OFUDIFIG]CPO ]CYAOM MC
MCDCF
DCF MYGOC
MYGOC U[JLIPO
U[JLIPO

MOPYPYG JDIA>
MYXO FIHC Y]CFO/;5535195<<

AYPGYD AJ]OFCA/;5535195<?
AJ]OFCA/;5535195<?

[I^C LCMDOBC/;5535195?9
LCMDOBC/;5535195?9

Urjhrcf Ptumo Uigmomobcg Ibjgjfo

Lcbudtcs Bihurucg mcg Odfu Uigmomobcg

Ygovirsotcs Fuacffcmoyca Urjl Mr. Acfbc

 ;5;3

3
 

UIFKYBCCG

Csscdcffucdcobuf wr.wk. Uuno syubur biacmorct ]uacg _cgh Fcac

bucsc bcrigc tidca fifkirobcg bisifpctcg pcmc pigudos ugtub figyidiscobcg
fcbcdca ogo. Ctcs rcafct mcg aomcyca-Gyc dca pigudos mcpct figyidiscobcg
fcbcdca kirnumud Ofpdifigtcso ]cuaom Mcdcf Mugoc Urjliso mighcg tipct
wcbtu. Fcbcdca ogo mokuct ugtub fifiguao tuhcs Oku Osgcwcto Gurud Czozca
F.Auf sidcbu mjsig pighcfpu fctc budoca Cqomca. Pidcog otu, pigudos nuhc
 kiracrcp chcr fcbcdca ogo mcpct figcfkca wcwcscg kcho pifkc`c.
Uigudos fighu`cpbcg tirofc bcsoa sikiscr-kiscrgyc bipcmc Oku sidcbu
mjsig pcmc fctc budoca Cqomca. ]uhcs ycgh tidca mokirobcg ogo mcpct
figcfkca pighitcaucg mcg wcwcscg tirbcot komcgh ycgh motibugo pigudos.
Uigudos nuhc fighu`cpbcg tirofc bcsoa pcmc sifuc poacb ycgh tidca fifkcgtu
 prjsis pigyusugcg fcbcdca ogo. Uigudos figycmcro fcbcdca ogo fcsoa ncua mcro
bctc sifpurgc. Jdia bcrigc otu, brotob mcg scrcg ycgh fifkcghug cbcg pigudos
tirofc mifo bisifpurgccg fcbcdca ogo.

;
 

MCL]C[ OPO

@jvir ......................
............................................
............................................
............................................
............................................
......................................................
.....................................3
.....3

Uifkubccg......................
Uifkubccg............................................
............................................
............................................
........................................................................
...................................................;
.;

Mcltcr Oso ....................

..........................................
.............................................
.............................................
............................................
.......................................................0
.................................0

Uigmcauducg

C. ]cgtcghcg ]cuaom Mcdcf Urjliso ....................................

..........................................................
............................................
......................................
...................=
...=

K. ]cuaom Pikchco Ljgmcso Urjliso ....................

..........................................
............................................
...............................................
.....................................
............99

@. @oro-@oro Urjlisojgcd _cgh Kirtcuaom ...................

.........................................
............................................
....................................................
..............................<<

M. Dcghbca- Dcghbca Mcdcf Fifkcghug Urjliso _cgh Kirkcsos ]cuaom ........................................

........................................??

I. Urjlod Urjlisojgcd Mighcg ]cuaom _cgh Bjbja ........................................

.............................................................................?
.....................................?

Bisofpudcg .....................
...........................................
............................................
............................................
............................................
.................................................35
...........................35

Uigutup .....................
...........................................
.............................................
.............................................
............................................
......................................................35
................................35

Mcltcr Uustcbc ......................................

............................................................
............................................
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.................................................33
...33

0
 

UIGMCAYDYCG

C. ]cgtcghcg ]cuaom Mcdcf Mugoc Urjliso

Pcdca sctu odfu cqomca ycgh pigtogh ugtub mopidcncro cmcdca tcuaom. Crto tcuaom
mobitcauo sikchco odfu ycgh fifpidcncro tigtcgh solct biisccg Cddca. Mo fcgc Cddca
otu sctu, Mzct ycgh fifodobo sihcdc bisifpurgccg mcg tomcb cmc sctu pug ycgh kosc
fighhcgtobcggyc.Pidcog otu, crto tcuaom nuhc mopcacfo sikchco sobcp fiycbogo kcawc
Cddca Fcac Pu`o ycgh tomcb fifodobo biburcghcg simobot pug, sipirto ycgh mofodobo
jdiaa fc
jdi fcbad
badub
ub aom
aomup
up `op
`optcc
tccggy
ggyc.
c. Kub
Kubcg
cg ac
acgyc
gyc otu,
otu, fifpid
fifpidcnc
cncro
ro crto
crto tcuaom
tcuaom nuh
nuhcc
tirfcsub fiycbogo bikigcrcg sidurua cncrcg Cddca ycgh moturugbcg mcg mosikcrbcg
jdia pcrc [csud-Gyc.
Urjliso cmcdca komcgh pibirnccg ycgh fifkutuabcg pidctoacg ctcu bicadocg
tirtigtu mcdcf biaomupcg siacro-acro botc fidoact kihotu kcgycb prjliso ycgh moncdcgo
jdia fcgusoc.cmc mjbtir,  huru,mjsig,pitcgo, pimchcgh mcg sitirusgyc.pcmc ogtogtogyc
sifuc pibirnccg
pibirnccg fcgusoc mcmcdcf
dcf rcghbc fi
fig`ubupo
g`ubupo bibikutuacg
kutuacg mu
mugocgyc
gocgyc bbotc
otc pcacfo
sikchco prjliso.

Jrcgh osdcf
Jrcgh osdcf acrus
acrus hoc
hoctt kib
kibirn
irncc mc
mcgg kirmj'
kirmj'c,
c, obatoc
obatocrr mcg tcwcbc
tcwcbcd.
d. Cddca
Cddca
figyurua botc ugtub figncdcgo biaomupcg si`crc siofkcgh cgtcrc mugoc mcg cbaorct
sipirto mcdcf lorfcg Cddca SP.Cd-Scsasacsa>88
    ‫هئ هذ ه‬ ‫ى‬‫ ه‬  ‫فهئذ‬  ‫ ه‬‫ بت‬  ‫ ه‬ ‫ هع ه هـ‬ 
  ‫ب كه هذ‬ ‫ هءؾ‬  ‫ هف ه‬ ‫ ه هـ‬ ‫ي‬    ‫ هـ‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ ى‬ ‫ هؾ‬‫فب‬
‫ ه‬‫ ه‬  ‫ هفه‬ ‫ا هسده‬   ‫ب‬ ‫تب ه‬ ‫ ب‬ ‫ي‬
‫ه‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ه‬
     ‫ؼ‬‫ب ه‬  
 . ‫ ه‬‫ب يىكذت‬ ‫ ي‬  ‫ه‬ ‫ه‬

Crtogyc> "Mcg `crodca (pcacdc) gihiro cbaorct mighcg cpc ycgh tidca mocguhircabcg
Cddc
Cddcaa bi
bipc
pcmcmcfu
fu,, ti
titc
tcpo
po nc
ncgh
ghcg
cgdc
dcaa bcbcfu
fu du dupc
pcbc
bcgg kckcho
hocg
cgfu
fu mo mumugo
gocc mc
mcgg
 kirkuctkcobdca (bipcmc jrcgh dcog) sikchcofcg
sikchcofcgcc Cddca tidca kirkuct kcob bipcmcfu,
mcg ncghcgdca bcfu kirkuct biruscbcg mo kufo. Pughhua, Cddca tomcb figyubco
jrcgh ycgh kirkuct biruscbcg"(. SP.Cd-Scsasacsa>88)
Ucmc cyct moctcs Cddca fifpiroghctbcg botc chcr figyocpbcg mighcg sirous fcsc
mipcg biaomupcg botc mo cbaorct, tcpo botc tomcb kjdia nuhc fidcdcobcg biaomupcg
mugoc.botc
mugoc .botc acru
acruss sifc
sifcghct
ghct kibirnc,
kibirnc,sifc
sifcghct
ghct kirobatoc
kirobatocrr sisuco
sisuco cpc ycgh botc kosc.
kosc.
 Gcfug mifobocg upcyc botc mcdcf fig`cro mugoc ncghcg scfpco fidcdcobcg ycgh
ut
utcf
cfcc ycycot
otuu fi
fifp
fpir
irso
socp
cpbc
bcgg cb
cbao
aorc
rct,
t, pi
pibi
birn
rncc
ccgg mugo
mugocc cm
cmcd
cdca
ca pi
pirc
rcgt
gtcr
crcc ug
ugtu
tub 
b 
fighhcpco cbaorct. _cgh siacrusgyc mogjfjr sctubcg otu okcmca,uruscg
okcmca,uruscg bipcmc Cddca
sitidca otu kcru uruscg mugoc.

Kirobut ogodca tcgtcghcg tcuaom mcdcf mugoc prjliso ycotu>

3. Fu
Fudcdcoo mmcr
croo hhcn
cnoo bbi`
i`od
od
;. ]i
]ifpc
fpctt bbirn
irncc tom
tomcbcb gy
gycfc
cfcgg
0. Kj
Kjss ycg
ycghh jjtj
tjro
roti
tir 
r 
=. Ui
Uibi
birnc
rnccg
cg ycg
ycghh fi
figugufp
fpub 
ub 

=
 

9. Bi
Biug
ugtu
tugh
ghcg
cg mc
mcgg bi
biru
ruho
hocg
cg

]irbcm
]irbcmcg
cghh fc
fcgu
guso
socc ki
kirb
rbut
utct
ct mi
migh
ghcg
cg tcgt
tcgtcg
cghc
hcgg ct
ctcu
cu pr
prjk
jkdi
difc
fctb
tbcc og
ogoo sc
scfp
fpco
co--
scfpcofighcdoabcg
scfpcofighcdoabcg uruscg ycgh dikoa utcfc ycgh nustru figncmo sufkir sjduso, ycotu
Kirokcmca Bipcmc CDDCA PX].

K. ]cuaom Pikchco Ljgmcso Urjliso

Osdcf scghct
scghct fighcg
fighcgnurbc
nurbcgg bipc
bipcmc
mc ufctgyc ugtub kibkibirnc
irnc mcg kirusc
kiruscac.
ac.
Pcfpco [csududdca pcmc suctu bitobc fifuno sijrcgh scackct ycgh fig`cro gclbca
mighcg fig`cro mcg fifkidca bcyu mo autcg. ]cghcggyc bircs mcg bcbu, pcbcocg
mcg pigcfpodcggyc kihotu simiracgc mcg kirscacnc. Otu modcbubcggyc sitocp acro
ugtub figclbcao cgcb mcg ostrogyc. [csududdca fighacfporo scackct tirsikut mcg
fifihcgh tcghcggyc sircyc kirbctc, —Ogodca tcghcg ycgh mo`ogtco jdia Cddca PX]"
Mifobocg toghhogyc chcfc fifkirobcg cprisocso bipcmc socpc pug ycgh fidcbubcg
birnc bircs fig`cro rizibo ycgh acdcd, tacyyok, mcg kirbca. Dikoa mcro otu, kibirnc
firupcbcg suctu dcacg ugtub figncmobcg wctcb mcg biprokcmocg fcgusoc kirsolct
fcgmoro, tibug, tidoto, pimudo, kircgo,
kircgo, tcct, mcg kirtcghhu
kirtcghhugh
gh ncwck. Kcabcg [csududdca
sigmoro mcdcf usoc 1 tcaug, suctu toghbctcg usoc ycgh scghct mogo sumca kibirnc
figh
fi ghhi
hifk
fkcdcdcc bc
bcfk
fkogoghh yc
ycgh
gh acacso
sodg
dgyc
yc momosi
sirc
rcab
abcg
cg bi
bipc
pcmc
mc pc
pcfc
fcgg
ggyc
yc ug
ugtu
tub 
b 
firoghcgbcg kikcg ibjgjfo mcdcf biducrhc pcfcggyc,   Cku ]acdok. Bitidcmcgcg
[csududdca mcdcf kibirnc pctut mo`jgtja mcg moncmobcg tidcmcg kcho sidurua cbtovotcs
botc siacro-acro. Pifcghct birnc ycgh modcgmcso mighcg bitcuaomcg bipcmc Cddca PX]
sifctc cbcg fidcaorbcg prjmubtovotcs ycgh mcpct fighacmorbcg fcglcct kcho morogyc,
uscacgyc, mcg jrcgh dcog.Pidcog figmcpctbcg biugtughcg mugocwo,nuhc figmcpctbcg
 pcacdc mcro Cddca ctcs uscacgyc. Yscacgyc cbcg figmcpctb figmcpctbcgcg kirbca mcg
bipir`cyccgg mcro jrcgh dcog siaoghhc piruscacc
bipir`cycc piruscaccgggyc
gggyc figncmo dikoa mogcfos.

Yqkca kog Cfor fig`irotcbcg bipcmc botc kcawc [csududdca PCX kirsckmc,
—Cddca bchuf bipcmc sisijrcgh ycgh fighhifkcdc bcfkoghgyc mo ctcs hugugh. Oc
czcg mcg fidcbscgcbcg sacdct. Cddca kirlorfcg, ‑Doactdca jdia bcdocg (wcaco fcdcobct
tiracmcp) acfkc-Bu otu! Oc czcg mcg sacdct. Oc tcbut bipcmc-Bu. Cbu fighcfpugo
mjscgyc mcg Cbu cbcg fifcsubbcggyc bi mcdcf surhc.‟‖ (A[. Cku Mcum, cg-
 Gcsc‟o, mcg Cafcm). Bosca ycgh mocfkod mcro acmots qumso tirsikut fifkiro osycrct
bipcmc botc chcr mcdcf kibirnc acrus mokibcdo mighcg biofcgcg ycgh buct. Mo fcgc
 pug botc kircmc mcg kibirnc, godco-godco tcuaom ogo acrus titcp ostoqcfca (fcgtcp) mcg
jprtofcd. Mcscr ycgh figmjrjgh fcgusoc ugtub kibirnc kubcg acgyc ugtub fig`cro
fctiro scnc, fidcogbcg kirupcyc ugtub tirus sidcdu figoghbctbcg sifcghct mcdcf
 kirokcmca bipcmc-Gyc
bipcmc-Gyc.. Bcrigc mcdcf Osdcf, kibirnc nuhc scdca sctu kigtub okcmca.
Crtogyc ycgh fifkuct sisijrcgh mibct mighcg Cddca kubcg acgyc sacdct, pucsc, mcg
dcog sikchcogyc. Bcrigc nuhc sikchco okcmca, pcmc scct botc kibirnc sikigcrgyc Cddca
acmor mo tighca-tighca biaomupcg. nowc jrcgh ycgh mopiguao jdia godco-godco tcuaom, mo
 nighbcd kufo fcgc pug moc kircmc, morogyc cbcg sidcdu fircscbcg biacmorcg Cddca
ycgh kihotu mibct mcdcf aomupgyc.

9
 

Osdcf sidcdu fighcgnurbcg mcdcf kiruscac sidcycbgyc fig`cro bipigtoghcg mugoc

ugtub bipigtoghcg cbaorct. Fcbsumgyc cmcdca mcdcf kibirnc acrus moorogho mighcg
upcyc kirmjc fifogtc bikcobcg cfcd mugoc fcupug cbaorct. Cgnurcg ogo tiribcf
mighcg nidcs mcdcf lorfcg-Gyc,

‫ هؿ هصب ه‬  ‫ف ه‬  ‫ق‬‫ هئ هذ ه‬ ‫ا هسد‬   ‫ب‬ ‫ف‬  ‫ق‬‫ هئ هذ ه‬  ‫ ه‬‫ بت‬   ‫ ه‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ه‬‫ ه‬ ‫ ي‬‫ي‬    ‫وي‬‫هف‬
 ٍ‫ ب‬ 

Crtogyc>
bikcobcg "Mcg mo mcg
mo mugoc cgtcrc firibcmcg
mo cbaorct cmcpidoacrcdca
ycgh kirmjc,
bcfo‟_c
mcro]uacg Bcfo,
sobsc cpo kirodca
gircbc.‟‖ bcfo
( Ss.cd-
Kcqcrca> ;53)

Fcbgc bikcobcg mo mugoc scdca sctugyc cmcdca bisirouscg botc mcdcf kibirnc
mighcg tcrhit fiwunumbcg acsod mighcg bucdotcs ycgh tirkcob, kcho morogyc fcupug
difk
difkchchcc ctcu
ctcu pi
piru
rusc
scac
accg
cg tifp
tifpct
ct oc ki
kibi
birnc
rnc.. Bucd
Bucdot
otcs
cs ti
tirk
rkco
cobb kc
kcho
ho mo
moro
ro cm
cmcd
cdca
ca
 pigcfpodcg, binunurcg, tcghhugh ncwck, rcsojgcd, `irmcs, `ipct, cburct, mosopdog,
cfcgca, cmod, mcg sikchcogyc. Cmcpug bucdotcs kcho tifpct botc kibirnc cmcdca kirupc
 prjmub ctcu ncsc kcho jrcgh dcog chcr tirpucsbcg actogyc. Pimcghbcg fcbgc bikcobcg
bikcobcg
mo cbaorct firupcbcg acrcpcg sifuc fcgusoc ugtub figncmo pighaugo surhc fidcduo
 pigmibctcg moro bipcmc Cddca si`crc sughhua-sug
sughhua-sughhua.
hhua. Ogtrjspibso moro modcbubcg
sitocp scct, kirzobor bipcmc Cddca mighcg tibug sitocp scct figncmo kchocg ycgh tomcb 
tirposcabcg ugtub figmcpctbcg bikcobcg cbaorct. Mighcg pjdc sipirto ogo, si`crc
tomcb dcghsugh botc sigcgtocsc kirtcuaom bipcmc Cddca bitobc botc kibirnc mo fcgc pug
botc kircmc. godco-godco bitcuaomcg ycgh fighoso bcdku botc bitobc mcdcf kibirnc cbcg
fighcgtcrbcg botc bi ncdcg ycgh mcpct fighcgtcrbcg moro sifcbog figmibct mighcg
Cddca. Kcabcg acrtc fcupug bcrugoc Cddca dcoggyc cbcg dikoa kirbca mcg fifpugyco
godco bifcsdcactcg kcho biducrhc fcupug biturugcggyc mo fcsc mipcg.

@. @oro-@oro
@oro-@oro Urjlisoj
Urjlisojgcd
gcd _cgh
_cgh Kirtcu
Kirtcuaom
aom
Urjlisojg
Urjlis ojgcdo
cdosfi
sfi fi firup
rupcb
cbcgcg sobsobcp
cp mcr mcroo sijrcg
sijrcghh prj
prjlis
lisojg
ojgcd,
cd, mcg
 prjlisojgcd kircrto fidcbubcg sisuctu sikchco pibirnccg pjbjb, ycgh mosikut
 prjliso, crtogyc pibirnccg tirsikut kubcg pighoso wcbtu ducgh ctcu sikchco ajko
 kidcbc. Nobc prjliso mocrtobcg sikchco pibirnccg mc osfi sikchco pcgmcghcg
aomup, fcbc prjlisojgcd mcpct mocrtobcg sikchco pcgmcghcg ugtub sidcdu kirlobor,
 kirpcgmorocg, kirsobcp mcg kibirnc sughhua-su sughhua-sughhua,
ghhua, birnc bircs, kibirnc
sipigua
sipigua wcbt
wcbtu, u, mosop
mosopdog,
dog, nunur
nunur,, djyc
djycdotcs
dotcs toghh
toghhoo mcg pigu
piguaa mimobcso
mimobcso mifo
bikiracs
biki racsodc
odc pibi
pibirnccg
rnccggyc.
gyc. Migh
Mighcgcg pighpighirtoc
irtocgg tirsikut,
tirsikut, prjlisojgc
prjlisojgcdosfi
dosfi scgh
scghct
ct
mopird
mopirdubc
ubcgg ugt ugtub
ub bikir
bikiracs
acsodc
odcgg suc suctu
tu pir
pirusc
uscacc
accg,
g, jrhcgo
jrhcgoscs
scsoo mcg difkc
difkchc.
hc.
Uiruscaccg, jrhcgoscso
jrhcgoscso mcg sinigosgyc tirsikut bcdcu oghog kiracsod prjhrcf-prjhrcf,
fcbc acrus fidokctbcg jrcgh-jrcgh ycgh fcfpu kibrnc si`crc prjlisojgcd. ]cgpc
sobcp mcg prodc
prodcbu
bu prjlisojgc
prjlisojgcdd fcbc difkdifkchc,
chc, jrhcgoscs
jrhcgoscsoo tirsikut
tirsikut tomcb cbcg
fifpirjdia acsod ycgh fcbsofcd, kcabcg kosc fighcdcfo bikcghbrutcg

 Godco-godco Osdcf Mcdcf Kirtcuaom

Kirtcuaom ycgh Figm
Figmcscro
cscro Urjlisojgcdosfi
Urjlisojgcdosfi .

Cncrcgfusdof
 kcho Osdcf sikchco
ugtub chcfc ugovirscd
figncmo ufct scghct bcyc
tirkcob, cbcg piscg-piscg
figncmo ycgh figmomob 
bacdolc, ycgh fighctur 

<
 

mighcg kcob kufo mmcg

mighcg cg si oosogy
sogyc.
c. Uis
Uiscg-pi
cg-piscg
scg sscghc
cghctt figmjrjgh
figmjrjgh bbipcm
ipcmcc sitocp
sitocp
fusdof
fusdo f ugtu
ugtubb kirk
kirkuct
uct mcg kibi
kibirnc
rnc si`c
si`crc
rc prjli
prjlisojgc
sojgcd,
d, ycbgo
ycbgo kibirnc
kibirnc migh
mighcg
cg
 kigcr, jptofcd, nunur, mosopdcg mcg tibug. Cbadcb Osdcf ycgh mo cncrbcg
jdiaGckoyuddca Fuacffcm PCX, fifodobo solct-solct ycgh mcpct moncmobcg dcgmcscg
 kcho pighifkcg
pighifkcghcghcg prjlisojgcdosfi
prjlisojgcdosfi.. Ogo mcpct modoact pcmc pighirtocg solct-solct
cbadcb Gcko sikchco kirobut >
3. Polct bi
binunur
nunurcg
cg (saom
(saommoq).
moq). BBinunu
inunurcg
rcg ogo fig
figncmo
ncmo scd
scdca
ca sctu mcscr
mcscr yycgh
cgh pcd
pcdogh
ogh
 pigtogh ugtub fifkcghug prjlisojgcdosfi
prjlisojgcdosfi.. Acfpor sifuc kigtub ucsac
ycgh mobirncbcg kirscfc figncmo acg`ur, bcrigc aodcghgyc binunurcg. Jdia
bcrigc otu binunurcg fifigncmo
gncmo solct wcnok kcho [csudu
[csududdca
ddca PCX. Mcg solct ogo pudc
ycgh sidcdu mo cncrbcg jdia osdcf fidcduo cd-Sur‟cg mcg sugca Gcko.
Bihoctcg
Biho ctcg ycgh mobi mobifkcg
fkcghbcg
hbcg mo mugo
mugocc jrhcgosc
jrhcgoscso,so, piruscac
piruscacgg mcg difkchc
difkchc
fjmirg scct ogo scghct motigtubcg jdia binunurcg. Kihotu nuhc tihcbgyc gihcrc
scghct motigtubcg jdia sobcp aomup nunur pcrc pifofpoggyc. Bitobc pcrc
 pifofpogyc tomcb nunur mcg bjrup, fcbc gihcrc otu fighacmcpo fighacmcpo prjkdif
gcsojgcd ycgh scghct kirct, mcg scghct sudot ugtub fifkcghbotbcg bifkcdo.
;. Polct tcgh
tcghhugh
hugh ncwc
ncwckk (cf
(cfcgca
cgca).). Pob
Pobcp
cp ki
kirtcgh
rtcghhugh
hugh ncwc
ncwckk nuhc firup
firupcbcg
cbcg solct
cbadcb ycgh scghct mopirdubcg ugtub fifkcghug prjlisojgcdosfi. Puctu

 piruscaccg
 piruscaccg/jrhcgoscso/difkch
mo mcdcfgyc/jrhcgoscso/difkchc
tomcb cfcgca. c cpcpug pcsto acg`ur kodc jrcgh-jrcgh ycgh tirdokct
0. Polct bjf
bjfugobc
ugobctol
tol (tckdoh
(tckdoha).
a). Pcdc
Pcdcaa sctu `oro prjli
prjlisojg
sojgcd
cd cmcdca
cmcdca sobcp bjfugobc
bjfugobctol 
tol 
mcg trcgspcrcg. Mighcg solct bjfugobctol, sijrcgh pigcghhugh ncwck suctu
 pibirnccg cbgc mcpct figncdog birncscfc mighcg jrcgh dcog dikoa dcg`cr. Oc mcpct
 nuhc fiycbogbcg
fiycbogbcg ribcgcggyc ugtub fidcbu fidcbubcg
bcg birnc scfc ctcu fidcbsc
fidcbscgcbcg
gcbcg voso
mcg foso ycgh moscfpcobcg. Pifigtcrc mighcg solct trcgspcrcg, bipifofpogcg mo
cbsis sifuc poacb, tomcb cmc bi`urohccg, siaoghhc sifuc fcsycrcbct cghhjtcgyc
mcg ribcg birncscfcgyc cbcg fifkirobcg cprisocso ycgh toghho bipcmc
bipifofpogcggy. Mighcg kihotu, pirncdcgcg sikuca jrhcgoscso cbcg kirncdcg
dikoa dcg`c, sirtc figmcpct mubughcg pigua mcro kirkchco poacb.
=. Pol
Polct
ct `ir
`irmcs
mcs (lc
(lctac
tacgc
gca).
a). Mighc
Mighcgg bi`ir
bi`irmc
mcscg
scggyc
gyc sij
sijrcg
rcghh prj
prjlis
lisojg
ojgcd
cd cbcg
cbcg
mcpct fidoact piducgh mcg figcghbcp piducgh mighcg `ipct mcg tipct.
Mcdcf sikuca jrhcgoscso, bipifofpogc ycgh `irmcs cbcg `ipct mcg tipct
mcdf fifcacfo prjkdifctobcycgh cmc mo difkchcgyc. Oc `ipct fifcacfo
cs
cspo
porc
rcso
so cg
cghh
hhjt
jtcg
cgyc
yc,, siao
siaogh
ghhc
hc si
sito
tocp
cp pi
pidu
ducg
cghh mc
mcpc
pctt si
sihi
hirc
rc
mofcglcctbcgsi`crc
mofcglcctbcgs i`crc jptofcd mcg prjkdif mcpct mopi`cabcg mighcg `ipct mcg
tipct scscrcg.

Moscfpogh otu, fcsoa tirmcpct pudc godco-godco osdcf ycgh mmcpct cpct figmcscro
 pighifkcghcg
 pighifkcg hcg prjlisojgcdosfi
prjlisojgcdosfi,, ycotu
3. Goct
Urjliso
Urjliso ycgh botc ncdc
ncdcgo
go acrus botc goctb
goctbcg
cg bcrig
bcrigcc Cddca, goct okcmca.
okcmca. Botc
 kibirnckubcgg sifctc-fctc tirfjtovcso jdia bikutuacg-bikutuacg mugoc. ]cpo
 kibirnckubc
bcrigcfigncdcgbcg pirogtca Cddca. Pifuc botcbirncbcg bcrigc Cddca. Bcrigc

8
 

otudca mcr
otudca mcrocw
ocwcd
cd fi
fig`c
g`cro
ro pib
pibirn
irncc
ccgg aog
aoghhc
hhc scct
scct fignc
figncdcg
dcgoo pibirn
pibirncc
ccgg otu
sifucgyc fisto mcdcf bjromjr mcg kctcscg-kctcscg cturcg Cddca.

;. Kom
Komcgh
cgh Uibir
Uibirncc
nccgg Acru
Acruss Acdc
Acdcdd
Pifuc pibirnccg fudoc. Cscdbcg kubcg pibirnccg ycgh acrcf. Urjliso ycgh
botc ncdcgo tigtugyc nuhc prjliso ycgh acdcd figurut Cddca. Komcgh pibirnccg
ycgh botc ncdcgo acrusdca komcgh pibirnccg ycgh tomcb modcrcgh mcdcf Osdcf.
Piroghbcdo botc fifodoa-fodoa pibirnccgycgh tirbcmcgh fcdca figyudotbcg
botc. Fifiodoa kjdia. ]cpo ncghcg scfpco botc figncmo pighcghhurcg acgyc
bcrigc fifodoa pibirnccg ycgh sudot botc mcpctbcg

0. Fign
Figncdcg
cdcgbcg
bcg Uibi
Uibirnccg
rnccg migh
mighcg
cg U
Uigua
igua Cfcg
Cfcgcaca
Uibirnccg/prjliso ycgh botc ncdcgo cmcdcacfcgca. Botc acrus
fifpirtcg
fifp irtcghhug
hhughncwc
hncwckbcg
kbcg migh
mighcg
cg kcob, kubc
kubcgg acgyc
acgyc bipcmc
bipcmc jrcgh
jrcgh ycgh
fifkirobcg cfcgca otu, bipcmc ctcscg botc,tcpo nuhc bipcmc Cddca PX].
_cgh figodco pibirnccg botc pcmc acbobctgyc kubcg sibimcr ctcscg. ]cpo nuhc
Cddca. Cddca figodco sincuafcgc botc figncdcgbcg pibirnccg mighcg kcob.Mcro
scgcdca Cddca fifpirtofkcghbcg sikiscrcpc rizibo ycgh cbcg Moc kirobcg

bipcmcacfkcgyc. Fughbog rizibo

mighcg fumca fifkirobcg hcno botc
mcromopogtu
pibirnccg
dcog. otu bi`od. ]cpo Cddca mcpct

=. ]u
]uru
rutt ki
kirm
rmcb
cbwc
wcaa
Kirmcbwca cmcdca tuhcs sitocp fusdof.Jdia bcrigc otu mo fcgc pug botc acrus
turut
turut kir
kirmcb
mcbwca
wca fi
figik
gikcrb
crbcg
cg bik
bikcob
cobcg
cg.Mi
.Mighc
ghcgg fifpir
fifpirkco
kcobo
bo moro
moro sigmor
sigmoroo
bi
bifu
fumo mocg
cg fi
fign
gncm
cmoo tidc
tidcmc
mcgg kc
kcho
ho jr
jrcg
cghh dc
dcog
og bo
botc
tc nu
nuhc
hc sumc
sumcaa ti
tirf
rfcs
csub 
ub 
 kirmcbwca. Cncbdca
Cncbdca ribcg birnc Cgmc
Cgmc ugtub sif
sifcbog
cbog mibct bipc
bipcmc
mc Cddca.

9. ]omc
]omcbb fi
fidc
dcdc
dcob
obcg
cg ok
okcm
cmca
ca
Pisokub cpc pug pibirnccg botc, botc tomcb kjdia fidcdcobcg Cddca. Okcmca
acrus
acrus titcp
titcp fi
fignc
gncmo
mo gjf
gjfjr
jr sct
sctu.
u. Pik
Pikck
ck,, pcmc
pcmc acbobc
acbobctgy
tgyc,
c, kjs bot
botcc yc
ycgh
gh
sisughhu
sisughhuagyc
agyc cmcd
cmcdca
ca Cddca
Cddca.. Bcrig
Bcrigcgyc
cgyc,mctc
,mctcgh
gh mcg dcpjr bipc
bipcmcgy
mcgycc acrus
acrus
figncmo projrotc
figncmo projrotcs.
s. Ncghcg dcdc
dcdcobcg
obcg sacd
sacdct
ct mocgtcrc pibirncc
pibirnccgg botc. Ncmobcg
wcbtu sacdct sikchco
sikchco nimc ostorcact sibcdohu
sibcdohuss bjgsudtcso bipcmc Cddc
Cddca.
a.

1
 

M. Dcghbca- Dcghbca Mcdcf Fifkcghug

Fifkcghug Urjliso
Urjliso _cgh
_cgh Kirkcsos
Kirkcsos ]cuaom
Pcct kiduf figmcpct pibirnccg, Ncghcg kiraigto kiruscac. Kirpobor,
 kirtogmcb, kirmjc.
kirmjc. Otu tohc acd ycgh aacrus
crus modcbubcg
modcbubcg..
Dcdu kirmjc> pirkcobo sacdct. Pacdct dofc wcbtu, sacdct sugca rcwctok, sacdct fcdcf,
sacdct mauaca. Fogtc ycgh sirous bipcmc Cddca. Fjajg pirtjdjghcg Cddca.
Bifumocg sitidca figmcpctbcg
figmcpctbcg pibirnccg syubu syuburoro pibirnccg otu. Ncdcgbcg mi
mighcg
ghcg
 pigua cfcgca.Pi`crc
cfcgca.Pi`crc kirurutc
kirurutcgg mcpct fidcbu
fidcbubcgbcg kikircpc acd ycotu
3. Pcct fcfcuu kircg
kircghbct
hbct bi
birnc
rnc ncgh
ncghcg
cg dupc fi
fifkc`
fkc`cc mjc> kosfoddca
kosfoddcaoo tcwcbbcdtu
tcwcbbcdtu
‑cdcddjao dcacudc wcdc quwwctc oddc koddca. Goct ycgh kcob mcg fjajg bikcobcg
mcg pirtjdjghcg Cddca.
;. Ncdc
Ncdcgbcg
gbcg okcm
okcmcaca mmighc
ighcgg kc
kcob
ob mo tifp
tifpct
ct bi
birnc
rnc
0. Pidi
Pidisco
sco pibi
pibirnccg
rnccg u`c
u`cpbcg
pbcg cdac
cdacfmudo
fmudoddca.
ddca.
=. Pcct hcnoc
hcnocgg syu
syuburo
buro ggobfc
obfctt Cddc
Cddca.
a. Fos
Foscdgy
cdgyc,
c, si
simibc
mibca.a.
9. Kiro tid
tidcmcg
cmcg mcmcgg cncb rib
ribcg
cg birnc ug
ugtub
tub fig
figoghb
oghbctbc
ctbcgg okcmca bipcmc
bipcmc Cddca.
Cddca.

I. Urjlod
Urjlod Urjlisoj
Urjlisojgcd
gcd Mighcg
Mighcg ]cuao
]cuaom
m _cgh Bjbja
Bjbja
Osdcf figh
fighcncrb
cncrbcg
cg kca
kcawc
wc cpcp
cpcpugug pibi
pibirncc
rnccgg (prjliso)yc
(prjliso)ycgh
gh moti
motibugo
bugo acrus
acrus
modcbubcg si`crc prjlisojgcd, mcdcf crto pibirnccg otu acrus modcbubcg si`crc kigcr,

mcg otu acg

 pibirnccg acgycyc fughbo
otu. fug hbogg otu,
Pi-dcog mod
modcbu
cbubcg
bcg jdi
Osdcf jdia
a jrc
nuhc jrcgh
gh ycg
ycghh kigcr-
fighcncrbcg kigcr-kig
kcawckigcr
crsitocp
cado
cado pigugcocg
mo komcgh
komcgh
 pibirnccgycgh
 pibirnccgyc gh motibugo acrus fighcgmugh ugsur trcgsigmig mo mcdcfgyc.Mc
mcdcfgyc.Mcdcf dcf crto
 pibirnccg otu modcbubcg bcrigc Cddca. —Bcrigc Cddca‖ fcbsumgyc bcrigc
mopirogtcabcg Cddca. Ncmo, pibirnccg mcdcf Osdcf acrus moncdcgo bcrigc fircsc kcawc
otu cmcdca pirogtca Cddca. Pibc-dopug mcdcf bigyctccggyc pibirnccg otu modcbubcg
ug
ugtu
tubb fc
fcgu
gusosoc,
c,cb
cbcg
cg titc
titcpo
po gogoct
ct yc
ycgh
gh fi
figm
gmcs
cscr
crog
ogyc
yc cmcmcd
cdca
ca pipirog
rogtc
tcaa Cddc
Cddca.
a.
Figt
Fi gtcu
cuao
aomb
mbcg
cg Cddc
Cddcaa mc
mcdc
dcf
f fc fcbg
bgcg
cgyc
yc yc
ycgh
gh ki
kigc
gcr,
r, go
gos`
s`cy
cycc cb
cbcg
cg fi figngncm
cmob
obcg
cg
sisijrcgh fifodobo sobcp mcg solct ycgh kcob mcg tir-puno. Oc cbcg figncmo fcgusoc
ycgh jptofos, bcrigc fiycbogo sipi-guagyc kcawc sihcdc sisuctu otu bitigtucggyc
 kircmc mcdcf bibucsccg Cddca. Oc cbcg figncmo jrcgh ycgh kircgo mcg pir`cyc
moro,bcrigc ycbog sipcgncgh oc kircmc mcdcf bikigcrcg, Cddca pcsto cbcgfifkirobcg
 pirdogmughcg mcg pirtjdjghcg bipcmcgyc bipcmcgyc.. Oc cbcg figncmo sijrcgh ycgh ]cwcmau‟
sibcdopug pcgmco mcg bcyc ctcu kirbucsc, sikck sihcdc sisuctu ycgh cmc mo cdcf
sifistc
sifi stc ogo tomc
tomcbb dcog acgycd
acgycdca
ca fodob Cddca Mzct ycgh Fcac ]ogh ]oghho,
ho, ycgh tomcb cmc
si-suctu pug ycgh mcpct figycfco bitoghhocg-Gyc. Mighcg kihotu ocpcsto fircsc
tomcb pctu
pctutt ugtu
ugtubb figy
figyjfkj
jfkjghbc
ghbcgg moro, figy
figyjfkj
jfkjgh-bc
gh-bcgg odfu, bibc
bibcycc
yccg,
g, ctcu
bimumubcggyc. Oc nuhc cbcg figncmo si-sijrcgh ycgh fifodobo pircsccg kikcs mcg
firmibc kircmc mo tighca-tighca ufct fcgusoc dcoggyc. Pikck oc ycbog kcawc acgyc
Cddca-dca ycgh kiracb ugtub motugmubo, motccto, mcg mopctuao sihcdc biaigmcbgyc.
Pidcog otu, figtcuaombcg Cddca mcdcf fcbgcgyc ycgh kigcr nuhc mcpct figoghbctbcg
bi`irm
bi` irmcsc
cscgg sporo
sporotuc
tucdd sisij
sisijrcg
rcgh,
h, mo fcgfcgcc bi`
bi`irm
irmcs
cscg
cg otu firup
firupcbc
cbcgg bi`
bi`irm
irmcs
cscg
cg
tirt
tirtog
oghh
hhoo (tai
(tai ududto
tofc
fcti
ti ogti
ogtidd
ddoh
ohig
ig`i
`i)m
)moo ctcs
ctcs bi
bi`i
`irm
rmcs
cscg
cg ifjs
ifjsoo mc
mcgg bi
bi`i
`irm
rmcs
cscg
cg
ogtidibtucd, ycgh tigtugyc bi`irmcscg ogo cfct mokutuabcg jdia prokcmo-prokcmo ycgh
 prjlisojgcd.
BIPOFUYDCG
?
 

Fig`cro pighaomupcg cmcdca biwcnokcg kcho sitocp fusdof. Ygtub fig`ubupo

bikutuacg mugoc fcbc fcgusoc figncdcgo kirkchco prjliso sisuco mighcgpighitcaucg
mighcgpighitcaucg
mcg bitircfpodcg ycgh firibc fodob. Pifuc prjliso mopirkjdiabcg, cscdbcg tomcb 
 kirtigtcghcg mighcg cncrcg Osdcf.. ctu scfc dcog kirdjfkc ugtub figmcpctbc
figmcpctbcgg
 prjliso tirkcob. Ypcyc-upcyc mcdcf fircoa mcg figncdcgo prjliso ogo tomcb sidcfcgyc
fumca. ]cb ncrcgh fcgusoc acrus fighacmcpo unocg ycgh kirct ycgh nobc tomcb 
fifpugyco progsop aomup ycgh buct kosc scnc fifkuctgyc putus csc ctcu kcabcg
 kirtogmcb mzcdof fidcghhcr cturcg chcfc.Bcric
chcfc.Bcricgyc,
gyc, pigtogh kcho sijrcgh fusdof
mcdcf fig`cro mcg figncdcgo prjlisogyc ugtub fifcacfo mcg figircpbcg progsop
mcscr cncrcg Osdcf siaoghhc oc figmcpctbcg sjduso tirkcob mcg mcpct figncdcgo mugoc
 prjliso sisuco mighcg
mighcg cncrcg Osdc
Osdcf.
f.

UIGY]YU
Mifobocgg fcbcdca
Mifoboc fcbcdca tigtcgh
tigtcgh Ofp
Ofpdif
difigtc
igtcso
so ]cu
]cuaom
aom Mcdcf
Mcdcf Mugoc
Mugoc
Urjliso ycgh mcpct pigudos scfpcobcg, cpckodc cmc sikuca biburcghcg

tiracmcp fctiro pigudoscg bcfo fjajg fccl. Kiscr acrcpcg pigudos nobc
cmc fcsubcg ycgh fifkcghug ugtub kosc moscfpcobcg mifo bikcobcg
odfu pighitcaucg botc kirscfc.

35
 

MCL]C[ UYP]CBC

attps>//www.w-osdcf.`jf/;530/5
attps>//www.w-osdcf.`jf/;530/5=/198/fcbgc-tcu
=/198/fcbgc-tcuaom-mcg-itj
aom-mcg-itjs-birnc-fu
s-birnc-fusdof/
sdof/

attp>//wik.opk.c`.om/~bcnocgos
attp>//wik.opk.c`.om/~bcnocgosdcf/pml/Urjl.pm
dcf/pml/Urjl.pml 
l 

attps>//om.s`rokm.`jf/prisigtctojg/=3==
attps>//om.s`rokm.`jf/prisigtctojg/=3==9<?55/Ofpdifig
9<?55/Ofpdifigtcso-]cuaom-Mcdc
tcso-]cuaom-Mcdcf-Mugoc-
f-Mugoc-
Urjliso

33