu. _bstkl khg`crbh dgdfde sudtu sbstkl gdfdl tuiue ldhusbd
ydhm ikrtumds uhtuc lkfdcucdh skcrksb (lklpr`gucsb) e`rl`h ydhm ikrnuhmsb uhtuc lkhmdtur 
skfurue ckmbdtdh `rmdh-`rmdh gdfdl tuiue ldhusbd sksudb gkhmdh ydhm gbiutuecdh `rmdh
tkrskiut. Edsbf skcrksb ikrupd e`rl`h bhb fdhmsuhm ldsuc ck gdfdl pkliufue gdrde ldhusbd
tdhpd edrus lkfdfub sdfurdh (guctus). _bstkl khg`crbh tkridmb lkhjdgb ikikrdpd ckfkhjdr 
khg`crbh ydhm jbcd gdfdl sdtu cksdtudh gbskiut gkhhmdh sbstkl khg`crbh. Jdgb, sbstkl khg`crbh
lkrupdcdh mdiuhmdh gdrb ikikrdpd ckfkhjdr khg`crbh. Ckfkhjdr khg`crbh btu skhgbrb dgd ydhm
lkhmdedsbfcdh sdtu ldodl e`rl`h tuhmmdf, gdh jumd lkhmedsbfcdh ikikrdpd e`rl`hk mdhgd.

O. _bstklkl Bluh`f`mb gdfdl pr`sks rkpr`gucsb gdh tuliue cklidhm ldhusbd

_bstkl bluh dgdfde sklud lkcdhbslk ydhm gbmuhdcdh idgdh uhtuc lklpkrtdedhcdh
ckutuedh tuiue skidmdb pkrfbhguhmdh tkredgdp idedyd ydhm gdpdt gb tbliufcdh ikridmdb idedh
gdfdl fbhmcuhmdh ebgup.Bluhbtds dtdu ckcidfdh dgdfde sbstkl lkcdhbslk pdgd `rmdhbslk ydhm
lkfbhguhmb tuiue tkredgdp pkhmdrue ib`f`mbs fudr gkhmdh lkhmbgkhtbnbcdsbgdh lkliuhue

 pdt`mkh skrtd skf tul`r.Bluhbtds dtdu sbstkl bluh tuiue ldhusbd tkrgbrb gdrb bluhbtds dfdlb dtdu
sbstkl bluhh`h spksbnbc gdh bluhbtds dgdptbn dtdu sbstkl bluh spksbnbc.

4.Bluhbtds dfdlb dtdu h`h spksbnbc

_bstkl bluh dfdlb dtdu sbstkl bluh h`hspksbnbc dgdfde rksp`h pkrtdedhdh bhekrkh ydhm skodrd
h`hskfkctbn lklpkrtdedhcdh tuiue gdrb bhvdsb ikhgd dsbhm dtdu dih`rldf gdrb jkhbs dpdpuh gdh
bluhbtds bhb tbgdc gbpkr`fke lkfdfub c`htdc gkhmdh sudtu dhtbmkh._bstkl bhb gbskiut h`hspksbnbc 
cdrkhd tbgdc gbtujucdh tkredgdp lbcr``rmdhbslk tkrtkhtu._kfdbh btu sbstkl bluh bhb lklbfbcb
lkl`rb blluh`f`mbc,gdh ululhyd lklbfbcb gurdsb ydhm sbhmcdt.

  _bstkl bluh h`h spksbnbc tkrguru gdrb pkrtdedhdh nbsbc/lkcdhbc skpkrtb cufbt,skfdput fkhgbr gdh
sbfbd sdfurdh hdpds ydhm gdpdt lkhokmde ldsuchyd ikridmdb culdh pdt`mkh ckgdfdl
tuiue3skjulfde c`lp`hkh skrul ydhm gbskcrksbcdh tuiue,skpkrtb sbstkl
c`lpfklkh,sbt`cbh,tkrtkhtu gdh dhtbi`gy dfdlbde3skrtd c`lp`hkh skfufkr,skpkrtb skf hdturdf
cbffkr(HC).

d. d._bstkl c`lpfklkh dgdfde c`lp`hkh blluhbtds idwddh fdbhhyd ydhm

 pkhtbhm.dctbvdsb sbstkl c`lpfklkh lkhmdsbfcdh sudtu rkdcsb ib`cblbd ydhm dcdh
lkfbsbcdh gdh lkrusdc skf dsbhm dtdu skf tdc ikrmuhd.tdhpd dctbvdsb,c`lp`hkh
gdrb sbstkl c`lpfklkh ikrtbhgdc skidmdb pr`khzbl gdfdl odbrdh tuiue.
 i. i.sbt`cbh gdh ckl`cbh(oyt`cbhk dhg oekl`cbhk) dgdfde p`fbpkptbgd ydhm
lklbfbcb nuhmsb pkhtbhm gdfdl rkmufdsb sklud nuhmsb pkhtbhm gdfdl rkmufdsb
sklud nuhmsb sbtkl bluh.sbt`cbh gdh ckl`cbh lkhmedsbfcdh euiuhmdh c`lpfkcs
ydhm gdpdt lkhmdctbncdh dtdu lkhkcdh rksp`h bhnfdldsb.o`ht`e sbt`cbh ydhm
 ikrpkrdh pkhtbhm gdfdl lkrksp`h bhnkcsb idctkrb ydbtu:bhtkrfkucbh-4(BF-4) gdh
hkor`sbs ndot`r-d (WHN-d).

o. o.Dhtbi`gb dfdlbde (blluh`mf`iufbh) gbgknbhbsbcdh skidmdb dhtbi`gy pdgd

bhgbvbgu h`rldf gdh skedt ydhm ikful gbstblufdsb `fke dhtbmkh kcs`mkh.Dhtbi`gb
 ikrpkrdh pkhtbhm skvdmdb pkrtdedhdh pkrtdld tkredgdp pdt`mkh gdh ikikrdpd tbpk
skf,tkrldsuc prdcdhckr,cdhckr,sbsd pkodedh skf,gdh ikidrdpd dhtbmkh.

g. g.Hdturdf cbffkr okffs(skf hdturkf cbffkr) gbcktdeub skdodrd l`rn`f`mb lbrbp gkhmdh
fbln`sbt ucurdh iksdr gdh gbckhdf skidmdb fbln`sbt mrdhufdr iksdr._kcbtdr 41-4;%
fbln`sbt ydhm ikrkgdr pkliufue gdrde tkpb dgdfde skf HC.skf HC ikrpkrdh pkhtbhm
 pdgd rksp`hg dh pkhmdturdh bluh idwddh.skf HC lkfbsbcdh skf gkhmdh
lkfkpdscdh skjulfde mrdhuf sbt`fbtbc dgdfde pkrn`rbh.

9._bstkl bluh dgdptdsb(dgdptbvk blluhbty systkl)

  Bluhbtds bhb tkrjdgb sktkfde pdldpdrdh tkredgdp sudtu pkhydcbt bhnkcsb,ikrsbndt ceusus gdh
gbpkrdhtdrdb `fke dhtbi`gy dtdu skf fbln`bg.Bluhbtds bhb ibsd ikrsbndt pdsbn gdh dctbn.

d. d.Bluhbtds pdsbn,gbpkr`fke gdrb dhtbi`gy ydhm tkfde tkrikhtuc skikfulhyd gdfdl

bhdhm fdbh.
 i. i.Bluhbtds dctbn,rksbstkhsb ydhm gb bhgucsb sktkfde c`htdc ydhm knkctbn gkhmdh
dhtbmkh dsbhm ydhm gdpdt ikrupd bhnkcsb cfbhbs dtdu suicfbhbs,bluhbsdsb
 pkldpdrdh tkredgdp pr`guc lbcr`id dtdu trdhspfdhtdsb skf dsbhm.

  _bstkl bluh dgdptdsb dtdu sbtkl bluh h`hspksbnbc lklpuhydb ckldlpudh uhtuc lkhmkhdf
 ikhgd ydhm gbdhmmdp dsbhm idmb gbrbhyd.sbstkl bluh dgdptbn lklbfbcb ikikrdpd
cdrdctkrbstbc,lkfbputb ckldlpudh ultuc lkrksp`h ikridmdb dhtbmkh,ldsbhm-ldsbhm gkhmdh
 p`fd ydhm spksbnbc,ckldlpudh uhtuc lklikgdcdh dhtdrd dhtbmkh dsbhm gdh dhtbmkh skhgbrb gdh
ckldlpudh uhtuc lkrksp`h dhtbmkh ydhm gbtklucdh skikfulhyd gkhmdh lklufdb rksp`h
lkl`rb ydhm cudt.tkrgdpdt gud ckfds rksp`h bluh spksbnbc:

d. d.Bluhbtds eul`rdf (Eul`rdf blluhbty) bluhbtds eul`rdf gbtkhmde `fke

skckf`lp`c fbln`sbt ydhm ikrgbnkrbkhsdsb gb sulsul tufdhm,jdrbhmdh fbln`bg
skcuhgkr ydbtu lkfbputb fbln`h`gus,fblpd gdh h`gufus fblndtbcus ydhm tkrfktdc gb
skpdhjdhm sdfurdh pkrhdndsdh,pkhokrhddh gdh ur`mkhbtdf.

 i. i.Bluhbtds skfufkr(okffufdr blluhbty),skf t lkhmdfdlb pkrcklidhmdh gdh

 pkldtdhmdh gdfdl `rmdh tblus.gdfdl tblus,skf W lufdb ikrgbnkrkhsbdsb gdh
lklpkr`fke ckldlpudh uhtuc lkhjdfdhcdh nuhmsb ndrldc`f`mb
tkrtkhtu.ikrgdsdrcdh pkrikgddh nuhmsb gdh ckrjdhyd,skf W gbidmb gdfdl ikikrdpd
suip`pufdsb,ydbtu skf W sbt`t`csbc(Wo),skf pkhbhgds dtdu suprks`r(Ws) gdh skf W

 pkh`f`hm(We).pkrikgddh bhb tdlpdc pufd pdgd pkrlucddh skf-skf tkrskiut.uhtuc 

lkhmktdeub odrd ckrjd skf W pkhbhgds dtdu skf W pkliuhue gdpdt cbtd fbedt pdgd
tdifk gb idwde bhb.

 H`h spksbnbc spksbnbc 

Yksbstkhsb Wbgdc ikruide `fke bhnkcsb Lklidbc `fke bhnkcsb
 ikrufdhm
_kf ydhm pkhtbhm [lulhyd knkctbn tkredgdp _pksbnbc uhtuc  
sklud lbcr``rmdhbslk lbcr``rmdhbslk ydhm sugde
lkhsbstkhsbs skikfulhyd
_kf ydhm pkhtbhm Ndm`sbt Fbln`sbt
_kf HC 
_kf C 
L`fkcuf ydhm Fbz`sbl Dhtbi`gy sbt`cbh
 pkhtbhm C`lpfklkh
Qr`tkbh ndsk dcut
Bhtkrnkr`h(sbt`cbh)
_kf ydhm ikrdgd gb Gbg`lbhdsb skf Gbg`lbhdsb skf W gdh skf I
gdfdlhyd  p`fbl`rn`hucfkdr 
_bndt Ikrsbndt mkhkrdf/ulul Ikrsbndt lkl`rb/gbpkrfucdh
 pdjdh pkrtdld gdh knkctbn 
uhtuc pdjdhdh ikrbcuthyd
gkhmdh shtbmkh ydhm sdld
Odrd ckrjd Odrd ckrjd okpdt Odrd ckrjd cudfbtds
lkhbhmcdt cdrkhd lklbfbcb
sbndt lkl`ry

Nuhmsb sbstkl bluh   Nuhmsb sbstkl bluh gdfdl ckebgupdh ydbtu:

4.Lkfbhguhmb tuiue gdrb bhvdsb pkhykidi pkhydcbt

9.Lkhmedhourcdh gdh lkhmebfdhmcdh lbcr``rmdhbslk dtdu suistdhsb dsbhm(idctkrb,pdrdsbt,jdlur 

gdh vbrus,skrtd tul`r) ydhm ldsuc ck gdfdl tuiue.

Dipercayai oleh lebih dari 1 juta anggota

Coba Scribd GRATIS selama 30 hari untuk mengakses

lebih dari 125 juta judul tanpa iklan atau gangguan!

Mulai Coba Gratis

Batalkan Kapan Saja.

?. Lkhmebfdhmcdh jdrbhmdh dtdu skf ydhm ldtb dtdu rusdc ultuc pkridbcdh jdrbhmdh.lkhmkhdfb
gdh lkhmebfdhmcdh skf ydhm dih`rldf ckldlpudh uhtuc lkhmkhdfb ikhgd-ikhgd dsbhm skpkrtb
 idctkrb,vbrus,pdrdsbt,jdlur,skf cdhckr GFF.

Nuhmsb bhb sdhmdt pkhtbhm, cdrkhd edrus ibsd lklikgdcdh ldhd cdwdh(idctkrb ydhm
lkhmuhtuhmcdh gdh skf tuiue ydhm idbc) ldhd fdwdh (vbrus,idctkrb jdedt,jdlur,pdrdsbt,rdgbcdf
 ikids gdh skf-skf ydhm ikrlutdsb ydhm ibsd lkhjdgb tul`rVcdhckr ) gdh ldhd ydhm `rdhm ibsd
(dfkrmkh,pklbou dfkrmb)ydhm edrus gbibdrcdh fkwdt. _bstkl bluh lkhmbhmdt pkhykrdhm-
 pkhykrdhm dsbhm btu (rupd gdh rulus cblbdwb dhtbi`gy ydhm gbmuhdcdh uhtuc lkhmdfdecdh
lkrkcd ydhm gbsblpdh gbgdfdl trdhsnkr ndct`r tuiue) skebhmmd ibsd gkhmdh okpdt lkh`fdc 
skrdhmdh ufdhm gb ldsd gkpdh._bstkl bluh ydhm skedt dgdfde sbstkl bluh ydhm skblidhm ydhm
 ibsd lkhbhmcdtcdh ckldlpudh tuiue gdfdl lkfdwdh pkhydcbt.Ldodl-ldodl pdte`mkh
4.^brus   ^brus dgdfde pdrdsbtk ydhm iucdh lkrupdcdh ldcefuc ebgup hdluh lklbfbcb ldtkrb
mkhktbo ikrupd dsdl hucfkdt(GHD/YHD) ydhm lkliutuecdh ckikrdgddh skf pr`cdrbdt dtdu
kucdrb`t ydhm ebgup uhtuc lkfdcucdh rkpfbcdsb dtdu pkridhydcdh gdrb dsdl hucfkdt
tkrskiut.vbrus gdpdt lkhmbhnkcsb ibhdtdhm,ldhusbd,tdhdldh,nuhmsb,idctkrb,pr`t`z`d,skrdhmmd gdh
edlpkr sklud jkhbs ldcfuc ebgup. 9.Idctkrb   Idctkrb ydhm tkrldsuc gdfdl `rmdhbslk
 pr`cdrb`t skfdbh lklbfbcb ckmuhddh,jumd ibsd lkhbliufcdh ckrumbdh cdrkhd lkrupdcdh pdt`mkh
ydhm ulul pdgd ldefuc ebgup skpkrtb ldhusbd.o`ht`ehyd dgdfde idctkrb pdt`mkh pskug`l`hds
dkrumbh`sd ydhm gdpdt lkhmbhnkcsb pdru-pdru skebhmmd gdpdt lkhbliufcdh ckldtbdh.skfdbh
dkrumbh`sd idctkrb pdt`mkh fdbh ydhm p`pufdr dgdfde stdpeyf`o`oous durkus dgdfde lbcr`nf`rd
h`rldf ldhusbd pdsd pkrlucddh cufbt,lufut gdh ebguhm,hdluh pdgd sddt sbstkl bluh lkhuruh
durkus dcdh ikrsbndt pdt`mkh gdh gdpdt lkhbluiufcdh pkhydcbt skpkrtb pkhmmulpdfdh gdrde.
?.Nuhmsb   Nuhmsb dgdfde `rmdhbslk pr`cdrbdt ydhm tkrldsuc gdfdl cbhmg`l Qr`tbstd gkhmdh
skcbtdr =;.111 spksbks ydhm sugde gbbhgknbcdsb.nuhmsb gdpdt lkhjdgb pdrdsbt pdgd ldhusbd
o`ht`ehyd skpkrtb odhgbgd dfibodhs ydhm dgdfde nuhmsb pdt`mkh `p`rtuhbs ydhm gdpdt
lkhykidicdh bhnkcsb pdgd edlpkr sklud idmbdh gdrb tuiue ldhusbd gdh gdpdt lkhykidicdh
ckldtbdh.Dfibodhs skrbhmcdfb lkhykrdhm r`hmmd lufut dtdupuh vdmbhd,hdluh skwdctu sbstkl
bluh skgdhm idbc,dfibodhs tbgdc dcdh lkhbliufcdh bhnkcsb gdh ebgup skodrd h`rldf pdgd r`hmmd
lufut ldhusbd.

_bstkl bluhbtds dtdu skrbhm jumd gbskiut ckckidfdh tuiue, lkrupdcdh pkrtdedhdh tuiue
lkhmedgdpb `rmdhbslk gdh culdh-culdh ikridedyd. _bstkl bluhbtds lkrupdcdh edsbf
ckrjdsdld gdrb rdhmcdbdh skf, jdrbhmdh, pr`tkbh, gdh `rmdh tuiue._bstkl bluhbtds gbikhtuc skjdc 
dwdf ckebgupdh, ydbtu gdfdl ldsd cdhguhmdh. _bstkl bluhbtds bhb dcdh tkrus ikrcklidhm
skbrbhm gkhmdh pkrtdlidedh usbd. Btu skidihyd idyb gdh dhdc-dhdc tdlpdc fkibe skrbhm tkrckhd
bhnkcsb dtdu sdcbt, jbcd gbidhgbhm rkldjd dtdu gkwdsd. Dfdsdhhyd, sbstkl bluhbtds pdgd idyb gdh
dhdc ldsbe ikfdjdr lkhmkhdfb gdh lkfbhguhmb tuiue gdrb culdh ydhm ldsuc. _kgdhmcdh pdgd
dhdc rkldjd gdh `rdhm gkwdsd, sbstkl bluhbtds tuiuehyd sugde fdhmsuhm lkhmkhdfb jkhbs culdh
gdh skmkrd lkhykrdhmhyd ikmbtu culdh ldsuc ck gdfdl tuiue. Idyb ydhm idru fdebr lkhgdpdt
gucuhmdh sbstkl bluhbtds lkfdfub dbr susu biu (D_B) ydhm pkrtdld cdfb ckfudr dtdu gbskiut
c`f`strul. C`f`strul lkhmdhguhm blluh`mf`iufbh D (BmD) ydhm ldlpu lkfbhguhmb tuiue
 idyb gdrb culdh. Odrdhyd, gkhmdh lklikhtuc jdrbhmdh pkfbhguhm pdgd usus, ebguhm, gdh
tkhmm`r`cdh. _ddt lkhyusub, idyb lklpkr`fke dhtbi`gb gdh ndct`r pkfbhguhm culdh fdbh gdrb
tuiue biuhyd. Ckgud edf bhbfde ydhm dcdh lklpkrcudt sbstkl bluhbtds. Edf tkrskiut dcdh
lklidhtu lklkrdhmb bhnkcsb gdh ikridmdb pkhydcbt skpkrtb gbdrk, bhnkcsb tkfbhmd gdh
 pkrhdpdsdh, skrtd lkhbhmbtbs. Idyb lkhyusub jumd tkrfbhguhm gdrb dsld, `iksbtds, dfkrmb, gbdiktks,
skrtd sbhgr`l ckldtbdh idyb lkhgdgdc dtdu suggkh bhndht gkdte syhgr`lk (_BG_).
Qkrfbhguhmdh D_B tkrus ikrfdhjut idecdh jdue sktkfde ldsd lkhyusub tkfde skfksdb. Qkhkfbtbdh
lkhuhjuccdh, idyb ydhm lklpkr`fke D_B lklbfbcb rbsbc` fkibe rkhgde tkredgdp cdhckr cdrkhd
lkhurut gumddh, idyb gbgucuhm sbstkl bluhbtds ydhm idbc. _kfdbh btu, D_B jumd gdpdt
lkhmebhgdrcdh pkhydcbt ydhm gbpkr`fke pdgd ldsd lkhgdtdhm lbsdfhyd gbdiktks tbpk 4 gdh 9,
c`fkstkr`f tbhmmb, gdh pkrdgdhmdh pdgd usus, idecdh tkcdhdh gdrde tbhmmb ydhm ibsd lkhykrdhm
sksk`rdhm gb usbd rkldjd. _kodrd ulul, rkhgdehyd sbstkl bluhbtds gdpdt lkhykidicdh
tkrmdhmmuhyd pr`sks tuliue cklidhm dhdc, ydhm luhmcbh gbskrtdb gkhmdh pkhydcbt pdru-pdru.
Mdhmmudh nuhmsb bluhbtds jumd gdpdt lklbou tkrjdgbhyd dfkrmb, (tkrldsuc dsld gdh kcsbl pdgd
cufbt), dtdu skhsbtbvbtds tkredgdp gkiu, oudod, ldcdhdh, gdh `idt-`idtdh tkrtkhtu. Qdgd cdsus
dhdc-dhdc ydhm tkrbhnkcsb EB^ (pkhydcbt vbrus ydhm lkfkldecdh sbstkl bluhbtds tuiue),
ululhyd jumd gbskrtdb ckmdmdfdh tuliue cklidhm pkhgkrbtdhyd. Dgdhyd tdhgd ckcurdhmdh mbzb
ydhm pdrde, ikrdt tuiuehyd tbgdc hdbc wdfdupuh lkhgdpdt dsupdh, tkrfdlidt ibodrd, dtdu ibfd
dhdc-dhdc sugde lkhodpdb usbd skc`fde dcdh tkrfbedt cksufbtdh ikrc`hskhtrdsb gdh lkhmbhmdt.

^brus EB^ lkhykrdhm tbgdc edhyd sbstkl bluhbtds tuiue tdpb jumd lklkhmdrueb sbstkl
 pkrsdrdndh pusdt, ydbtu `tdc.

 G._bstkl khg`crbh`f`mb gdfdl pr`sks rkpr`gucsb gdh tuliue cklidhm ldhusbd

  _bstkl khg`crbh tkrgbrb gdrb ckfkhjdr-ckfkhjdr ydhm lkhskcrksbcdh sbhydf cblbd ikrupd
e`rl`hk ck sbstkl pkrkgdrdh gdfdl tuiue (skkfky,stkpekhs,gdh tdtk 911?).

Nuhmsb sbstkl khg`crbh

Nuhmsb sbstkl khg`crbh ydbtu:

4. Lktdi`fbslk gdh pkldtdhmdh jdrbhmdh._bstkl khg`crbh lkhmdtur ckokpdtdh

lktdi`fbslk gdh lklpkhmdrueb ckldtdhmdh jdrbhmdh.
9. Ykmufdsb b`h._bstkl khg`crbh lklidhtu lkhmdtur pE gdrde cdgdr Hd,c, gdh Od gdfdl
gdrde.
?. Lkhjdmd ckskblidhmdh odbrdh gkhmdh lkhmkhgdfbcdh c`hstrdsb fdrutdh gdfdl gdrde.
7. Lkhmdtur pr`guc skf bluh
;. Lkhmdtur gktdc jdhtuhm gdh tkcdhdh gdrde
>. Lkhmdtur cdgdr mufd zdt fdbh gdfdl gdrde
=. Lkhmdtur nuhmsb rkpr`gucsb pdgd prbd ldupuh wdhbtd
5. Lkhmdtur c`htrdcsb utkrus gdh rkpr`gucsb dbr susu gdrb ckfkhjdr ldldk pdgd wdhbtd.

_kgdhmcdh skodrd fkibe spksbnbc,e`rl`h-e`rl`h bhb dhtdrd fdbh ikrnuhmsb uhtuc3

4. Lkhmdtur,c`lp`sbsb cblbdwb gdh v`fulk odbrdh bhtkrstbsbdf,lktdi`fbslk gdh

ckskblidhmdh khkrmb,c`htrdcsb `t`t p`f`s gdh `t`t jdhtuhm,skcrksb cdfkhjkr,ikikrdpd
dctbvbtds sbstkl bluh.
9. Lkhmkhgdfbcdh pkrtuliuedh gdh pkrcklidhmdh.
?. Lkhmdhtur cbhkrjd sbstkl rkpr`gucsb(t`rt`rd gdh gkrrbocs`h:9112)

  E`rl`h bhb gbpr`gucsb gdrb culpufdh skf gdfdl sudtu ckfkhjdr,cklugbdh gb gbskcrksbcdh ck
rudhm bhtkrstbtbdf,ldsuc ck sbstkl sbrcufdsb uhtuc cklugbdh gbdhmcut lkhuju jdrbhmdh tkrtkhtu
ydhm gbskiut gkhmdh jdrbhmdh tdrmkt.Gdfdl skf tdrmkt tkrgdpdt rkskpt`r tkrtkhtu ydhm gdpdt

lkhmkhdfb e`rl`hk tkrtkhtu,skebhmmd tbgdc sklud skf dtdu jdrbhmdh dcdh tkrpkhmdrue `fke
e`rl`h tkrskiut.

  Ckfkhjdr-ckfkhjdr ydhm lkhmedsbfcdh e`rl`h dhtdrd fdbh:

4.Ebp`tdfdlus gdh ckfkhjdr pbtubtdry dtdu ebp`nbsbs

  Ebp`tdfdlus gdh ckfkhjdr ebp`nbsbs dgdfde f`cdsb utdhd gb ldhd sbstkl sdrdn gdh sbstkl
khg`crbh ikreuiuhmdh.ebp`tdfdlus lkhmdtur skcrksb ckfkhjdr ebp`nbsbs.ckfkhjdr pbtubtdrb
lkhskcrksb 2 e`rl`h utdld ydhm ikrnuhmsb uhtuc lkhmdtur ikikrdpd nuhmsb tuiue gdh lkhmdtur 
 ikikrdpd nuhmsb tuiue gdh lkhmdtur skcrksb gdrb ikikrdpd ckfkhjdr fdbh.ckfkhjdr bhb tkrfktdc gb
n`ssd ebp`nbskdf gdrb skffd turobod gb tufdhm spekh`bg,gdh gbeuiuhmdh gkhmdh ebp`tdfdlus `fke
 jdrbhmdh ydhm gbskiut bhnuhgbiuful.ebp`tdfdlds lkhmedsbfcdh e`rl`hk ydhm gbskiut gkhmdh
hkur`e`rl`h gdh ikckrjd pdgd skf tdrmkt ydbtu skf pbtubtdrb dhtkrb`r.

d. Hkur`ebp`nbsbs  
 Hkur`ebp`nbsbs tkreuiuhmdh gkhmdh `tdc.skcrksb ydhm gbedsbfcdh gbskiut hkur`e`rl`h
cdrkhd lkrupdcdh kcstkhsb gdrb sbstkl sdrdn. Hkur`e`rl`h (pbtubtdrb p`stkrb`r)
lkhskcrksbcdh e`rl`h dhtbgburktbc (dhtbgburktbo e`rl`hk (DGE)dtdu vds`prkssbh
gbsbhtksbs `fke idgdi skf hkur`h gdfdl bhtb suprd`ptbc ebpdtdfdlus gdh gbdhmcut `fke
dcs`h ckpbtubtdrb p`snkrb`r uhtuc cklugbdh gbsblpdh gdfdl tkrlbhdf.DGE gbfkpdscdh
`fke dcs`h tkrlbhdf ydhm lkfdfub gdrde gbidwde ck jdrbhmd tdrmkt,ydbtu mbhjdf,uhtuc 
lkfkpdscdh nuhmsbhyd ydbtu rkdis`rpsb dbr gdh lkhmurdhmb v`fulk urbh.ckcurdhmdh DGE
lkhykidicdh gbdiktks bhsbpbgus.
i. Dgkh`ebp`nbsbs
Dgkh`ebp`nbsbs gbidmb lkhjdgb tbmd ydbtu pdrs tuikrdfbs,pdrs gbstdfbs,gdh pdrs
bhtkrlkgbd.e`rl`h ydhm gbskcrksbcdh gdrb pbtubtdrb dhtkrb`r bhb gbskiut tr`pbo e`rl`hk
ydhm lklpkhmdrueb skcrksb e`rl`h gdur ckfkhjdr khg`crbh ydhm fdbh.
9. ckfkhjdr tbr`bg

Ckfkhjdr tbr`bg tkrgbrb gdrb gud f`ius ydhm gbeuiuhmcdh `fke jdrbhmdh ydhm gbskiut bstelus.
Ckfkhjdr tbr`bg lklpuhydb idhydc n`fbckf, ydhm tbdp fulkhyd tkrbsb `fke pr`tkbh ydhm gb skiut
tbr`mf`iufbh ydhm lkrupdcdh tklpdt pkhyblpdhdh e`rl`h tbr`bg.skf pdrdn`rbcufkr tkrskidr gb
dhtdrd n`fbckf-n`fbckf lklikhtuc gbhgbhm n`fbckf.skf ttkrskiut lkhskcrksbcdh odfobt`hbh  ydhm

 ikrnuhmsb uhtuc lkhmdtur cdgdr cdfsbul gdh n`spdt gdfdl gdrde.e`rl`h tbr`bg lkhodhmcup
trbb`g`tbrbhbh (W?) ydhm ikrnuhmsb gdh tktrdb`g`tbtbr`hbh dtdu tbr`csbh.e`rl`h tbr`bg gb dhmcut
lkfdfub pfdsld pr`tkbh gb sbstkl pkrkgdrdh.skcbtdr =1%-=;% gbbcdt `fke teyr`xbh-ibhgbhm 
 mf`iufbh (WIM) ydhm gbsbhtksbs gbedtb gdh sbsdhyd gbbcdt `fke pr`tkbh pfdsld fdbh,tkrldsuc 
dfiulkh.

  E`rl`h tbr`bg ikrnuhmsb uhtuc lkhbhmcdtcdh ckokpdtdh lktdi`fbslk gdh ikrpkrdh gdfdl
 pr`sks pkrtuliuedh.ebpkrskcrksb e`rl`h tbr`bg gbskiut ebpkrtbr`bghbslk,lkhodhmcup pkhydcbt
mrdvk tul`r dtdu cdhckr,tbr`bgbtbs, teyr`bg st`rl. Ebp`skcrksb e`rl`hk tbr`bg dtdu gbskiut
eyp`teyr`bgbsl lkhodcup gknbsbkhsb b`gbh, m`btkr, crktblbslk, pkhydcbt edsebl`t`.

?. Ckfkhjdr pdrdtbf`bg.
Ckfkhjdr pdrdtbf`bg lkhklpkf gb idmbdh p`stkrb`r gdrb ldsbhm-ldsbhm f`ius ckfkhjdr 
tbr`bg. Ckfkhjdr bhb lkhskcrksbcdh pdrdteyr`bg e`rl`hk (QWE), ydhm ikrpkrdh gdfdl
lkhmdtur cdgdr cdfsbul gdh n`sndt gdfdl odbrdh tuiue. Wufdhm, mbhjdf, gdh usus
dgdfde tdrmkt utdldhyd.
7. Ckfkhjdr dgrkhdf.
Ckfkhjdr dgrkhdf gbskiut jumd ckfkhjdr suprdrkhdf tkrfktdc gb mbhjdf idmbdh ujuhm
supkrb`r. Ckfkhjdr dgrkhdf tkrgbrb gdrb idmbdh gdfdl ydhm gbskiut lkguffd gdh idmbdh
fudr gbskiut c`rtkcs. Lkguffd tkrgbrb gdrb skf-skf p`fyekgrdf ydhm tkrfktdc gb pusdt
ckfkhjdr, skgdhmcdh c`rtkcs gbidmb lkhjdgb ? idmbdh, ydbtu s`hdmfulkruf`sd idmbdh
 pdfbhm fudr, z`hd ndsoboufdtd idmbdh tkhmde gdh ydhm pdfbhm tkidf, gdh s`hd rktboufdrbs
 idmbdh ydhm pdfbhm gdfdl. Idmbdh lkguffd lkhmdedsbfcdh e`rl`hk dgrkhdfbh
(kpbhkpedrbhk) ydhm ikrnuhmsb uhtuc lkhbhmcdtcdh cdgdr mufd gdrde gkhmdh
lklkode mfbc`mkh, lklpkrokpdt pklkodedh mfbc`mkh gdfdl `t`t skrtd fkldc pdgd
 jdrbhmdh dgbp`sk, gdh h`rdghkrdfbh. Dgrkhdfbh gdh h`rdgrkhdfbh (h`rkpbhkperbhk)
 ikrnuhmsb uhtuc lkhbhmcdtcdh gktdc jdhtuhm.
Idmbdh c`rtkcs lkhskcrksb e`rl`h  lbhkrdf`o`rtbo`bg (z`hd mf`lkruf`sd) ydhm
 ikrnuhmsb uhtuc lkhbhmcdtcdh rkdis`rpsb Hd+ gdh kcscrksb C+ gdh E+,
 mfuo`o`rtbo`bg (z`hd ndsoboufdtd) ydhm ikrnuhmsb uhtuc lkhbhmcdtcdh pklkodedh
 pr`tkbh gdh fkldc, lkhbhmcdtcdh pr`gucsb mfuc`sd, gdh lkhmedlidt rksp`h bluh,

gdh dhgr`mkh (z`hd rktboufdrbs) ydhm ikrnuhmsb uhtuc lkrdhmsdhm pkrtuliuedh

rdhiut puibc gdh dcsbfdrbs pdgd wdhbtd.
;. Qdhcrkds 

Qdhcrkds tkrfktdc gb ikfdcdhm pkrbt`hkul gb dhtdrd okcuhm fdliuhm tkriksdr gdh gu`gkhul.
Qdhcrkds lkrupdcdh ckfkhjdr kcs`rbh skcdfbmus ckfkhjdr khg`crbh. Idmbdh khg`crbh ydbtu pufdu
Fdhmkredhs ydhm tkrgbrb gdrb dfped okff ydhm lkhmedsbfcdh mfucdm`h (ikrnuhmsb lkhbhmcdtcdh
 pkr`lidcdh mfbc`mkh gdh lkfkpdscdh mfuc`sd ck sbstkl sbrcufdsb), iktd okff lkhmedsbfcdh
bhsufbh (lkhbhmcdtcdh pkhmmuhddh mfuc`sd gdh sbstksbs mfbc`mkh), gdh gkftd okff ydhm
lkhskcrksbcdh s`ldt`stdtbh (lkhmedlidt skcrksb mfucdm`h gdh bhsufbh).

>.  @rmdh rkpr`gucsb (M`hdg)

@rmdh rkpr`gucsb ydhm lkfbputb `vdrbul, tkstbs, gdh pfdokhtd jumd lkhskcrksb
e`rl`hk ydhm gb muhdcdh uhtuc sbstkl rkpr`gucsb. _kfdbh gdrb `rmdh-`rmdh tkrskiut,
e`rl`h rkpr`gucsb jumd gbedsbfcdh `fke ckfkhjdr ebp`nbsbs. Qdgd prbd, ckfkhjdr 
khg`crbh sbstkl rkpr`gucsb utdld dgd pdgd tkstbs. E`rl`h ydhm gbpr`gucsb `fke tkstbs
dgdfde tkst`stkr`hk ydhm ikrsdld- sdld gkhmdh FE gdh N_E ikrnuhmsb uhtuc 
lkhmdtur sbstksbs skf spkrld gdh pkrcklidhmdh `rmdh rkpr`gucsb skrtd obob ckfdlbh
skcuhgkr pdgd prbd.
_kgdhmcdh pdgd wdhbtd, `vdrbul dgdfde ckfkhjdr utdld ydhm lkhmedsbfcdh e`rl`hk
kstr`mkh gdh pr`mkstkr`h ikrnuhmsb uhtuc lkrdhmsdhm pkrcklidhmdh utkrus gdh
ckfkhjdr ldldk, structur mkhbtdf kcstkrhdf, obrb ckfdlbh skcuhgkr, sbcfus lkhstrudsb.
E`rl`h kstr`mkh fkibe g`lbhdh uhtuc lkhmdtur tbhmcde fdcu skcsudf pdgd wdhbtd.
Ykfdxbh ikrnuhmsb uhtuc lkhbhmcdtcdh kfdstbsbtds sblnbsbs puibs. Wkstbs gdh `vdrbul
sdld-sdld lkhskcrksbcdh e`rl`hk bhebibh ydhm ikrnuhmsb uhtuc lkhmedlidt
skcrksb N_E.
=. Idgdh pbhkdf
Idgdh pbhkdf ydhm tkrfktdc gb kpbtdfdlus pdgd `tdc lkhmedsbfcdh 9 e`rl`h ydhm
 ikckrjd pdgd ebp`tdfdlus dtdu gb m`hdg uhtuc lkhmedlidt nuhmsb rkpr`gucsb, ydbtu
e`rl`hk lkfdt`hbh (lkhmedlidt MhYE, lkhmedlidt rkpr`gucsb, lkhmdtur sbcfus
tbgur) gdh drmbhbhk vds`t`sbh (lkhmedlidt MhYE).
5. Wblus 

Tingkatkan Pengalaman Anda '

Nilai akan membantu kami untuk
menyarankan dokumen terkait yang
lebih baik kepada semua pembaca kami!

% Bermanfaat

& Tidak
bermanfaat

Apa itu Scribd? (

Jutaan judul di ujung jari Anda

Beranda Hanya Rp70,000/bulan.
Buku Batalkan kapan saja. Dokumen
Buku audio