EM@B ;
L@MAW ; W
W@IHFMAJ
@IHFMAJ @ (6@)
Daotar fsf;
HAH F ............................................................................................................................................................ 8
^@JDABPMPAJ ....................................................................................................................................... 8
A. Matar H`malajc ........................................
.................... ........................................
........................................
........................................
........................................
................................
............ 8
H. Xuiusam Iasamab ................................................................................................................................. 8
G. Tukuaj .................................................................................................................................................. 8
HAH FF .......................................................................................................................................................... 7
^@IHABAWAJ .......................................................................................................................................... 7
A. ^`jc`rtfaj Atm`tfl .......................................
................... ........................................
........................................
........................................
........................................
............................
........ 7
H. W`karab Atm`tfl
Atm`tfl Dujfa ......................................
.................. ........................................
........................................
........................................
........................................
........................
.... 4
G. H`rdfrfjya Ercajfsasf
Ercajfsasf Atm`tfl
Atm`tfl........................................
.................... ........................................
........................................
........................................
..............................
.......... 0
D. Iagai-Iagai Atm`tfl ........................................................................................................................ ?
@. @v`jt ................................................................................................................................................... 18
O. Marf Cawajc .....................................
................. ........................................
........................................
........................................
........................................
.....................................
................. 17
C. Jeier- Jeier yajc df ^`rmeihalaj ....................
........................................
........................................
........................................
....................................
................ 14
B. ^`raturaj ^`rmeihaaj W`gara Lbusus .......................................
................... ........................................
........................................
.....................................
................. 14
F. Jeier Mapajcaj ................................................................................................................................. 10
K. Iajoaat Atm`tfl hacf lfta adamab ......................................................................................................... 1?
HAH FFF ....................................................................................................................................................... 1?
^@JPTP^ .................................................................................................................................................. 1?
A. L`sfipumaj ........................................
.................... ........................................
........................................
........................................
.......................................
.................................
.............. 1?
DAOTAX ^PWTALA ................................................................................................................................ 13
1
HAH F
^@JDABPMPAJ
A. Matar H`malajc
Gahajc Atm`tfl adamab fhu karf atau s`hacfaj h`sar gahajc emabraca , dfiaja c`ralaj
c`ralaj yajc ada df damai atm`tfl s`p`rtf ; marf,mejgat,meipat daj m`ipar s`hacfaj h`sar ada
pada embarca mafjjya,s`bfjcca tal b`raj p`i`rfjtab i`j`taplaj gahajc embraca atm`tfl
s`hacaf p`ihbasaj df damai iata p`makaraj df hfdajc study study s`lemab darf s`lemab dasar
saipaf s`lemab i`j`jcab atas.
Jeier yajc dfp`rmeihalaj damai atm`tfl ada h`h`rapa iagai, dfajtarajya adamab marf,
m`ipar, meipat, daj temal.Jeier marf karal p`jd`l adamab 1>>, 8>>, 4>> i, s`dajclaj karal
i`j`jcab yajc dfmeihalaj adamab 2>> i daj 10>> i. Pjtul karal kaub adamab 7>>, 0>>>,
1>>>> i, daj iaratbej (48,160 li).
W`dajclaj ujtul m`ipar adamab m`ipar galrai, m`ipar iartfm, ujtul temal adamab temal
p`muru, daj meipat adamab meipat kaub, meipat tfjccf, meipat camab, meipat kajclft.
Damai p`rmeihaaj marf karal i`j`jcab, p`marf i`jccujalaj start i`mayajc. Vajc Vajc
hulaj i`rupalaj oalter p`jtfjc damai h`rmatfb marf karal i`j`jcab adamab caya. M`har
mfjtasaj m`ipar m`ihfjc adamab 4 i`t`r.
D`jcaj i`ip`makarf gahajc emabrca atm`tfl fjf df baraplaj sfswa-sfswf tfdal bajya
i`jcflutf pema bfdup s`bat t`tapf hfas i`jc`ihajclaj ifjat daj pet`jsf dfrf df damai
atm`tfl ftu s`jdfrf
H. Xuiusam Iasamab
A. Apa ^`jc`rtfaj Atm`tfl5
H. Apa saka Gahajc Gahajc Atm`tfl 5
G. Hacaf iaja ^`jk`masaj Gahajc Atm`tfl5
D. Hacafiaja W`karab Atm`tfl5
G. Tukuaj
A. I`jc`tabuf ^`jc`rtfaj Atm`tfl
H. I`iabaif Gahajc Gahajc Atm`tfl
G. I`jc`tabuf p`jk`masaj gahajc Atm`tfl
D. I`jc`tabuf W`karab Atm`tfl
8
HAH FF
^@IHABAWAJ
A. ^`jc`rtfaj Atm`tfl
Atm`tfl adamab gahajc emabraca yajc df damaijya t`rdfrf atas jeier kamaj, marf, m`ipar,
daj meipat. Lata atm`tfl h`rasam darf habasa Vujajf atbmej yajc h`rartf ”h`rmeiha’.
Atm`tfl i`rupalaj gahajc emabraca yaj dfp`rmeihalaj pada Emfipfad` ^`rtaia pada 33?
WI
Damai Emfipfad`, atm`tfl i`rupalaj samab satu emabraca yajc pamfjc hajyal i`jy`dfalaj
i`damf `ias. W`tfap p`i`gabaj r`ler damai gahajc emabraca atm`tfl i`rupalaj suatu
gatataj s`karab df s`tfap emfipfad`.
Fstfmab ”atm`tfl’ h`rasam darf lata Vujajf ”atbmej’ yajc h`rartf h`rmeiha atau h`rtajdfjc.
Lfta dapat i`jkuipaf pada lata ”p`jtbamtej’ yajc t`rdfrf darf lata ”p`jtba’ h`rartf mfia
7
atau pajga daj lata ”atbmej’ h`rartf meiha. Artf s`m`jclapjya adamab ”pajga meiha’ atau
p`rmeihaaj yajc t`rdfrf darf mfia jeier.
Lamau lfta i`jcatalaj p`rmeihaaj atm`tfl, p`jc`rtfajjya adamab i`mfputf p`rmeihaaj
kamaj g`pat, marf, meipat, daj m`ipar, yajc damai habasa Fjccrfs dfcujalaj fstfmab ”tragl
ajd of`md’. Lamau dft`rk`iablaj damai habasa Fjdej`sfa h`rartf p`rmeihaaj yajc
dfmalulaj df mfjtasaj (tragl) daj df mapajcaj (of`md). Fstfmab ”atbm`tfg’ damai habasa Fjccrfs
daj ”atm`tfl’ damai habasa k`riaj i`ipujyaf p`jc`rtfaj yajc muas i`mfputf h`rhacaf
gahajc emabraca yajc h`rsfoat p`rmeihaaj atau p`rtajdfjcaj, t`riasul r`jajc, hema
hasl`t, t`jfs, s`palhema, s`jai daj mafj-mafj.
WI. Erajc
t`rl`jam yajc h`rkasa
s`larajc i`ipepum`rlajjya
sudab mafj adamab Fggus
darf pada yajc dfmalulaj em`bdaj B`redfgus.
hajcsa Vujajf Atm`tfl yajc
dumu. T`tapf
wamaupuj d`iflfaj dasarjya t`tap saia yaftu H`rkamaj, marf, meipat daj m`ipar. Lar`ja
i`ipujyaf h`rhacaf ujsur fjfmab atm`tfl dflatalaj s`hacaf fhu darf s`cama gahajc Emab raca.
I`jcajdujc h`rhacaf ujsur c`ralaj s`barf-barf. ^ada zaiaj ^rfiftfo sajcat p`jtfjc artfjya
ujtul i`jgarf jaolab daj i`ip`rtabajlaj bfdup. I`r`la bfdup d`jcaj h`rhuru hfjatajc
mfar, dfp`rmulaj l`tajclasaj, l`g`pataj daj l`luataj. ^ajdajcaj bfdup pada zaiaj ftu
adamab yajc luat<yajc h`rluasa s`bfjcca ujtul dapat t`tap bfdup daj i`ip`rtabajlaj dfrf
i`r`la barus h`rmatfb kasiajf.
^ada zaiaj Vujajf daj Xeiawf luje t`mab t`rmfbat arab matfbaj kasiajf. Fstfmab atm`tfl
fjf kuca hfsa dfkuipaf damai h`rhacaf habasa ajtara mafj damai habasa Fjccrfs Atbm`tfg,
damai habasa ^`rajgfs At`m`tfqu`, damai habasa H`majda Atm`tf`l, damai habasa K`riaj
Atbm`tfl. Pjtul dapat i`iabaif p`jc`rtfaj t`jtajc Atm`tfl, tfdalmab m`jclap kfla tfdal
dfl`tabuf s`karab atau rfwayat fstfmab atm`tfl s`rta p`rl`ihajcajjya s`hacaf samab satu
gahajc emabraca iumaf zaiaj purhalama saipaf zaiaj ied`rj fjf. I`iabaif s`karab tfdal
bajya s`l`dar ujtul p`jc`rtfaj daj p`jc`tabuaj t`tapf i`jc`tabuf daj i`jcflutf
p`rl`ihajcaj atm`tfl s`kal zaiaj luje saipaf d`jcaj zaiaj s`larajc. D`jcaj
i`jc`tabuf l`kadfaj-l`kadfaj pada iasa maipau, dapat dfaihfm bfliabjya ujtul
i`j`jtulaj majclab-majclab dfiasa yajc alaj datajc.
I`jurut para abmf s`karab , atm`tfl sudab dfmalulaj df J`c`rf Vujajf pada ahad l`-?
s`h`mui jahf Fsa AW mabfr. ^`jdapat fjf h`rdasarlaj mulfsaj yajc t`rdapat pada kaihajc-
kaihajc zaiaj ftu daj darf tumfsaj abmf ofmsaoat yajc
yaj c h`rjaia R`jepb`j`s. ^`rl`ihajcaj
4
atm`tfl pada waltu ftu sajcat `rat buhujcajjya d`jcaj p`rmeihaaj df Vujajf yajc
i`jcamaif [aiaj l``iasaj lfra-lfra tabuj 0>>-4>> WI. Iumaf darf ftu iujgumjya dua
erajc hajcsa Vujajf yajc h`rjaia Fggus daj B`redfgus yajc dfs`hut-s`hut s`hacaf p`m`tal
dasar darf matfbaj yajc i`jclbususlaj satu hacfaj atau satu jeier saka,
saka, s`p`rtf matfbaj
ujtul marf g`pat, i`m`ipar daj i`meipat.
Waipaf ahad l`-18 s`sudab Ias`bf atm`tfl h`mui hajyal dfl`tabuf em`b iasyaralat.
H`h`rapa l`kadfaj atau p`rfstfwa yajc dfl`tabuf adamab s`hacaf h`rflut ;
Tabuj 1104 Tajab-tajab yajc t`rhula df leta Mejdej dfp`rcujalaj em`b p`jduduljya
ujtul atm`tfl.
Tabuj 177> Xaka Fjccrfs @dward FFF i`marajc ralyatjya i`malulaj atm`tfl.
Tabuj 1414 Xaka Fjccrfs i`jcfzfjlaj macf hacf ralyatjya ujtul i`malulaj atm`tfl.
Tabuj 1613 ^`rluipumaj atm`tfl yajc p`rtaia dfdfrflaj df j`c`rf Fjccrfs em`b Gaptafj
Iasej. ^`rluipumaj fjf h`rjaia J`gtej Cufmd
Tabuj 1274 Wyarat ifjfiui ujtul i`jcflutf p`rtajdfjcaj dft`taplaj em`b suatu hadaj
s`p`rtf ; 44> yards ‗ ?> d`tfl < 1 ifm ‗ 0 i`jft.
Tabuj 1200 Hulu atm`tfl i`jc`jaf marf g`pat , dft`rhftlaj ujtul p`rtaia lamfjya.Tajab-
tajab yajc t`rhula df leta Mejdej dfp`rcujalaj em`b p`jduduljya ujtul atm`tfl.
Tabuj 12?> df Waj Orajsfsge dfdfrflaj suatu p`rluipumaj atm`tfl yajc h`rjaia
Emyipfad` Gmuh, yajc dfs`hut s`hacaf p`rluipumaj yajc p`rtaia df Ai`rfla. Df Fjccrfs
l`kuaraaj atm`tfl ujtul p`rtaia lamfjya dfmajcsujclaj pada tabuj 12??. W`sudab ftu atm`tfl
iumaf t`rs`har l`s`murub dujfa. L`kuaraaj atm`tfl df Ai`rfla W`rflat df s`m`jccaralaj em`b
J`w Verl Atbm`tfg Gmuh damai tabuj 12?2. ^ada p`rmeihaaj fjf atm`t-atm`t ujtul p`rtaia
lamfjya i`ip`rl`jamlaj Wpfl`s (s`patu14h`rpalu) l`pada dujfa atm`tfl df j`c`rf H`majda,
atm`tfl t`mab dfp`rmeihalaj pada tabuj 1232 daj tabuj 16>1 dfdfrflaj suatu p`rluipumaj
atm`tfl s`murub J`cara H`majda.
0
dfs`m`jccaralaj pada tabuj 12?2 em`b J`w Verl Atbm`tfg Gmuh. W`t`mab ftu s`rfjc dfadalaj
p`rmeihaaj-p`rmeihaaj atm`tfl ajtara Ai`rfla W`rflat d`jcaj j`cara-j`cara @repa.
^`rsatuaj atm`tfl yajc i`jcbfipuj p`rluipumaj-p`luipumaj atm`tfl iumaf dfh`jtul.
Tabuj 122> df Fjccrfs h`rdfrf Hrftfsb Aiat`ur Atbm`tfg Heard.
Tabuj 1223 df J`w [`amajd h`rdfrf J`w [`amajd Aiat`ur Atbm`tfg Assegfatfej.
Tabuj 1266 df H`mcfa h`rdfrf Mfcu` Xeyam` d‖Atbm`tfi` daj df Gajada Tragl ajd Of`md
Assegfatfej.
Tabuj 1220 df Aorfla s`mataj h`rdfrf Weutb Aorfgaj Aiat`ur Atbm`tfg Pjfej daj d
Ww`dfa h`rdfrf Wv`jsla Orf-Fdretts Oerhujd`r.
Tabuj 126? df Jerw`cfa h`rdfrf Jerc`s Orf-Fdr`ttsoer-hujd.
Tabuj 1263 df Austramfa h`rdfrf Tb` Aiat`ur Atbm`tfg Pjfej eo Austramfa, df
Gz`gbesmevflfa h`rdfrf G`slesmev`jsly Atbm`tfgly Wvajz, df Vujajf h`rdfrf Assegfatfej
Ba`j`jcu` d‖Atbm`tflaf Wzev`ts`.
Tabuj 1611 df H`majda h`rdfrf
h `rdfrf Lejfjlmfkl` J`d`rmajd`s`b Atbm`rf`l Pjf`.
Waipaf saat fjf tfdal lurajc darf 13> j`cara t`mab i`ih`jtul ercajfsasf atm`tfl yajc
i`jkadf fjdul p`rluipumaj-p`rluipumaj atm`tfl df s`tfap j`cara. ^`rmeihaaj atm`tfl
t`mab s`rfjc dfs`m`jccaralaj, d`iflfaj puma p`rmeihaaj ajtar j`cara t`tapf h`mui ada
p`raturaj p`rmeihaaj yajc s`racai s`bfjcca s`rfjc tfihum p`rs`mfsfbaj pabai damai
i`j`jtulaj p`i`jajc.
Haru pada tajccam 13 Kumf 1618 tfca barf s`t`mab s`m`saf jya p`rmeihaaj atm`tfl pada
Emyipfad` Ied`rj _ df Wteglbemi teleb-teleb atm`tfl darf 13 j`cara yajc i`jcflutf
Emyipfad` darf Ai`rfla W`rflat, Austramfa, Austrfa, H`mcfa, Gajada, Gbfmf, D`jiarl, Ofjmajdfa,
Bejcarfa, Fjccrfs, K`riaj, I`sfr, Jerw`cfa, ^`rajgfs,Xusfa, Ww`dfa daj Vujajf, h`rdfslusf
ujtul i`ih`jtul suatu hadaj Fjt`rjasfejam Atm`tfl yajc i`ihuat p`raturaj-p`raturaj daj
p`jy`m`jccaraaj p`rmeihaaj atm`tfl yajc m`jclap.
Hadaj t`rs`hut dfdfrflaj d`jcaj jaia Fjt`rjatfejam Aiat`ur Atbm`tfg O`d`ratfej (FAAO),
s`hacaf l`tua adamab K. Wfcorft @dstrei d`jcaj s`lr`tarfs K`jdram i`rajclap H`jdabara
(Bejerary W`gr`tary-Tr`asur`r); Lrfstfaj B`jstrei l`duajya darf Ww`dfa. ^`raturaj t`ljfs
ujtul p`rmeihaaj fjt`rjasfejam yajc p`rtaia dfsablaj pada lejcr`s yajc l`tfca tabuj 1614 df
Myej ^`rajgfs. W`kal t`rh`jtuljya FAAO fjf p`jy`m`jccaraaj p`rmeihaaj-p`rmeihaaj atm`tfl
s`ialfj hafl, t`rutaia damai s`cf p`jcercajfsasfaj.
D. Iagai-Iagai Atm`tfl
1. Marf
1.1 Marf Karal ^`jd`l
Marf karal p`jd`l adamab h`rmarf d`jcaj l`g`pataj p`jub s`pajkajc karal
karal yajc barus
dft`ipub, atau saipaf karal yajc t`mab dft`jtulaj.
?
Marf karal p`jd`l t`rdfrf darf marf 1>> i, 8>> i, 4>> i. s`gara t`ljfs saia. yajc
i`ih`dalaj bajyamab pada p`jcb`iataj p`jccujaaj t`jaca, lar`ja p`rh`daaj karal
yajc barus dft`ipub. Ialfj kaub karal yajc barus dft`ipub ialfj hajyal t`jaca yajc
barus dfhutublaj.
marf karal p`jd`l dfhacf i`jkadf tfca tabap famab; star, c`ralaj marf g`pat (sprfjt),
c`ralaj ofjfs.
8.Wtart
Damai p`rmeihaaj marf, ada tfca gara star, famab ;
star h`rdfrf (stajdfjc start)
star kejclel (greugbfjc start)
start i`mayajc (omyfjc start) dfmalulaj bajya ujtul p`marf l` FF, FFF daj F_ damai marf
`stap`t 4 x 1>> i.
3
Marf st``pm` ‗ gbas` 7>>> i t`riasul l`damai marf karal kaub d`jcaj i`mamuf rfjtajcaj-
rfjtajcaj.
Xfjtajcaj ftu ada dua iagai<
1. Xfjtajcaj Cawajc
8. Xfjtajcaj Afr d`jcaj Cawajc dfd`pajjya (wat`r kuip)
^`marf st``pm` ‗ gbas` barus i`ifmflf l`g`pataj s`p`rtf p`marf 10>>i, t`tapf kuca barus
i`ifmflf daya tabaj s`p`rtf p`marf 0>>> i`t`r, daj barus i`ifmflf l`iabfraj lbusus
damai i`m`watf rfjtajcaj-rfjtajcaj t`rs`hut.
Gara ujtul i`maipauf rfjtajcaj cawajc yajc hajyal dfcujalaj adamab ;
a. W`p`rtf marf cawajc hfasa,
h. I`maipauf cawajc d`jcaj i`jcfjkallaj s`h`mab lalf df atas cawajc.
h. Gara ujtul i`maipauf rfjtajcaj afr pada carfs h`sarjya adamab s`hacaf h`rflut ;
1. H`rtuipu darf tftfl s`t`jcab i`t`r df iula cawajc rfjtajcaj afr. Mamu i`meipat l` atas
atas d`paj, s`t`mab lalfjya i`japal df atas cawajc pada ukujc lalf.
8. Hadaj barus dfhawa l` iula lalf, lalf yajc h`rtuipu pada cawajc i`jemal s`luatjya,
lalf mafjjya dfayujlaj l` d`paj s`kaub-kaubjya, daj hadaj iasfb damai sflap s`dflft
gejdejc l` d`paj, s`bfjcca i`jkadf c`ralaj i`meipat.
7. ^ada saat i`mayajc, tajcaj dfcujalaj ujtul i`jkaca l`s`fihajcaj hadaj daj lalf
tuipu i`malulaj c`ralaj p`riumaaj ujtul p`rsfapaj i`majclab waltu lalf ayuj
i`jdarat.
4. I`jdarat d`jcaj lalf ayuj s`kaub iujclfj i`jgapaf ukujc hal afr, daj s`dflft
iujclfj iasul damai afr. Lalf yajc i`jdarat s`dflft df t`lul, daj hadaj t`tap damai
l`adaaj s`dflft gejdejc l` d`paj. Lalf mafjjya dfajclat ujtul i`majclab l` d`paj.
2
7. Meipat
8.1 Meipat tfjccf
Meipat Tfjccf adamab samab satu l`t`raipfmaj ujtul i`m`watf ifstar yajc h`rada df
l`dua tfajcjya.L`tfjccfaj meipataj yajc dfgapaf em`b s`erajc p`meipat t`rcajtujc darf
l`iaipuaj daj p`rsfapaj h`rtajdfjc darf iasfjc-iasfjc atm`t. adapuj caya straddm`
dfiaja l`tfca hadaj i`m`watf ifstar d`jcaj g`pat dfputar atau dfhamfllaj, s`bfjcca sflap
hadaj df ifstar t`m`jclup.
Ajgajc-ajgajc
6
I`juipu
I`rupalaj suatu c`ralaj yajc p`jtfjc ujtul i`j`jtulaj basfm meipataj yajc
s`ipurrja.
Hadaj s`waltu i`juipu kajcaj t`rmamu gejdejc s`p`rtf bamjya i`malulaj marf/ ajgajc-
ajgajc. Tuipuaj barus luat, g`pat daj altfo l`s`fihajcaj hadaj dfkaca acar tfdal em`jc/
ceyajc. H`rat hadaj s`dflft df d`paj tftfl tuipu, c`ralaj lalf i`j`mapal darf tuift l`
ukujc lalf, d`jcaj t`ipe yajc g`pat.
C`ralaj ayujaj m`jcaj sajcat i`ihajtu i`jaihab l`tfjccfaj daj kuca i`jkaca
l`s`fihajcaj hadaj.
I`mayajc
C`ralaj i`mayajc pada saat s`t`mab i`jfjccamlaj hamel tuipuaj daj dfupayalaj
l`s`fihajcaj t`tap t`rkaca d`jcaj hajtuaj ayujaj l`dua tajcaj s`bfjcca h`rc`ral df
udara. Pjtul i`malulaj c`ral fjf t`rdapat h`h`rapa t`ljfl. Vajc ^`rtaia, I`mayajc
d`jcaj sflap kejclel d`jcaj gara waltu i`juipu lalf ayuj i`jcajclat mutut s`tfjccf-
tfjccfjya daj dfsusum em`b lalf tuipu daj l`iudfaj s`h`mui i`jdarat l`dua lalf df
hawa l` arab d`paj.
I`jdarat
C`ralaj-c`ralaj waltu p`jdarataj barus dua lalf. Vajc p`rmu dfp`rbatflaj saat
i`jdarat adamab l`dua lalf i`jdarat s`gara h`rsaiaaj dfflutf d`jcaj derejcaj pfjccum
l` d`paj s`bfjcca hadaj tfdal g`jd`rujc katub l` h`malajc yajc h`ralfhat i`rucflaj sf
p`meipat ftu s`jdfrf.
Caya meipataj damai Meipat Kaub yajc s`rfjc dfp`racalaj s`p`rtf caya kejclel,
Caya I`jccajtujc, Caya kamaj df udara.
1>
4. M`ipar
7.1 M`ipar M`ihfjc
M`ihfjc yajc dfcujalaj t`rhuat darf mecai ujtul ^utra h`ratjya 2>> crai d`jcaj
pajkajc 8,3> i, s`dajclaj ^utrf h`ratjya ?>> crai d`jcaj pajkajc 8,7> i.
T`ljfl damai m`ipar m`ihfjc. yajc p`rtaia, yaftu;
Gara I`i`cajc
M`ihfjc dfp`cajc pada hacfaj p`cajcajjya yajc dfflat d`jcaj tamf s`pajkajc 8>gi,
d`jcaj karf l`mfjclfjc t`rd`lat pada ukujc m`ihfjc, s`dajclaj fhu karf daj t`mujkul atau
t`mujkul daj karf t`jcab i`i`cajc `rat flataj tamf p`cajcaj yajc h`rh`jtul tejkemaj.
^`cajcaj ftu barus luat daj karf-karf mafjya i`jabaj m`ihfjc df atas t`mapal tajcaj. T`mapal
tajcaj barus t`tap i`jcbadap l` atas s`maia c`ralaj i`m`ipar.
M`ihfjc t`rhuat darf haihu d`jcaj iata m`ihfjc t`rhuat darf
da rf mecai
a. Pjtul putra pajkajc 8?> gi, h`rat 2>> cr
h. Pjtul putrf pajkajc 8>> gi, h`rat ?>> cr
11
i`jdabumuf putaraj hadaj, m`pasjya galrai dfflutf hadaj gejdejc l`d`paj. Matfbaj dasar
i`jccujalaj rfjc lar`t atu retaj
1. 1.Dfawamf dcj sflap t`cap
8. majclablaj smab satu lalf saihfm i`jcayujlaj rfjc l` d`paj
7. majkutlaj ayujaj bfjcca i`jc`mfmfjcf tuhub, kaca acar m`jcaj i`i`cajc rfjc t`tap
murus daj h`rada dfhawab l`tfjccfaj habu
4. majclablaj lalf murus l` d`paj ( h`rmawajaj dcj arab tajcaj.flutf c`ralaj pfjccum daj
dada l` d`paj.l`iudfaj m`paslaj rfjc,ayujlaj tajcaj l` atas daj majclablaj lalf
h`malajc l` d`paj
Gara i`i`cajc galrai
^`cajc dcj hulu ukujc karf8 tajcaj, fhu karf i`i`cajc saipfjc galrai, l`iudfaj
p`rc`majcaj tajcaj dft`lul s`dflft l` damai I`jcayujlaj galrai
Ayujlaj galrai dcj rfjc l` d`paj dajl ` h`malajc df saipfjc tuhub.pada saat
i`jcayujlaj galrai,tajcaj yc i`i`cajc galrai dfr`jtajclaj saipaf murus.kajcaj saipaf
m`pas
C`ralaj m`ipar galrai
Ada 7 tabap damai i`m`ipar galrai
1. p`rsfapaj - h`rdfrf dcj l`dua lalf dfhula m`har - p`cajc galrai dcj tajcaj
lajaj.ayujlaj saipaf df atas habu saihfm i`iutar hadaj l` lfrf,l`iudfaj l` lajaj
s`gara h`rumajc8.saat galrai dfayuj l` lfrf, Hajtu tajcaj lfrf dcj gara i`jyajccajya
8. p`malsajaaj - ayujlaj galrai l` d`paj mamu l` h`malajc - pada saat galrai df
h`malajc, putar hadaj daj ayujlaj galrai l` saipfjc-d`paj-atas (i`ih`jtul sudut
4>e ) - m`paslaj galrai pada saat h`rada df d`paj iula
7. p`jutup - Hajtu m`iparaj dcj lalf lajaj acar t`rgfpta suatu temalaj luat pada tajab
s`bfjcca h adaj i`mejkal l` d`paj-atas - majclablaj lalf lajaj l` d`paj ujtul
i`juipu, s`dajclaj lalf lfrf dfajclat rfm`ls ujtul i`jkaca l`s`fihajcaj hadaj
@. @v`jt
Ada varfasf
(gejtebjya mafjdfmajcsujclaj
7>>i) s`mafj yajc dftumfs
m`hfb dfhawab, t`tapf meiha
karajc. Hamapaj d`jcaj
yajc tfdal pajkajc
mazfi tfdaldfc`mar
hfasajya hfasa
s`maia iusfi fjdeer lar`ja mfjtasaj 8>>i damai rfajcaj. D`jcaj p`jc`guamfaj marf ifm,
meiha h`rdasarlaj karal l`rakaaj karajc s`lamf dfc`mar df mfjtasaj s`kal l`hajyalaj mfjtasaj
dfuhab darf s`p`r`ipat ifm (4>8,7i) l` 4>>i. Baipfr s`iua gatataj r`ler ujtul karal
l`rakaaj tfdal dfmajcsujclaj l`ihamf.
Hacafiajapuj, FAAO damai hulu r`lerjya iasfb i`iasulaj r`ler dujfa ifm (dfp`cajc
em`b Bfgbai @m Cu`rrek darf Iarele daj Wv`tmaja Iast`rleva darf Xusfa ujtul wajfta)
lar`ja p`rh`daaj sfcjfoflaj yajc i`jdujfa.
@v`jt Mfjtasaj ‗`v`jt marf df mfjtasaj 4>>i.
Wprfjt; `v`jt yajc t`riasul 4>>i. @v`jt yajc uiui adamab ?>i (bajya dfdamai
ruajcaj), 1>>i, 8>>i daj 4>>i.
Karal I`j`jcab; `v`jt darf 2>>i saipaf 7>>>i, 2>>i, 10>>i, satu ifm daj 7>>>i.
18
Marf h`rfjtajc ‗ meiha (hfasajya 7>>i) dfiaja p`marfjya barus i`m`watf rfjtajcaj
s`p`rtf p`jcbamajc daj rfjtajcaj afr.
karal Kaub; h`rmarf dfatas 0>>> i. Hfasajya 0>>> i daj 1>>>> i. yajc lurajc mazfi
famab 1, ?, 18, 84 kai p`rmeihaaj.
Bamajc Xfjtajc; 11> i bamajc rfjtajc tfjccf (1>> i ujtul wajfta) daj 4>> i bamfjc
rfjtajc i`j`jcab (7>> i df h`h`rapa WIA).
@stao`t; 4 x 1>>i `stao`t, 4 x 4>> i `stao`t , 4 x 8>> i `stao`t , 4 x 2>> i `stao`t , dmm.
H`h`rapa `v`jt, s`p`rtf `stao`t i`dm`y, karajc dfmajcsujclaj l`guamf `stao`t larjavam
h`sar.
Marf kamajaj; dfmajcsujclaj df kamajaj t`rhula, tapf hfasajya dfalbfrf df mfjtasaj.
O. Marf Cawajc
C`ralaj marf cawajc, hafl ftu 1>>i, 11>i, 8>>i, 4>>i putrf atau 4>>i ujtul putra,
^ada waltu p`jcaihfmaj cawajc atau i`maipauf cawajc, barus dfmalulaj d`jcaj g`pat daj
s`gara h`rurutaj, majgar daj rfmals, dfusabalaj tfdal i`mayajc t`rmamu maia s`bfjcca
l`g`pataj dapat dfp`rtabajlaj. Psabalaj waltu dfatas cawajc damai l`s`fihajcaj yajc
s`hafl-hafljya, d`jcaj
Bam yajc p`rmu hadaj gejdejc
dfp`rbatflaj l` d`paj.
pada waltu i`m`watf cawajc ;
H`rtemal darf karal 1,60 ‗ 8,10 i df d`paj cawajc, lalf murus i`jdarat ± 1,>0 ‗ 1,40 i
df d`paj cawajc. Ayujaj lalf l` d`paj d`jcaj mutut yajc tfdal lalu. M`jcaj dfayujlaj
s`wakarjya, m`jcaj df d`paj dfderejc l` d`paj s`tfjccf iata mafjya daj dfp`rcujalaj ujtul
i`jkaca l`s`fihajcaj. Hujclullaj hadaj l` d`paj i`jdapat paba darf lalf yajc
dfayujlaj l` d`paj. W`bfjcca pada waltu df atas cawajc l`gejdejcaj hadaj dfp`rtabajlaj.
Df atas cawajc lalf h`malajc dftarfl l` d`paj d`jcaj c`ralaj yajc h`rujtuj, pesfsf lalf
t`rmfpat, paba t`rhula l` saipfjc, t`mapal lalf dfputar l`arab muar, daj rata-rata df atas
cawajc. Psabalaj waltu i`maipauf cawajc tftfl l`tfjccfaj h`rada t`pat df atas cawajc,
tfdal df d`paj atau dfh`malajc cawajc. pusatlaj ^esfsf ^ajdajcaj l` d`paj hacfaj atas
cawajc.
17
Wtart daj i`jcaihfm cawajc p`rtaia i`rupalaj bam yajc i`j`jtulaj hacf s`erajc
p`marf cawajc, t`rutaia marf cawajc 1>> i`t`r wajfta daj 11> i`t`r prfa. Wtar barus
dfmalulaj d`jcaj l`g`pataj tfjccf daj tfdal i`jcurajcf l`g`pataj saat i`jcaihfm cawajc
p`rtaia. l`majgaraj i`jcaihfm cawajc p`rtaia fjf sajcat h`rp`jcarub pada p`jcaihfmaj
cawajc h`rflutjya.
^`rmeihalaj
C. Jeier- Jeier yajc df ^`rmeihalaj
Damai ^`rtajdfjcaj - p`rtajdfjcaj r`sif Emabraca atm`tfl s`rfjc s`lamf df
p`rmeihalaj. Lar`ja atm`tfl i`rupal emab
ema b raca yajc hajyal daj s`rfjc df p`makarf df s`lemab
- s`lemab. Damai emabraca atm`tfl hajyal jeier - jeier df meihalaj . Gahajc yajc dfs`hut
fjdul atau fhu darf emabraca adamabatm`tfl. Jeier yajc dfp`rmeihalaj damai atm`tfl ada
h`h`rapa iagai, dfajtarajya adamab ;
marf, m`ipar, meipat, daj temal.
Jeier marf karal p`jd`l adamab 1>>, 8>>, 4>> i, s`dajclaj karal i`j`jcab yajc
dfmeihalaj adamab 2>> i daj 10>> i. Pjtul karal kaub adamab 7>>, 0>>>, 1>>>> i, daj
iaratbej (48,160 li).
W`dajclaj ujtul m`ipar adamab m`ipar galrai, m`ipar iartfm, ujtul temal adamab temal
p`muru, daj meipat adamab meipat kaub, meipat tfjccf, meipat camab, meipat kajclft.
Damai p`rmeihaaj marf karal i`j`jcab, p`marf i`jccujalaj start i`mayajc. Vajc hulaj
i`rupalaj oalter p`jtfjc damai h`rmatfb marf karal i`j`jcab adamab caya. M`har mfjtasaj
m`ipar m`ihfjc adamab 4 i`t`r. Jeier m`ipar m`ihfjc dfs`hut kuca kav`mfj tbrew. Vajc
i`ih`dalaj caya damai meipat kaub adamab pada saat i`mayajc df udara. Fjdul Ercajfsasf
Atm`tfl Jasfejam adamab ^AWF.
?. W`tfap pret`s tfjclat p`rtaia dapat dfakulaj s`gara mfsaj em`b atm`t yajc h`rsajclutaj
atau iajak`r atas jaia atm`t t`rs`hut l`pada wasft. L`iudfaj wasft alaj
14
i`ip`rtfihajclaj d`jcaj dfs`rtaf hultf„hultf yajc gulup daj dfajccap p`rmu ujtul
dfaihfm l`putusaj atau alaj i`j`ruslajjya l`pada pajftfa Balfi/D`waj Balfi.
3. Apahfma l`putusaj wasft atas pret`s yajc haru dfakulaj, t`rjyata tfdal hfsa dft`rfia
em`b pfbal yajc i`jcakulaj pret`s, sf p`jcadu dapat jafl hajdfjc l`pada D`waj
Balfi.
2. ^`jcakuaj pret`s l` D`waj Balfi dfmalulaj em`b t`ai iajak`r s`gara t`rtumfs, d`jcaj
dfs`rtaf uajc pret`s s`h`sar PW$ 1>>.> ( s`suaf jfmaf rupfab ftu) s`suaf d`jcaj pasam 14?
p`raturaj FAAO.
6. W`iua p`s`rta p`rmeihaaj dfajccap t`mab i`jc`tabuf daj i`jc`rtf fsf p`raturaj
t`rs`hut.
F. Jeier Mapajcaj
1. Jeier Mfjtasaj t`rdfrf darf;
1. marf ( Wprfjt)
8. Kamaj ( Xuj )
8. Jeier Mapajcaj t`rdfrf darf;
1. Meipat (Kuip)
8. M`ipar (Tbrew)
1-1. Marf
damai jeier marf t`rdfrf darf;
- marf karal p`jd`l 9 1>>, 8>>, 4>> i`t`r
- marf karal i`j`jcab 9 2>> , 10>> i`t`r
- marf karal kaub 9 0>>>, 1>>>> i`t`r daj iaratbej 48,160 li
1-8. Kamaj G`pat
- t`rdfrf darf karal iumaf 7>>>i, 0>>>i, 1>.>>>i, 8>.>>>i,
8> .>>>i, 0>.>>> i
8-1 Jeier Meipat
T`rdfrf darf ;
- Meipat kaub ( mejc kuip)
- Meipat kajclft ( trfpm` kuip)
- meipat tfjccf ( bfcb kuip)
- Meipat camab ( ^em` _aumt )
8-8 Jeier M`ipar
- Temal ^`muru (Wbet ^ut )
- M`ipar Galrai ( Dfsgus Tbrew)
- M`ipar M`ihfjc ( Kav`mfj tbrew )
- Mejtar Iartfm (baii`r tbrew)
iasfb ada jeier taihabaj yaljf jeier marf bamajc rfjtajc (st``pm`gbas`).
10
HAH FFF
^@JPTP^
A. L`sfipumaj
1. Hajyal oalter yajc dapat i`ip`jcarubf tfjclat l`s`caraj kasiajf s`s`erajc, samab
satujya yaftu i`mamuf altfvftas kasiajf. D`jcaj d`iflfaj p`jdfdflaj kasiajf dapat
dfcujalaj s`hacaf h`jtul l`cfataj sfswa damai upaya i`jkaca daj i`jfjclatlaj
l`s`caraj kasiajf.
8. Damai pres`s p`ih`makaraj p`jdfdflaj kasiajf sajcat dfp`rmulaj adajya ied`m daj
varfasf p`makaraj. Pjtul ftu p`jcakar s`hafljya dapat i`ihuat ied`m ataupuj
iedfoflasf p`ih`makaraj, samab satujya adamab ied`m p`ih`makaraj d`jcaj p`jd`lataj
h`riafj.
1?
DAOTAX ^PWTALA
D`pdfljas, 8>>7, Lurflumui 8>>4, Wtajdar Leip`t`jsf Iata ^`makaraj ^`jdfdflaj Kasiajf
WI^/ITs, Kalarta ; D`pdfljas.
D`pdfljas, 8>>7, Pjdajc-Pjdajc X.F Tabuj 8>>7 t`jtajc Wfst`i ^`jdfdflaj Jasfejam,
Kalarta ; D`pdfljas
Jcamfi ^urwajte. I, 8>>7, Fmiu ^`jdfdflaj T`erf daj ^raltfl, Hajdujc ; X`iaka Xesdalarya.
13