TZCNZ@K TBMEMNL@V@M LBQBO@K@V@M T@QEBM

( T@VEBMV Q@GBVU )

FE
ZRK@H Q@LEV QRZU@
@QEH TZEMNQB^R

FE
ZRK@H Q@LEV QRZU@ @QEH
TZEMNQB^R
  

ZRK@H Q@LEV QRZU@ @QEH

Io. Ibmf. @. U`mi Mc. 20 Trimnsbwu 121>1 Vbop. (4>:5) ::417 G`x. (4>:5) ::417
L@JRT@VBM TZEMNQB^R ‑O@KTRMN

LBTRVRQ@M FEZBLVRZ
ZRK@H Q@LEV QRZU@ @QEH
Mc. .................................................
tbmt`mn
TZCNZ@K JRF@U@ LBQBO@K@V@M T@QEBM
FE ZRK@H Q@LEV QRZU@ @QEH

Kbmikj`mn 9 `. j`hw` lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm kbrup`l`m su`tu sistbk y`mn jbrtuiu`m

umtul
kbmabn`h tbri`fimy` abfbr` y`mn fisbj`jl`m cobh lbs`o`h`m
`lij`t
kbo`ls`m`l`m su`tu timf`l`m `t`u tif`l kbmn`kjio timf`l`m
y`mn
sbh`rusmy` fi`kjio sbhimnn` `suh`m p`sibm fi ruk`h s`lit kbmi`fi `k`m<
 j. j`hw` pbo`ls`m``m prcnr`k lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm w`iij fio`ls`m`l`m f`m fi
 i`fil`m juf`y` fi ruk`h s`lit<
a. J`hw` juf`y` lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm s`mn`t pbmtimn j`ni sbouruh l`ry`w`m ZQ
sury` `sih,umtul kbmukjuhl`m r`s` pbfuoi `l`m lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm fi
Zuk`h s`lit.
f. j`hw` s`o`h s`tu prcnr`k f`s`r lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm `f`o`h
kbmbl`m/
kbmuruml`m imsifbm lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm jbrup` LTA, Qbmtimbo, LVF, LMA,
f`m LVA<
b. j`hw` tbro`ls`m`my` prcnr`k prc`ltig jbrup` ifbmtigil`si imi f`m
kbkimik`ol`m imsifbm fipbroul`m t`t` lboco` imsifbm lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm fi
ruk`h s`lit<
g. j`hw` umtul lbpbmtimn`m tbrsbjut, k`l`
fitbt`pl`m pbrou
T`mfu`m
Tbma`t`t`m f`m Tbo`pcr`m Emsifbm Lbsbo`k`t`m T`sibm fi ZQ QRZU@ @QEH
Kbmnimn`t 9 0. Rmf`mn-Rmf`mn Zbpujoil Emfcmbsi` Mckcr 17 t`hum :445
tbmt`mn
Lbsbh`t`m.
:. Rmf`mn-Rmf`mn Zbpujoil Emfcmbsi` Mckcr 66 t`hum :445 tbmt`mn Zuk`h
Q`lit.
 1. Rmf`mn-Rmf`mn Zbpujoil Emfcmbsi` Mckcr :5 t`hum :446 tbmt`mn
Tr`ltil  Lbfcltbr`m.
6. Tbr`tur`m Kbmtbri Lbsbh`t`m Mckcr 0750/Kbmlbs/TBZ/WEEE/:400
tbmt`mn Lbsbo`k`t`m T`sibm ZQ.
2. Tbr`tur`m Kbmtbri Lbsbh`t`m Mckcr:20/KBMLBQ/QL/WEE/:40: tbmt`mn

Lckitb Lbsbo`k`t`m T`sibm Zuk`h Q`lit

7. Qur`t Lbputus`m Lbp`o` Zuk`h Q`lit QRZU@ @QEH

KBKRVRQ L@M

Kbmbt`pl`m < LBJEI@L@M FEZBLVRZ ZRK@H Q@LEV QRZU@ @QEH

VBMV@MN
TZCNZ@K JRF@U@ LBQBO@K@V@M T@QEBM

Tbrt`k` 9 Kbkjbro`lul`m Trcnr`k Juf`y` Lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm fi Zuk`h Q`lit

Qury` @sih fi Trimnsbwu

Lbfu` 9 Qbku` pbtun`s y`mn kbkjbril`m pbo`y`m`m fi ruk`h s`lit h`rus t`hu
f`m
kbmnbrti sbrt` kbmnut`k`l`m juf`y` lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm fbmn`m kbmn`au p`f`
survby juf`y` lbsbo`k`t`m f`m pbmio`i`m survby juf`y` lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm.

Lbtin` 9
Qbku` lbi`fi`m imsifbm h`rus fio`pcrl`m sba`r` tbrtuois p`f` gcrkuoir
imtbrm`o imsifbm f`o`k w`ltu k`lsik`o :x:6 i`k fbmn`m filbt`hui cobh `t`s`m
o`mnsumn, fio`pcrl`m lbp`f` Lckitb Lbsbo`k`t`m T`sibm sbrt` fio`lul`m
rb- nr`fimn cobh Lckitb Lbsbo`k`t`m T`sibm.
 

Lbbkp`t 9 H`sio timf`l o`miut f`ri imsifbm fitbmtul`m jbrf`s`rl`m nr`fimn risilc
imsifbm y`itu jbrup` imvbstin`si sbfbrh`m` y`mn fio`lul`m cobh umit f`m
h`siomy` fio`pcrl`m lbp`f` lckitb lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm. Emvbstin`si
lckprbhbmsig 

fio`lul`m cobh Lckitb Lbsbo`k`t`m T`sibm f`m umit

tbrl`it.
Lboik` 9 H`sio `m`ois` f`m rblckbmf`si f`ri imsifbm y`mn tbri`fi fio`pcrl`m lbp`f`
Lckitb Lbsbo`k`t`m T`sibm Blstbrm`o.
Lbbm`k 9 @p`jio` h`sio bv`ou`si kbmsy`r`tl`m `f`my` pbruj`h`m f`m pbrj`il`m k`l`
`l`m fio`lul`m pbrj`il`m f`m pbruj`h`m sbj`n`ik`m` kbstimy`.

Fitbt`pl`m fi 9

TZEMNQB^R. T`f` t`mnn`o

Fr .Hbtti Gr`w`ti JZ Qik`kcr`

 MEL 

F@GV@Z EQE
 H@O@K@M IRFRO

QL TBKJBZO@LR@M

F@GV@Z EQE ....................................................................................................... i

L@V@ TBMN@MV@Z ........................................................................................ ii

J@J E FBGEMEQE ................................................................................................

J@J EE ZR@MN OEMNLRT ..............................................................................

J@J EEE V@V@ O@LQ@M@ ................................................................................

J@J EW FCLRKBMV@QE .................................................................................

J@J W TBMRVRT ................................................................................................

Rp`y` Tbmimnl`t`m Tbmbr`p`m Juf`y` Lbsbo`k`t`m T`sibm fi Zuk`h Q`lit

O`t`r Jbo`l`mn
Lbsbo`k`t`m kbmi`fi isu nocj`o f`m tbr`mnluk f`o`k 2 isu y`mn tbrl`it fi ruk`h s`lit y`itu
lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm, lbsbo`k`t`m pblbri` `t`u pbtun`s lbsbh`t`m, lbsbo`k`t`m j`mnum`m f`m
 pbr`o`t`m fi ruk`h s`lit y`mn jis` jbrf`kp`l tbrh`f`p lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm f`m
pbtun`s. Lba`k`t`m oimnlumn`m y`mn jbrf`kp`l tbrh`f`p pbmabk`r`m oimnlumn`m f`m
lbsbo`k`t`m

 jismis ruk`h s`lit y`mn tbrl`it fbmn`m lbo`mnsumn`m ruk`h s`lit. Lbsbo`k`t`m
p`sibm kbrup`l`m pricrit`s ut`k` umtul fio`ls`m`l`mmy` tbrl`it fbmn`m isu kutu
f`m Aitr`
 pbruk`hs`lit`m. Nbr`l`m pbmtimn Qbpti lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm tbo`h kbmi`fi spirit f`o`k
pbo`y`m`m ruk`h s`lit fi sbouruh fumi` tif`l h`my` ruk`h s`lit fi mbn`r` k`iu y`mn
kbmbr`pl`m lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm umtul kbmi`kim kutu pbo`y`m`m, tbt`pi iun` ruk`h
s`lit fi mbn`r`
 jbrlbkj`mn sbpbrti fi Emfcmbsi` (Fbplbs, :447).

T`f` s``t imi up`y` umtul kbmimnl`tl`m kutu pbo`y`m`m f`m kbmimnl`tl`m up`y` lbsbo`k`t`m
 p`sibm fi ruk`h s`lit suf`h kbrup`l`m sbju`h nbr`l`m umivbrs`o. Jbrj`n`i mbn`r` k`iu j`hl`m

tbo`h kbmnnbsbr p`r`fink` qu`oity lb `r`h p`r`fink` j`ru qu`oity s`gbty y`mn kbmn`mfumn
`rti tif`l h`my` kbmimnl`tl`m kutu pbo`y`m`m, m`kum y`mn objih pbmtimn `f`o`h
kbmi`n` lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm sba`r` lcmsistbm f`m tbrus-kbmbrus. Lbsbo`k`t`m s`gbty tbo`h
kbmi`fi isu
nocj`o tbrk`sul iun` umtul ruk`h s`lit. Vbrf`p`t oik` isu pbmtimn y`mn tbrl`it
fbmn`m lbsbo`k`t`m s`gbty fi ruk`h s`lit f`m lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm s`gbty kbrup`l`m s`o`h
s`tumy`. Lboik` `spbl lbsbo`k`t`m tbrsbjut s`mn`to`h pbmtimn umtul fio`ls`m`l`m fi sbti`p
ruk`h s`lit.
 M`kum h`rus fi`lui lbni`t`m imstitusi Zuk`h Q`lit f`p`t jbri`o`m @p`jio` `f` p`sibm,
sbhimnn` lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm kbrup`l`m pricrit`s ut`k` umtul fio`ls`m`l`m f`m h`o
tbrsbjut tbrl`it fbmn`m isu. Kutu f`m Aitr` ruk`h s`lit (K`mfri`mi, :405).

Lbkbmtbri`m Lbsbh`t`m Zbpujoil Emfcmbsi` tbo`h kbmnbou`rl`m pbr`tur`m Kbmtbri Lbsbh`t`m

 Mc 00 t`hum :40> tbmt`mn lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm fi ruk`h s`lit. pbr`tur`m imi kbmi`fi
tcmnn`l  ut`k` cpbr`sicm`ois`si lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm fi ruk`h s`lit sbouruh Emfcmbsi`. J`my`l
ruk`h s`lit
fi Emfcmbsi` y`mn tbo`h jbrup`y` kbkj`mnum f`m kbmnbkj`mnl`m lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm,
m`kum up`y` tbrsbjut fio`ls`m`l`m jbrf`s`rl`m pbk`h`k`m k`m`ibkbm tbrh`f`p lbsbo`k`t`m
p`sibm. Tbr`tur`m kbmtbri imi kbkjbril`m p`mfu`m j`ni k`m`ibkbm Zuk`h Q`lit
`n`r f`p`t kbmi`o`ml`m spirit lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm sba`r` utuh.

Lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm `f`o`h su`tu sistbk y`mn kbkju`t `suh`m p`sibm objih `k`m, kboiputi
`sbskbm rbsilc, Efbmtigil`si f`m pbmnboco``m risilc p`sibm, pbo`pcr`m f`m `m`oisis imsifbm,
lbk`kpu`m jbo`i`r f`ri imsifbm f`m timf`l o`miutmy`, sbrt` ikpobkbmt`si scousi umtul 
kbkimik`ol`m tikjuomy` risilc f`m kbmabn`h tbri`fimy` Abfbr` y`mn fisbj`jl`m cobh
lbs`o`h`m `lij`t kbo`ls`m`l`m su`tu timf`l`m `t`u tif`l kbmn`kjio timf`l`m y`mn sbh`rusmy`
fi`kjio. Emsifbm lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm `f`o`h Qbti`p lbi`fi`m y`mn tif`l fisbmn`i` f`m lcmfisi
y`mn kbmn`lij`tl`m `t`u jbrpctbmsi kbmn`lij`tl`m Abfbr` y`mn f`p`t fiabn`h p`f` p`sibm.

Lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm fipbmn`ruhi cobh J`n`ik`m` imfivifu f`m sistbk y`mn jbri`o`m fi f`o`k

crn`mis`si tbrsbjut. Qbhimnn` h`rus fio`lul`m pbmfbl`t`m sba`r` pbrscm`o `t`u imfivifu k`upum
sistbk k`m`ibkbm fif`o`k imstitusi tbrsbjut. Juf`y` lbsbo`k`t`m fi jbrj`n`i imfustri
 jbrlbkj`mn s`mn`t pbs`t. @mnl` lbabo`l``m lbri` kbmurum l`rbm` fifulumn cobh lbs`f`r`m
`l`m `rti pbmtimnmy` mio`i lbsbo`k`t`m f`o`k crn`mis`si. Qbju`h pbmboiti`m kbmnumnl`pl`m
 j`hw` lbjbrh`sio`m pbo`ls`m``m prcnr`k lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm cobh pbtun`s Zuk`h
Q`lit fipbmn`ruhi cobh jbjbr`p` h`o Q`o`h s`tumy` `f`o`h juf`y` lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm. Cobh
l`rbm` itu
 pbrou `f` my` pbmimnl`t`m pbmbr`p`m juf`y` lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm fi ruk`h s`lit.

Kbtcfb

Z`ma`mn`m pbmun`s`m l`ii`m imi kbmnnum`l`m kbtcfb oitbr`tur rbvibw. Fik`m` kbtcfb
imi f`p`t kbmybobs`il`m su`tu k`s`o`h fbmn`m kbmnukpuol`m f`t`, kbmn`m`ois`,
kbkj`mfimnl`m sbhimnn` f`p`t kbmbmtul`m pbmn`kjio`m lbputus`m f`o`k k`s`o`h tbrsbjut
y`mn jbrf`s`rl`m f`ri pbmibo`s`m sukjbr f`m rbgbrbmsi y`itu jbrup` iurm`o, bjccl `t`u julu
tbls.

H`sio

Jbrf`s`rl`m h`sio pbmboiti`m Rot`ri`, :40>. Kbmumiull`m j`hw` pbmbr`p`m juf`y` p`sibm fi
ruk`h s`lit tbrncocmn sbf`mn fbmn`m pbrsbmt`sb >0% tbrh`f`p >: rbspcmfbm. T`f`
pbmboiti`m

Tuii Obst`ri :401, kbmumiull`m j`hw` f`ri >2 rbspcmfbm, 1> rbspcmfbm (65,1%) tbrk`sul 
f`o`k pbmbr`p`m juf`y` lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm y`mn rbmf`h f`m 18 rbspcmfbm (24,>%) tbrk`sul 
f`o`k pbmbr`p`m juf`y` p`sibm y`mn timnni. Rp`y` y`mn f`p`t fio`lul`m `n`r
juf`y` lbsbo`k`t`m f`p`t kbmimnl`t `mt`r` o`im `f`o`h fbmn`m kbmimnl`tl`m kctiv`si
pbr`w`t f`m kbmncptik`ol`m pbr`m lbp`o` ru`mn`m. T`f` pbmboiti`m Miv`oimf` :401,
kctiv`si pbr`w`t tbrh`f`p pbmbr`p`m juf`y` lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm kbmumiull`m j`hw` sbj`ni`m
jbs`r rbspcmfbm y`itu sbiuko`h 2> rbspcmfbm (21%) kbkpumy`i kctiv`si rbmf`h.

T`f` pbmboiti`m Iumi`rti :408, f`o`k kbo`lul`m up`y` pbmimnl`t`m kutu f`m lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm
firuk`h s`lit, Zuk`h Q`lit Rkuk f`br`h prcvimsi Mus` Vbmnn`r` J`r`t k`sih kbkioili
 jbjbr`p` lbmf`o`. Lbmf`o` tbrsbjut s`o`h s`tumy` y`itu k`sih lur`mnmy` lbs`f`r`m
f`m lbtbrjul``m f`ri st`g `t`u pbn`w`i ruk`h s`lit umtul kbo`pcrl`m Qbti`p lbi`fi`m y`mn
tbri`fi s``t prcsbs pbkbrils``m tbrh`f`p p`sibm l`rbm` kbrbl` kbmn`mnn`p h`o itu ji`s`
tbri`fi sbrt`
 jul`m h`o y`mn pbrou fijbs`r-jbs`rl`m f`m kbrbl` O`mnsumn jis` kbm`mn`mi h`o
tbrsbjut, sbhimnn` juf`y` pbo`pcr`m imsifbm lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm fi g`sioit`s pbo`y`m`m
lbsbh`t`m tbrsbjut k`sih lur`mn l`rbm` jbouk sbku` st`g `t`u pbn`w`i ruk`h s`lit
kbo`pcrl`m iil` sbw`ltu- w`ltu `f` imsifbm lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm.

O`pcr`m imsifbm lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm fi Emfcmbsi` cobh lckitb lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm fi ruk`h s`lit
Emfcmbsi` jbrf`s`rl`m prcvimsi p`f` Lu`rt`o 0 pbricfb i`mu`ri s`kp`i @prio :404 fitbkul`m
 prcvimsi I`w` J`r`t kbmbkp`ti urut`m tbrtimnni sbjbs`r 11,11% fi`mt`r` prcvimsi
o`immy` (J`mtbm :4%, I`w` Vbmn`h :4%, FLE I`l`rt` 07, 7>%, J`oi 7,7>%, I`w` Vikur
1,1 >%) (lckitb lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm ZQ, :448).

Jbrf`s`rl`m f`t` h`sio pbmboiti`m tbrl`it lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm fi Emfcmbsi` y`mn tbo`h fio`lul`m
cobh Murk`oi` f`m Miv`oimf`, :407. T`f` ruk`h s`lit pbkbrimt`h fi Qbk`r`mn j`hw` sbjbs`r 
27,:% kbmtcrimn pbo`ls`m``m lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm k`sih lur`mn j`il, sbkbmt`r` fi ruk`h s`lit
sw`st` T`mti ^`ouy` Q`w`h`m K`o`mn cobh H`rus J.F (:402) fio`pcrl`m f`t` lbi`fi`m tif`l 
fih`r`pl`m (LVF) 5 imsifbm (60%), lbi`fi`m my`ris abfbr` (LMA) 7 imsifbm (:>%), lbi`fi`m
 pctbmsi`o abfbr` (LTA) 2 imsifbm (:1%), lbi`fi`m tif`l abfbr` (LVA) : imsifbm (5%).
F`t` imsifbm lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm k`sih j`my`l fitbkul`m j`il fi ruk`h s`lit pbkbrimt`h
k`upum sw`st` kbslipum tbo`h ouous `lrbfit`si, sbhimnn` f`p`t kbmikjuol`m f`kp`l mbn`tig
tbrh`f`p
 pbo`y`m`m lbsbh`t`m.
F`t` imsifbm tbrsbjut kbmumiull`m j`hw` Emfcmbsi` jbouk kbkioili sistbk
pbma`t`t`m lbs`o`h`m sba`r` m`sicm`o. Tbo`pcr`m f`t` tbmt`mn lbi`fi`m tif`l fih`r`pl`m (LVF)
f`m lbi`fi`m my`ris abfbr` (LMA) jbouk j`my`l fio`lul`m cobh ruk`h s`lit fi Emfcmbsi`. F`t`
tbmt`mn LVF f`m LMA fi Emfcmbsi` k`sih suoit fitbkul`m umtul fipujoil`sil`m. M`kum
fipbrlir`l`m f`kp`l  lbruni`m `lij`t LVF f`m LMA tbrsbjut aulup jbs`r. F`kp`l f`ri
LVF f`p`t jbrup` a`a`t rimn`m, sbf`mn himnn` jbr`t, j`hl`m f`p`t jbr`lij`t g`t`o f`m
lbk`ti`m. Jbrf`s`rl`m pbmboiti`m
 pbmboiti`m fi`t`s j`hw` juf`y` pbmbr`p`m lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm fi ruk`h s`lit k`sih
jbrv`ri`si. Cobh l`rbm` itu pbrou `f`my` pbmimnl`t`m p`f` pbmbr`p`m juf`y` lbsbo`k`t`m
p`sibm fi ruk`h s`lit.

Tbkj`h`s`m

Lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm Zuk`h Q`lit `f`o`h su`tu sistbk Fik`m` ruk`h s`lit kbkju`t `suh`m
 p`sibm objih `k`m y`mn kboiputi `sbskbm risilc, Efbmtigil`si f`m pbmnco`h`m h`o y`mn

 jbrhujumn`m fbmn`m risilc p`sibm, pbo`pcr`m f`m `m`oisis imsifbm, lbk`kpu`m jbo`i`r f`ri
imsifbm f`m timf`l o`miutmy` sbrt` ikpobkbmt`si scousi umtul kbkimik`ol`m tikjuomy` risilc f`m
kbmabn`h tbri`fimy` abfbr` y`mn fisbj`jl`m cobh lbs`o`h`m `lij`t kbo`ls`m`l`m su`tu timf`l`m
`t`u tif`l kbmn`kjio timf`l`m y`mn sbh`rusmy` fi`kjio (Tbr`tur`m Kbmtbri Lbsbh`t`m ZE mckcr 
0750, :400).

Juf`y` lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm kbrup`l`m h`o pclcl f`m kbmf`s`r f`o`k pbo`ls`m``m lbsbo`k`t`m
 p`sibm fi ruk`h s`lit. Juf`y` lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm kbrup`l`m s`o`h s`tu g`ltcr pbmtimn
y`mn kbkpbmn`ruhi lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm. Juf`y` p`sibm y`mn j`il `l`m kbkju`t
ikpobkbmt`si

lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm kbmi`fi j`il. Kbmurut A`hycmc (:448) juf`y` lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm
kbrup`l`m pcmf`si lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm. Kbkj`mnum juf`y` lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm kbrup`l`m
l`t` lumai tbrwuiufmy` pbo`y`m`m y`mn jbrkutu f`m `k`m. Qbti`p ruk`h s`lit h`rus kbmi`kim
 pbmbr`p`m lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm p`f` pbo`y`m`m lbsbh`t`m y`mn fijbril`m lbp`f` p`sibm
(Gobkimn & ^bmtzbo, :448). H`o imi fil`rbm`l`m gclus p`f` juf`y` lbsbo`k`t`m
p`sibm `l`m kbmnh`siol`m pbmbr`p`m lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm y`mn objih j`il fij`mfimn iil` h`my`
jbrgclus p`f`
 prcnr`k lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm s`i` (Boi`f`oi, Fik`ssi, I`k`o, i``g`r, & Hbk`fbh, :400).
Juf`y` lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm sbj`n`i pcmf`si f`o`k us`h` pbmbr`p`m lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm y`mn
kbrup`l`m
 pricrit`s ut`k` f`o`k pbkjbri`m o`y`m`m lbsbh`t`m. Gcmf`si lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm y`mn j`il `l`m
kbmimnl`tl`m kutu pbo`y`m`m lbsbh`t`m lhususmy` `suh`m lbpbr`w`t`m.
Tbr`w`t f`o`k kbkjbril`m `suh`m lbpbr`w`t`m lbp`f` p`sibm h`rus kbmbr`pl`m lbsbo`k`t`m
 p`sibm. Tbr`w`t h`rus kboij`tl`m lcnmitig, `gbltig f`m timf`l`m y`mn
kbmnut`k`l`m lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm. Tbr`w`t f`o`k kbkjbril`m `suh`m lbpbr`w`t`m h`rus
fbmn`m pbmuh lbpbfuoi`m. Zbsbpsi pbr`w`t umtul kbmi`n` lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm s`mn`t
jbrpbr`m f`o`k
 pbmabn`h`m, pbmnbmf`oi`m f`m pbmimnl`t`m lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm. Tbkjbri`m o`y`m`m
lbsbh`t`m
 jbrlcmtrijusi tbrh`f`p tbri`fimy` lbs`o`h`m y`mn kbmn`ma`k lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm lhususmy`
 pbr`w`t, pbo`y`m`m tbro`k` (:6 i`k sba`r` tbrus-kbmbrus) f`m sbrimn jbrimtbr`lsi p`f` p`sibm
 jbrf`s`rl`m prcsbfur f`m timf`l`m lbpbr`w`t`m. H`o imi f`p`t kbkjbril`m pbou`mn y`mn
jbs`r  umtul tbri`fi lbs`o`h`m f`m lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm. Qbo`im itu lbobo`h`m p`f` pbr`w`t
kbrup`l`m g`ltcr y`mn jbrlcmtrijusi tbri`fimy`
lbs`o`h`m. L`r`ltbristil pbr`w`t kbkpbmn`ruhi
 pblbri``mmy` sbh`ri-h`ri f`m jbrpctbmsi tbrh`f`p lbs`o`h`m f`o`k lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm.

Tbr`w`t f`o`k kbo`ls`m`l`m lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm fipbmn`ruhi cobh g`ltcr imtbrm`o f`m
blstbrm`o. G`ltcr imtbrm`o kbrup`l`m l`r`ltbristil pbr`w`t y`mn jbrsig`t j`w``m y`mn
tbrifbmtigil`si jbrup` timnl`t lbabrf`s`m, timnl`t bkcsicm`o, f`m pbmn`o`k`m prij`fi.
G`ltcr blstbrm`o y`mn kbkpbmn`ruhi pbrio`lu pbr`w`t `f`o`h oimnlumn`m, sbpbrti pbmn`ruh
cr`mn o`im y`mn fi`mnn`p
 pbmtimn `t`u lbpbkikpim`m, juf`y` f`m sistbk crn`mis`si. G`ltcr imi sbrimn kbmi`fi g`ltcr 
fckim`m y`mn kbw`rm`i pbrio`lu sbsbcr`mn. G`ltcr blstbrm`o jbrup` pbmn`ruh cr`mn o`im iun`
f`p`t kbmikjuol`m pbrsbpsi pbr`w`t tbrh`f`p pbo`ls`m``m lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm. Tbrio`lu pbr`w`t
f`m tif`l kbmi`n` lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm jbrlcmtrijusi tbrh`f`p imsifbm lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm.
Tbr`w`t y`mn tif`l kbkioili lbs`f`r`m tbrh`f`p situ`si y`mn abp`t kbkjurul n`n`o Kbmnbm`oi
`p` y`mn tbri`fi f`m kbmn`j`il`m imgcrk`si loimil pbmtimn y`mn tbri`fi p`f` p`sibm f`p`t

kbmn`ma`k lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm. Tbrio`lu y`mn tif`l `k`m, oup`, lur`mnmy` pbrh`ti`m, kctiv`si,
lbabrcjch`m f`m lbobo`h`m jbrbsilc tbri`fimy` lbs`o`h`m sbo`miutmy`. Tbmnur`mn`m lbs`o`h`m
f`p`t fia`p`i fbmn`m kcfigil`si pbrio`lu. Lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm kbrup`l`m h`l p`sibm
y`mn fii`kim f`o`k RR Mckcr 66 t`hum :445 tbmt`mn Zuk`h Q`lit, umtul itu pih`l ruk`h s`lit
pbrou kbkimik`ol`m lbs`o`h`m-lbs`o`h`m y`mn kumnlim tbri`fi f`o`k sbti`p timf`l`m y`mn
fio`lul`m tbrh`f`p p`sibm fi ruk`h s`lit. Q`o`h s`tumy` up`y` kbkimik`ol`m lbi`fi`m-
lbi`fi`m tbrsbjut
`f`o`h fbmn`m pbkjbmtul`m tik lbsbh`t`m p`sibm fi ruk`h s`lit y`mn jbrtun`s kbmn`m`oisis f`m
kbmnl`ii lbi`fi`m- lbi`fi`m y`mn jbrhujumn`m fbmn`m lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm.
Tbmbr`p`m lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm kbkumnliml`m pbr`w`t kbmabn`h tbri`fimy` lbs`o`h`m lbp`f`
 p`sibm s``t kbkjbril`m o`y`m`m lbsbh`t`m fi Zuk`h Q`lit. H`o imi f`p`t kbmimnl`tl`m
r`s`
`k`m f`m my`k`m p`sibm y`mn fir`w`t fi ruk`h s`lit (@rkbooimc, Nriggim, & Gitzp`trial, :404).
Tbmbr`p`m juf`y` lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm `l`m kbmfbtblsi lbs`o`h`m y`mn `l`m f`m tbo`h tbri`fi
(Guiit` bt `o, :401< H`kf`m & Q`obbk, :401). Juf`y` lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm tbrsbjut
`l`m kbmimnl`tl`m lbs`f`r`m umtul kbmabn`h brrcr f`m kbo`pcrl`m iil` `f` lbs`o`h`m (Ibggs,
o`w & J`lbr, :44>). H`o imi f`p`t kbkpbrj`ili cutackb y`mn fih`siol`m cobh Zuk`h Q`lit
tbrsbjut.

LLT-ZQ f`o`k p`mfu`m m`sicm`o lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm Zuk`h Q`lit kbkju`t

sistbk`til` o`mnl`h pbmbr`p`m lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm ruk`h s`lit y`mn tbrfiri f`ri tin` g`sb
y`itu g`sb
 pbrsi`p`m, g`sb pbo`ls`m``m, f`m g`sb bv`ou`si. T`f` g`sb pbrsi`p`m y`itu kbmbt`pl`m lbjii`l`m,
rbma`m` i`mnl` pbmfbl f`m prcnr`k t`hum`m lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm ruk`h s`lit. T`f`
g`sb
 pbo`ls`m``m y`itu fblo`r`si nbr`l`m lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm, prcnr`k > o`mnl`h lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm,
 pbmbr`p`m st`mf`r `lrbfit`si lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm, ju`t umit sbj`n`i kcfbo pioct prcibat, ju`t
 prcnr`k prcnr`k lhusus tbrl`it lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm sbpbrti prcnr`k auai t`mn`m,
fcltbr 
 pbm`mnnumn i`w`j p`sibm, pbo`pcr`m f`m sbj`n`imy`, jbmtul gcruk fislusi pbricfil
umtul  kbmnbkj`mnl`m LTZQ. T`f` g`sb bv`ou`si y`itu itu bv`ou`si kbmybouruh sbt`hum sbl`oi
umtul  kbkpbrj`ili prcnr`k LTZQ (U`ski, :408).

Kbmn`au p`f` h`o tbrsbjut k`l` Zuk`h Q`lit h`rus kbr`ma`mn prcsbs j`ru `t`u kbkpbrj`ili
 prcsbs y`mn `f` kbkcmitcr f`m kbmnbv`ou`si limbri` kbo`oui pbmnukpuo`m f`t`,
kbmn`m`oisis sba`r` imtbmsig LVF f`m kbo`lul`m pbruj`h`m umtul kbmimnl`tl`m limbri` sbrt`
lbsbo`k`t`m
 p`sibm. Trcsbs pbr`ma`mn`m tbrsbjut h`rus kbmn`au p`f` visi kisi f`m tuiu`m ruk`h
s`lit, lbjutuh`m p`sibm, pbtun`s pbo`y`m`m lbsbh`t`m, l`if`h loimis tbrlimi, pr`ltbl jismis
y`mn sbh`t f`m g`ltcr-g`ltcr o`im y`mn jbrpctbmsi risilc j`ni p`sibm sbsu`i fbmn`m
"Vuiuh o`mnl`h lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm Zuk`h Q`lit" y`itu9 (FbplbsZE, :448).

0. J`mnum lbs`f`r`m `l`m mio`i lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm. Aipt`l`m lbpbkikpim`m f`m juf`y` y`mn
tbrjul` f`m `fio.

:. Tikpim f`m fulumn st`g `mf`. J`mnumo`h lckitkbm f`m gclus lu`t f`m ibo`s
tbmt`mn lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm fi ruk`h s`lit.
1. Emtbnr`sil`m `ltivit`s pbmnboco``m risilc. Lbkj`mnl`m sistbk f`m prcsbs pbmnco`h`m risilc,
sbrt` O`lul`m ifbmtigil`si f`m `sbskbm h`o y`mn jbrpctbmsi`o.

6. Lbkj`mnl`m sistbk pbo`pcr`m. T`stil`m st`g @mf` `n`r f`p`t kuf`h f`o`k
kbo`pcrl`m lbi`fi`m `t`u imsifbm sbrt` Zuk`h Q`lit kbmn`tur pbo`pcr`m lbp`f` lckitb
lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm

ruk`h s`lit (LLTZQ)

2. Oij`tl`m f`m jbrlckumil`si fbmn`m p`sibm. Lbkj`mnl`m a`r`-a`r` lckumil`si y`mn tbrjul`
fbmn`m p`sibm

7. Jbo`i`r f`m jbrj`ni sbju`h pbmn`o`k`m tbmt`mn lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm. Fcrcmn st`g `mf` umtul 
kbo`lul`m `m`oisis @l`r k`s`o`h umtul jbo`i`r j`n`ik`m` f`m kbmn`p` lbi`fi`m itu tikjuo

>. Kbmabn`h abfbr` kbo`oui ikpobkbmt`si sistbk lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm. Num`l`m imgcrk`si y`mn
`f` tbmt`mn lbi`fi`m `t`u k`s`o`h umtul kbo`lul`m pbruj`h`m p`f` sistbk pbo`y`m`m.

@f` jbjbr`p` h`o y`mn jbrhujumn`m fbmn`m up`y` pbmimnl`t`m pbmbr`p`m juf`y` lbsbo`k`t`m
 p`sibm ruk`h s`lit y`itu9

@f` hujumn`m lbri`s`k` tik fbmn`m juf`y` lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm. F`o`k kbo`ls`m`l`m `suh`m
lbpbr`w`t`m lbp`f` p`sibm, Tbr`w`t `l`m sbo`ou kbkjutuhl`m j`mtu`m f`ri pbr`w`t k`upum
tbm`n` lbsbh`t`m y`mn o`immy`, lcrbo`si `mt`r` umit lbri`/lbri`s`k` fbmn`m pbmbr`p`m p`tibmt
s`gbty `f`o`h jbrk`lm`, Lbri`s`k` y`mn fio`lul`m fi f`o`k umit lbri` k`simn-
k`simn. Lbri`s`k` y`mn j`il tbmtu `l`m kbmnh`siol`m pbmbr`p`m juf`y` lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm
y`mn j`il. Tbmbr`p`m juf`y` lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm y`mn `fblu`t h`rus fitumi`mn cobh sbouruh
umit fi ruk`h s`lit tbrsbjut. Rmit-umit imi fih`r`pl`m f`p`t jblbri` s`k` kbkjbmtul
su`tu sistbk lbri` sbhimnn` prcsbs pbo`y`m`m lbsbh`t`m f`p`t jbri`o`m fbmn`m cptik`o.
Vbrwuiufmy` pbo`y`m`m lbsbh`t`m y`mn jbrkutu f`m `k`m tbrn`mtumn p`f` lclchmy` sistbk
y`mn fij`mnum f`ri umit- umit y`mn `f` fi ruk`h s`lit (Hbriy`ti, :405).

@f` hujumn`m lckumil`si tbrh`f`p juf`y` lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm, lbn`n`o`m lckumil`si p`oimn
timnni fitbkui p`f` lckumil`si ois`m. Lbri` s`k` p`sibm f`p`t fitimnl`tl`m kbo`oui
lckumil`si bgbltig, tbp`t w`ltu, `lur`t, obmnl`p, f`m ibo`s. Lckumil`si `mt`r` pbkjbri
pbo`y`m`m h`rus fitimnl`tl`m, lckumil`si f`o`k pbo`y`m`m lbsbh`t`m tbri`oim `mt`r` sbku`
tik y`mn tbroij`t f`o`k pbmncj`t`m f`m pbr`w`t`m p`sibm, lcmfisi lbsbh`t`m p`sibm y`mn
kbmy`mnlut st`tus
lbsbh`t`m p`sibm y`mn kbkj`h`y`l`m f`m h`sio pbkbrils``m pbmumi`mn h`rus filckumil`sil`m
fbmn`m obmnl`p f`m tbp`t w`ltu (Hbriy`ti, :405).

@f` hujumn`m iloik lbri` tbrh`f`p juf`y` lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm. Tbr`w`t `t`upum l`ry`w`m y`mn
kbkpumy`i iloik lbri` y`mn j`il `l`m kbmimnl`tl`m juf`y` lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm. @f`my` iloik

lbri` y`mn j`il kbkjbri lby`lim`m j`hw` pbmnbabl`m/pbmnulur`m lbsbo`k`t`m sbj`n`i

timf`l`m pbmabn`h`m y`mn kui`r`j (Acmgifbmab im thb bggia`ay cg prbvbmt`tivb (s`gbty)
kb`surbs) f`m kbmi`fi j`ni`m pbmio`i`m limbri` l`ry`w`m `t`u pbr`w`t tbrsbjut (Hbriy`ti, :405).

@f` hujumn`m mc jo`kimn auoturb tbrh`f`p juf`y` lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm. Juf`y` y`mn
kbmufuh, kbmy`o`hl`m f`m kbmnlritil ( `aausb, jo`kb, `mf aritiazb) y`mn k`sih j`my`l
fip`l`i fi
 jbrj`n`i crn`mis`si Zuk`h Q`lit f`m tif`l kbmfulumn pbmnbkj`mn`m prcnr`k lbsbo`k`t`m
 p`sibm. Qbku` pih`l jbrt`mnnumn i`w`j kbmaipt`l`m lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm, lbji`s``m s`oimn
kbmy`o`hl`m f`p`t kbkumnliml`m imfivifu kbo`pcrl`m f`m kbmfislusil`m lbi`fi`m
tif`l 

fiimniml`m t`mp` kbr`s` t`lut `l`m huluk`m sbrt` kbk`stil`m sbti`p imfivifu jbrt`mnnumn
 i`w`j f`o`k pbo`ls`m``m juf`y` lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm. Vbt`p kbmi`fi bmnn`m umtul
kbo`pcrl`m lbs`o`h`m pbo`y`m`m lbsbh`t`m l`rbm` rbspcm crn`mis`si y`mn kbmy`o`hl`m pbo`lu
y`mn tbroij`t f`o`k imsifbm tbrsbjut (Hbriy`ti, :405).

@f` hujumn`m sistbk pbo`pcr`m imsifbm tbrh`f`p juf`y` lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm. F`o`k
kbmaipt`l`m juf`y` lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm `f`o`h pbo`pcr`m lbi`fi`m imsifbm/lcmfisi y`mn tif`l 
fih`r`pl`m sbrt` `f`my` sistbk ukp`m j`oil, lcmfisi imi jbouk kbkjuf`y` fi imst`msi-imst`msi
 pbo`y`m`m lbsbh`t`m l`rbm` `f` g`ltcr lbt`lut`m `t`u lblh`w`tir`m `t`u j`hl`m
kbmn`mnn`p

imsifbm kbrup`l`m `ij pbtun`s lbsbh`t`m y`mn h`rus fitutupi. Juf`y` jbo`i`r f`ri lbs`o`h`m f`m
tif`l kbo`lul`m pbkjbo``m tbrh`f`p pbtun`s y`mn kbo`lul`m lbs`o`h`m h`rus fitumiull`m cobh
 pikpim`m. Emgcrk`si y`mn `fblu`t `l`m finum`l`m sbj`n`i f`t` umtul prcsbs pbkjbo`i`r`m
f`o`k kbmimnl`tl`m up`y` lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm (Hbriy`ti, :405).

@f` hujumn`m pbmfifil`m f`m pbo`tih`m tbrh`f`p juf`y` lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm. Vimnl`t
 pbmnbt`hu`m `t`u pbmfifil`m tbm`n` kbfis lhususmy` pbr`w`t s`mn`to`h pbmtimn f`o`k
kbo`ls`m`l`m `suh`m lbpbr`w`t`m. Rp`y` umtul kbm`kj`hl`m timnl`t pbmnbt`hu`m
`t`u
 pbmfifil`m pbr`w`t `t`u tbm`n` lbsbh`t`m y`mn o`im y`itu kbo`oui pbo`tih`m `t`u sbkim`r.
Tbo`tih`m f`m sbkim`r f`p`t jbrk`mg``t umtul kbo`lul`m bv`ou`si tbrh`f`p prcnr`k-prcnr`k
f`m st`mf`r-st`mf`r tbrk`sul st`mf`r `suh`m lbpbr`w`t`m. Vimnl`t pbmnbt`hu`m `t`u
pbmfifil`m y`mn timnni `l`m kbkpbmn`ruhi limbri` pbr`w`t `t`u tbm`n` lbsbh`t`m tbrsbjut
sbhimnn` `suh`m lbpbr`w`t`m `l`m tbro`ls`m` fbmn`m j`il f`m lbkumnlim`m tbri`fimy`
k`opr`ltbl `t`u lbo`o`i`m rbmf`h. H`o imi tbri`fi l`rbm` pbr`w`t `t`u tbm`n` kbfis tbo`h
fijbl`oi fbmn`m pbmnbt`hu`m tbmt`mn btil` f`m p`tibmt s`gbty (Kuf`y`m`, :406).

Lbsikpuo`m

F`o`k up`y` pbmimnl`t`m pbmbr`p`m juf`y` lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm tbrf`p`t `f`

hujumn`m lbri`s`k` tik, lckumil`si, iloik lbri`, mc jo`kimn auoturb, pbo`pcr`m imsifbm,
Tbmfifil`m f`m Tbo`tih`m fbmn`m juf`y` lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm. Juf`y` lbsbo`k`t`m p`sibm `l`m
tbraipt` `p`jio` tbm`n` lbsbh`t`m kbkioili pbkikpim y`mn jbrsbfi` jblbri`s`k` fbki
tbro`ls`m`my` p`tibmt s`gbty. Qbo`im itu pbmnbt`hu`m f`m lckumil`si fi jbrpbmn`ruh tbrh`f`p
pbo`ls`m``mmy` p`tibmt s`gbty. Q`o`h s`tu `spbl y`mn pbmtimn f`o`k tbro`ls`m`my` p`tibmt s`gbty
y`itu `spbl btil`. Btil`

s`mn`to`h pbmtimn l`rbm` `l`m kbmy`mnlut tbmt`mn prcsbfur f`o`k kbo`ls`m`l`m

`suh`m lbpbr`w`t`m `t`u kbo`ls`m`l`m tun`s f`o`k kbo`y`mi lbsbh`t`m titil f`o`k
pbo`y`m`m
lbsbh`t`m k`l` tbm`n` kbfis h`rus sbo`ou fbmn`m lcfb btil f`m huluk lbsbh`t`m. H`o imi umtul 
kbmnhimf`ri `t`u kbmnur`mni pr`fun` tbri`fimy` k`opr`ltil f`m tbri`fimy` lbo`o`i`m.

F`gt`r Tust`l`

Juh`ri, J. (:405). Juf`y` Lbsbo`kt`m T`sibm Zuk`h Q`lit Tbkbrimt`h f`m Zuk`h Q`lit Qw`st`
Fi Lct` I`kji. Iurm`o @isyiy`h Kbfil`, 1 (0), 0-60.

Hbriy`ti., @o-Hiir`h, K, G., & K`smi`ti. (:405). Juf`y` Lbsbo`k`t`m T`sibm Zuk`h
Q`lit Rkuk F`br`h K`ibmb. Iurm`o Lbsbh`t`m, : (1), 056-:42.

Erivir`mty, @. (:402). @m`oisis Juf`y` Crn`mis`si f`m Juf`y` Lbsbo`kt`m T`sibm sbj`n`i
O`mnl`h Tbmnbkj`mn`m Lbsbo`k`t`m T`sibm fi ZQE@ Jufi Lbkuoi``m.  Iurm`o @fkimst`si
 Zuk`h Q`lit,  0 (1), 057-:41.

Iumi`rti, M, H., & Kuf`y`m`, @, @. (:408). Tbmbr`p`m Qt`mf`r Lbsbo`k`t`m T`sibm Fi Zuk`h
Q`lit Rkuk F`br`h Trcvimsi Mus` Vbmnn`r` J`r`t. Iurm`o Lbsbh`t`m Tcotbllbs Vbrm`tb, 00
(:), 51-048.
K`mfri`mi, B., H`rfisk`m., & Ubtti, H. (:405). @m`oisis Fikbmsi Juf`y` Lbsbo`k`t`m T`sibm
Cobh Tbtun`s Lbsbh`t`m Fi ZQRF fr Z`sifim T`f`mn. Iurm`o Lbsbh`t`m @mf`o`s, 8 (0),010-01>.

Kuf`y`m`, @, @. (:406). Tbr`m @spbl Btil` Vbm`n` Kbfis F`o`k Tbmbr`p`m Juf`y`
Lbsbo`k`t`m T`sibm Fi Zuk`h Q`lit. Quppobkbm K`i`o`h Lbfcltbrsm @mf`o`s, 1> (0), 75->6.

Qik`kcr`, Z. H., & G`thi, @. (:405). Vhb Emgoubmab Cg Vr`imimn H`mfcvbr J`sbf
QJ@Z  Ackkumia`ticm Gcr Ekprcvimn T`tibmts Q`gbty. Emfi`m icurm`o cg pujoia hb`oth
rbsb`rah & fbvbocpkbmt, 04(5), 0:84-0:82.

Qirbn`r, Z, @. (:407). Hujumn`m Tbr`w`t F`m T`sibm9 Ekpobkbmt`si Qt`mf`r

Lbsbo`k`t`m T`sibm. Iurm`o Huluk tc-r`, : (0), :52-146.

Quai, ^, T. (:408). Tbmimnl`t`m Juf`y` Lbsbo`k`t`m T`sibm Kbo`oui Tbkjbrf`y``m Ah`kpicm

Lbsbo`k`t`m T`sibm. ILH,  : (:), :1-18.

Rot`ri`, V, F., @rsc, Q, T., & Qri`tki, @. (:40>). N`kj`r`m Juf`y` Lbsbo`k`t`m T`sibm fi ZQ
Zcbk`mi Kuh`kk`ffiy`h Qbk`r`mn. Iurm`o Lbsbh`t`m K`sy`r`l`t,  2 (0), 008-0:2.

^uo`mf`ri, K, Z., Uuoi`, Q., & Vriwii`y`mti, Z. (:405). Tbmimnl`t`m Juf`y` Lbsbo`kt`m T`sibm
Kbo`oui Tbmimnl`t`m Kctiv`si Tbr`w`t F`m Cptik`ois`si Tbr`m Lbp`o` Zu`mn.  Iurm`o 
 Lbpbkikpim`m f`m K`m`ibkbm Lbpbr`w`t`m, : (:), 25-72.

U`ski, U., & Vh`jr`my, H. (:408). G`ltcr-G`ltcr U`mn Jbrhujumn`m Fbmn`m Juf`y`
Lbsbo`k`t`m T`sibm Fi Zuk`h Q`lit L`ry` Jh`lti Tr`tiwi Jcncr. Iurm`o @fkimistr`si Zuk`h

Q`lit,  6 (:), 58-04>.