Permukaan ekipotensial

𝑑𝑉
𝐄 = −grad 𝑉 = − 𝐚𝑁
𝑑𝑁

𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉
𝐄 = −grad 𝑉 = −∇𝑉 = − 𝐚𝑥 + 𝐚𝑦 + 𝐚𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
 2
𝑉(𝑃) = 2 −4 3 − 5 6 = 66 V

𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉
𝐄 = −∇𝑉 = − 𝐚𝑥 + 𝐚𝑦 + 𝐚𝑧 = − 4𝑥𝑦𝐚𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 𝐚𝑦 − 5𝐚𝑧 = −4𝑥𝑦𝐚𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 𝐚𝑦 + 5𝐚𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝐄 𝑃 = −4 −4 3 𝐚𝑥 − 2 −4 2 𝐚𝑦 + 5𝐚𝑧 = 48𝐚𝑥 − 32𝐚𝑦 + 5𝐚𝑧 V/m
𝐄 𝑃 = 482 + (−32)2 +52 = 57,905V/m
𝐄 𝑃 48𝐚𝑥 − 32𝐚𝑦 + 5𝐚𝑧
𝐚𝐸(𝑃) = = = 0,829𝐚𝑥 − 0,553𝐚𝑦 + 0,086𝐚𝑧
𝐄 𝑃 57,905
 𝐄 𝑃 = 48𝐚𝑥 − 32𝐚𝑦 + 5𝐚𝑧 V/m

10−9
𝐃 = 𝜖0 𝐄 = −4𝑥𝑦𝐚𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 𝐚𝑦 + 5𝐚𝑧 = (−0,035𝑥𝑦𝐚𝑥 − 0,018𝑥 2 𝐚𝑦 + 0,044𝐚𝑧 ) × 10−9 C/m
36𝜋
𝐃(𝑃) = (−0,035 −4 (3)𝐚𝑥 − 0,018(−4)2 𝐚𝑦 + 0,044𝐚𝑧 ) × 10−9 = (0,424𝐚𝑥 − 0,288𝐚𝑦 + 0,044𝐚𝑧 ) × 10−9 C/m
𝜕(−0,035𝑥𝑦 × 10−9 ) 𝜕(−0,018𝑥 2 × 10−9 ) 𝜕(0,044 × 10−9 )
𝜌𝑣 = ∇ ∙ 𝐃 = + + = −0,035𝑦 × 10−9
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜌𝑣 𝑃 = −0,035 3 × 10−9 = −0,105 × 10−9 C/m3
 𝑄𝐝 ∙ 𝐚𝑟 𝐩 ∙ 𝐚𝑟 1 𝐫 − 𝐫′
𝑉= = = 𝐩∙
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟 2 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟 2 4𝜋𝜖0 𝐫 − 𝐫′ 2 𝐫 − 𝐫′
 𝐫 − 𝐫 ′ = 𝐫 = 2𝐚𝑥 + 3𝐚𝑦 + 4𝐚𝑧
𝐫 − 𝐫′ = 22 + 32+ 42 = 5,385
1 (2𝐚𝑥 + 3𝐚𝑦 + 4𝐚𝑧 )
𝑉= 3𝐚𝑥 − 2𝐚𝑦 + 𝐚𝑧 × 10−9 ∙
10−9 5,38𝟓
4𝜋 36𝜋 5,3852
𝑉 = 0.93𝐚𝑥 − 0,62𝐚𝑦 + 0,31𝐚𝑧 ∙ 0,343𝐚𝑥 + 0,514𝐚𝑦 + 0,685𝐚𝑧
= 0,319 − 0,319 + 0,212 = 0,212V
 𝐫 − 𝐫 ′ = 𝐫 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 𝐚𝑥 + 𝑟 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙 𝐚𝑦 + 𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝐚𝑧 𝐫 − 𝐫′ = 𝑟
= 0,958𝐚𝑥 + 0,803𝐚𝑦 + 2,165𝐚𝑧
𝑄𝐝 ∙ 𝐚𝑟 𝐩 ∙ 𝐚𝑟 1 𝐫 − 𝐫′
𝑉= = = 𝐩∙
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟 2 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟 2 4𝜋𝜖0 𝐫 − 𝐫′ 2 𝐫 − 𝐫′
1 −9 ∙
(0,958𝐚𝑥 + 0,803𝐚𝑦 + 2,165𝐚𝑧 )
= 3𝐚 𝑥 − 2𝐚𝑦 + 𝐚𝑧 × 10
10−9 2 2, 𝟓
4𝜋 36𝜋 2,5
= 4.32𝐚𝑥 − 2,88𝐚𝑦 + 1,44𝐚𝑧 ∙ 0,383𝐚𝑥 + 0,321𝐚𝑦 + 0,866𝐚𝑧 = 1,654 − 0,924 + 1,247 = 1,977V
 𝐫 − 𝐫 ′ = 𝐫 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 𝐚𝑥 + 𝑟 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙 𝐚𝑦 + 𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝐚𝑧 𝐫 − 𝐫′ = 𝑟
= 1,368𝐚𝑥 + 3,759𝐚𝑧
𝑄𝐝 ∙ 𝐚𝑟 𝐩 ∙ 𝐚𝑟 1 𝐫 − 𝐫′ 1 −9 ∙
1,368𝐚𝑥 + 3,759𝐚𝑧
𝑉= = = 𝐩∙ = 6𝐚𝑧 × 10
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟 2 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟 2 4𝜋𝜖0 𝐫 − 𝐫′ 2 𝐫 − 𝐫′ 10−9 2 𝟒
4𝜋 4
36𝜋
= 3,375𝐚𝑧 ∙ 0,342𝐚𝑥 + 0,939𝐚𝑧 = 0 + 3,169 = 3,169V
 𝑝 6
𝐄= 2 cos 𝜃𝐚𝑟 + sin 𝜃 𝐚𝜃 = −9 × 10−9 2 cos 20° 𝐚𝑟 + sin 20° 𝐚𝜃 = 0,844 ∙ 1,879𝐚𝑟 + 0,342𝐚𝜃
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟 3 10
4𝜋 36𝜋 43
= 1,586𝐚𝑟 + 0,288𝐚𝜃 V/m
𝑄1 𝑉1,3
∇ ∙ 𝑉𝐃 ≡ 𝑉 𝛁 ∙ 𝐃 + 𝐃 ∙ ∇𝑉
 1 1
𝑊𝐸 = න 𝜖0 𝐸 2 𝑑𝑣 = න 𝜖0 −𝛁𝑉 2 𝑑𝑣
2 2
2
90° 90° 3×10−3
10−9 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉
= න න න − 𝐚𝑟 + 𝐚𝜃 + 𝐚 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜙
2 × 36𝜋 0 0 2×10−3 𝜕𝑟 𝑟𝜕𝜃 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜙 𝜙
2
90° 90° 3×10−3 90° 90° 3×10−3
200 40000
= 4,42 × 10−12 න න න − − 2 𝐚𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜙 = 4,42 × 10−12 න න න 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜙
0 0 2×10−3 𝑟 0 0 2×10−3 𝑟4
 90° 90° 3×10−3 90° 90° 3×10−3
40000 40000
𝑊𝐸 = 4,42 × 10−12 න න න 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜙 = 4,42 × 10 −12 න න − 𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜙
0 0 2×10−3 𝑟4 0 0 3𝑟 3 2×10−3
90° 90° 3×10−3
40000
= 4,42 × 10−12 න න − 𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜙
0 0 3𝑟 3 2×10−3
90° 90°
1 −1
𝑊𝐸 = 4,42 × 10−12 × 40000 න න − 3 − 3(2 × 10−3 )3 𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜙
0 0 3 3 × 10−3
90° 90° 90°
90°
= 17,68 × 10−8 න න 2,932 × 107 𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜙 = 17,68 × 10−8 න 2,932 × 107 𝜃 0 𝑑𝜙
0 0 0
90° 90°
90°
= 17,68 × 10−8 න 2,932 × 107 − 0 𝑑𝜙 = 17,68 × 10−8 න 4,605 × 107 𝑑𝜙
0 57,3° 0
−8 7 90° −8 7
90°
= 17,68 × 10 × 4,605 × 10 𝜙 0 = 17,68 × 10 × 4,605 × 10 − 0 = 12,7J
57,3°