_FGF_D^

@dbodrde _dnckik`c pdnd Zcfikefgrctcs

NCQVQVE KIFM8

Dhfe` Zuspctdsdrc

4=4:??4:?:

ZFBOCBOCE@ 8

nr. Qumfrbc Csbdci, Qp._dn

LFZDEC^F_DDE LICECL NFZD_^FBFE _DNCKIK@C

_VBDM QDLC^ VBVB ZVQD^ ZF_QDMDOD^DE
GDLVI^DQ LFNKL^F_DE

VECWF_QC^DQ ZFBODE@VEDE EDQCKEDI ’WF^F_DE‒

HDLD_^D ZF_CKNF > EKWFBOF_ ‑  0

 0 NFQFBOF_ ?:43
 

LD^D ZFE@DE^D_

Ndidb lfsfbpdtde cec puhc nde syulur pfeuics mdeturlde lfmdncrdt Diidm
QP^ dtds rdmbdt, eclbdt, sfrtd mcndydm Eyd ndidb pfeuicsde tu`ds rfgfrdt cec.
Qfrtd sdidwdt sfrtd sdidb sfedetcdsd tfraurdm lfpdnd edoc Bumdbbdn QDP nde
lfiudr`deyd sfrtd pdrd sdmdodt. ^u`ds rfgfrdt yde` ofrhunui ’@dbodrde _dnckik`cs
Zcfikefgrctcs‒ ndpdt tfrsfifsdclde nfe`de 
 pdnd Zcfikefgrctcs nfe`de odcl.
Zfeuics ce`ce bfeydbpdclde uadpde tfrcbd ldscm yde` sfofsdr- ofsdreyd
lfpdnd nr. Qumfrbc Csbdci, Qp._dn sfidlu pfbocboce` lfpdectfrdde licecl
rdnckik`c _Q Zfrsdmdodtde.
Zfeuics bfeydndrc odmwd bdscm odeydl lflurde`de ndidb pfeuicsde
bdldidm cec, kifm ldrfed ctu pfefictc bfbkmke bddg yde` sfofsdr-ofsdreyd. Qfbk`d

bdldidm yde` ncsusue pfeuics cec ndpdt ofrbdegddt od`c ode`sd nde ef`drd sfrtd
bdsydrdldt iuds pdnd ububeyd nc bdsd yde` dlde ndtde`.

Hdldrtd, Ekvfbofr ?:43

Zfeuics

cc
 

ZFE@FQDMDE

_fgfrdt ncdhulde kifm

 Edbd 8 Dhfe` Zuspctdsdrc

 E_Z 8 4=4:??4:?:
Zrk`rdb stunc 8 Lfnkltfrde ubub
Hunui 8 @dbodrde _dnckik`cs pdnd Zcfikefgrctcs

^fidm ofrmdsci ncpfrtdmdelde nc mdndpde pfbocboce` nde nctfrcbd sfod`dc sydrdt

yde` ncpfriulde uetul uhcde lfpdectfrdde licecl rdnckik`c Zrk`rdb Qtunc Zrkgfsc
Nkltfr, Gdluitds Lfnkltfrde, Vecvfrsctds Zfbode`uede Edsckedi ’Wftfrde‒

Hdldrtd.

Zfbocboce`  
Zfbocboce`

nr. Qumfrbc Csbdci, Qp._dn

Nctftdplde nc 8 Hdldrtd

^de``di 8 Ekvfbofr ?:43

ccc
 

Ndgtdr Csc

Ldtd Zfe`detdr............................................
....................................................................
...............................................
....................................
.............cc

Zfe`fsdmde .............................................
.....................................................................
...............................................
.......................................
................ccc
cc c

Ndgtd
Ndg tdrr Csc ...................................................
.......................... ...................................................
....................................................
...........................................
................. cv

Ndgtdr @dbodr ........................................

...............................................................
...............................................
........................................
................ vc

Ndgtdr ^dofi ........................................................

................................................................................
................................................
..........................
.. vcc

ODO C ZFENDMVIVDE ..................................................................

......................................................................................
.................... 4

C.4  Idtdr Ofidlde`.......................................

Ofidlde`..............................................................
...............................................
.................................
......... 4

C.?  ^uhude Zfeuicsde. ..............................................

......................................................................
............................................
.................... ?

ODO CC ^CEHDVDE ZVQ^DLD ................................................

........................................................................
............................
.... 1

CC.4  Nfgcecsc Zcfikefgrctcs ..........................................

..................................................................
............................................
.................... 1
CC.?  Fpcnfbckik`c Zcfikefgrctcs. ............................
...................................................
................................................
.........................11

CC.1  Fborckik`c Qcstfb Lfbcm .................................................

.........................................................................
............................
.... >

CC.>  Dedtkbc Qcstfb Lfbcm .............................................

.....................................................................
....................................
............ 3

CC.6  Ftckik`c Zcfikefgrctcs ..............................................

......................................................................
......................................
.............. 40

CC.7  Lidscgcldsc Zcfikefgrctcs .............................................

.....................................................................
..................................
.......... 40

CC.0  Gdltkr _csclk Zcfikefgrctcs .........................

.................................................
................................................
..........................
.. 4=

CC.=  Zdtkgcsckik`c Zcfikefgrctcs .............................................................

............................................................................
............... 43

CC.3  Ncd`ekscs Zcfikefgrctcs .......................................

..............................................................
..........................................
................... ??

CC.4:  Ncd`ekscs Odence` ..................................

.........................................................
..............................................
..............................
....... 1?

CC.44  ^dtd Idlsded Zcfikefgrctcs ........................................................

...........................................................................
................... 11
11

CC.4?  Lkbpicldsc Zcfikefgrctcs ....................................................

...........................................................................
..........................
... 1>

CC.41  Zrk`ekscs Zcfikefgrctcs ..........................................................

.................................................................................
....................... 1>

ODO CW LFQCBZVIDE ....................................................

............................................................................
..................................
.......... 17
NDG^D_ ZVQ^DLD .............................................
.....................................................................
..............................................
...................... 1=
1=

cv
 

NDG^D_ @DBOD_

@dbodr 4 Zrkefgrks.......................................
Zrkefgrks..............................................................
..............................................
................................
......... >
@dbodr ? Bfskefgrks .............................................
.....................................................................
............................................
.................... 6
@dbodr 1 Bftdefgrks ..............................................
......................................................................
............................................
.................... 7
@dbodr > @dbodr Qlfbdtcl ^ueds Vrftfr bfefbous Bfsknfrb
Bfsknfrb Bftdefgrks .... =
@dbodr 6 Kr`de ^rdltus
^rdltus Vrcedrcus. ................................................
....................................................................
.................... 3
@dbodrr 7 Dedtk
@dbod dtkbc Wdsluidrcsd
Wdslui drcsdsc
sc @cehdi ................
........ .................
................
...............
................
.................
...............
...... 44
@dbodr 0 Qdiurde Lfbcm ............................................
....................................................................
......................................
.............. 4>
@dbodr = Dedtkbc zked Zdnd lfifehdr prkstdt
prkstdt ........................................
..................................................
.......... 46
@dbodr 3 Zdtkgcsckik`c Zcfikefgrctcs................................................
Zcfikefgrctcs..................................................................
.................. ?4
@dbodr 4: Cetfrifulce 7 dwdic rfspke sfiuifr gcsckik`cs ....................................
.................................... ?4
@dbodr 44 CWZ pdnd pcfikefgrctcs
pcfikefgrctc s dlut .............................................
...............................................................
.................. ?>
@dbodr 4? CWZ pdnd pcfikefgrctcs lrkecl .........................................
...........................................................
.................. ?6
@dbodr 41 Aketrdst-femdeafn uitrdskuen ....................................
..........................................................
...................... ?0
@dbodr 4> Vitrdskek`rdgc pdnd pcfikefgrctcs dlut odltfrcdi .........
...............................
...................... ?0
@dbodr 46 A^ `cehdi bfeuehullde dndeyd cegdrl .............................................
............................................. ?=
@dbodr 47 Buitcgkldi Zcfikefgrctcs Dlut..............................................
............................................................
.............. ?3
@dbodr 40 Zcfikefgrctcs dlut ncgus pdnd `cehdi lcrc.............................................
............................................. ?3
@dbodr 4= Zcfikefgrctcs ]detmk`rdeuikbd Lrkecl ..........................................
............................................
.. ?3
@dbodr 43 A^ Qade pcfikefgrctcs lrkecl ...............................................
.............................................................
.............. 1:
@dbodr ?: Zcfikefgrctcs dlut buitcgkldi ...............................................
.............................................................
.............. 14
@dbodr ?4 _fedi Qacetc`rdpmy ....................................................
...........................................................................
....................... 1?

v
 

NDG^D_ ^dofi

^dofi 4 Zfrofndde idokrdtkrcub pcfikefgrctcs dlut nde lrkecl ..........................

.......................... ?1
^dofi ? Zfrofndde `dbodrde CWZ pcfikefgrctcs dlut nde lrkecl .......................
....................... ?>

vc
 

ODO C

ZFENDMVIVDE

C.4 Idtdr Ofidlde`

Cegflsc sdiurde lfbcm (CQL) bfrupdlde

bf rupdlde pfeyfodo yde` aulup odeydl mce``d
bfeyfodolde pdscfe ndtde` lf cestdidsc `dwdt ndrurdt (C@N). Ofrlcsdr 44.6% ndrc
sfiurum pdscfe nc C@N Dbfrcld Qfrcldt ndtde` nfe`de lfiumde eyfrc pfrut nde
tfrncd`ekscs CQL. Ofrndsdrlde ndtd cetfredsckedi tfrldct sfiurum pkpuidsc nc nuecd
 ofrlcsdr 46: hutd krde` bfenfrctd CQL sftcdp tdmueeyd (_dybken, ?:43).
Cegflsc urkik`c ndpdt ncofndlde
ncofndlde bfehdnc CQL
CQL od`cde odwdm (vfscld urcedrcd
nde urftrd) nde CQL od`cde dtds (`cehdi nde urftfr). CQL od`cde dtds ncsfout hu`d
nfe`de pcfikefgrctcs. De`ld lfhdncde pcfikefgrctcs dlut tdepd
t depd lkbpicldsc hdum ifocm
sfnclct ocid ncodence`lde nfe`de scstctcs (4 ldsus pcfikefgrctcs ndidb ?6 ldsus
scstctcs), nfe`de pueadl de`ld lfhdncde tdmuede ?6 ldsus ncdetdrd4:.::: wdectd
yde` ofruscd 46-1> tdmue. Grflufesc ndrc cegflsc sdiurde lfbcm (CQL) bfefbpdtc
urutde lfnud sftfidm cegflsc sdiurde pfredpdsde pdnd pkpuidsc dedl (Pciicdb,
?::6).
Cegflsc odltfrc bfrupdlde pfeyfodo pdice` sfrce` tfrhdnceyd pcfikefgrctcs.
Lkbpicldsc pcfikefgrctcs dlut bfrupdlde sudtu lkencsc `dwdt ndrurdt nde
bfboutumlde pfede`dede detcocktcl cetrdvfed sf`frd. Cegflsc pdnd pcfikefgrctcs
dlut ocdsdeyd tfrhdnc dlcodt cegflsc yde` ofrscgdt dsafence`   dtdu cegflsc yde`
bfeyfodr sfadrd mfbdtk`fe. ^cbouieyd cegflsc yde` ofruide`, ububeyd hcld
tfrhdnc lfidcede pdnd strulturdi nde gue`sc pdnd sdiurde `fectkurcedrc bfedendlde
tfrhdnceyd pcfikefgrctcs lrkecl.
Bdecgfstdsc licecs ofrupd nfbdb nde eyfrc nc drfd  gidel  nfe`de
  nfe`de dtdu tdepd
`fhdid scstctcs. Zfece`ldtde ndrc ifulksct bfrupdlde tfbude licecs yde` ndpdt
ncicmdt pdnd pfbfrclsdde urce.
urc e. Giukrkqucekikef
Giukrkqucekikef nde sfgdikspkrce bfrupdlde
bfr updlde tfrdpc
yde` sfrce` nc`uedlde uetul tfrdpc pcfikefgrctcs. Zrk`ekscs yde` odcl ncndpdtlde
 pdnd pcfikefgrctcs yde` tcndl ofrlkbpicldsc,
ofrlkbpicldsc, nde prk`ekscs ourul ncn
ncndpdtlde
dpdtlde pdnd
 pcfikefgrctcs fbgcsfbdtksd.

vcc
 

Ndrc pfehfidsde ncdtds,

ncdtd s, sde`dt pfetce` uetul bfe`ftdmuc `dbodrde rdnckik`c
ncd`ekscs nde tdtdidlsded yde` tfpdt.  
 pdnd pcfikefgrctcs uetul bfbodetu ncd`ekscs

CC.? ^uhude Zfeuicsde

^uhude pfeuicsde rfgfrdt cec uetul bfe`ftdmuc `dbodrde rdnckik`c pdnd
 pcfikefgrctcs uetul
uetul bfbodetu ncd`ekscs nde tdtdidlsded yde` tfpdt.

vccc
 

ODO CC

^CEHDVDE ZVQ^DLD

CC.4  Nfgcecs
Nfgcecscc Zcfikfgrctcs
Zcfikefgrctcs dndidm cegflsc pdrfelcb `cehdi nde ocdsdeyd bfrupdlde
 
idehutde ndrc scstctcs dlut (pfeyfodrde dsfenfe). Zdnd efkedtus, pcfikefgrctcs dlut
bueaui nfe`de sfpscs nfe`de `fhdid iftdr`c, lfhde`, sykl, sumu yde` tcndl stdoci,
 
cltfrcl gcsckik`cs yde` pfrscstfe. @fhdid eke spfscgcl tfrbdsul `d`di tuboum,
buetdm, ncdrf. Cegflsc sdiurde lfbcm pdnd odyc uscd ncodwdm 4 tdmue
bfe`cencldsclde pcfikefgrctcs dlut (Pciicdb, ?::6).

CC.?  Fpcnfbckik`c Zcfikefgrctcs

Cegflsc sdiurde lfbcm pdnd bdsd efkedtus ofrbdecgfstdsc sftfidm 0? hdb
lfmcnupde. Cescnfesceyd ofrlcsdr detdrd :,4 sdbpdc 4% pdnd sfbud efkedtus.
Ifocm sfrce` pdnd dedl ifidlc nde efkedtus prftfrb nde ndpdt bfece`ldt bfehdnc
4:% pdnd odyc ofrdt odnde idmcr rfendm (Mdrrcskes, ?:46).
Zrfvdifesc pcfikefgrctcs dlut ofrlcsdr 46-40 ldsus nddb 4:.::: wdectd nde
1-> ldsus pdnd 4:.::: prcd. Lkencsc cec ifocm sfrce` tfrhdnc pdnd wdectd mdbci yde`
tfrncd`ekscs odltfrcurcd dscbptkbdtcl. Cescnfe ndrc pcfikefgrctcs lrkecl odeydl
tfrhdnc pdnd dedl yde` ndpdt ncldctlde nfe`de dndeyd vfscakurftfrdi rfgiux
ncsfdsf. Zcfikefgrctcs ndpdt tfrhdnc pdnd sfiurum rds nde pdice` sfrce` tfrhdnc pdnd
uscd rdwde nfe`de pueadl uscd :-> tdmue nde pdscfe nfe`de uscd ifocm ndrc 76
tdmue (Ofiydyfvd, ?:43).
Zdnd pdscfe idlc-idlc pfeyfodrde ofrndsdrlde uscd ncod`c bfehdnc nud ydctu
bfeadpdc pueadl pdnd uscd :-> tdmue, lfbuncde cescnfesc bfece`ldt sftfidm
bfifwdtc uscd 16 tdmue nde bfbueadl pdnd uscd =6 tdmue. Zcfikefgrctcs dlut
ncldctlde nfe`de pfruodmde vdrcdsc buscb. Nc Pdsmce`tke ldsus ifocm sfrce`
tfrhdnc sfidbd ouide Huic nde D`ustus pdnd pkpuidsc pfrfbpude sfrtd D`ustus nde
Qfptfbofr pdnd pkpuidsc idlc-idlc (Azdhd, ?::0).

3
 

CC.1  Fborckik`c Qcstfb Lfbcm

d.  Qcstfb `cehdi
Zdnd bdeuscd tfrndpdt 1 prksfs pfbofetulde `cehdi8
4.   Zrkefgrks
Zrksfs yde` nc`dbodrlde kifm 0-4: lfikbpkl sfi pdndt nc ndfrdm ifmfr. Lfikbpkl
yde` pfrtdbd bfbofetul efgrktkb vfstc`cub yde` bfe`mcide` sfofiub
efgrktkb yde` nc sfofidm ldundi tfrofetul. pdnd dlmcr bce``u >, sfbud tdend
scstfb prkefgrks bfe`mcide`.

@dbodr 4. Zrkefgrks (Ide`bde, ?:4:)

?.   Bfskefgrks
Bfskefgrks nde sdiurdeeyd ofrdsdi ndrc bfsknfrb cetfrbfncd (ndrc
sf`bfe iubodi od`cde dtds I1). Zdnd bce``u lf >, scstfb bfskefgrks buidc
tdbpdl. Qdiurde cec bfbdehde` nfe`de afpdt, bfbofetul sfoudm `fiue` yde`
 ofrofetul murug Q nde tfrndpdt `ikbfrkius ncuhue` bfncdieyd nde bfbofetul
scbpdc okwbde. Qcbpdc okwbde + `ikbfrkius 25 lkrpusluius bfskefgrclus
(`cehdi). Nc sfofidm idtfrdi, sdiurde yde` ofrbudrd pdnd sdiurde pfe`ubpui
bfbdehde` 25 nultus bfskefgrclus/nultus wkig.

Zdnd pfrtfe`dmde bce``u lf ?, bfskefgrks bfbofetul kr`de ouidt tfiur

yde` ofsdr (tfrndpdt nc lcrc nde ldede `drcs tfe`dm). Zdnd bfncdi bfskefgrks

4:
 

tfrndpdt `kedn, sfmce``d rc`c-rc`c yde` ncofetul lf ? kr`de ofsdr tdnc ncsfout rc`c
urk`fectdi.

@dbodr ?. Bfskefgrks (Ide`bde, ?:4:)

44
 

1.   Bftdefgrks
Zrksfs cec tdbpdl bce``u lf
lf 6. Qdtude-sdtude flslrfsc ofrlfbode` ndrc
bfskefgrks bftdefgrks nde dlde ofrgue`sc pdnd trcbfstfr pfrtdbd.

@dbodr 1. Bftdefgrks (Ide`bde, ?:4:)

A.  Qcstfb Zfe`ubpui

Ofrlfbode` ndrc tueds urftfr (tkehkide sdiurde bfskefgrks yde` nc nfldt

budrd likdld). ^ueds urftfr bfefbous hdrce`de bftdefgrks yde` bfeutup uhue`
ncstdieyd sfod`dc tkpc. ^ueds bfifodr bfbofetul pcdid `cehdi(pfivcs rfedics)
 prcbctcg nde tfrod`c bfehdnc lrdecdi nde ldundi bfbofetul ldicsfs bdykrfs.
bdykrfs.

Qdboci tfrus bfefbous ifocm hdum lf ndidb hdrce`de bftdefgrks, tcdp-tcdp

tcdp -tcdp
ldicls dlde bfbofetul ? tueds odru, nde dlde tfrus bfbofidm mce``d tfrofetul
4? `fefrdsc sdiurde dtdu ifocm. Qfbfetdrd ctu, nc od`cde tfpc, tfrofetul ifocm
 odeydl sdiurde mce``d dlmcr ouide lf 6. Qdiurde `fefrdsc lf ? bfbofsdr nde
bfeyfrdp bdsul sdiurde `fefrdsc lf 1 nde lf >, sfmce``d tfrofetulidm ldicsfs
bcekr pcdid `cehdi. Zdnd pfrlfbode`de sfidehuteyd, sdiurde `fefrdsc lf 6 nde
sftfruseyd sde`dt bfbdehde` nde bfeyfodr ndrc ldicls bcekr nde bfbofetul
 pcrdbcnd `cehdi. Nfe`de nfbclcde, tueds urftfr bfbofetul urftfr, pcdid `cehdi,
ldicsfs bdykr nde bcekr, nde lurde`
lurd e` ifocm 4-1 hutd sdiurde pfe`ubpui (Ide`bde,
?:4:).
N.  Qcstfb Flsrfsc
^cdp-tcdp sdiurde yde` odru tfrofetul dlde nctutupc tkpc hdrce`de
bftdefgrcl ncuhue`eyd.
ncuhue`eyd. Qfi-sfi tkpc hdrce`de cec bfbofetul `fifboue`-
`fifboue` lfaci vfsclfi rfedics, yde` dlde bfehdnc sdiurde-sdiurde lfaci, yde`

4?
 

 ofrsdbd-sdbd ofrlds ldpcifr nclfedi

nclfedi sfod`dc
sfod`dc `ikbfruic
`ikbfruic bfbofetul
bfbofetul efgrke/ sdtude
flsrfsc. uhue` prklscbdi bdsce`-bdsce` efgrke bfbofetul scbpdc okwbde, yde`
ncndidbeyd ofrcsc `ikbfruius. sfnde`lde uhue` ncstdieyd bfbofetul muoue`de
tfrould nfe`de sdidm sdtu sdiurde pfe`ubpui, sfmce``d tfrofetul hdide
 pfe`muoue` ndrc `ikbfruius lf sdidm sdtu sdiurde pfe`ubpui. pfbdehde`de
sdiurde flslrfsc tfrus bfefrus bfe`dlcodtlde pfbofetulde tuouius lketkrtus
 prklscbdi, desd mfeif, nde tuouius lketkrtus ncstdi. @cehdi ofrlfbode` ndrc ?
subofr yde` ofrofnd 8
4.  Bfsknfrb bftdefgrks yde` dlde bfbofetul sdtude flsrfsc.
?.  ^ueds urftfr yde` bfbofetul scstfb pfe`ubpui.
Zdnd sddt idmcr, `cehdi ofrikouidsc. Qfidbd bdsd dedl-dedl,
d edl-dedl, `dbodrde ikouidsc
bfe`mcide` ldrfed pfrtuboumde efgrke ifocm idehut. Dlde tftdpc, hubidmeyd tcndl
 ofrtdbodm (Ide`bde, ?:4:).
F.  Zkscsc @cehdi
@cehdi yde` sfbuid tfriftdl nc ndfrdm pde``ui dlde ofr`fsfr
lfnunuldeeyd ifocm lf lrdecdi lf rke``d pfrut. Edcleyd `cehdi ncsfodolde kifm
lurde`eyd lfife`lue`de bdupue pfrtuboumde tuoum nc ndfrdm iubodi nde sdlrdi.
sdlrdi .
Nc pde``ui, bftdefgrks bfefrcbd dicrde ndrdm ndrc sfoudm adode` pde``ui ndrc
dkrtd. Ndidb pfrhdidede edcl lf rke``d pfrut, `cehdi ncpfrndrdmc kifm pfbouium-
 pfbouium ednc yde` ofrdsdi ndrc dkrtd yde` iftdleyd sfbdlce bfece``c.
Zfbouium-pfbouium yde` ifocm rfendm ocdsdeyd dlde ofrnf`fefrdsc (Ide`bde,
?:4:).

G.  Gue`sc @cehdi

Bftdefgrks odru ofrgue`sc pdnd dlmcr trcbfstfr pfrtdbd. Dcr lfbcm
bfe`dicr lf rke``d dbecke nde ofradbpur nfe`de adcrde dbecke. adcrde cec
nctfide kifm hdece nde bfbdsulc sdiurde pfeafredde uetul ncsfrdp lf ndidb dicrde
ndrdm nde ofrhdide bfifwdtc `cehdi uetul lfbodic ncflslrfsc lf ndidb adcrde
dbecke. Qfidbd bdsd hdece, `cehdi tcndl ofrgue`sc uetul flslrfsc odmde-odmde
scsd, ldrfed pidsfetd bfehdidelde gue`sc cec (Ide`bde, ?:4:).
@.  Ldenue` Lfbcm nde Vrftrd
Qfidbd pfrlfbode`de bce``u
bce``u > sdbpdc 0, sfptub urkrfltdi
bfbod`c likdld bfehdnc sdiurde dekrfltdi nde sceus urk`fectdics. Qfidput likdld

41
 

tfrod`c bfehdnc bfborded urk`fectdics nc detfrckr nde bfborded dedics nc

 pkstfrckr. ^c`d od`cde sceus urk`fectdics prcbctcg ndpdt ncod`c bfehdnc8
4.  Ldenue` lfbcm 8 Zdnd dwdieyd, ldenue` lfbcm ofrmuoue`de ide`sue` nfe`de
diidetkcs, tftdpc sftfidm diidetkcs tfrtutup, bdld yde` tfrscsd mdeyd lkrnd gcorksd
yde` tfodi (urdlus) nde lkrnd cec
c ec bfe`muoue`lde pueadl ldenue` lfbcm nfe`de
ubociclus. Zdnd krde` nfwdsd, nclfedi sfod`dc ic`dbfetub ubociclus bfncdi.
?.  Qceus urk`fectdics od`cde pde``ui 8 Ofrupd sdiurde yde` d`dl sfbpct yde` pdnd
 prcd bfbofetul urftrd pdrs prkstdtcld nde pdrs bfbordeksd.
1.  Qceus Vrk`fectdics ^ftdp (sceus urk`fectdics od`cde pfecs) 8 bfrupdlde od`cde
yde` sde`dt bfbcpcm lf sdbpce` nde tfrpcsdm ndrc nuecd iudr kifm bfborded
urk`fectdics (pfrlfbode`de urk`fectdics ofrofnd pdnd lfnud hfecs lfidbce).

@dbodr >. @dbodr slfbdtcl uetul bfbpfricmdtlde muoue`de usus ofidlde`

nfe`de likdld pdnd dlmcr bce``u lf-6. ^ueds urftfr bfefbous bfsknfrb
bftdefgrks (Ide`bde, ?:4:).

Qfidbd pfbod`cde likdld, od`cde ldundi nultus bfskefgrks ofrde`sur-

de`sur ncsfrdp lf ndidb ncence` ldenue` lfbcm, sfmce``d urftfr bdsul lf
ldenue` lfbcm sfadrd tfrsfencrc. Qfod`dc dlcodteyd, `cehdi edcl, budrd urftfr
 ofr`frdl ifocm lf lrdecdi, nultus bfskefgrks ofr`frdl sdice` bfenfldt bdsul lf
urftrd pdrs prkstdtcld nde pdnd prcd bfehdnc nultus fhdluidtkrcus. Nultus
bfskefgrks nde urftfr ofrdsdi ndrc bfsknfrb, sfmce``d sfidput ifencr ldenue`

4>
 

lfbcm yde` nc ofetul lfnud sdiurde ctu hu`d ofrdsdi ndrc bfsknfrb. idiu, idpcsde
bfsknfrb sf`ctc`d tdnc nc`detc kifm fpctfi fenknfrb, sfmce``d sfiurum pfrbuldde
ndidb ldenue` lfbcm ncidpcsc kifm fpctfi fenknfrb (Ide`bde, ?:4:).

M.  Vrftrd

Fpctfi urftrd ofrdsdi ndrc fenknfrb, Qfnde`lde hdrce`de pfeydboue` nde

 hdrce`de ktkt pkikseyd ofrdsdi ndrc bfsknfrb spide`ecl. Zdnd dlmcr ouide lftc`d,
fpctfi pdrs prkstdtcld buidc ofrpikrcgfrdsc nde bfbofetul sfhubidm tkehki lfiudr
yde` bfefbous bfsfelcb nc sflctdreyd. Zdnd prcd, tueds-tueds cec bfbofetul
lfifehfr prkstdt (Ide`bde, ?:4:).
CC.>  Dedtkbc Qcstfb Lfbcm

^rdltus urcedrcus ncod`c bfehdnc nud od`cde ydctu trdltus urcedrcus od`cde
dtds yde` tfrncrc ndrc `cehdi nde urftfr sfrtd trdltus urcedrcus od`cde odwdm yde`
tfrncrc ndrc vfscld urcedrcd nde urftrd.

@dbodr 4 Kr`de ^rdltur Vrcedrcus (Bkkrf, ?:41)

d.  @cehdi

46
 

Qfpdsde` `cehdi ofrwdred lfbfrdmde, ofrofetul sfpfrtc ldade` bfrdm,

tfriftdl ncdtds pce``de` ncdetdrd pfrctkefub nde ncence` pkstfrckr donkbfe
(rftrkpfrctkefdi). @cehdi ofrdnd ncdetdrd ^4? nde I1, ncbded tfricenue`c kifm c`d
44 nde 4?. @cehdi ldede sfnct ifocm ncodwdm pkscsceyd ndrcpdnd `cehdi lcrc, ldrfed
tfrnfsdl kifm icvfr.
@cehdi krde` nfwdsd pdehde`eyd 4:-4? ab, ifodr 6-0 ab, nde lftfodideeyd
1 ab. Zdnd odtds aflue`de bfncdi, tcdp `cehdi ofrmdndpde nfe`de akiubed
vfrtfordics. Nc nfldt aflue`de pfrtfe`dmde tfrsfout (pdnd 4/1 tfe`dm tfpc bfncdi
`cehdi), tfrndpdt iflulde yde` ncsfout mciub rfedics, ncbded drtfrc rfedics nde efrvc
rfedics bdsul lf `cehdi, sfrtd vfed rfedics nde pfivcs rfedics lfiudr ndrc `cehdi.
Zdnd `cehdi, tfrndpdt nud lutuo, ydctu lutuo supfrckr nfe`de lutuo cegfrckr.
Zfrbuldde pdnd `cehdi tfrncrc dtds pfrbuldde detfrkidtfrdi nde pkstfrkbfncdi.
^frndpdt tc`d idpcsde hdrce`de yde` bfe`ficice`c `cehdi, ndrc ndidb lf iudr ydctu
ldpsuid rfedics/ ldpsuid gcorksd, ldpsuid dncpksf/ pfrcefpmrca gdt adpsuif,
ad psuif, nde gdsacd
rfedics. Lftc`d idpcsde tfrsfout bficenue`c `cehdi ndrc trdubd nde bfboudt `cehdi
tftdp tfriftdl pdnd tfbpdteyd.
Zfrndrdmde bdsul lf `cehdi bfidiuc drtfrc rfedics. Drtfrc rfedics cec
bfendpdtlde dicrde ndrdm ndrc dkrtd donkbcedi. Drtfrc rfedics ofradode` bfehdnc
drtfrc sf`bfetdi. Lfbuncde drtfrc sf`bfetdi ofradode` bfehdnc drtfrc cetfrikodr
yde` ofrhdide nc od`cde iudr bfnuiid. Drtfrc cetfrikodr yde` ofrhdide lf pfrodtdsde
lkrtfls nde bfnuiid ncsfout drtfrc drludtd Drtfrc drludtd ofradode`-adode`
bfbofetul drtfrc cetfrikouidr yde` ofrdnd nc detdrd ikous rfedics. Drtfrc
cetfrikouidr dlde ofradode` bfehdnc drtfrckid dggfrfet yde` dlde bdsul lf
akrpusaif rfedics bfehdnc ldpcifr `ikbfruidr idiu lfiudr ndrc akrpusaif rfedics
sfod`dc drtfrckid fggfrfet. Lfbuncde drtfrckid fggfrfet tfrod`c-od`c uetul
bfbofetul ldpcifr pfrctuouidr. Ldipcifr cec ofridehut bfehdnc vfed cetfrikouidr,
idiu ndrdm lfiudr lf vfed drludtd, lfbuncde lf vfed cetfrikodr nde ndrdm ndrc `cehdi
lfiudr bfidiuc vfed rfedics lf vfed advd cegfrckr (Bkkrf, ?:41).

47
 

@dbodr ?. Dedtkbc nde Wdsluidrcsdsc @cehdi ( Bkkrf, ?:41)

o.  Vrftfr
Bfrupdlde sfpdsde` sdiurde busauidr yde` lfiudr ndrc `cehdi lf vfscad
urcedrcd. Zdehde`eyd ?6-1: ab. Vrftfr ncbuidc pdnd od`cde rfedi pfrvcs yde`
 ofrofetul akrke`. Vrftfr ofrhdide cegfrckr nde bfncdi, nc dtds pfrbuldde detfrckr
ktkt pskds bdhkr. Vrftfr tfriftdl rftrkpfrctkefdi. Zdnd idlc-idlc, odscs vfscad
urcedrcd ofrdnd nc detdrd rfatub nde scbgcscs puocs, sfnde`lde pdnd pfrfbpude,
 odscs vfscad urcedrcd bfenunulc cegfrckr utfrus nde detfrckr vd`ced. Zdnd odscs
vfscad urcedrcd, urftfr bfbofikl bfncdi.

Vrftfr tfrncrc dtds

d tds nud od`cde ydctu od`cde donkbcedi nde od`cde pde``ui. Zdnd

40
 

 od`cde donkbcedi, urftfr

urftfr ofrhdide vfrtcldi ndrc odtds p
pfivcs
fivcs rfedics yde` lfbun
lfbuncde
cde
 ocgurldsc (bficetds bfifwdtc) D. ciicdad akbbuecs nde turue pdnd B. Zskds Bdhkr.
Zdnd od`cde pde``ui, pfrhdidede urftfr ncbuidc lftcld bdsul ZDZ (Zcetu Zde``ui
Dtds). Lftcld bfbdsulc
bfbd sulc drfd cec, urftfr bfbofetul gifxurd bdr`cedics. Lfbudncde
urftfr bfeycide` ocgurldsc D. cicdad akbbuecs, nc sfofidm vfetrdi drtcauidtcke
sdarkciicdad. Idiu lf tfpc ceacssurd csamcdncad bdhkr. Vrftfr lfbuncde ofrhdide nc
sfofidm bfncdi drtfrc/vfed/ efrvus koturdtkrcd, idiu turue lf odwdm ofrhdide nc
sfofidm vfetrdi drtfrc ciicdad cetfred.
Qfidbd bficetds ndrc pfivcs rfedics sdbpdc vfscad urcedrcd, urftfr bfbciclc tc`d
tfbpdt pfeyfbpctde, ydctu (4) nc tfbpdt pfrdicmde
pfrdic mde pfivcs rfedics nfe`de urftfr, (?)
 pdnd gifxurd
gifxurd bdr`cedics urftfr, (1) pdnd budrd urftfr
urftfr lf ndidb vfscad urcedrcd. Zdnd
budrd urftfr lf ndidb vfscad urcedrcd, urftfr bfefbous dspfl vfscad urcedscd nde
bficetds sfrke`/koicl sfmce``d bfeaf`dm dicrde odicl urce.
Vrftfr ncpfrndrdmc kifm adode` D. rfedics, adode`
ad ode` dkrtd donkbcedics, adode` D.
tfstcauidrcs/ D. kvdrcad, adode` drtfrc ciicdad akbbuecs, adode` drtfrc vfscadics
cegfrckr. @cehdi nde urftfr ncpfrsdrdgc kifm ee rfedics. Zfrsdrdgde scbpdtcs cec ofrdsdi
ndrc sf`bfe ^4:-I4 dtdu ? yde` bfifwdtc Ee spideamecaus bcekr, Ee spideamecaus
cbus, nde Ee spideamecaus iubodics bfeuhu piflsus akficdaus nde sfidehuteyd
 pifxus rfedics. Zfrsdrdgde scbpdtcs cec dlde
dlde bfe`dtur lfafpdtde pfbofetulde
pfbofetulde urce
nfe`de bfe`uodm dicrde ndrdm nde tfldede ndrdm pdnd efpmrke, bfestcbuidsc
 pfe`fiudrde rfeece, yde` dlde bfbodtdsc lfmcide`de dcr nde `drdb pdnd urce
nfe`de bfestcbuidsc rfdoskrosc pdnd efpmrke. Qfnde`lde pfrsdrdgde
 pdrdscbpdtcseyd ofrdsdi ndrc E. Wd`us (Bkkrf, ?:41). 

a.  Wfscld Vrcedrcd

Wfscad urcedrcd bfrupdlde
bf rupdlde kr`de busauidr ofrofetul ldetke` yde` ofrgue`sc
sfod`dc tfbpdt pfeycbpdede sfbfetdrd urce. Od`cde supfrckr vfscad urcedrcd nc
idpcsc kifm sfidpcs pfrctkefub. ^frndpdtt ofofrdpd cldt pdnd vfscad urcedrcd, ydctu
Ic`dbfetub ubocicadifbfncdeus, bfncdif, idtfrdi nde ic`dbfetub puokvfscadi.
Ic`dbfetub ubocicadif bfncdeus yde` ofrdsdi ndrc urdlus,
urd lus, tfrndpdt pdnd detfrckr,
 odtds supfrckr lf drdm ubocicaus. Ic`dbfetub ubocicadif idtfrdi ofrhdide
ofrhdide sfpdehde`
tfpc vfscad urcedrcd lf ubocicaus. Qfidce ctu hu`d tfrndpdt ic`dbfetub ubocicadif

bfncdif (ifocm idtfrdi ndrc ic`dbfetub ubocicadif bfncdeus) yde` ofrdsdi ndrc d.

4=
 

ubocicldics. ^frndpdt puid ic`dbfetub puokvfscadi yde` ncsfrtdc nfe`de

 puokurftrmrdi pdnd pfrfbpude nde puokprkstdtcad
puokprkstdtcad pdnd idlc-idlc.
Zdnd pfedbpde` sfatckedi, bulksd vfscad urcedrcd bfbofetul ru`df, yde`
dlde bfe`mcide` lftcld vfscad urcedrcd tfrcsc pfeum. Drfd trcde`uidr yde`

bfbodtdsc pcetu bdsul urftfr (krcgcacub urftfrcs nfxtrd nde scecstrd) lf vfscad
urcedrcd nde pcetu bdsul lf urftrd ndrc vfscad
vf scad urcedrcd (krcgcacub urftmrdi cetfreus)
ncsfout trc`keub vfscadf yde` tfriftdl nc bulksd pfrbuldde pkstfrkcegfrckr. Drfd
yde` bfe`ficice`c krcgcacub urftmrdi cetfreus ncsfout akiiub vfscadf/efal vfscd
urcedrcd. Zfrndrdmde vfscld urcedrcd tfrncrc ndrc D. vfscadics supfrckr yde`
bfesupidc odeydl adode` bfeuhu guenus vfscadf, nuatus nfgfrfes, tfstcs,nde urftfr.
D. vfscadics cegfrckr sfrce`ldic bueaui ofrsdbd D. rfatdics bfncd, bfendrdmc
guenus vfscadf, `i. prkstdtf, `i. vfscauiksd nde od`cde odwdm urftfr. Ldnde`-
ldnde` bfbpfradode`lde D. Nfgfrfetcdics (Bkkrf, ?:41).
n.  Vrftrd
Bfrupdlde sdiurde lfaci ndrc krcgcacub urftmrdi cetfreus lf od`cde flstfrckr
tuoum. Vrftfr pdnd idlc-idlc sfidce ofrpfrde sfod`dc didt flslrfsc
f lslrfsc urce, hu`d ofrpfrde
uetul bfetrdespkrt sfbfe. Zdnd idlc-idlc, urftmrd hu`d ofrhdide ndrc krcgcacub
urftmrdi cetfreus lf flstfrckr, tftdpc urftmrd pdnd idlc-idlc ifocm pdehde`, sflctdr ?:
ab. Vrftmrd dwdieyd bfidiuc prkstdt lfbuncde lf ktkt-ktkt ndidb ndrc pfrcefub,
idiu ofrdlmcr nc pfecs. Vrftmrd pdnd idlc-idlc bficetdsc
bficetd sc bdsd `i. Zrkstdtd, bfefbous
ncdpmrd`bd urk`fectdif, ouious pfecs, akrpus spke`cksub pfecs nde `ides pfecs.

Vrftmrd pdnd prcd tfrncrc ndrc tc`d rf`cke dedtkbcadi, ydctu8 (4) Vrftmrd pdrs

 prkstdtcad, (?) urftmrd pdrs

pdrs bfbordedafd,
bfbordedafd, nde
nde (1)
(1) urftmrd pdrs advfreksd/spke`cksd
(ifwdt ouious, akrpus spke`cksub nde `ides pfecs).
Vrftmrd pdrs prkstdtcad pdehde`eyd 1-> ab, bfefbous `i prkstdtd yde` ifocm
nfldt lf pfrbuldde detfrckr, ncence` pkstfrckreyd bfbciclc rc`c8 arcstd urftmrdics.,
tfrndpdt ode`uede8 sceus prkstdtcaus< akiicauius sfbcedics (vfrubketdeub)<
utrcauius prkstdtcaus< nde budrd nuatus fhdauidtkrcus.
Vrftmrd pdrs bfbordedafd bfrupdlde od`cde tfrpfenfl, tfrsfbpct, ofrhdide
ndrc prkstdt bfeuhu ouious pfecs< bficetdsc ncdpmrd`bd urk`fectdif, ?,6 ab
 pkstfrk-cegfrckr sybpmyscs puocs. Ncicputc ktkt pkiks nde nc iudreyd kifm B.

spmceatfr urftmrdf< ncsdrdgc kifm E. spideamecaus pfivcaus.

43
 

Vrftmrd pdrs spke`cksd pdehde`eyd 46 ab, ofrhdide ndrc uhue` urftmrd pdrs
bfbordedafd sdbpdc nfe`de krcgcacub urftmrdf fxtfreub nc uhue` `ides pfecs.
Bfifodr nc ouious pfecs8 gkssd cetrdouiodr nde nc `ides pfecs8 gkssd edvcauidrcs
(Bkkrf, ?:41).

@dbodr 1 Qdiurde Lfbcm (Bkkrf, ?:41)

f.  Zrkstdt

Zrkstdt dndidm lfifehdr gcorkbusluidr yde` tfriftdl bfe`ficice`c urftrd pdrs

 prkstdtcad. Zdehde` prkstdt lurde` ifocm 1 ab, tfriftdl nc detdrd akiiub vfscadf nc
supfrckr nde ncdgrd`bd urk`fectdif nc cegfrckr. Zrkstdt nclficice`c kifm ldpsuid
gcorksd, ofrofetul lfruaut, bfbciclc odscs yde` tfriftdl nc supfrckr nde ofrmdndpde
nfe`de akiiub vfscadf sfrtd dpfx yde` tfriftdl nc cegfrckr ofrmdndpde nfe`de
ncdgrd`bd urk`fectdif. Lfnud nuatus fhdauidtkrcus bfefbous od`cde dtds gdacfs
 pkstfrckr prkstdt uetul ofrbudrd lf urftrd pdrs prkstdtcad pdnd pce``cr idtfrdi
utrcauius prkstdtcaus (Qefii, ?:4?).

?:
 

@dbodr > Dedtkbc zked pdnd lfifehdr prkstdt (Qefii, ?:4?)

4.  Odtds-Odtds Zrkstdt

Bfeurut Qefii (?:4?), odtds-odtds dedtkbc lfifehdr prkstdt dndidm sfod`dc
 ofrclut8
•   Qupfrckr8 Odscs prkstdt ofridehut nfe`de akiiub vfscadf, ktkt pkiks ofrhdide
tdepd tfrputus ndrc sdtu kr`de lf kr`de yde` idce. Vrftrd bdsul lf pusdt odscs
 prkstdt.
•   Cegfrckr8 dpfx prkstdt tfriftdl pdnd gdacfs supfrckr ncdgrd`bd urk`fectdif.

Vrftrd bfece``dilde prkstdt tfpdt nc dtds dpfx gdacfs detfrckr.

•   Detfrckr8 gdacfs detfrckr prkstdtdf ofrodtdsde nfe`de scbgcscs puocs,
ncpcsdmlde kifm ifbdl flstrdpfrctkefdi yde` tfrndpdt nc ndidb advub
rftrkpuoicaub (advub _ftzcus).
_ftzc us). Qfiuoue` gcorksd prkstdt ncmuoue`lde nfe`de
dspfl pkstfrckr ks puocs kifm ic`dbfetub puokprkstdtcaub. Ic`dbfetub
 puokprkstdtcaub tfriftdl nc sdbpce` ldede nde lcrc icefd bfncded nde
bfrupdlde pfefodide gdsacd pfivcs.

•   Zkstfrckr8 gdacfs pkstfrckr prkstdtdf ofrmuoue`de frdt nfe`de gdacfs detfrckr

dbpuidf rfatc nde ncpcsdmlde ndrc rfatub kifm sfptub rfatkvfscadif (gdsacd

Nfekevciicfr). Qfptub cec ncofetul pdnd bdsd hdece kifm pfeydtude ncence`

?4
 

uhue` odwdm fxadvdtck rfatkvfscadics pfrctkefdics, yde` dwdieyd bfiuds lf

 odwdm sdbpdc lf akrpus pfrcdedif.
•   Idtfrdi8 gdacfs idtfrdics prkstdtdf ncgclsdsc kifm sfrdout detfrckr busauius
sfrd out cec ofrhdide lf pkstfrckr ndrc ks puocs. 
ifvdtkr dec pdnd sddt sfrdout

?.  Ikous Zrkstdt

Zrkstdt tfrod`c ndidb icbd ikous. Ikous detfrckr prkstdt tfriftdl nc nfpde
urftrd nde tcndl bfbpueydc hdrce`de lfifehdr. Ikous bfncus/bfncdeus dndidm
lfifehdr ofrofetul odhc yde` tfriftdl nc detdrd urftrd nde nuatus fhdauidtkrcus.
Gdacfs supfrckr ikous bfncus ofrmuoue`de nfe`de trc`keub vfscadf, od`cde cec
bfe`denue` odeydl lfifehdr. Ikous pkstfrckr tfriftdl nc ofidlde` urftrd nde nc
 odwdm nuatus fhdauidtkrcus nde hu`d bfe`denue` hdrce`de lfifehdr. Ikous
Ikous idtfrdics
nfxtrd nde scecstrd tfriftdl nc sdbpce` urftrd nde ncpcsdmlde sdtu nfe`de yde` idce
kifm diur vfrtcldi nde`ldi yde` tfrndpdt pdnd pfrbuldde pkstfrckr prkstdt. Bdsce`-
bdsce` ikous idtfrdics bfe`denue` odeydl lfifehdr (Qefii, ?:4?).

1.  Xked Zrkstdt

Zrkstdt tfrod`c ndidb fbpdt zked. Xked detfrckr/vfetrdi
detfrc kr/vfetrdi sfsudc nfe`de ikous
detfrckr, tcndl bfe`denue` lfifehdr, tfrncrc dtds strkbd gcorkbusluidr nde
bfrupdlde sfpfrtc`d ndrc lfsfiurumde od`cde prkstdt. Xked pfrcgfr sfsudc nfe`de
ikous idtfrdi nde pkstfrckr nde bfrupdlde 0:% bdssd lfifehdr prkstdt, zked pfrcgfr
rfetde tfrmdndp cegidbdsc nde bfrupdlde tfbpdt dsdi pfrlfbode`de lf`dedsde
 pdnd prkstdt.
prkstdt. Xked sfetrdi, tfriftdl detdrd lfnud nultus fhdluidtkrcus sfsudc nfe`de
ikous bfncus/bfncdeus nde bfrupdlde ?6% bdssd lfifehdr prkstdt. Xked

trdescsckedi, ofrsdbd-sdbd nfe`de lfifehdr pfrcurftrd ncsfout nfe`de lfifehdr

 prfprkstdtcl nde bfrupdlde 6% bdssd lfifehdr prkstdt, zked trdescsckedi ofrsdbd-
sdbd nfe`de strkbd gcorkbusluidr detfrckr ndpdt ofrlfbode` bfehdnc  Ofec`e
Zrkstdtca Mypfrpidscd (OZM). Lfifehdr-lfifehdr pfrcurftrd, tfrncrc ndrc nutus-
nultus lfaci nde susuede sfi-sfi dscedr dokrtcg tfrsfodr sfpdehde` sf`bfe urftrd
 prklscbdi (Qefii, ?:4?).

Lfifehdr prkstdt bfendpdtlde pdsklde ndrdm ndrc drtfrc yde` ofrdsdi ndrc
drtfrc vfscldics cegfrckr, punfendi cetfred, nde rfatdi bfncd (mfbkrkcndi),
sfnde`lde Dicrde vfed yde` ofrdsdi ndrc prkstdt bfeuhu piflsus pfrcprkstdtcl, yde`

 ofrsdboue` nfe`de vfed nkrsdics prkguend pfecs nde vfed cicdld cetfred

??
 

(mcpk`dstrcl) (BaDeceam ft.di, ?:41). Qupidc drtfrc pdnd prkstdt ndpdt ncicmdt pdnd
`dbodr 1 . 
Lfifehdr prkstdt bfefrcbd pfrsdrdgde ndrc scbpdtcs nde pdrdscbpdtcs piflsus
mcpk`dstrcl cegfrckr, sfnde`lde dicrde sdiurde icbgdtcl bfeuhu cicdld cetfredi
(mcpk`dstrcl), sdlrdi, vfscldics, nde eknus icbgdtcl cicdld flstfredi (BaDeceam ft.di,
?:41). Lfifehdr prkstdt bfefrcbd pfrsdrdgde ndrc scbpdtcs nde pdrdscbpdtcs piflsus
mcpk`dstrcl cegfrckr, sfnde`lde dicrde sdiurde icbgdtcl bfeuhu cicdld cetfredi
(mcpk`dstrcl), sdlrdi, vfscldics, nde eknus icbgdtcl cicdld flstfredi (BaDeceam ft.di,
?:41). 

CC.6  Ftckik`c Zcfikefgrctcs

Zcfikefgrctcs tfrhdnc dlcodt dndeyd cegflsc pdnd `cehdi yde` ncsfodolde kifm
 odltfrc dtdu vcrus. ^frndpdt odeydl hfecs odltfrc nde vcrus yde` ndpdt
bfeyfodolde pcfikefgrctcs, odltfrc yde` pdice` sfrce` bfeyfodolde pcfikefgrctcs

dndidm  Fsamfrcacd akic. Odltfrc nde vcrus ndpdt bfeadpdc `cehdi bfidiuc prksfs
 Fsamfrcacd
dsafence` ndrc vfscld urcedrcd dtdu tfrodwd
t frodwd bfidiuc dicrde ndrdm ndrc od`cde tuoum
yde` idce (ECNNL, ?:4?).
Ofrlcsdr 1:% ndrc sfiurum cegflsc eksklkbcdi dndidm CQL. Mdi cec
ncsfodolde ldrfed pfe``uedde ndrc ldtftfr pdnd pdscfe yde` ifocm bfece`ldtlde
rcsclk uetul tfrhdnceyd cegflsc. Odltfrc sfpfrtc Qtdpmyikakaaus durfus ndpdt
bfeadpdc `cehdi sfadrd mfbdtk`fe. Ofrndsdrlde prksfs cegflsc dsafence`  yde`
tfrhdnc, ikldsc yde` dlde bfe`didbc cegflsc ifocm nuiu dndidm od`cde lkrtfls
rfedics nde ndpdt ofridehut
ofrid ehut mce``d bfnuiid yde` tfrhdnc ndidb ?>->= hdb (ECNNL,
?:4?).
CC.7  Lidscgcldsc Zcfikefgrctcs

d.  Zcfikefgrctcs Dlut

Zcfikefgrctcs dlut ocdsdeyd sce`ldt nde sfrce` bfeyfodolde tfrhdnceyd cegflsc

 ofruide` ldrfed tfrdpc yde` tcndl sfbpured. Cegflsc odltfrc ndrc sdiurde lfbcm
 od`cde odwdm lf drdm `cehdi, mdi cec dlde bfbpfe`drumc gue`sc `cehdi. Cegflsc
sdiurde urcedrcus dtdu ncldctlde nfe`de dosfs ndpdt nchubpdc pdnd ldpsui `cehdi
nde pdnd tdu lkrtclkbfnuidrcs. Zdnd dlmcreyd, dtrkgc nde lfrusdlde tuouius sfrtd
`ikbfruius tfrhdnc.

?1
 

 o.  Zfcikefgrctcs Lrkecl

Zcfikefgrctcs lrkecl hu`d ofrdsdl ndrc dndeyd odltfrc, tftdpc ndpdt hu`d
ldrfed gdltkr idce sfpfrtc kostrulsc kostrulsc sdiurde lfbcm nde rfgiuls urce.
Zcfikefgrctcs lrkecl ndpdt bfrusdl hdrce`de `cehdi sfadrd pfrbdefe dlcodt

cegidbdsc yde` ofruide` ldic nde tcbouieyd hdrce`de pdrut nde ndpdt bfeyfodolde
tfrhdnceyd rfedi gdciurf (`d`di `cehdi) yde` lrkecl. @cehdi pue bfbofetul hdrce`de
 pdrut prk`rfscg, ofrlketrdlsc nde tcndl ofrgue`sc.
ofrgue`sc. Zrksfs pfrlfbode`de lf`d`dide
`cehdi lrkecs ndrc cegflsc `cehdi yde` ofruide`-uide` ofride`sue` ofofrdpd tdmue
dtdu sftfidm cegflsc yde` `dwdt.

^dofi 4. Zfrofndde Zcfikefgrctcs Dlut nde Lrkecl

Dlut Lrkecl
Ftckik`c 4.   Fsamfrcacd akic  4.  WV_
?.  Zrktfus ?.   Efurk`feca oidnnfr
1.  Lifoscfiid  1.  Cegflsc ofruide`
>.  Qtdpmyikakaaus durfus 
6.  Qtrfptkakaaus Qp. 
Dedbefscs 4.  Nfbdb 4.  Nfbdb
?.  Bfe``c`ci ?.  Bfe``c`ci
1.  Bdidcsf 1.  Bdidcsf
>.   Eyfrc pue``ue` >.   Eyfrc pue``ue`
6.   Eyfrc sddt ODL 6.   Eyfrc sddt ODL
7.  Budi 7.  Budi
0.  Buetdm 0.  Buetdm
=.  Zfredm bfrdsdlde lfiumde
sfrupd
Zfbfrclsdde Gcscl 4.  Zfece`ldtde sumu tuoum 4.  Zfece`ldtde sumu tuoum
?.   Eyfrc tflde ?.   Eyfrc tflde lkstkvfrtfordi
lkstkvfrtfordi 1.  Mcpfrtfesc
Zfbfrclsdde
Idokrdtkrcub 4.  Zcurcd 4.  Ifulksctkscs
Vrcedicscs ?.  Mfbdturcd ?.  Zrktfceurcd
1.  Pmctf oikkn afii adsts  4.  Zksctcg mdeyd sddt
Luitur Vrce 4.  ≦ 4:6  akikey-gkrbce` tfrhdnc cegflsc yde`
uects pfr bI dltcg
4.  Ifulkaytkscs 4.  Fifvdtfn ifvfis kg A-
Zfbfrclsdde Ndrdm ?.  Cearfdsfn frytmrkaytf rfdatcvf prktfce
sfncbfetdtcke
1.  Fifvdtfn ifvfis kg A-
rfdatcvf prktfce
_dnckik`c 4.  Zfbofe`ldlde pdrfelcb 4.  Bfe`facieyd `cehdi nfe`de
`cehdi gkldi dtdu ncgus  pfrbuldde yde` ofrofehki
yde` bfeflde ldicl nde ?.  Bfecpcseyd pdrfelcb
 pfivcs rfedics `cehdi
?.   Efgrk`rdb yde` tcndl 1.  Qldr `cehdi
mkbk`fe >.  Adicafdi oiuetce` 
1.  Lkbprfsc dtdu 6.  Lftcndlscbftrcsde `cehdi
 pfrpcendmde iftdl ldicl- bfeyfiurum
ldicl nde pfivcs rfedics 7.  Mcpfrtrkgc rfscnudi hdrce`de

?>
 

^frdpc 4.  Detcocktcl pdrfetfrdi 8 4.  Zdscfe nfwdsd ndpdt

tftdp ncofrclde ?> hdb
sftfidm ofods nfbdb
?.  Detcocktcl ncofrclde 4:-
4> mdrc pdnd pcfikefgrctcs
dlut tdepd lkbpicldsc
1.  Qftfidm sfifsdc 4:-4>
mdrc, ncidehutlde
detckocktcl prkgcidlscs
mce``d WV_ ndpdt
ncsce`lcrlde.
Lkbpicldsc 4.  Odltfrcbcd
?.  Cegflsc ofruide`
Zrk`ekscs ^depd lkbpicldsc dtdu
 pfeyuict, prk`ekscs odcl
bfidlulde pfe`uide`de
 pfbfrclsdde luitur urce
sftfidm tfrdpc sfifsdc uetul
bfbdstclde odmwd tfrdpc
 ofrmdsci.
?.  Hcld pdnd pfbfrclsdde
bdscm ncndpdtlde dndeyd
tdend-tdend cegflsc bdld
ncidlulde tfrdpc detcocktcl
id`c sfidbd 4> mdrc
1.  Hcld bdscm tfrhdnc id`c
bdld ncidlulde tfrdpc
detcocktcl sfidbd 7
bce``u.
4.  Qldr `cehdi
?.  @d`di `cehdi
^depd lkbpicldsc dtdu
 pfeyuict, prk`ekscs odcl.
Zrk`ekscs bfehdnc ourul hcld
sundm bfeadpdc gdsf `d`di
`cehdi.

CC.0  Gdltkr _csclk Zcfikefgrctcs

_csclk yde` pdice` sfrce` tfrhdnc pdnd pdscfe yde` bfenfrctd pcfikefgrctcs
dndidm pdscfe yde` bfbciclc cegflsc pdnd vfscld urcedrcd nde hu`d bdsdidm pdnd
strulturdi dtdu dedtkbcs ndrc trdltus urcedrcuseyd. Zdnd prksfs yde` ekrbdi, urce
dlde bfe`dicr sdtu drdm ydctu ndrc `cehdi bfeuhu vfscld urcedrcd. Edbue, dicrde
urce ndpdt tfrmdbodt pdnd pdscfe nfe`de dndeyd bdsdidm pdnd strulturdi trdltus
urcedrcuseyd sfpfrtc dndeyd odtu dtdu pue  Ofec`e Zrkstdtf Mypfrpidscd (OZM).
Vrce ndpdt bfe`didbc rfgiuls pdnd sdtu dtdu lfnud `cehdi, mdi cec ncsfout nfe`de

Wfscakurftmfrdi _fgux (WV_). WV_ tfrhdnc ldrfed bdsdidm pdnd ldtup nc vfscld
urcedrcd yde` sfmdruseyd ndpdt bfeaf`dm dndeyd dicrde odicl urce lf urftfr edbue
tcndl ofrgue`sc. WV_ odeydl tfrhdnc pdnd dedl. Pdectd mdbci nde pdscfe nfe`de
ncdoftfs dtdu nfe`de scstfb cbue yde` rfendm hu`d bfbciclc gdltkr rcsclk yde`
ifocm tce``c tfrhdnceyd pcfikefgrctcs (ECNNL, ?:4?).

Ofrclut dndidm gdltkr prfncspkscsc pdnd pcfikefgrctcs8

4.   Efkedtus idlc-idlc
idlc-idlc

?.  Zfbdsde`de ldtftfr urce

1.  Qfpscs scstfbcl yde` bfeyfodr lf sdiurde lfbcm sfadrd mfbdtk`fe

?6
 

>.  Lfidcede dedtkbcs (pfrife`lftde idocd)

6.  _fgiul vfsclkurftfr

7.  Kostrulsc sdiurde lfbcm

0.   Efurk`feca oidnnfr

oidnnfr

=.  Odltfrc nfe`de Z gcborcdf

CC.=  Zdtkgcsckik`c Zcfikefgrctcs

Zcfikefgrctcs ftckik`ceyd buitcgdltkrcdi nde sfadrd hfids bfeuehullde tcndl

sfcbode`eyd detdrd pfhdbu nde pdtk`fe. Lfidcede dedtkbc yde` doekrbdi
bfeyfodolde pfeyfodrde nde fgfl pcfikefgrctcs. Zfeyfodrde odltfrc sfadrd
mfbdtk`fe pdnd sdiurde lfbcm bue`lce ndpdt bueaui bfslcpue sde`dt hdrde`.
Lfodeydlde pcfikefgrctcs ofrdsdi ndrc ldenue` lfeace` lfbuncde dsfenfe
sfmce``d bfeyfodolde pcfikefgrctcs. Cegflsc dsfenfe yde` ofrdsdi ndrc ldenue`
lfeace` ofrndsdrlde bfldecsbf 8
4.  Odltfrc bue`lce sde`dt vcruife nde bfbpueydc vcic yde` bfbue`lcelde
 odltfrc uetul bfefbpfilde ncrceyd pdnd
pdnd urftfr nde ofrbc`rdsc lf dtds, dtdu
?.  Zdscfe bfbpueydc rfgiuls lf pfivcs rfedics yde` bfbue`lcelde rfgiuls cetrd
rfedi nde bfrusdl pdrfelcb `cehdi.
1.  Dndeyd lfidcede sfpfrtc efurk`feca oidnnfr , ldtup urftrd pkstfrckr, rfgiul
vfscakurftrd nde kostrulsc urftfrkpfivcl hueatcke.

Lftcld odltfrc bdsul lfndidb pdrfelcb `cehdi nfe`de tfldede yde` sde`dt
tce``c, ndfrdm gkldi cegflsc nde cegidbdsc sfbdlce ofrlfbode` nde ofofrdpd tdmdp

lkbpifls cegidbdsc ofrtce`ldt tfrofetul. Ocid prksfs cec tcndl ncaf`dm nfe`de
 pfe`kodtde, mdi cec
cec ndpdt bfeyfodolde lfrusdlde `cehdi ofrdt dtdu hdrce`de pdrut.
Ifocm idehut, ocid cegflsc ofruide` tfrus bfefrus tdepd tfrdpc yde` dnfludt, mdsci
 hde`ld pdehde` dndeyd hdrce`de pdrut `cehdi yde` sc`ecgclde, yde` ifocm flstrcb
id`c bfeyfodolde rfgiul efpmrkpdmy, yde` bfeyfodolde fen std`f rfedi ncsfdsf .
Cegflsc odltfrc pdnd sdiurde lfbcm bfeyfodolde pfifpdsde sctklce
 prkcegidbdsc sfpfrtc Cetfrifulce-7 nde Cetfrifulce-= lf dicrde ndrdm sfmce``d
bfeyfodolde rfspke pfhdbu pdnd pdscfe nfe`de pcfikefgrctcs. Ekrbdieyd
Cetfrifulce-7 urce tcndl nctfbulde pdnd urce krde` sfmdt.
sfmdt . Zfece`ldtde Cetfrifulce-

?7
 

7 sfrub lfodeydlde nctfbulde pdnd pdscfe nfe`de nfbdb kifm ldrfed

 pcfikefgrctcs (Mdrrcske, ?:46).
Zdnd pcfikefgrctcs, cegflsc odltfrc tfidm bfeadpdc `cehdi yde` bfeyfodolde
rfspke ikldi pfhdbu, bfece`ldtlde rfspke sctklce Cetfrifulce-7 idceeyd yde`
 

ncpfrdetdrdc bfncdtkr pfhdbu. Cetfrifulce-7 bueaui nc urce ndidb 7 hdb sftfidm

tfrhdnceyd prksfs cegflsc nfe`de tce`ldt sfesctcgctds ==% sdbpdc pdnd ?> hdb
 pfrtdbd lfbuncde bfeurue
bf eurue sftfidm 7 hdb ttfrdpc
frdpc sfrtd bfece`ldt ifocm idbd pdnd
pd nd
 pdscfe odltfrcefbcd.
_fspke sctklce sdiurde lfbcm ncdwdic lftcld odltfrc bfeadpdc pfrbuldde
bulksd. Zfefbpfide pdnd sfi fpctfi bfe`dltcglde rde`ldcde pfrtdbd sctklce
tfrbdsul ncdetdrdeyd dndidm CI-7, CI-4, CI-= nde lfbklce idceeyd. Ofsdr nde
 pfifpdsde sctklce ncpfe`drumc kifm vcruifesc
vcruifesc ndrc cegflsc lubde, tfrbdsul gcbordf.
Dltcvdsc sfi fpctficdi ncclutc kifm bueauieyd efutrkgci nde sfi cegidbdsc idceeyd nc

ndfrdm ikldi nde ofofrdpd sddt lfbuncde ncclutc kifm rfspke sctklce. Cegidbdsc
ikldi bfeyfodolde `fhdid ikldi yde` ofrmuoue`de nfe`de pcfikefgrctcs.
Zfece`ldtde sumu nde rfspke gdsf dlut ocid odltfrc, lkbpkefe odltfrc, dtdu
bfncdtkr pfhdbu, lfiudr ndrc sdiurde lfbcm nde bfeadpdc
bfead pdc mfpdr, mcpktdidbus dtdu
ndfrdm scstfbcl idce ncbded bueaui rfspke pfhdbu.
Odltfrc  Fsamfrcamcd akic bfefbpfi pdnd rfsfptkr pdnd pfrbuldde sfi
 Fsamfrcamcd
nfe`de bfe``uedlde vcic dtdu Z gcbordf, sftfidm bfefbpfi odltfrc dlde bdsul
lfndidb sfi ncbded dlde tfrhdnc prksfs rfpicldsc. Zfefbpfide dtdu cevdsc
lfbuncde bfe`dltcglde prksfs dpkptkscs ncndidb sfi yde` dlde bfe`dlcodtlde

flsgkicdsc nde pfifpdsde sfi rusdl ndrc pfhdbu. Cetfrdlsc detdrd  Fsamfrcamc
 Fsamfrcamcd
d akic
nde pfhdbu dlde bfe`cenulsc sctklce cegidbdsc yde` dlde bfe`dlcodtlde
bdsuleyd ifulksct pkicbkrgkeulifdr lfndidb sfi. @dbodr 4:. bfbpfricmdtlde
rde`ldcde rfspke gcsckik`cs pdnd prksfs cegidbdsc. Qfadrd rce`lds ndpdt ncicmdt
 pdnd `dbodr
`dbodr 3. yde` bfefrde`lde pdtkgcsckik`c pcfikefgrctcs yde`
yde` ncsfodolde
ncsfodolde kifm
kifm
 Fsamfrcamcd akic sfod`dc ofrclut cec.

?0
 

@dbodr 3. Zdtkgcsckik`c pcfikefgrctcs yde` ncsfodolde kifm  Fsamfrcamc

 Fsamfrcamcd
d akic

@dbodr 4:. Cetfrifulce-7 bfrupdlde sctklce yde` bfe`dwdic rfspke sfiuifr

gcsckik`cs sfadrd iuds yde` ofrpfrde ndidb prksfs cegidbdsc.

Zdnd prksfs tfrhdnceyd pcfikefgrctcs, Cetfrifulce-7 dlde bueaui ndidb urce.

_fspke bfncdtkr pfhdbu tfrmdndp pcfikefgrctcs tfrndpdt pfrofndde ofsdrde nde
tce`ldtde rfspke pfenfrctd nfe`de pcfikefgrctcs nde odltfrcurcd dscbptkbdtcl
nfe`de pfrofndde `fhdid licecs.
Zcfikefgrctcs dlde bfe`dltcglde rfspke ikldi nde scstfbcl. Qfrub CI-7,
urce ifocm tce``c pdnd pdscfe nfe`de nfbdb pcfikefgrctcs ncodence`lde nfe`de
 odltfrcurcd dscbptkbdtcl. Cetfrifulce-7 bfrupdlde bfncdtkr dwdi prksfs
cegidbdsc. Cetfrifulce-7 bfrupdlde
bf rupdlde pcrk`fe fenk`fe yde` bfe`dltcv
bfe`dltcvdsc
dsc gdsf dlut,

?=
 

tfrutdbd A_Z nde gdltkr bdturdsc uetul icbgksct bulksd. Cetfrifulce-7 ncscetfscs
kifm ofrbdadb-bdadb sfi tfrbdsul bdlrkgd`, gcorkoidst, sfi fenktficdi nde sfi
fpctfi tuouius rfedics.
Zfbfrclsdde dwdi lkesfetrdsc CI-7 pdnd urce ndpdt ofr`ued sfod`dc

 pftdend ncd`ekstcl pfruodmde pcfikefgrctcs pdnd efkedtus uetul bfeaf`dm

7
tcbouieyd pdrut `cehdi. Lkesfetrdsc cetfrifulce-7 pdnd urce bfece`ldt pdnd bfect
dwdi lfrusdlde bulksd. Qftfidm ofofrdpd hdb, ifulksct pkicbkrgkeulifdr bueaui
?1
nde ncflslrfsclde pdnd urce. Ofrndsdrlde mdsci pfefictcde nc Adicgkrecd tdmue
?::4, rfspke CI-7 stdoci tftdpc sf`frd bfeurue sftfidm pfbofrcde detcocktcl, mdi
cec bfeuehullde dndeyd lfrusdlde `cehdi pdnd sddt dwdi tfrhdnceyd pcfikefgrctcs.

CC.3  Ncd`ekscs Zcfikefgrctcs

Ncd`ekscs pcfikefgrctcs tfrncrc ndrc dedbefscs, `fhfid nde tdend

licecs, pfbfrclsdde idokrdtkrcub, pfeactrdde, bdupue pfbfrclsdde
tdbodmde. 
4.  Dedbefscs

Zdnd dedbefscs ndpdt nctfbulde dndeyd lfiumde ofrupd trcds pcfikefgrctcs

 pdnd prksfs dlut ydctu nfbdb, eyfrc sunut
sunut akstkvfrtfordi nde budi mce``d
mce``d buetdm.
@fhdid tfrsfout bue`lce sdhd tcndl sfbudeyd bueaui dtdu bue`lce sdhd tcndl
tfrhdnc sfadrd ofrsdbdde. @fhdid yde` bueaui ndpdt rce`de mce``d pdrdm nde
ububeyd dlde ofrlfbode` ndrc mctue`de hdb mce``d mdrc. @fhdid-`fhdid ofrclut
 hu`d ndpdt bueaui pdnd pdscfe nfe`de pcfikefgrctcs,
pcfikefgrctcs, ydctu8

4.  @rkss Mfbdturcd (Qcstctcs mfbkrd`cl), tfrhdnc pdnd 1:->:% pdscfe wdectd yde`
bfe`didbc pcfikefgrctcs, nde tfrhdnc ifocm odeydl pdnd wdectd bund.
?.   Eyfrc ndpdt ncrdsdlde ndidb sldid rce`de, sfnde` dtdu pdrdm. Eyfrc gidel  ndpdt
 ndpdt
tfrhdnc uecidtfrdi dtdu tfrldnde` ocidtfrdi. _dsd tcndl eydbde dtdu eyfrc ndpdt
tfrhdnc pdnd drfd pue``u (od`cde odwdm dtdu tfe`dm) dtdu drfd suprdpuocs.
 Eyfrc yde` tfrhdnc pdnd pfrut od`cde dtds ndpdt bfedendlde dndeyd odtu
urftfr.
1.  Nfbdb tcndl sfidiu tfrhdnc. Qddt nfbdb tfrhdnc, ububeyd bfifocmc 13.>ºA.
>.  @fhdid `dstrkcetfstcedi ofrupd budi mce``d buetdm.

?3
 

?.  Zfbfrclsdde Gcscl

Zdnd pfbfrclsdde gcscl ndpdt nctfbulde dndeyd tdend8

4.  Nfbdb
?.  ^dlcldrncd, ndpdt tfrhdnc ofrmuoue`de nfe`de nfbdb, nfmcnrdsc nde sfpscs.

1.  ^fldede ndrdm ekrbdi. Edbue tfldede scstkicl ndpdt rfendm, mdi cec
bfedendlde dndeyd sykl yde` ncdlcodtlde sfpscs dtdu dosfs pfrcefgrcl.
>.   Eyfrc gidel  dtdu
 dtdu sunut akstkvfrtfordi

1.  Zfbfrclsdde Zfeuehde`

d.  Idokrdtkrcub

4.  Vrcedicscs
Vrcedicscs bfrupdlde pfbfrclsdde urce nfe`de bfe``uedlde sdbpfi urce.
Qdbpfi urce nclubpuilde ndidb sfoudm wdndm yde` lfbuncde ncsfrdmlde

lfpdnd pftu`ds lfsfmdtde uetul ncpfrclsdlde nc idokrdtkrcub nde lfbuncde

ncdedicscs. Dpdocid ncndpdtlde dndeyd ifulksct nde odltfrc pdnd urce bdld
ndpdt ncldtdlde pdscfe bfe`didbc cegflsc pdnd trdltus urcedrcuseyd.
?.  Luitur Vrce
Luitur urce ncidlulde nfe`de bfiftdllde sfod`cde sdbpfi urce pdnd
sfoudm tdoue` dtdu adwde pdtrc yde` tfidm ncofrclde sfoudm bfncd uetul
bfe`fbode`lde odltfrc tfrsfout. Bfboutumlde wdltu 4-1 mdrc uetul ndpdt
bfe`cnfetcgcldsc odltfrc yde` ncidlulde luitur.
1.  Zfbfrclsdde Ndrdm

Zfbfrclsdde ncidlulde nfe`de bfe`dboci sdbpfi ndrdm pdscfe lfbuncde

ncidlulde pfbfrclsdde nc idokrdtkrcub.
^dofi 4. Zfrofndde mdsci idokrdtkrcub pdnd pcfikefgrctcs dlut nde lrkecl 8
Dlut Lrkecl
Vrcedicscs 4.  Zcurcd 4.  Ifulksctkscs
?.  Mfbdturcd ?.  Zrktfceurcd
1.  Pmctf oikkn afii adsts 
Luitur Vrce 4.  ≦ 4:6  akikey-gkrbce` uects pfr 4.  Zksctcg mdeyd sddt
bI tfrhdnc cegflsc yde`
dltcg
Zfbfrclsdde Ndrdm 4.  Ifulkaytkscs 4.  Fifvdtfn ifvfis kg A-
?.  Cearfdsfn frytmrkaytf rfdatcvf prktfce
sfncbfetdtcke
1.  Fifvdtfn ifvfis kg A-rfdatcvf

 prktfce

1:
 

o.  _dnckik`c

Ldsus pcfikefgrctcs dlut tdepd lkbpicldsc ndpdt ncidlulde pfbfrclsdde

uitrdskuen (VQ) ndidb ?> hdb uetul bfeyce`lcrlde dndeyd kostrulsc. Zfeactrdde
ifocm idehut ncoutumlde sddt tfrdpc yde` sundm ncofrclde `d`di, pfeyfodo dtdu
suspfl lkbpicldsc nde hu`d uetul bfe`fvdiudsc pfeydlct dtdu ncd`ekscs odence`
sddt lkencsc licecs nde mdsci idokrdtkrcub tcndl spfscgcl (_dybken, ?:43).

4.  Zfbfrclsdde Gktk Zkiks Donkbfe nde Cetrdvfekus Vrk`rdpmy (CWZ)

Gktk pkiks donkbfe tcndl of`ctu ofrbdegddt ndidb bfenftflsc dndeyd

cegflsc pdnd `cehdi. Vetul bfenftflsc ldiluic, nkscs rfendm A^ ifocm sfrce`
nc`uedlde sfod`dc bkndictds pfeactrdde ldrfed bfbciclc sfesctcgctds nde spfscgctds
yde` ifocm tce``c hcld ncodence`lde nfe`de gktk pkiks donkbfe yde`
nclkbocedsclde nfe`de pfbfrclsdde VQ (Qkfefe, ?:40).
Zyfik`prdmy (CWZ) nc`detclde kifm A^ urk`rdpmy yde`
 Cetrdvfekus Zyfik`prdmy
bfbde` ifocm sfrce` nc`uedlde bfe`fvdiudsc pcfikefgrctcs dlut. Ofrndsdrlde
 ofofrdpd stunc, mdbpcr 06% ldsus nfe`de pcfikefgrctcs dlut tdepd lkbpicldsc
ncndpdtlde mdsci CWZ eyd ekrbdi. Ofofrdpd
Ofofrd pd wdltu tfrdlmcr, tfbude pdnd CWZ pdnd
ldsus cegflsc `cehdi dlut bfeuehullde dndeyd pfbofsdrde rfedi ncgus (dlcodt
fnfbd), efgrk`rdb yde` tfrmdbodt, kpdscgcldsc yde` tfrmdbodt pdnd scstfb
 pfe`ubpuide rfedi nde ncidtdsc dtdu pfefbpdtde ndrc scstfb pfe`ubpuide. CWZ
tcndl aulup sfesctcg uetul bfe``dbodrlde pdrfelcb yde` doekrbdi, dosfs rfedics
nde lftfrldctde pfrcrfedics. Vetul bfenftflsc dndeyd kostrulsc pdnd sdiurde
lfbcm ndpdt ncidlulde pfbfrclsdde ditfredtcg yde` idce. Ofrndsdrlde ictfrdtur
tfrdlmcr, CWZ mdrus ncmcendrc uetul bfe`fvdiudsc dndeyd pcfikefgrctcs dlut
(Orkwef, ?::>).

^dofi ?. Zfrofndde `dbodrde CWZ pdnd pcfikefgrctcs dlut nde lrkecl (Pciicdb,
?:4?)8
Dlut Lrkecl
4.  Zfbofe`ldlde pdrfelcb `cehdi gkldi dtdu 4.  Bfe`facieyd `cehdi nfe`de pfrbuldde
ncgus yde` bfeflde ldicl nde pfivcs rfedics
r fedics yde` ofrofehki
?.   Efgrk`rdb yde` tcndl mkbk`fe ?.  Bfecpcseyd pdrfelcb `cehdi
1.  Lkbprfsc dtdu pfrpcendmde iftdl ldicl- 1.  Zfruodmde-pfruodmde pdnd ofetul ldicl
ldicl nde pfivcs rfedics >.  Bfeurueeyd gue`sc `cehdi

14
 

@dbodr 44. CWZ pdnd pcfikefgrctcs dlut. @dbodr d. Zcfikefgrctcs dlut ncgus
 od`cde ldede. @cehdi ldede bfbciclc tdbpcide yde` bfbofe`ldl nde dndeyd
kpdscgcldsc yde` tfrmdbodt pdnd scstfb pfe`ubpuide. @dbodr o. Ncidtdsc ndrc
scstfb pfe`ubpuide nc `cehdi ldede.

@dbodr 4?. CWZ pdnd Zcfikefgrctcs lrkecl. ^fricmdt dndeyd pfruodmde pdnd

 pdrfelcb `cehdi yde` ofrofehki nde pfruodmde

pfruodmde pdnd ofetul ldicls

?.  Zfbfrclsdde Aystk`rdpmy 

Qddt tfrnu`d dndeyd WV_ dtdu WV_ mdrus ncsce`lcrlde, mdi tfrsfout bdscm
bfehdnc cencldsc ndrc pfbfrclsdde scstk`rdb. Of`ctu puid pdnd pdscfe nfe`de
 pcfikefgrctcs lrkecl, sde`dt pfetce` uetul bfe`fvdiudsc dndeyd WV_.
WV_. Zdnd pdscfe
dedl, ncidlulde pfece`ldtde lketrds pdnd VQ, vfscld urcedrcd nccsc nfe`de d`fe
lketrds VQ. _ftrk`rdnf urftmrkaystk`rdpmy nde bcaturctcke urftmrk`rdpmy sde`dt
 ofrbdegddt uetul bfenftflsc dndeyd kostrulsc pdnd sdiurde
sd iurde lfbcm od`cde odwdm

sfpfrtc dndeyd strcltur urftrd pdnd pdscfe idlc-idlc (Pke`, ?:4>).

1?
 1?

1.  Zfbfrclsdde Vitrdskuen/Nkppifr Qkek`rdpmy 

Vitrdskuen/Nkppifr

Zfe``uedde VQ bfehdnc pfrnfodtde licecsc uetul bfencd`ekscs

 pcfikefgrctcs dlut.
d lut. Qfesctcvctds sde`dt ofr`detue` pdnd kpfrdtkr. Qfesctcvctds yde`
rfendm tfidm ncidpkrlde pdnd ofofrdpd stunc, nfe`de ecidc ofrlcsdr 11%. Zfefbude

ndrc akikr nkppifr uitrdskuen  ndpdt

 ndpdt bfece`ldtlde sfesctcvctds nde bfbcecbdicscr
lfoutumde uetul bfidlulde pfeactrdde ifocm idehut. Qddt nclkbocedsclde nfe`de
mdsci idokrdtkrcub, sfesetcvctds nde spfscgcsctds ndpdt bfece`ldt nde mdsci tfrsfout
 ofrmuoue`de nfe`de tfbude NBQD
NBQD (Skk, ?:4:).
VQ bdscm bfehdnc icec pfrtdbd yde` nc`uedlde uetul slrcece` lkbpicldsc
ikldi sfpfrtc mcnrkefgrkscs, pfbofetulde dosfs rfedics, cegdrl rfedi nde ndpdt
bfbpfrbundm licecsc ndidb bfbpfrtcbode`lde pfbofrcde tfrdpc. Zdrfelcb
rfedi ndpdt tfricmdt mcpkflkcl nde pdehde` yde` ifocm ndrc 46ab dtdu bcecbdi
4.6ab ifocm pdehde` ncodence`lde nfe`de `cehdi yde` tcndl tfrcegflsc (Qamdfggfr,

?::?).
Zfbfrclsdde VQ mdrus ncife`ldpc nfe`de fvdiudsc A^ yde` dlde
bfbofrclde fgfl sfesctcvctds yde` ifocm ndidb bfenftflsc dndeyd pcfikefgrctcs
gkldi nde fvdiudsc ndrc tce`ldt pfeydlct. Cegcitrdsc pfrcrfedi nde dosfs sfrce`
tfrifwdtlde ndidb pfbfrclsdde VQ (Qamdfggfr, ?::?).
Lftcld tfbude pksctcg pcfikefgrctcs nctfbulde nc VQ@, bfrfld ndpdt
bfeadlup dekbdic lke`fectdi nde ofrod`dc pfruodmde ndidb pdrfelcb `cehdi
sfpfrtc mcnrkefgrkscs, pfbofsdrde `cehdi, mcide`eyd ifbdl sceus `cehdi dlcodt
fnfbd, pfruodmde famk`fecsctds ldrfed lfnud fnfbd (mypkfamkca) dtdu

 pfrndrdmde (mypfrfamkca), mcide`eyd ncgfrfescdsc lkrtclkbfnuiid, pfbofetulde

dosfs, nde drfd mcpkpfrgusc. Odmlde lftcld tfbude VQ@ pksctcg ncdbdtc, VQ@
frodtds ndidb ncgfrfescdsc nfgcectcg ldiscgcldsc ndrc cetrdpdrfeamybdi dtdu `ds
scstfb pfe`ubpui (Pciicdb, ?:4?).
 11

Gdsf Lkrtcldi Gdsf Zdrfelcbdi Dwdi Gdsf Zdrfelcbdi Dlmcr

Zcfikefgrctcs Gkldi

Dosfs

@dbodr 41. Aketrdst-femdeafn uitrdskuen

@dbodr 4>. Vitrdskek`rdgc pdnd Zcfikefgrctcs dlut odltfrcdi

>.  Zfbfrclsdde Akbputfn ^kbk`rdpmy (A^)

Zfbfrclsdde A^ tcndl sfidiu ncidlulde uetul bfef`dllde ncd`ekscs

 pcfikefgrctcs edbue A^ bfrupdlde sudtu pcicmde bkndictds yde`
yd e` nc`uedlde uetul
bfe`fvdiudsc lkbpicldsc yde` bue`lce dlde ncndpdtlde pdscfe. Zdnd A^ tdepd
lketrds, `cehdi yde` bfe`didbc cegflsc ndpdt tfricmdt ekrbdi, tfrldnde` tfrndpdt
dndeyd pfbofsdrde yde` ncgus nde ndpdt nc kosfrvdsc. Zfbfrclsdde A^ nfe`de
lketrds mdrus ncidlulde uetul bfife`ldpc fvdiudsc hcld tcndl tfrndpdt dndeyd

lketrdcencldsc.
 1>

Zcfikefgrctcs gkldi ncldrdltfrcstclde nfe`de bdssd ofrofetul odhc dtdu ouidt.

Zdnd pfbcendcde yde` tfrtuend ydctu >-7 hdb sftfidm pfbofrcde lketrds, cevfrsc
ndrc ifsc ndpdt tfricmdt8 od`cde yde` bfe`didbc cegidbdsc yde` sfmdruseyd
mcpknfes bfehdnc mcpfrnfes. Drfd yde` bfe`didbc cegflsc dlde bfbofrclde

`dbodrde sfpfrtc iurcl mdi cec bfe``dbodrlde dndeyd pfeuruede ndrc dicrde nde
lkesflufesc ndrc mcpklkesfetrdsc lketrds yde` bfeadpdc tuouius yde` tfrcegflsc,
yde` ncdlcodtlde ldrfed kostrulsc ndrc tuouius dlcodt dndeyd nforcs cegidbdsc,
lkbprfsc flstfredi ndrc prksfs cegidbdsc pdnd cetfrstcscdi nde gue`sc yde` tcndl
 odcl dlcodt dndeyd cslfbcl tuouidr.
Zcfikefgrctcs ncgus ndpdt bfeyfodolde
bf eyfodolde pfbofsdrde bfeyfifrum pdnd `cehdi.
^dend rdnckik`c idce yde` tcndl spfscgcl nctdendc nfe`de pfefodide nde
 pfece`ldtde bulksd,
bulksd, pfruodmde cegidbdsc pdnd gdsacd `frktd nde dtdu
dtdu sceus rfedics
nde fgusc. Qfrtd cegdrl ndpdt
nd pdt bfbofrclde dsgfl yde` sfrupd pdnd A^ nfe`de drfd

yde` ifbdm, edbue ofofrdpd gctur ndpdt ncofndlde.

@dbodr 46. A^ pdnd `cehdi yde` bfeuehullde cegdrl pdnd lutuo od`cde odwdm
`cehdi ldede. Cegdrl rfedics ndpdt bfeuehulde dndeyd pcfikefgrctcs gkldi
bfslcpue tdepd nctdendc dndeyd pfbofsdrde nde tdend ndrc pcfictcs sfpfrtc
’akrtycadi sc`e‒ (pdedm). 
(pdedm). 
 16

@dbodr 47. Buitcgkldi pcfikefgrctcs dlut. Lcrc8 Zktke`de lkrkedi bfeuehullde

dndeyd fnfbd pdnd `cehdi lcrc nfe`de wfn`f-smdpfn mypknfesf buitcpfi (pdedm) pdnd
 pdscfe wdectd 16tm pkst pdrtub. Ldede8 Bfeuehullde pktke`de odhc mdius mcpknfes
 pdnd lutuo dtds nde odwdm (pdedm)

@dbodr 40. Zcfikefgrctcs dlut ncgus pdnd `cehdi lcrc. Lcrc8 pcfictcs iuds nfe`de
cegcitrdsc pfrcurftfrdi. Ldede 8 `dbodrde iurcl, nc lutuo dtds nde ncidtdsc scstfb
 pfe`ubpuide

@dbodr 4=. Zcfikefgrctcs xdetmk`rdeuikb

xd etmk`rdeuikbdd lrkecl. ^frndpdt `ds yde` ofrofetul
`drcs-`drcs pdnd scsc `cehdi yde` sundm sde`dt mdeaur
 17

@dbodr 43. A^ sade pcfikefgrctcs lrkecl, bfeehullde dndeyd dtrkgc pdnd `cehdi
ldede nfe`de oflds iuld buitcpfi ncsfrtdc ncidtdsc ldicls.

6.  Zfbfrclsdde Bd`eftca _fskedeaf Cbd`ce`

Zfeactrdde B_ nfe`de lketrds odcl nc`uedlde uetul bficmdt hdrce`de

iuedl. B_C dlde bfbofrclde cegkrbdsc yde` bfeyfrupdc nfe`de A^ nfe`de
sfesctcvctds nde spfscvcsctds yde` tce``c, ndpdt ncidlulde hu`d uetul urk`rdpmy
(B_V). Ldrfed tcndl sfbud idydede lfsfmdtde bfbciclc bkndictds B_ nde hu`d
 ocdyd yde` aulup tce``c, mdi cec bfeyfodolde lurde`eyd B_ bfehdnc bkndictds
ndidb bfef`dllde ncd`ekscs pcfikefgrctcs tfrutdbd pdnd lkencsc `dwdt ndrurdt.

 Edbue B_ sde`dt ofr`ued sddt tfrndpdt dndeyd lketrdcencldsc pfe``uedde A^

sfpfrtc difr`c tfrmdndp lketrds yde` ofrodmde ckncef dtdu sddt rdncdsc cke mdrus
ncmcendrc sfpfrtc mdieyd pdnd sddt mdbci. Zdnd pfbfrclsdde B_ nfe`de lketrds
ndpdt ncicmdt nfe`de sde`dt hfids pdnd gdsf lkrtcldi uetul bfenftflsc nde
bfbofndlde nfe`de nfgfl lkrtcldi. B_V ndpdt nc`uedlde uetul bfecidc
 pcfikefgrctcs dlut, rfedi sadrrce`  nde tubkr `cehdi. B_V hu`d ofr`ued uetul
bfenftflsc nde bficmdt dndeyd lfidcede lke`fectdi pdnd `cehdi nde sdiurde
urk`fectdi pdnd dedl nde nfwdsd. Lflurde`de pdnd pfbfrclsdde B_C ydctu tcndl
ndpdt bfenftflsc ldiluius yde` ofrulurde ifocm lfaci tfrutdbd pdnd sddt odtu tcndl

sfiurumeyd nclficice`c kifm urce.

 10

@dbodr ?:. Zcfikefgrctcs Dlut Buitcgkldi

7.  _fedi Qacetc`rdpmy

_fedi Qacetc`rdpmy bfrupdlde sfoudm tflecl

tf lecl rdnckgdrbdld yde` nc`uedlde
uetul pfeactrdde `cehdi ndidb bfe`fvdiudsc strultur nde bkrgkik`c, ifocm tfpdt
nc`uedlde pdnd pdscfe dedl uetul bfecidc sadrrce` nde pcfikefgrctcs. Zdnd pdscfe
dedl, tfrndpdt lfsdidmde ncd`ekscs ndpdt bfeyfodolde lfrusdlde crfvfrscofi
nfe`de mcpfrtfesc dtdu `d`di `cehdi lrkecl. _fedi Qacetc`rdpmy bdscm bfehdnc
 pfrtcbode`de sfod`dc pfeactrdde `kin stdendrn (Hkmdesfe, ?::>).
 1=

@dbodr ?4. _fedi Qacetc`rdpmy pdnd pdscfe dedl idlc-idlc uscd 0 tdmue. (d).
Zfbfrclsdde NBQD sade yde` pfrtdbd bfeuehullde pfrofndde gue`sc flslrfsc
`cehdi8 >7% pdnd `cehdi lcrc nde 6>% pdnd `cehdi ldede. (o) pfbdetdude sftfidm =
 ouide8 >0% `cehdi lcrc nde 61% `cehdi
`cehdi ldede.

CC.4:  Ncd`ekscs Odence`

4.  Dppfencsctcs

Dppfencsctcs bfrupdlde sudtu pfrdnde`de pdnd idpcsde od`cde ndidb

dppfencls yde` bfeyfodr lf od`cde idce. Bfslcpue pfef`dlde ncd`ekscs nde
tfrdpc sddt cec sundm odcl edbue dppfencsctcs bdscm bfehdnc ldsus fbfr`fesc
ldrfed tfrbdsul lf ndidb eyfrc donkbfe dlut. @fhdid yde` tcboui ofrupd
eyfrc pfrut nc od`cde ldede odwdm ndpdt ncsfrtdc nfe`de budi nde buetdm.
 13

?.  Dosfs Donkbfe

Dosfs cetrd-donkbcedi tfrus bfehdnc bdsdidm pfetce` nde sfrcus ndidb

 prdltcl ofndm. Zfrdwdtde yde` tfpdt sfrce` tfrtuend ldrfed scgdt tcndl hfids ndrc
 odeydl lkencsc
lkencsc yde` bfe`dlcodtlde pfbofetulde
pfbofetulde dosfs, yde` ndpdt bfboudt

ncd`ekscs nde ikldicsdsc bfehdnc suict.  @fhdid yde` tcboui ofrupd eyfrc donkbfe
yde` pfrscstfe, nfbdb nde tdlcldrncd yde` pfrscstfe. 

1.  Lkifscstctcs

Lkifscstctcs bfrupdlde sudtu cegidbdsc pdnd ldenue` fbpfnu yde`

ububeyd ncsfodolde ldrfed kostrulsc nultus scstclus dlcodt odtu fbpfnu.
@fhdid yde` tcboui ofrupd eyfrc donkbfe ldede dtds yde` ndpdt bfehdidr lf
drfd puendl ldede nde pue``ue` ldede, ndpdt tfrhdnc nfbdb, budi nde hu`d
buetdm.

CC.44  ^dtdidlsded Zcfikefgrctcs

4.  ^frdpc Bfncldbfetksd

Ofrod`dc hfecs d`fe detcbclrkod sde`dt ofrbdegddt ndidb tfrdpc CQL.

Vbubeyd bfe``uedlde detcocktcl yde` tfrlkesfetrdsc nc urce nde sde`dt
 ofrbdegddt ndidb tfrdpc pfeydlct sdiurde od`cde odwdm. Dedl yde` ncaurc`dc
bfenfrctd pcfikefgrctcs sfadrd fbpcrcs buidc bfe``uedlde detcocktcl uetul
bfidwde pdtk`fe. Dedl yde` tfricmdt aulup lfsdlctde ndpdt ncodwd lf rubdm sdlct
uetul ncofrclde detcocktcl sfadrd cetrdvfod (Pciicdb, ?::6).
Dbpcicscice nde `fetdbcsce tfidm nc`uedlde sfidbd ofrpuium tdmue uetul
tfrdpc pcfikefgrctcs. @fetdbcsce fgfltcg nc`uedlde uetul bfidwde odltfrc dfrko
 odsci `rdb ef`dtcg idiu
id iu dbpcscice
dbpc scice uetul fetfrkakaaus. Detcocktcl yde` nc`uedlde
sfadrd pdrfetfrdi ububeyd tftdp ncofrclde mce``d ?> hdb ofods nfbdb.
Ofrndsdrlde ndtd yde` dnd, ncrflkbfendsclde uetul pfe``uedde tfrdpc
detcbclrkod yde` dnfludt sfidbd 4:-4> mdrc pdnd ldsus pcfikofgrctcs yde` tcndl
tfrndpdt lkbpicldsc. Qftfidm sfifsdc 4:-4> mdrc, pdnd pdscfe yde` ofruscd ? ouide
mce``d ? tdmue mdrus bfidehutlde
bfid ehutlde pfbofrcde detcocktcl sfod`dc prkgcidlscs mce``d
 pfbfrclsdde rdnckik`c ncidlsdedlde nde WV_ ndpdt ncsce`lcrlde (Pciicdb, ?::6).
Mdbpcr 3:% pdscfe dedl yde` bfe`didbc nfbdb dlcodt CQL nde ncaurc`dc
 >:

bfe`dbc pcfikefgrctcs dlde ofods nfbdb ndidb wdltu >= hdb sftfidm pfbofrcde
detcocktcl yde` pfrtdbd (Pciicdb, ?::6).

4.  ^frdpc Eke Bfncldbfetksd

Zdscfe nfwdsd ndpdt bfidlulde pfe`uide`de pfbfrclsdde luitur urce

sftfidm tfrdpc sfifsdc uetul bfbdstclde odmwd tfrdpc ofrmdsci. Hcld pdnd
 pfbfrclsdde bdscm ncndpdtlde dndeyd tdend-tdend cegflsc
c egflsc bdld ncidlulde tfrdpc
detcocktcl id`c sfidbd 4> mdrc, nde hcld bdscm tfrhdnc id`c bdld ncidlulde tfrdpc
detcocktcl sfidbd 7 bce``u (Pciicdb, ?::6).

CC.4?  Lkbpicldsc Zcfikefgrctcs

Zcfikefgrctcs

Zdscfe nfe`de pcfikefgrctcs ndpdt ofrlfbode` bfehdnc odltfrcbcd, mdi

tfrsfout ofr`detue` pdnd uscd pdscfe.
pdsc fe. Zdscfe dedl yde` ofruscd lurde` nd
ndrc
rc ? ouide
bfrupdlde uscd yde` pdice` sfrce` bfe`didbc odltfrcbcd. Zdscfe dedl yde`
bfe`didbc odltfrcbcd bfbciclc bdecgfstdsc licecs yde` bcrcp nfe`de yde` tcndl
bfe`didbc odltfrcbcd, sfmce``d pfriu ncofrclde tfrdpc detcocktca krdi dtdu
cetrdvfed (Pciicdb, ?::6). 
Lkbpicldsc hde`ld pdehde` yde` ndpdt tfrhdnc ofrupd cegflsc ofruide`,
rfedi sadrrce`, nde mcpfrtfesc. ofrlcsdr 4=% pdscfe dedl idlc-idlc ofruscd lurde`
ndrc 4 tdmue yde` bfenfrctd CQL dlde bfe`didbc cegflsc ofruide` ocid
ncodence`lde nfe`de 1?% sddt cegflsc pfrtdbd tfrhdnc pdnd tdmue pfrtdbd pdsad
idmcr. Vbubeyd cegflsc ofruide` tfrhdnc pdnd tdmue yde` sdbd. Qdbd mdi eyd
nfe`de pdscfe dedl idlc-idlc, pdscfe dedl pfrfbpude yde` bfe`didbc CQL
 pfrtdbd ldic ifocm idbd bdld de`ld pfe`ue`dide cegflsc ifocm tce``c ocid
ncodence`lde nfe`de yde` tfrncd`ekscs pdnd tdmue pfrtdbd (>:% vs ?7%)
(Pciicdb, ?::6). 

Zfbdetdude hde`ld pdehde` bfeuehullde dndeyd rfedi sadrrce` nfe`de

mcpfrtfesc, bfeuruelde gcitrdsc `ikbfruius nde ofrdlmcr pdnd fen-std`f rfedi
ncsfdsf. Bdscm ofiub nclftdmuc od`dcbded bfldecsbf tfrhdnceyd mcpfrtfesc pdnd
 pdscfe nfe`de dndeyd rfedi sadr  (Pciicdb, ?::6).

CC.41  Zrk`ekscs Zcfikefgrctcs

Zcfikefgrctcs

Zdscfe yde` bfe`didbc pcfikefgrctcs tdepd lkbpicldsc bfbciclc prk`ekscs

 >4

yde` sde`dt odcl nde pdscfe ndpdt bfbpfrkifm lfsfboumde yde` bdlscbdi.
bdlscbdi . Edbue
 pdnd pdscfe nfe`de pcfikefgrctcs
pcfikefgrctcs nfe`de lkbpicldsc dtdu nfe`de pfeyuict sfpfrtc
 pcfikefgrctcs
 pcfikefgrctcs fbgcsfbdtksd
fbgcsfbdtksd nfe`de
nfe`de ncdoftfs
ncdoftfs bfictus,
bfictus, bfbciclc
bfbciclc prk`ekscs
prk`ekscs yde` sde`dt
sde`dt
 ourul
 ourul ocid ncodence`lde
ncodence`lde nfe`de pcfikefgrctcs yde` tdepd lkbpicldsc. Zdnd pdscfe

nfe`de pcfikefgrctcs lrkecl nfe`de lkbpicldsc tfrbdsul `ikbfruikslifrkscs gkldi

nde rfedi sadrrce` yde` ofride`sue` tfrus-bfefrus bfbciclc prk`ekscs yde` sde`dt
 ourul
 ourul ndpdt
ndpdt bfeyfodolde
bfeyfodolde tfrhdnceyd
tfrhdnceyd fen-std`f rfedi gdciurf. Zdnd pdscfe dedl yde`
bfe`didbc pcfikefgrctcs lrkecl yde` ncsfodolde dndeyd WV_ ububeyd ndpdt
bfbpfrkifm lfsfboumde yde` odcl, mdi cec ncnulue` nfe`de ncidlulde tcendlde
kpfrdsc pdnd pdscfe.
 >?

ODO CW 

LFQCBZVIDE

4.  Zcfikefgrctcs dndidm cegflsc pdrfelcb `cehdi nde ocdsdeyd bfrupdlde idehutde ndrc
scstctcs dlut (pfeyfodrde dsfenfe).   Zdnd efkedtus, pcfikefgrctcs dlut bueaui
nfe`de sfpscs nfe`de `fhdid iftdr`c, lfhde`, sykl, sumu yde` tcndl stdoci, cltfrcl
gcsckik`cs yde` pfrscstfe. 
?.  Ncd`ekscs Zcfikefgrctcs ndpdt nctf`dlde bfidiuc pfbfrclsdde rdnckik`c. ^frndpdt
 ofofrdpd pfbfrclsdde rdnckik`c yde` nc`uedlde ndidb bfbodetu pfef`dlde
ncd`ekscs Zcfikefgrctcs sfpfrtc pfbfrclsdde gktk pkiks donkbfe (ncsfout hu`d
nfe`de  Oidss Ecfr Kvfrscam/OEK), pfbfrclsdde OEK-CWZ dtdu ncsfout hu`d
nfe`de cetrdvfekus urk`rdpmy dtdu fxarftrkry urk`rdpmy, pfbfrclsdde
uitrdskek`rdgc (VQ@), pfbfrclsdde Akbputfn ^kbk`rdpmy sade (A^ sade),

 pfbfrclsdde  Bd`eftca _fskedeaf Cbd`ce` (B_C) sfrtd pfbfrclsdde ^a-33b

 NQBD Qade. 
1.  Ldsus pcfikefgrctcs dlut tdepd lkbpicldsc ndpdt ncidlulde pfbfrclsdde uitrdskuen
(VQ) ndidb ?> hdb uetul bfeyce`lcrlde dndeyd kostrulsc. Zfeactrdde ifocm idehut
ncoutumlde sddt tfrdpc yde` sundm ncofrclde `d`di, pfeyfodo dtdu suspfl
lkbpicldsc nde hu`d uetul bfe`fvdiudsc pfeydlct dtdu ncd`ekscs odence` sddt
lkencsc licecs nde mdsci idokrdtkrcub tcndl spfscgcl
>.  Zfbfrclsdde VQ@ bfbciclc lfue``uide ydlec bkocif, ndpdt ncidlulde nfe`de
afpdt, burdm, tcndl bfe``uedlde rdncdsc, tcndl cevdscg, bundm nctfbulde nc rubdm
sdlct nde ndpdt bfecidc fgfl dlcodt kostrulsc
6.  Zfbfrclsdde A^ sade bfbciclc lfue``uide ydlec ndpdt ncidlulde pdnd pdscfe
yde` suict bfedmde lfbcm dtdu kofsctds, wdltu dlucscsc `dbodr ifocm afpdt, ndpdt
sfadrd odcl bfecidc ulurde `cehdi sfrtd ndpdt nc`uedlde
nc` uedlde bfecidc sudtu lkbpicldsc.
7.  Zfbfrclsdde B_C bfbciclc lfue``uide ydlec ndpdt bfidlulde ncgfrfescdsc
 hdrce`de iuedl ifocm odcl, ndpdt bfecidc pcfikefgrctcs dlut, rfedi sadrrce`  nde
tubkr `cehdi. B_V hu`d ofr`ued uetul bfenftflsc nde bficmdt dndeyd lfidcede
lke`fectdi pdnd `cehdi nde sdiurde urk`fectdi pdnd dedl nde nfwdsd.
0.  Zdscfe pcfikefgrctcs dlut ofrcsclk tfrmdndp odltfrcbcd nde bfbfriulde tfrdpc
detcbclrkocdi yde` cetfescg. ^frdpc pdrfetfrdi ncofrclde sfidbd ?> sdbpdc ?= hdb

sdbpdc pdscfe dgforci. Zdnd pdscfe nfe`de pcfikefgrctcs lrkecl tftdp bfbfriulde
 >1

tfrdpc detcbclrkocdi sdbpdc tfroultc sundm tcndl dnd id`c tdend-tdend tfrhdnceyd
cegflsc.
=.  Zrk`ekscs ndrc lfsfboumde pcfikefgrctcs ofr`detue` pdnd pfeyuict nde hu`d dnd
dtdu tcndleyd lkbpicldsc yde` tfrhdnc. Zcfikefgrctcs yde` tfrhdnc ofruide` ndpdt
bfeyfodolde tfrhdnceyd fen-stdsf rfedi gdciurf.
 >>

NDG^D_ ZVQ^DLD

Ofiydyfvd B, Hfke` HB, ?:43,  Dautf Zyfikefpmrctcs

Zyfikefpmrctcs

Orkwef _GH, Xwcrfwcam A, ^krrf``cdec PA, ?::>,  Cbd`ce` kg urcedry trdat

cegfatcke ce tmf dnuit , ’Fur _dncki‒ Wki. 4>, mib. 47=-4=1
47=-4=1
Azdhd AD, Qamkifs N, Mkktke ^B, Qtdbb PF, ?::0, Zkpuidtcke-odsfn
fpcnfbckik`ca dediyscs kg dautf pyfikefpmrctcs , ’Aice Cegfat Ncs‒,
Ncs‒, Wki. >6,
 Ek.1, mib. ?01-?=:

Fi-@mdr, B., M. _fgdcf, N. Qmdrdg nde ^. Fi-Ncdsty, ?:4>, Ncd`eksce` urcedry trdat

doekrbdictcfs8 cetrdvfekus urk`rdpmy kr A^ urk`rdpmy;, ’_fpkrts ce
Bfncadi Cbd`ce`‒, 4>(0)8 66-71
66 -71

@rkvfr, W.Z., H.B. ^k`edrfiic, B.B. Arkssify, C.H. Akx, Q.N. ^dyikr-
^dyikr - _koceske nde
B.H. BaZmdii, ?:46,  Bd`eftca rfskedeaf cbd`ce`8 prceacpifs prceacpifs den
tfamecqufs8 ifsskes gkr aicecacdes, ’Hkuredi kg Aicecadi den Fxpfrcbfetdi
Mfpdtkik`y‒, 6(1)8 ?>7-?66
6(1)8 ?>7-?66

Hkmdesfe ^F, ?::>, ^mf rkif kg cbd`ce` ce urcedry trdat cegfatckes , ’Pkrin H Vrki‒,
Wki. ??, Ek. 6, mib. 13?-?3=

Ide`bde, ^.P. Qdnifr, ?:4:, Fborckik` Lfnkltfrde. Hdldrtd8 F@A

 Fborckik`cc Lfnkltfrde

Ike`k N, Gduac D, Ldspfr N, Mdusfr Q, ?:46,  Mdrrcske–s Zrceacpifs kg Cetfredi

fnctcke, Ba@rdw-Mcii Zrkgfssckedi
 Bfncacef 43tm fnctcke,

Bkkrf, L.I, ?:4:, Aicecadiiy Krcfetfn Dedtkby. Zmcidnfpmcd8 Icppceaktt Pciicdbs

& Pcilces

\ECNNLR Edtckedi Cestctutf kg Ncdoftfs den

d en Nc`fstcvf den Lcnefy Ncsfdsfs, ?:4?,
Zyfikefpmrctcs8 Lcnefy Cegfatcke, ’ Edtckedi Lcnefy den Vrkik`ca Ncsfdsfs
Cegkrbdtcke Aifdrce`mkusf‒ 
Aifdrce`mkusf‒ 
Zyfikefpmrctcs,  ’Nfpdrtbfet kg _dnckik`y,
_dybken K, ?:43,  Cbd`ce` kg Zyfikefpmrctcs,
Adtmkica Vecvfrscty kg Ifuvfe,
If uvfe, Ifuvfe, Ofi`cub‒ 
Ofi`cub‒ 

Qamdfggfr DH. Vrcedry trdat cegfatcke. Ce8 @ciifewdtfr HS, @rdymdal H^, Mkwdrns
QQ, Bctamfii BF, ?::?,  Dnuit den pfncdtrca urkik`y. >tm fn,  ’Zmcidnfipmcd8
Icppceaktt Pciicdbs & Pcilces‒ 
Pcilces‒  

Qefii, _.Q, ?:4?, Aicecadi Dedtkby oy _f`ckes 3tm Fnctcke. Zmcidnfipmcd8 Pkitfrs

Liuwfr Mfditm/Icppceaktt Pciicdbs & Pcilces

Qkfefe K, Odiicduw A, Kyfe _, Xdead G, ?:40,  Nksf den cbd`f qudicty ce ikw-
nksf A^ gkr urcedry stkef ncsfdsf8 dnnfn vdiuf kg dutkbdtca tuof aurrfet
bknuidtcke den ctfrdtcvf rfakestruatcke tfamecqufs , ’_dncdt Zrkt Nkscb‒,
 >6

Wki. 40>, Ek. ?, mib. ?>?-?>3

^yikam, H.G., nde D.Z. Pifazkrfl, ?:40, ^mf stdendrns kg de uitrdskuen

fxdbcedtcke kg tmf prkstdtf `iden. Zdrt ?.  Hkuredi kg Vitrdskek`rdpmy
Vitrdskek`rdpmy.
40(7=)8 >1-6=

Pfce, Fifvfetm
DH, Ldvkussc, I_,
Fnctcke
Fnctcke CetZdrtce, DP, Fnctcke
Cetfredtckedi
fredtckedi Zfttcke
Zftfrs,
Fnc frs, .AD, ?:47, Adbpofii-Pdis
Adbpofii-Pdism
Zmcidnfipmcd8 Fisfvcfr. m Vrkik`y,

Pciicdb N, Ardc`, ?:4?. Zyfikefpmrctcs8 _dnckik`ca-Zdtmkik`ca _fvcfw  

Pciicdb W, _dszld, H_, Kbdr Lmde, ?::6, Zyfikefpmrctcs , ’Zfncdtrcas ce _fvcfw‒,

Wki. ?7, Ek. 4:

Pke` IQ, ^sf LQ, Gde ^P, ft di., ?:4>, Wkcnce` urkskek`rdpmy wctm sfaken-
`fefrdtcke uitrdskuen aketrdst vfrsus bcaturdtce` aystkurftmrk`rdpmy ce tmf
ncd`ekscs kg vfscakurftfrca rfgiux , ’Fur H Zfncdtr‒, Wki. 401, mib. 4:36 
4:36 

Skk HB, Lkm HQ, Mde AM, ft di, ?:4:,  Ncd`eks

 Ncd`eksce`
ce` dautf pyfikefpmrctcs
pyfikefpmrctcs wctm A^,
33b^a-NBQD QZFA^, den Nkppifr uitrdskuen8 d akbpdrdtcvf stuny ,
’Lkrfde H Vrki‒, Wki. 64, mib. ?7:‑ ?76
?76