530.07
DUD DUDI Indrajit
m Mudah danAktif Belajar Fisika : untuk Kelas XI Sekolah MenengahAtas/
Madrasah Aliyah Program Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam / penulis, Dudi Indrajit
; penyunting, Ahmad Fauzi, Ahmad Saripudin, ; illustrator, S. Riyadi.
. — Jakarta : Pusat Perbukuan, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, 2009.
vi, 218 hlm, : ilus. ; 30 cm
iii
Kata Pengantar
Fisika adalah salah satu rumpun ilmu sains yang mempelajari alam semesta.
Ruang lingkup ilmu Fisika sangat luas, mulai dari atom yang berdimensi
nanometer hingga jagat raya yang berdimensi tahunan cahaya. Dalam
kehidupan sehari-hari, banyak ditemukan aplikasi ilmu Fisika, baik berupa
fenomena-fenomena di alam atau rekayasa teknologi. Oleh karena itu, Fisika
memiliki tingkat urgensitas yang tinggi karena merupakan dasar untuk
penguasaan teknologi di masa depan.
Sesuai dengan misi penerbit untuk memberikan kontribusi yang nyata bagi
kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan maka penulis dan penerbit merealisasikan tanggung
jawab tersebut dengan menyediakan buku bahan ajar Fisika yang berkualitas,
sesuai dengan tuntutan kurikulum yang berlaku saat ini.
Buku ini disusun dengan mengutamakan pendekatan secara inkuiri
(eksperimen) dan disajikan secara sistematis, komunikatif, dan integratif, serta
adanya keruntutan rangkaian (bab dengan subbab, antarsubbab dalam bab,
antaralenia dalam subbab). Sebelum mempelajari materi, sebaiknya Anda
terlebih dahulu membaca bagian Advanced Organizer yang terdapat pada
halaman awal setiap bab agar Anda dapat mengetahui isi bab secara umum.
Pada awal setiap bab, disajikan pula Tes Kompetensi Awal sebagai evaluasi
materi prasyarat untuk mempelajari bab yang bersangkutan.
Di akhir setiap bab, terdapat Rangkuman, Peta Konsep, dan Refleksi yang
bertujuan lebih meningkatkan pemahaman Anda tentang materi yang telah
dipelajari dengan memunculkan umpan balik untuk evaluasi diri. Buku ini di-
lengkapi juga dengan beberapa materi, tugas, dan soal pengayaan, di antaranya
Informasi untuk Anda (Information for You), Tantangan untuk Anda, Mari
Mencari Tahu, Tugas Anda, Pembahasan Soal, dan Tokoh yang dapat
memperluas pengetahuan materi Fisika yang sedang dipelajari.
Untuk menguji pemahaman Anda terhadap materi yang telah dipelajari,
diberikan Tes Kompentensi Subbab pada setiap akhir subbab, Tes Kompetensi
Bab pada setiap akhir bab, dan Tes Kompetensi Fisika Semester pada setiap
akhir semester. Selain itu, pada akhir buku juga diberikan Tes Kompetensi Akhir
untuk menguji pemahaman materi Fisika selama satu tahun ajaran. Semua tes
kompetensi tersebut merupakan sarana mengevaluasi pemahaman dan
melatih kemampuan menerapkan konsep/prinsip Fisika yang berkaitan dengan
materi yang telah dipelajari. Adapun Kunci Jawaban (nomor ganjil) kami sajikan
untuk memudahkan Anda dalam mengevaluasi hasil jawaban.
Untuk menumbuhkan daya kreativitas, kemampuan psikomotorik, dan cara
berpikir ilmiah, kami sajikan Aktivitas Fisika dan Proyek Semester yang
menuntut peran aktif Anda dalam melakukan kegiatan tersebut.
Demikianlah persembahan kami untuk dunia pendidikan.
Penerbit
Panduan untuk Pembaca
Materi-materi pembelajaran pada buku ini berdasarkan kurikulum yang berlaku saat ini dan disajikan secara
sistematis, komunikatif, dan integratif. Di setiap awal bab, dilengkapi gambar pembuka pelajaran, bertujuan
memberikan gambaran materi pembelajaran yang akan dibahas, dan mengajarkan siswa konsep berpikir kontekstual
sekaligus merangsang cara berpikir kontekstual. Selain itu, buku ini juga ditata dengan format yang menarik dan
didukung dengan foto dan ilustrasi yang representatif. Penggunaan bahasa yang sederhana, sesuai dengan tingkatan
kognitif siswa sehingga membuat pembaca lebih mudah memahaminya.
Buku Fisika untuk Kelas XI ini terdiri atas delapan bab, yaitu Analisis Gerak, Gaya, Usaha, Energi dan Daya,
Momentum, Impuls dan Tumbukan, Gerak Rotasi dan Kesetimbangan Benda Tegar, Fluida, Teori Kinetik Gas, dan
Termodinamika. Untuk lebih jelasnya, perhatikan petunjuk untuk pembaca berikut.
(1) Judul Bab, disesuaikan dengan tema materi dalam bab.
(2) Hasil yang harus Anda capai, tujuan umum yang harus Anda capai
pada bab yang Anda pelajari.
(3) Setelah mempelajari bab ini, Anda harus mampu, kemampuan
yang harus Anda kuasai setelah mempelajari bab.
(4) Gambar Pembuka Bab, disajikan untuk mengetahui contoh
manfaat dari materi yang akan dipelajari.
(5) Advanced Organizer, uraian singkat tentang isi bab untuk
menumbuhkan motivasi belajar dan mengarahkan Anda agar lebih
fokus terhadap isi bab.
(6) Tes Kompetensi Awal, merupakan soal prasyarat yang harus
Anda pahami sebelum memasuki materi pembelajaran.
(7) Materi Pembelajaran, disajikan secara sistematis, komunikatif,
integratif, dan sesuai dengan perkembangan ilmu dan teknologi
terkini (up to date).
(8) Gambar dan Ilustrasi, sesuai dengan materi dalam bab yang
disajikan secara proporsional dan harmonis.
(9) Contoh Soal, berisi contoh dan penyelesaian soal.
(10) Tugas Anda, berisi tugas atau latihan soal yang berkaitan
dengan materi tersebut.
(11) Pembahasan Soal, berisi contoh soal yang berasal dari
Ebtanas, UAN, UMPTN, atau SPMB.
(12) Mari Mencari Tahu, tugas mencari informasi yang bertujuan
menumbuhkan rasa ingin tahu dan mendorong siswa untuk
mencari informasi lebih jauh.
(13) Aktivitas Fisika, kegiatan yang dilakukan secara berkelompok
untuk mengembangkan kecakapan hidup Anda.
(14) Ingatlah, catatan atau hal-hal penting yang perlu Anda ketahui.
(15) Informasi untuk Anda (Information for You), berisi pengayaan
mengenai informasi dan aplikasi materi, disajikan dalam 2 bahasa
(bilingual).
(16) Tantangan untuk Anda, berisi soal-soal yang disajikan
dengan tingkat kesulitan lebih tinggi.
(17) Kata Kunci
(18) Tokoh, berisi tokoh Fisika penggagas ide baru dan pekerja
keras sehingga akan menumbuhkan semangat inovatif/kreatif,
etos kerja, dan mengembangkan kecakapan hidup Anda.
(19) Tes Kompetensi Subbab, berisi soal-soal untuk mengevaluasi
penguasaan materi subbab.
(20) Rangkuman
(21) Peta Konsep
(22) Refleksi, sebagai umpan balik bagi siswa setelah
mempelajari materi di akhir pembelajaran tiap bab.
(23) Tes Kompetensi Bab, berisi soal-soal untuk mengevaluasi
penguasaan materi bab.
(24) Proyek Semester, kegiatan percobaan untuk meningkatkan
pemahaman konsep Fisika dan memotivasi Anda untuk menggali
informasi, memanfaatkan informasi, dan menyelesaikan masalah.
(25) Tes Kompetensi Fisika Semester, berisi soal-soal untuk
mengevaluasi penguasaan materi selama satu semester.
(26) Tes Kompetensi Akhir, berisi soal-soal untuk mengevaluasi
penguasaan materi selama satu tahun ajaran.
v
Daftar Isi
Kata Sambutan • iii
Kata Pengantar • iv
Panduan untuk Pembaca • v
Bab 1
Analisis Gerak • 1
A. Persamaan Gerak Lurus • 2
B. Gerak Parabola • 14
C. Gerak Melingkar • 20
Rangkuman • 21 Bab 3
Peta Konsep • 22 Usaha, Energi, dan Daya • 67
Refleksi • 22
Tes Kompetensi Bab 1 • 23 A. Gaya Dapat Melakukan Usaha • 68
B. Energi dan Usaha • 72
C. Gaya Konservatif dan Hukum Kekekalan
Energi Mekanik • 77
D. Daya • 84
Rangkuman • 86
Bab 2 Peta Konsep • 87
Refleksi • 87
Gaya • 25 Tes Kompetensi Bab 3 • 88
A. Gaya Gesek • 26
B. Gaya Gravitasi • 35
C. Elastisitas dan Gaya Pegas • 44
D. Gerak Harmonik Sederhana • 51
Rangkuman • 61
Peta Konsep • 62 Bab 4
Refleksi • 62 Momentum, Impuls,
Tes Kompetensi Bab 2 • 63
dan Tumbukan • 91
A. MomentumLinear • 92
B. Tumbukan • 94
C. JenisTumbukan • 96
D. Tumbukan Lenting Sebagian pada
Benda Jatuh Bebas • 100
E. Ayunan Balistik • 102
F. Gaya Dorong Roket • 104
Rangkuman • 105
Peta Konsep • 106
Refleksi • 106
Tes Kompetensi Bab 4 • 107
Proyek Semester 1 • 110
Tes Kompetensi Fisika Semester 1 • 111
vi
Bab 5
Gerak Rotasi dan
Kesetimbangan Benda
Tegar • 115
A. Kinematika Gerak Rotasi • 116 Bab 7
B. Dinamika Gerak Rotasi • 119
C. Kesetimbangan Teori Kinetik Gas • 163
Benda Tegar • 132 A. Gas Ideal • 164
Rangkuman • 135 B. Prinsip Ekuipartisi Energi • 167
Peta Konsep • 136 C. Kecepatan Efektif Partikel Gas • 173
Refleksi • 136 Rangkuman • 175
Tes Kompetensi Bab 5 • 137 Peta Konsep • 176
Refleksi • 176
Tes Kompetensi Bab 7 • 177
Bab 6
Fluida • 139 Bab 8
A. Fluida Statis • 140
B. Viskositas Fluida • 150 Termodinamika • 179
C. Fluida Dinamis • 152 A. Usaha pada Berbagai Proses
Rangkuman • 159 Termodinamika • 180
Peta Konsep • 160 B. Hukum I Termodinamika • 184
Refleksi • 160 C. Kapasitas Kalor Gas dan
Tes Kompetensi Bab 6 • 161 SiklusTermodinamika • 187
D. Hukum II Termodinamika • 191
Rangkuman • 193
Peta Konsep • 194
Refleksi • 194
Tes Kompetensi Bab 8 • 195
Proyek Semester 2 • 198
Tes Kompetensi Fisika Semester 2 • 200
vii
@J3E3:F@
Bab
1
Sumber: Fundamentals of Physics,2001
Meriam dengan peluru manusia ditembakkan dengan sudut kemiringan dan kecepatan
awal tertentu agar peluru jatuh tepat pada sasaran.
Analisis Gerak
Hasil yang harus Anda capai:
menganalisis gejala alam dan keteraturan dalam cakupan mekanika benda titik.
(7C@3:=3:@63?7>;:3E3EC3=D;?7C;3?67@93@B7>FCF?3@FD;3
*3>3:D3EF=7>A?BA=D;C=FDJ3@9E7C=7@3>67@93@
3EC3=D;
3@363>3:=7>A?BA=D;C=FD=7>F3C93
A. Persamaan Gerak
Lurus
B. Gerak Parabola
035:;@;(C7DE3D;?7C7=3J3@9E7C53E3ED74393;C7=AC6;>3=F=3@A>7:
?3@F7>035:;@;E3:F@
*33E;EF;347C:3D;>E7C43@9?7>7H3E;E;93 C. Gerak Melingkar
4F3:=;@5;C63@?7@63C3E6;<3C;@9D7<3F:?63C;E;E;=B7@7?43=3@
(C7DE3D;87@A?7@3>B363=7<36;3@E7CD74FE?7CFB3=3@D3>3:D3EF4F=E;
B7@7C3B3@=3;63:=3;63:;D;=363>3?:3>;@;363>3:97C3=B3C34A>3
7@93@=757B3E3@3H3>J3@9DF63:6;=7E3:F;63@DF6FE7>7G3D;?7C;3?
E7C:363B:AC;KA@E3>DF63:6;3EFC?3=3E;E;=?3=D;?F?=7E;@99;3@63@
E;E;=E7C<3F:63B3E6;=7E3:F;'>7:=3C7@3;EF?7C7=363B3E?7@7@EF=3@
D7E;@99;3B3C;@E3@93@J3@96;9F@3=3@63@6;?3@3:3CFD?7>7E3==3@
<3C;@9@J3
+3:F=3: @63 43:H3 97C3= B3C34A>3 63B3E 6;3@3>;D;D ?7>3>F;
B7CB36F3@ 6F3 97C3= >FCFD J3@9 E7>3: @63 B7>3<3C; 6; #7>3D / ,@EF=
?7?B7C?F63:3@3>;D;D97C3=B7CD3?33@97C3=6;F43:63>3?47@EF=
G7=EAC,@EF=>74;:?7?3:3?;@J3B7>3<3C;>3:434;@;67@93@43;=
1
Tes Kompetensi Awal
$!$*2++$+.$* ( /')-,0$.
t0
63>3??D63@63>3?D7=A@+7@EF=3@>3:
bola (B)
bola (A)
NE7C:363B4;63@9:AC;KA@E3>
?3=3>;@E3D3@97C3=4A>33=3@47C47@EF=B3C34A>3
6F34F3:4A>36;>7B3D=3@63C;=7E;@99;3@
(7C:3E;=3@ +! /
47CFB3
E7CE7@EFA>36;>7B3D=3@63C;=73633@6;3?3>3?:3>;@;97C3=
4A>3363>3:97C3=<3EF:4743DJ3@96;B7@93CF:;A>7:B7C57B3E3@
B3C34A>3(3633H3>@J3=76F34A>3E7C>7E3=B363=7E;@99;3@J3@9D3?3
9C3G;E3D;F?;(363D33EJ3@947CD3?33@4A>36;47C;93J3:AC;KA@E3>
=7?F6;3@6;>7B3D=3@B363D33EJ3@9D3?33B3E=3:@63?7@743=
67@93@ B793D $;@E3D3@ 4A>3 D7B7CE; B363 +! /
4A>3?3@3J3@9?7@J7@EF:E3@3:>74;:57B3E
v v =0
vy y vx
vx
vx
Gambar 1.15
v
0 a
=– v
y v Lintasan gerak parabola. Nilai a
v0 sin g
y selalu negatif karena ditetapkan
arah positif adalah arah ke atas, dan
arah gravitasi selalu ke bawah.
vx
x
O(0,0) v0 cos
vy
v
(363 +! /
E7C>;:3E=757B3E3@B363DF?4F-J3;EF3 67@93@
3C3:63@47D3C@J3D7>3>F=A@DE3@63BF@=757B3E3@B363DF?4F- J3;EF
3 3C3:63@47D3C@J36;B7@93CF:;A>7:B7C57B3E3@9C3G;E3D; -7=EAC
C7DF>E3@=757B3E3@3D7E;3BD33E6;=AAC6;@3E ?7CFB3=3@C7DF>E3@
63C;=A?BA@7@G7=EAC 63@
";=347D3C=757B3E3@3H3>B7>FCF363>3: 47D3C=757B3E3@63>3?
3C3:DF?4F- 363>3: 63@ 47D3C =757B3E3@ B363 DF?4F- 363>3:
6;B7CA>7:B7CD3?33@B7CD3?33@47C;=FE;@;
(7CD3?33@B363DF?4F-
?3=D
?3=D
D;@
y jarak vertikal (m)
5AD
( D;@5AD
D;@
P
75°
60°
(7C:3E;=3@ +! /
NJ3;EFN63@
J3@96;E7?BF:D74F3:47@6367@93@=7>3<F3@3H3>J3@9D3?3E7E3B;
67@93@DF6FEDF6FE7>7G3D;J3@947C4763@6363B3E?7@J;?BF>=3@
43:H3B3D3@93@DF6FE7>7G3D;J3@947C<F?>3:
ND7CE3
N3=3@?7@9:3D;>=3@<3C3=E7C<3F:J3@9D3?3(36393?43C
Grafik lintasan sebuah benda
dengan sudut elevasi berbeda dan
kecepatan awal yang sama.
N 63@
E7CD74FEE7C>;:3E43:H3<3C3=E7C<3F:?7@53B3;:3C93?3=D;?F?F@EF=
45°
DF6FE7>7G3D;N7C63D3C=3@B7CD3?33@B7CD3?33@97C3=B3C34A>3<3C3= 30°
15° x jangkauan
(meter)
Gambar 1.16
N
E7C<3F:6;B7CA>7:<;=3D;@ 3E3F
?D63@47C363B363=7E;@99;3@ ?6;3E3DE3@3:";=3 ?D
Contoh 1.14
*74F3:47@636;>7B3D=3@63C;B7D3H3EE7C43@9J3@9D763@9E7C43@9?7@63E3C67@93@
=757B3E3@
47C3B3=3:
1:
1
:
:
"36;B7C43@6;@93@@J3363>3:1:
Tes Kompetensi Subbab B
$/( ) ,* &# * +!2)2* 1'& ,
*74F3:47@636;>7?B3C=3@67@93@DF6FE7>7G3D;N *74F3:D3D3C3@E7C>7E3=B363<3C3= ?63@B363
63@=757B3E3@3H3>@J3 ?D ";=3 ?D
E7@EF=3@>3:
3
' (
P
3
P
3C;$/0 + , 6@;>3;
5 ?7CFB3=3@=A?BA@7@=757B3E3@
Gambar 1.17 63>3?3C3:DF?4F- 63@
Sebuah partikel bergerak melingkar. ?7CFB3=3@=A?BA@7@=757B3E3@63>3?
(a) Posisi dan kecepatan partikel 3C3:DF?4F- (7C:3E;=3@ +! / !3C;93?43CE7CD74FE@63
pada saat tertentu.
(b) Komponen-komponen vektor 3=3@?7@97E3:F;43:H3PD;@ 63@D;@7@93@67?;=;3@
kecepatan. $/0 + , 663B3E6;@J3E3=3@67@93@B7CD3?33@
(c) Percepatan gerak partikel dan
komponen-komponennya.
5AD ' D;@ (
Tes Kompetensi Subbab C
$/( ) ,* &# * +!2)2* 1'& ,
*7AC3@93DECA@3FE47C97C3=63>3?>;@E3D3@?7>;@9=3C
*74F3:B3CE;=7>47C97C3=?7>;@9=3C67@93@=757B3E3@
Rangkuman
-7=EACBAD;D;?7@F@<F==3@BAD;D;B3CE;=7>63C;E;E;= 7C3=B3C34A>3?7CFB3=3@B7CB36F3@63C;$B363
3D3>=7BAD;D;B3CE;=7>E7CD74FEJ3;EF DF?4F-63@$B363DF?4F- D7:;@993
/'( E7E3B63@
(7CB;@63:3@?7CFB3=3@B7CF43:3@G7=EACBAD;D;/ 63@
D7>3?3D7>3@9H3=EF 67@93@
// P/ ' ( P
(36397C3=B3C34A>3E;E;=E7CE;@99;6;53B3;B363D33E
67@93@ P 63@ P
7@93@?7?3DF==3@DJ3C3E;@;63B3E
#757B3E3@C3E3C3E3363>3:47D3C@J3B7CB;@63:3@ 6;E7@EF=3@
63>3?D7>3@9H3=EFE7CE7@EF D;@
/ / / ?3=D
3
#757B3E3@D7D33E363>3:=757B3E3@C3E3C3E3F@EF= D;@
?3=D
D7>3@9H3=EF?7@67=3E;@A>
/ /
3 >;?3 >;? +;E;=B3>;@9<3F:6;53B3;B363D33E 7@93@
?7@99F@3=3@D;83ED;?7EC;B3C34A>36;B7CA>7:
-7=EACBAD;D;63B3E6;E7@EF=3@63C;=757B3E3@D7D33E
D;@
67@93@53C3;@E79C3D; ?3=D?3=D
v ?3=D D;@
67@93@ 363>3:G7=EACBAD;D;B363
(7C57B3E3@C3E3C3E3363>3:B7CF43:3@=757B3E3@ (36397C3=?7>;@9=3C47D3CB7C57B3E3@D7@EC;B7E3>
63>3?D7E;3BD3EF3@H3=EF 6;@J3E3=3@67@93@B7CD3?33@
3 3 3
(7C57B3E3@D7D33E363>3:B7C57B3E3@C3E3C3E3F@EF= 63BF@DF6FEJ3@96;47@EF=3C3:G7=EACB7C57B3E3@
D7>3@9H3=EF?7@67=3E;@A> D7@EC;B7E3>6;@J3E3=3@67@93@B7CD3?33@
3 3 E3@
>;? >;?
#757B3E3@D7D33E63B3E6;E7@EF=3@63C;B7C57B3E3@ (7C57B3E3@D7@EC;B7E3>363>3:B7C57B3E3@97C3=
D7D33E67@93@53C3;@E79C3D; B3CE;=7>J3@947C97C3=?7>;@9=3C63@3C3:@J3
67@93@ 363>3:=757B3E3@B363 ?7@F<F=7BFD3E>;@9=3C3@
D33E
Analisis Gerak 21
Peta Konsep
$/ )$,#
63B3E
47C47@EF=
#757B3E3@ (7C57B3E3@
*7D33E *7D33E
DF?4F- DF?4F-
7C3=$FCFD 7C3=$FCFD7CF43:
7C3EFC3@$ 7C3EFC3@$
B363 B363
Refleksi
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, Anda tentu dapat Dengan mempelajari bab ini, Anda dapat
membedakanantarabesaranvektordanbesaranskalar menentukan bentuk lintasan gerak suatu benda. Pada
yang ada pada konsep gerak. Anda juga dapat gerak parabola, titik terjauh dan titik tertinggi dapat
menentukan persamaan besaran fisika dari persamaan ditentukan dari persamaan gerak dan waktunya. Nah,
yang diketahui dengan menggunakan operasi integral sekarangcobaAndasebutkanmanfaatlainmempelajari
dandiferensial.Darimateribabini,bagianmanakahyang bab ini.
Andaanggapsulit?
!1 , 0
*74F3:B7>FCFJ3@96;E7?43==3@67@93@DF6FE7>7G3D;
E7CE7@EF?7?;>;=;B7CD3?33@G7=EACBAD;D;
?D
6
7
?D
'
/
(67@93@63>3?D7=A@63@
/63>3??7E7C"3C3=E7C<3F:J3@963B3E6;53B3;A>7:
B7>FCF63>3?3C3:DF?4F363>3: (7C:3E;=3@9C38;=47C;=FE
3 ? 6 ? a (m/s2)
4 7
5
?
(AD;D;D74F3:47@63J3@96;>7?B3C=3@G7CE;=3>=73E3D
6 x
?
? y = –t + 6
3
P67@93@
6
6;@J3E3=3@67@93@B7CD3?33@
63>3??7E7C63@63>3?D7=A@#757B3E3@3H3>63@
E;@99;?3=D;?F?J3@963B3E6;53B3;47@63?3D;@9 t (s)
0 3
?3D;@9363>3:
?
(363D33E D74F3:B3CE;=7>47C363B363
?D67@93@
3C3:DF?4F-BAD;E;8(7C57B3E3@B3CE;=7>47CF43:
E7C:363BH3=EFD7B7CE;E3?B3=B36393?43C(AD;D;
47@63B363D7=A@363>3:
63@47C97C3=67@93@=757B3E3@3H3>
?D63@
?
3
?BAD;D;B3CE;=7>B363
D33ED7=A@47C363B363
4 ?D63@ ? 6
?D63@ ?
5 ?D63@ 7 ?D63@ ?
?
(7C:3E;=3@93?43C47C;=FE
vx 3 ? 6 ?
4
4 ? 7 ?
5 ?
(7C3:F?AEAC<;=347C97C3=D73C3:67@93@3C3:3CFD
0 2 6 t DF@93;?7?;>;=;=7>3<F3@?D67@93@=757B3E3@3CFD
–2 DF@93;?D";=347C97C3=E793=>FCFDE7C:363B3C3:
3CFDB7C3:F?F@9=;@:3@J3?3?BF47C97C3=67@93@
*74F3:B3CE;=7>J3@947C97C3=D7B3@<3@9DF?4F-
=7>3<F3@
?7?;>;=;9C38;==757B3E3@ E7C:363BH3=EFD7B7CE;
E3?B3=B36393?43CE7CD74FE";=3B363D33E
D7=A@B3CE;=7>47C363B363
?D
3
?D
4 ?D
5 6 ?D
7 ?D
3 P? 6 P ? (7C3:F?AEAC?7?7C>F=3@H3=EF ?7@;EF@EF=?7
4 ? 7 ? @J747C3@9;63@3FJ3@9>743C@J3
5 ? ?7E7C63@3F
E;63=47C3CFD.3=EFJ3@96;4FEF:=3@B7C3:FF@EF=
*74F3:B3CE;=7>47C97C3=>FCFD63C;=73633@6;3?
?7@J747C3@9;63@3F<;=36;63@3FE;?4F>3CFD3;C
67@93@B7CD3?33@B7C57B3E3@ 7D3C
47C=757B3E3@ ?7E7C?7@;EE793=>FCFDE7C:363B3C3:
=757B3E3@B3CE;=7>D7E7>3:D7=A@363>3:
B7C3:F363>3:
Analisis Gerak 23
?7@;E
3
N63@ N
4 ?7@;E 6 ?7@;E 3
7 ?7@;E
N63@N
6
N63@N
7
4
N63@N
5
5 ?7@;E N63@ N
(7C43@6;@93@3@E3C3<3C3=E7?43=3@6F34F3:B7>FCF *74F3:B7>FCF6;E7?43==3@67@93@DF6FE7>7G3D; N
J3@96;E7?43==3@63C;D74F3:D7@3B3@67@93@DF6FE 63@=757B3E3@3H3>@J3
7>7G3D; N63@ N363>3: ?D*7E7>3:?7@53B3;E;E;=
3 BF@53==757B3E3@B7>FCF?7@<36;
4 1: 3
5
63@
B7C57B3E3@9C3G;E3D; ?D7D3C=757B3E3@B7>FCF 4 =757B3E3@47@63363>3:@A>
D7E7>3:D7=A@63C;E7?43=3@363>3: 5 B7C57B3E3@63@=757B3E3@47@63E;63=363>3:@A>
6 =757B3E3@47@63D7D33E363>3:@A>
7 =7>3<F3@47@633C3::AC;KA@E3>363>3:@A>
67@93@63>3??D63@
5 E;@99;?3=D;?F?63@
6 <3C3=E7?43=3@?3=D;?F?
7
F3B7>FCF6;E7?43==3@63C;D74F3:D7@3B3@"3C3=
E7?43=3@3=3@D3?3<;=3DF6FE7>7G3D;@J3
63>3?D7=A@";=3
P?D63@
?D
E7@EF=3@>3:
G
-D- N
:;=9-801:3-:-=-4A1=?57-871-?->?13-78@=@>.50-:3>1:?@491958575
:58-5D-:3>-9-01:3-:3-D-.1=-?3 $ 1>17-:-:?-=-.-8;701:3-:
fs F
.50-:3>1:?@491:D1.-.7-:.-8;7.18@90-<-?.1=31=-7 -D-31>17
>
D-:3919<1=?-4-:7-:.-8;7?1?-<05-905>1.@?3-D-31>17>?-?5>"57-.1>-= w
3-D- 91:0-?-= <-0- .-8;7 05<1=.1>-= <-0- >--? D-:3 >-9- 3-D- 31>17 Gambar 2.4
>?-?5><-0-8-:?-56@3-57@?:-57 -8?1=>1.@??1=@>.1=8-:3>@:3>-9<-5.-8;7 Gaya gesek statis fs
0-8-971-0--:?1<-?-7-:.1=31=-7-?-@9-7>59@9 mempertahankan keadaan
% balok agar tetap diam.
$1:@=@?<1=/;.--:19<5=5>3-D-31>17>?-?5>9-7>59@9-:?-=-
0@- <1=9@7--: 71=5:3 ?-:<- <18@9-> 9191:@45 -?@=-: .1=57@? -D-
31>17>?-?5>9-7>59@99-7>59@9>1.-:05:301:3-:3-D-:;=9-8
>
D-:3.171=6-<-0->-8-4>-?@<1=9@7--:'1=.-:05:3-:-:?-=-.1>-=
3-D-31>17>?-?5>9-7>59@901:3-:.1>-=3-D-:;=9-805>1.@?7;125>51:
31>17>?-?5> -:?-=710@-<1=9@7--:?1=>1.@?&8147-=1:-5?@.1>-=
%
3-D- 31>17 >?-?5>%0-<-?05?@85>7-:
%
% %
#1?1=-:3-:
% 3-D-31>17>?-?5>%
>
7;125>51:31>17>?-?5>
.1>-=3-D-:;=9-8%
*-:0- >-9- 01:3-: .1=8-7@ 657-.1=:58-59-7>59@9
'1=4-?57-:* .
-3-59-:-91:31?-4@5.1>-=:D-3-D-:;=9-8
>-9- 01:3-: .1>-= 3-D- .1=-? .1:0-
-
"57- 4-:D- -0- .1>-= 3-D- .1=-?) 0-: ?50-7 -0- 3-D- 8-5: <-0- -=-4
>@9.@A1=?57-8.1>-=3-D-:;=9-8
5?@>1:05=55:3-? @7@9 !!! %1B?;: &814 7-=1:- 5?@#./*+ 5
0-<-?05?@85>7-:
G % %
Tantangan
Contoh 2.1 untuk Anda
)1.@-4.-8;7.1=9->>-73?1=81?-705-?->.50-:30-?-=7->-=-8;705.1=53-D-?-=57 Mengapa koefisien gesek ( ) tidak
>1.1>-=%91:0-?-=>1<1=?5<-0-3-9.-="57-7;125>51:31>17-:>?-?5>-:?-=-.-8;7 memiliki satuan?
0-:8-:?-5?1:?@7-:
- .1>-=3-D-31>17>?-?5>9-7>59@90-: N
. .1>-=3-D-31>17D-:39191:3-=@45.1:0-
3 F=4N
f
571?-4@5 s
73
w
%
%
9 >
> 9-7> > >
739 >
fk
/;>
mg
1>-=3-D-31>17>?-?5> >9-7> >5:
f % >5: >5: ?-:
>
Gambar 2.5 N /;> /;>
Sebuah balok tepat akan "-057;125>51:31>17>?-?5>9-7>59@9-:?-=-.-8;701:3-:.50-:395
bergerak pada suatu bidang
miring. =5:3<-0->--??1<-?-7-:.1=31=-7-0-8-4
?-:
>
G
w w "57- 3-D- ?-=57 .1=?-9.-4 <-0- >--? D-:3 >-9- 3-D- 31>17 >?-?5>
- . 6@3- .1=?-9.-4 >-9<-5 9-7>59@9 )-9<-5 >--? ?1=>1.@? .-8;7 .18@9
N N
a v .1=31=-7 7-=1:- 3-D- 31>17 >18-8@ 0-<-? 91:359.-:35 3-D- ?-=57 "-05
F F a=0 .-8;79->5405-9'-0->--?.-8;7.1=31=-7.1>-=3-D-?-=57918-9<-@5
fk
-D-31>1775:1?579191:@454@7@919<5=5>>-9->1<1=?53-D-
/
31>17>?-?5>&8147-=1:-5?@.1>-=3-D-31>1775:1?570-<-?05=@9@>7-:
w w >1.-3-5.1=57@?
0
(b) Balok tepat akan bergerak, F = fs maks.
Gambar 2.6 7 7
G
(a) Balok diam, F < fs maks.
'-0-@9@9:D-
>145:33-<-0->--?9@8-5.1=31=-7.-8;7
(c)
Balok
meng
alami >19<-?91:3-8-95<1=/1<-?-:'-0-.-8;7D-:3.1=31=-7?-:<-<1=/1<-?-:
7 >
konstan, a = 0. .-8;7?1=@>.1=31=-701:3-:71/1<-?-:7;:>?-:0-:.1>-= 7
percepatan, F > f
k.
(d) Balok bergerak dengan kecepatan
>5:G
7
>5: G /;>7 mg cos
7
/;> >5: G mg
>5: a
Gambar 2.7
7 /;> Sebuah balok bergerak di atas
>5: a bidang miring.
G
7 /;>
1:3-:019575-:7;125>51:31>1775:1?570-<-?0571?-4@501:3-:91:3@7@=
<1=/1<-?-: D-:3 05-8-95 ;814 .1:0- "57- 7;125>51: 31>17 75:1?57 0571?-4@5
.1>-=<1=/1<-?-:.1:0-0-<-?0571?-4@501:3-:91:33@:-7-:<1=>-9--:
>5: G /;> 7
G
Contoh 2.2
)1.@-4.1:0-.1=9->>-73?1=81?-7<-0-.50-:395=5:301:3-:>@0@?7195=5:3-:
01:3-:>5:
7 7
/;>
7 g . cos m2
m
739 > %
>5: mg
73
73
7
9 >
-D-3-D-D-:3.171=6-<-0-.1:0-05@=-57-:?1=81.540@8@
1:0-.1=31=-78@=@>.1=-?@=-:.1=-=?5
Gaya 29
Pembahasan Soal
>5:F
>5:F
G
G G
739>
Sebuah balok yang beratnya w ditarik %G
sepanjang permukaan mendatar F sin
1>-=3-D-0-8-9-=-4>@9.@-* F
dengan kelajuan konstan v oleh gaya
N
F yang bekerja dengan arah
membentuk sudut terhadap * 37°
F cos
bidang horizontal. Besar gaya normal /;>FG 7
fk
yang bekerja pada balok oleh
permukaan adalah ....
T
F sin + N = w a
N = w – F sin 73
73
9 >
N
m
2
Jawaban: c
m g
2
7
739 >
-8;7
fk
%G m
2
%
9 > w2
"-05.1>-=<1=/1<-?-:710@-.-8;7>-9-D-5?@9>
Gambar 2.8
f
gesek
Sebuah mobil sedang melaju pada
R lintasan melingkar dan datar.
w
Tugas Anda 2.2
Perhatikan gambar berikut.
T
<-7-4:0-91:31?-4@561:5>3-D-31>17D-:3.171=6-<-0-7->@> A
5:5"57-9;.58919.18;70-8-971-0--:.-:9->54.1=<@?-=3-D-D-:3 T
.171=6- -0-8-4 3-D- 31>17 >?-?5> *1?-<5 71?57- 9;.58 918@:/@= >185< a
3-D- 31>17 D-:3 .171=6- -0-8-4 3-D- 31>17-: 75:1?57 1>-= 71/1<-?-: B
9-7>59@99;.58D-:39185:?-><-0-?57@:3-:6-8-:7->-=91:0-?-=-3-= w
?50-7>185<9191:@45<1=>-9--:>1.-3-5.1=57@?
Diskusikan dengan teman Anda, apakah
><
%
benar percepatan sistem tersebut
adalah:
( ( •
A
g
9-7>
% 9-7>
$ $ m
m
%
B g
m
A
( a=
9-7> $ G
• Jika permukaan
B bidang datar kasar,
B k
m .m
a=
m
m
A
b
Contoh 2.5
)1<10-9;?;=918-6@<-0-6-8-:9185:37-=01:3-:6-=56-=585:37-=-::D-9"57-
3-D-31>179-7>59@9D-:3.171=6--:?-=-.-:0-:6-8-:%9->>-9;?;=01:3-:
<1:@9<-:3:D-
>< %
>@0@?7195=5:3-:.18;7-:?1=4-0-<4;=5E;:?-8
( 9-7> 718-6@-: 9-7>59@9 9 >
$ 6-=56-=5?57@:3-:9
<1=/1<-?-: 3=-A5?->5 9 >
*-4@7-4:0-?17:;8;359;.58?1=.-=@D-:3<-85:39@?-745=)5>?19
memiringkan badannya. 7;9<@?1=5>->5D-:3?1=<->-:3<-0-9;.580-<-?91:3-?@=<5854-:0-D-
/1:371=-9=19=;0-D-:3<-85:305.@?@47-:71?57-9;.58918-6@056-8-:
Information for You
91:57@:3 )1/-=- ;?;9-?5> 7-9<-> =19 <-0- >1?5-< =;0- 0-<-? .171=6-
Have you watched motorcycle racing >1>@-5.1>-=71/58:D-0-D-/1:371=-9>1?5-<.-:9;.58?1=4-0-<6-8-:=-D-
on TV? If you watch it, you can see
that the riders always put their bodies
at an angle with road in each corners.
c. Tikungan Miring dan Kasar
Do you know what is their reason? If '-=--48591:01>-5:6-8-:?57@:3-:95=5:301:3-:919<1=45?@:37-:
the riders come in the corner at high
velocity, they need bigger centripetal
6-=56-=5?57@:3-:$<1=/1<-?-:3=-A5?->57195=5:3-:6-8-:>1=?-
force which are from friction and :58-5 717->-=-: 6-8-: "57- :0- <1=4-?57-:#./*+ 5 >19-75:
normal force. To get normal force .1>-=>@0@?7195=5:3-:6-8-:>19-75:.1>-=6@3-718-6@-:9-7>59@9
which has direction to the center of
circle, the riders should put their 71:0-=--:D-:305<1=.;8147-:@:?@79181B-?5?57@:3-:?1=>1.@?
bodies at an angle.
-3-59-:-7-4/-=-91:345?@:3.-?->718-6@-:<-0-?57@:3-:6-8-: N cos N
D-:395=5:30-:7->-='1=4-?57-:* . *1=0-<-?0@-7;9<;:1:
3-D-0-8-9-=-4=-05-871<@>-??57@:3-:6-8-:D-5?@7;9<;:1:3-D-
>5: 0-:7;9<;:1:3-D-31>17-:>?-?5>/;> (1>@8?-:710@-
r
:;=9-8
3-D-?1=>1.@?.1=2@:3>5>1.-3-53-D->1:?=5<1?-8#18-6@-:9-7>59@99;.58
% N sin
-3-=?50-7>185<0-<-?05<1=;814>1.-3-5.1=57@?
f
( 9-7>
f sin
s
s
>
r
Gambar 2.10
( 9-7> Diagram gaya pada mobil yang
>5: /;> > sedang melaju pada lintasan
melingkar yang miring dan kasar.
(
/;>
%
>5:
9-7>
>
r
( 9-7>
>5: /;> G
>
r
$;.58?50-7.1=31=-7<-0->@9.@-+>145:33-
-9.58-=-471-?-><;>5?52
+
/;> G ,>5:
G
>5:
/;> G
>
/;> >5: %
( 9-7>
/;> >5: g$
/;>
/;>
F?1:?@7-:71/1<-?-:9-7>59@99;.58D-:305<1=.;8147-:
- +:?@77;:05>56-8-:85/5:3@:-7-:<1=>-9--:
?-:
(9-7> g$ %
G
?-:%
Kata Kunci
-=5<1=>-9--:?1=>1.@?0-<-?05>59<@87-:.-4B->@0@?7195=5:3-: • gaya gesek kinetik
6-8-: 0-:717->-=-:6-8-: .1=<1:3-=@4?1=4-0-<8-6@9-7>59@9 • gaya gesek statis
> • koefisien gaya gesek
9;.58@:?@7919.18;7-3-=?50-7?1=6-05>185<
Contoh 2.6
$;.589181B-?5?57@:3-:6-8-:D-:36-=56-=57181:37@:3-::D-9"57->@0@?
7195=5:3-:6-8-:
@:?@77;:05>5
- 6-8-:85/5:7-=1:-.1=-5=31>17-:05-.-57-:
. 6-8-:71=5:301:3-:7;125>51:31>17-:>?-?5>-9.589 >
3
?-:
- <1=/1<-?-:>1:?=5<1?-8<-0->1<10-
. .1>-=>@0@? 657-7;125>51:31>17-:6-8-:
B. Gaya Gravitasi
-D- D-:3 919.@-? .1:0- 6-?@4 71 ?-:-4 -0-8-4 3-D- D-:3 >-9-
01:3-:3-D-D-:3919.@-?<8-:1?<8-:1??1=@>91:35?-=5$-?-4-=5/!
#30,+
3-D- ?-=57 3=-A5?->5 710@- .1:0- %
0-:
$ 9->>-.1:0-73
6-=-7 -:?-=- 710@- .1:0- 9
7;:>?-:?-3=-A5?->5@:5A1=>-8%9
73
)1;=-:3589@B-:!:33=5>&.#+.42#+"&/%G
571?-4@5
3
$
"57-6-=56-=5@95>-9-01:3-:
$ $ $ G
$ 6-=-7.1:0-?1=4-0-<<@>-?@959
#./*+ 5
.1>-=<1=/1<-?-:3=-A5?->5@95D-:305-8-95;814>@-?@.1:0-D-:3
#) .1=6-=-7$0-=5<@>-?@950-:91:0-<-?7@-?910-:3=-A5?->53
#1.1=3-:?@:3-:%58-5'1=/1<-?-:
=-A5?->501:3-:#1?5:335-: 0-:
#0&+$$&+
91=@<-7-:7;:>?-:?-0-:.1>-=-:.1=.-:05:3?1=.-857
*/ 01:3-: 6-=-7 >@-?@ .1:0- ?1=4-0-< <@>-? @95 "-05 >19-75: 6-@4
(* 81?-7>@-?@.1:0-$>19-75:71/58<1=/1<-?-:3=-A5?->5D-:305-8-95
>@-?@.1:0-
73
Sumber: Physics for Scientists and Engineers with 73
Modern Physics, 2000 /99
$5>-8:D-81?-7?5?570-=5.1:0--0-8-4* 3-=7@-?910-:3=-A5?->505?5?57>-9-
01:3-::;89-7-
mA = 4 kg mB = 9 kg
gA P g2
A B
(
x
50 cm
* *
* * * * * *
G*
*
G
*
** 9
0-:
4-=@> 0545?@:3 <@8- >1/-=- A17?;= '1=4-?57-:
"-05?5?57'4-=@>05?19<-?7-:<-0-6-=-7 90-=5.1:0-
m1
r1
)1<1=?54-8:D-3-D-3=-A5?->5<1=/1<-?-:3=-A5?->56@3-91=@<-7-:
.1>-=-:A17?;="-05.1>-==1>@8?-:<1=/1<-?-:3=-A5?->5D-:3.171=6-<-0-
>1.@-4?5?57-75.-?910-:3=-A5?->5D-:3054->587-:;8140@-.@-4.1:0-
.1=9->>-
1>-==1>@8?-:710@-<1=/1<-?-:3=-A5?->5?1=>1.@?-0-8-4
*.
g1 g
$
/;> G g2 r2 m2
Gambar 2.14
#1?1=-:3-: Resultan percepatan gravitasi
g
0-:g
$
G%9 73?1:?@7-:7@-?910-:3=-A5?->505?5?57
Pembahasan Soal
Contoh 2.9
@-.@-4.1:0-.1=9->>-730-:73*1=0-<-?>1.@-4?5?57D-:3.1=6-=-7>-9-
0-=5.1:0-0-:.1:0-D-5?@9D-:3919.1:?@7>@0@?F>1<1=?5<-0-3-9.-="57-
7;:>?-:?-3=-A5?->5H
Perbandingan antara jari-jari sebuah
planet (Rp ) dan jari-jari Bumi (Rb ) adalah
2 : 1, dan perbandingan massanya 10 : 1.
3 Jika berat Butet di Bumi 100 N, di
571?-4@5 m1 = 5 kg planet tersebut beratnya menjadi ....
$$9 a. 100 N
b. 200 N
73
c. 250 N
73 d. 400 N
e. 500 N
g
1
60°
739 g
$ Soal UMPTN Tahun 1990
739 Pembahasan:
$ g= M
g Percepatan gravitasi
O 2
5m R
#@-?910-:3=-A5?->505<1=;8140-=5<1=>-9--: m1 = 15 kg
g 2 2
p R
b
gb = Rp Mb
2
/;>
2 1= 2,5
gp = 2,5 gb
571?-4@5
*#"$$ '%0-:%)-?185?.@-?-:D-:3<1=?-9-.1=4->58
7;:>?-:?-<-0- @7@9!!!#1<81=
7;:>?-:?-3=-A5?->5@:5A1=>-8%9 73
9->>-$-?-4-=573
)17-=-:3:0-?1:?@>@0-40-<-?91:345?@:3:58-57;:>?-:?-
?1=>1.@? *1=:D-?- ?50-7 >@85? @:?@7 91:@=@:7-: <1=>-9--: ?1=>1.@?
91:3;=.5?@95-0-8-4>-?185?#'&!
<-0-&7?;.1=)-?185?5:591:318585:35@950-8-9B-7?@6-9
Tantangan
untuk Anda
Anda telah belajar tentang
hubungan gaya gravitasi dan massa
sebuah planet. Sekarang, hitunglah 01:3-: 718-6@-:
9->>-@9573
$ 6-=56-=5;=.5?>-?185?9
7;:>?-:?-3=-A5?->5@:5A1=>-8%9
73
H
73
H73
H 9
01:3-:919->@77-::58-50-:9-7-
(
$
H73
H 9
9 >05.@8-?7-:91:6-05 9 >
"-05>-?185?4-=@>91:3;=.5?01:3-:71/1<-?-: 9 >
&.1.4.:/.>@2>?2/A@@2>965.@?2A@.?8.>2@D.;4:2:69686=.;7.;4
:A9.:A9. ".>2@ @2>?2/A@ 16@.>68 12;4.; 4.D."2@68.@.>68.;;D.
8.>2@:2;4.9.:6=2>@.:/.5.;=.;7.;4?2/2?.> ?2/2?.>
1
?256;44.
1692=.?8.>2@82:/.9682=.;7.;4?2:A9. ;6/2>.>@68.>2@:.?65/2>.1.
1.9.:1.2>.529.?@6?6@.?;D.
"2:A16.;/2?.>4.D.@.>68.;=.1.8.>2@16=2>/2?.>:2;7.16 karet karet
1.;
8.>2@:2;4.9.:6=2>@.:/.5.;=.;7.;4?2/2?.> "2@68.4.D.@.>68.;
2 0
1692=.?@2>;D.@.8.>2@82:/.9682=.;7.;4?2:A9. ;6/2>.>@68.>2@
@2>?2/A@/2>.1.1.9.:1.2>.529.?@6?(2@6.=/2;1.:2:69686/.@.? F
29.?@6?6@.?@2>@2;@A768.4.D.D.;416/2>68.;=.1./2;1.:292C.@6/.@.?
29.?@6?6@.?;D./2;1.@2>?2/A@.8.;:2;4.9.:6=2>A/.5.;/2;@A8 karet ditarik
123<>:.?6!68./2?.>4.D.@.>68.;=.1.8.>2@6;616=2>/2?.>9.46:2;7.16
F2
F
1
F H daerah elastis
pertambahan panjang (m)
"2@2>.;4.;
/
@24.;4.;.@.A?@>2??$: Gambar 2.17
(a) Besar gaya tarik F menyebabkan
9A.?=2;.:=.;4: karet bertambah panjang.
/2?.>4.D.@.>68$
&2>/.;16;4.;.;@.>.=2>@.:/.5.;=.;7.;41.;=.;7.;4:A9.:A9. (b) Grafik F – seutas karet yang
16?2/A@()' $.@.A>24.;4.;(20.>.:.@2:.@6?1.=.@16@A96??2/.4.6 ditarik dengan besar gaya F.
/2>68A@
H
"2@2>.;4.;
>24.;4.;()' $
=2>@.:/.5.;=.;7.;4:
=.;7.;4.C.9:
Gaya 45
2. Modulus Elastisitas
.;@A;49.5?2/A.58.>2@/.;?2=.;7.;4 0: 1.; ?2=<@<;4 8.C.@
12;4.;=.;7.;4D.;4?.:."2:A16.;/2>69.5/2/.;/2>:.??. 4=.1.
?2@6.=/2;1.@2>?2/A@=.D.;41.=.@;1..:.@61.>6.8@6B6@.?@2>?2/A@
&2>@.:/.5.;=.;7.;4D.;416.9.:68.>2@/.;1.;8.C.@@2>;D.@./2>/21.
&2>/21..;@2>?2/A@16?2/./8.;<925=2>/21..;:<1A9A?29.?@6?6@.?.@.A
#<1A9A?+<A;4D.;416:69686821A./2;1.@2>?2/A@(20.>.:.@2:.@6?
:<1A9A?29.?@6?6@.?.1.9.5=2>/.;16;4.;.;@.>.@24.;4.;1.;>24.;4.;
D.;416:69686/2;1.
H
2;4.;:29.8A8.;?A/?@6@A?6",-)*2 1.;",-)*2
82",-)*2 :.8.161.=.@8.;=2>?.:..;
:<1A9A?29.?@6?6@.?.@.A:<1A9A?+<A;4$:
3. Hukum Hooke
!68.?2/A.5=24.?16/2>64.;44A.;?256;44.=24.?:2>2;44.;4/2>.>@6
=24.?16@.>68.@.A:2>.=.@/2>.>@6=24.?16@28.;=.1.=24.?.8.;/282>7.
4.D.=2:A965D.;4.>.5;D.?29.9A:2;A7A@6@68.?.92;4.;8.@.9.6;/2?.>
4.D.=2:A965=.1.=24.?6;6?2/.;16;412;4.;4.;44A.;.@.A?6:=.;4.;
D.;416/2>68.;=.1.=24.?&2>;D.@..;@2>?2/A@1682;.912;4.;A8A:
<<82(20.>.:.@2:.@6?A8A:<<8216@A96??2/.4.6/2>68A@
H
"2@2>.;4.; ! .@.A
!x
2?.>4.D.=2:A965=24.?$
! "<;?@.;@.=24.?$:
x?6:=.;4.;=.1.=24.?:
*;@A892/65:2:.5.:6/2?.>8<;?@.;@.29.?@6?6@.?=24.?!9.8A8.;
9.58246.@.;/2>68A@6;6
Aktivitas Fisika 2.2
Hukum Hooke
Tujuan Percobaan
Menentukan konstanta elastisitas pegas
Alat-Alat Percobaan
1. Pegas
2. Statif
3. Penggaris
4. Ember kecil
5. Koin kecil bermassa 50 g sebanyak 10 buah
6. Neraca Ohaus
Langkah-Langkah Percobaan
1. Susunlah batang statif dan pegas seperti terlihat pada gambar.
2. Ukurlah panjang mula-mula pegas tersebut.
3. Timbanglah berat ember dengan neraca Ohaus.
4. Gantunglah ember kecil dan sebuah koin bermassa 50 g.
5. Catatlah panjang pegas tersebut pada tabel data pengamatan.
6. Ulangi langkah pada poin ke-3 dengan 2 keping koin, 3 keping koin, dan
seterusnya sampai 10 keping koin.
(2A@.?8.C.@=.;7.;4;D. 0:1.;9A.?=2;.:=.;4;D.0:
/282>7.=.1.8.C.@@2>?2/A@?256;44.8.C.@/2>@.:/.5=.;7.;4:2;7.16 0:
6@A;49.5
:
H
0:I
:
$
0:I H:
. '24.;4.;
$:
!.16/2?.>>24.;4.;@24.;4.;1.;:<1A9A?29.?@6?6@.?/.@.;4@2>?2/A@/2>@A>A@@A>A@
I
:
0 #<1A9A?29.?@6?6@.?
I I $:
I
.1.9.5 I H
$: 1.; I $:
Gambar 2.18
(a) Sepeda motor yang
menggunakan
monoshockbreaker
(b) Sepeda motor yang
menggunakan double
shockbreaker
Sumber: Dokumentasi Penerbit
. /
Gaya 47
a. Pegas Disusun secara Seri
%!'!'=.1.?2=21.:<@<>.1.D.;4:2;44A;.8.;?6?@2:
#%$%(%!'!' 1.;%*" (%!'!'#2;A>A@;1.?6?@2:
:.;.8.5D.;41.=.@:2:/2>68.;82;D.:.;.;/.46=2;42;1.>.?2=21.
:<@<> ?6?@2:#%$%(%!'!' .@.A%*" (%!'!' 1.8.5
5A/A;4.;;D.12;4.;4.D.D.;4/282>7.=.1.?2@6.=(%!'!'@2>?2/A@
(2=21.:<@<>D.;4:2;44A;.8.;?6?@2:#%$%(%!'!' 1.=.@
16.;.9<468.;12;4.;?6?@2:?.@A=24.?1.;?.@A/2/.;?21.;48.;?6?@2:
%*"(%!'!'1.=.@16.;.9<468.;12;4.;?6?@2:1A.=24.?D.;416?A?A;
?20.>.=.>.92912;4.;?.@A/2/.;.4.6:.;.8.5=2>56@A;4.;4.D.1.;
8<;?@.;@.=24.?=.1.821A.?6?@2:=24.?@2>?2/A@2>68A@6;6.8.;16/.5.?
@2;@.;4?6?@2:=24.?D.;416?A?A;?20.>.?2>6=.>.9291.;?2>6=.>.929
A. /A.5 =24.? 16?A?A; ?20.>. ?2>6 1.;
&2>5.@68.;) ,
?2@6.==24.?:2:696868<;?@.;@.=24.?! 1.;! !68. =.1. A7A;4 =24.?
D.;416?A?A;?2>6@2>?2/A@16/2>64.D. 821A. =24.? @2>?2/A@ .8.;
:2;2>6:.4.D.D.;4?.:.D.6@A
Gambar 2.20
Pegas disusun paralel.
! -& !&- ! -
&2>@.:/.5.;=.;7.;4=24.?@<@.9?.:.12;4.;=2>@.:/.5.;=.;7.;4?2@6.=
=24.? .@.Ax x x1 ?256;44.=2>?.:..;8<;?@.;@.=24.?=.>.929
2 p
:2;7.16
! &! ! H
$:
!.16/2?.>!@<@.9=24.?@2>?2/A@.1.9.5 $:
Contoh 2.15
A./A.5=24.?16?A?A;?20.>.=.>.929?2@6.==24.?:2:696868<;?@.;@.=24.? $:
!68.=.1.?A?A;.;=.>.929=24.?@2>?2/A@16/2>64.D./2>.@ $56@A;49.5=2>@.:/.5.;
=.;7.;4=24.?
0
682@.5A6
k1 k2
!$
$:
!
$:
!
$: $:
! @<@.9 ! !
$:
k3
! x
@<@.9
$:x
$
F
x :0:
!.16=2>@.:/.5.;=.;7.;4=24.?@2>?2/A@?2/2?.>0: Gambar 2.21
Susunan pegas secara paralel-seri.
c. Pegas Disusun secara Paralel-Seri
)64./A.5=24.?16?A?A;?20.>.=.>.929?2>6?2=2>@6=.1.) , shockbreaker
?2@6.==24.?:2:696868<;?@.;@.=24.?! ! 1.;! &.1. A7A;4 =24.?
D.;4@2>?A?A;?20.>.=.>.929?2>6@2>?2/A@16/2>68.;4.D.?2/2?.>
2;4.;:2;44A;.8.;>A:A?.;8<;?@.;@.=24.?=.1.?A?A;.;?2>6
1.;?A?A;.;=.>.9298<;?@.;@.=24.?@<@.91.=.@16@2;@A8.;.>.;D.
12;4.;:2;D212>5.;.8.;?A?A;.;=24.?=.1.) ,
&2>@.:.8<;?@.;@.=24.?! 1.;! 16.;44.=:2;7.16=24.??A?A;.;
=.>.929@.;=.4.;44A.;1.>6=24.?82%9258.>2;.6@A=2>?.:..;
8<;?@.;@.=24.?! 1.;! :2;7.16
! &! !
"2:A16.;;69.68<;?@.;@.=24.?@2>?2/A@164./A;48.;?20.>.?2>6
12;4.;=24.?82?256;44. Sumber: Kamus Visual, 2004
!& !
! ! ! Gambar 2.22
! &
!
&
?2>6
.@.A! ?2>6
H Sistem pegas yang digunakan pada
shockbreaker mobil. Dapatkah Anda
memperhitungkan gaya yang
bekerja pada setiap shockbreaker?
Gaya 49
!!.16!
6k 2k
. m / m
0
(A?A;.;=24.?=.1.) ,@2>16>6.@.?@64./A.5=24.?D.;416?A?A;
=.>.929! !!!
!
84164.;@A;4=.1.?2/A.5
@2;@A8.;=2>@.:/.5.;=.;7.;48.C.@1.;@2@.=.;4.D.
8.C.@@2>?2/A@
Kata Kunci
& &
• gaya pulih ! &!
!!
• konstanta pegas (A?A;.;?2>612;4.;=24.?!:.8.! !.@.A! !
• regangan
? ! ! ! ! (
• susunan pararel (A?A;.;=24.?=.1.) , :2>A=.8.;=24.?D.;416?A?A;?20.>.=.>.929.@.A
&
!
1: 2
@2>1.=.@@6@68
!68.?2/A.5/2;1./2>:.??.
)2>1.=.@/A.5=24.?612;@6812;4.;8<;?@.;@.?2@6.=
;2>.0.=24.?=24.?.8.;:2;D6:=.;40:)2;@A8.; (2/A.5=24.?=.;7.;4;D.0:768.16/2/.;6/2;1.
/2?.>8<;?@.;@.=24.?1.>6;2>.0.=24.?@2>?2/A@ ?2/2>.@
$1.;=.;7.;4;D.0:768.16/2/.;6/2;1.
1682@.5A6 :? ?2/2>.@ $6@A;49.58<;?@.;@.=24.?@2>?2/A@
(2/A.5=24.?:2:696868<;?@.;@.=24.??2/2?.>!
$:(..@/2/.;/2>:.??. 84164.;@A;48.;
=.1.A7A;4=24.?@2>;D.@.=.;7.;4=24.?:2;7.16
$:)2;@A8.;=2>@.:/.5.;
=24.?.1.9.5!
84
T !68.
=.;7.;4@<@.9?6?@2:=24.??2@29.516/2>6/2/.;
768.?2@6.==24.?16?A?A;?20.>.
:? /2>.=.8.5=.;7.;4=24.? . ?2>61.;
:A9.:A9. / =.>.92912;4.; :?
"2@2>.;4.;
?6:=.;4.;:
3>28A2;?6E
.:=96@A1<:
0 ?A1A@ .C.9 >.1
) C.8@A?28<;
3>28A2;?6?A1A@>.1?
2?.>?A1A@D.;416@2:=A5?2/A.5@6@681.9.:3A;4?6?6;A?16?2/A@(**)
2t
( 2?.> ?A1A@ 3.?2 .1.9.5 )
)
16:.;. .1.9.53.?242@.>.;=2>?.:..;3.?242@.>.;;D.
Gaya 51
16?2>@.8.;:6?.9;D.
)
Informasi H
untuk Anda
(2/A.5@6@68D.;4/2>42>.85.>:<;68?212>5.;./2>=6;1.51.>6)
)
Suatu ketika ayunan sebuah lampu )
:2:696863.?2 1.; =.1. ?..@) :2:696863.?2
yang tergantung tali panjang pada
sebuah bangunan di Pisa diamati
oleh Galileo. Hal tersebut :.8./21.3.?2) 1.;) A;@A8) ) .1.9.5
memberikan inspirasi kepadanya )H )
bahwa periode sebuah bandul tidak
bergantung pada amplitudonya. H
$
H
2>9.C.;.;3.?2
.@.A H
$
Tokoh "2@2>.;4.;
. ?6; )
:.8.;69.68202=.@.;;D..1.9.5 + .
) )
+. 0<?) H
$69.6+ . .8.; :2;0.=.6 :.8?6:A: 768. ;69.6 0<?) ?256;44.
;69.6:.8?6:A:1.>6+ . !.168202=.@.;:.8?6:A::2:2;A56
=2>?.:..;/2>68A@
+:
1.;2 .8.;16=2><925
.>6",-)*2
82 1.9.:
+ 0<?)
D :
Sumber: research.leidenuniv.nl
Ilmuwan Belanda, Willems "202=.@.;16?2:/.>.;4=<?6?6?2/A.5@6@68D.;4/2>42>.85.>:<;68
.1.9.5 ?6;) ?6; ) 0 0<? )2;4.;
Gravesande (1688–1742) membuat :29.8A8.;?A/?@6@A?61.>6",-)*2 1.;2
beberapa perkakas untuk melakukan
percobaan merangkai gerak. Ia juga
membuat peralatan untuk =2>?.:..; 00<?)16=2><925
mengamati mengapa pegas yang +
ditekan dapat menggerakkan benda- D H
benda lain, begitu tekanannya "2@2>.;4.;
dilepaskan. Terungkap bahwa energi
potensial tersimpan di dalam benda, 8202=.@.;@2>5.1.=?A:/A-. :?
seperti pegas yang menjadi energi .:=96@A1<:
gerak, kemudian menyebabkan 3>28A2;?6?A1A@>.1?
benda bergerak.
?6:=.;4.;:
.:=96@A1<: A
&.1.) , @2>965.@@64./A.54>.368D.6@A4>.368?6:=.;4.; 0 a
y
t
(2/A.5/2;1.:29.8A8.;42>.85.>:<;68?212>5.;.?2=.;7.;4?A:/A.&2>?.:..; 0
?6:=.;4.;;D.16;D.@.8.;?2/.4.6?6; ) 12;4.;1.9.::2@2>1.;) Gambar 2.25
Grafik gerak harmonik sederhana:
1.9.:?28<;)2;@A8.; (a) simpangan terhadap waktu,
(b) kecepatan terhadap waktu, dan
(c) percepatan terhadap waktu.
?28<;
1 8202=.@.;:.8?6:A:1.;=2>02=.@.;:.8?6:A:
0
. &2>?.:..;?6:=.;4.;42>.85.>:<;68?212>5.;.D.6@A ?6;) 0
.;16;48.;12;4.;=2>?.:..;?6:=.;4.;?6; )
E1.;
.@.A E
?28<;
/ &2>?.:..;8202=.@.;+ 1.;=2>?.:..;=2>02=.@.;
D
.8.;16=2><925
D
+D ) ,?6; )
) - 0<? )
+
.
, :?
D ) ) 0<? ) -H ?6; ) :?
Gaya 53
?6; F :
0<?
+D
0 &.1.?..@)?28<;:.8.
pegas yang
naik turun
?6;
0<?
F:?
?6; F:?
HD ?6;
1 .>6=2>?.:..;?6:=.;4.;=.1./A@6>.16=2><925
:?
Gambar 2.26
+#
Percobaan untuk menghasilkan #
grafik simpangan terhadap waktu. :?
4. Periode dan Frekuensi pada Gerak Harmonik
2?.>?6:=.;4.;42>.85.>:<;68?212>5.;.=.1.=24.?1.;/.;1A9
1.=.@16@2;@A8.;12;4.;:2;4.:.@642>.8/<9.8/.968=.1.42@.>.;=24.?
1.;.DA;.;?212>5.;.;1..8.;:2:=2><925=2>6<1242@.>.;1.;
3>28A2;?6&2>6<1242@.>.;.1.9.5C.8@AD.;416=2>9A8.;/2/.;A;@A8
:29.8A8.;?.@A8.9642>.8/<9.8/.96842@.>.;>28A2;?642@.>.;.1.9.5
/.;D.8;D.42>.8/<9.8/.968D.;41.=.@169.8A8.;1.9.:C.8@A?.@A?28<;
&2>6<12D.;4169.8A8.;<925?2/A.5/2;1.=.1. ) ,
,/2/.;16@.>68?256;44.=24.?:2:.;7.;4?.:=.6
.1.9.5C.8@AD.;416/A@A58.;/2;1.A;@A8/2>42>.81.>6
&.1.)
, 42>.8/2;1.:2;D6:
82@6@68 &.1..DA;.;/2/.;)
=.;456;44.@6@68 "2@68.1692=.?/2/.;/2>42>.8:2;A7A@6@68
82?2@6:/.;4.;1.;:292C.@6;D.?.:=.616@6@68
O garis
setimbang
.
"2:A16.;/2/.;/2>42>.882:/.9682@6@68?2:A9.D.6@A@6@68
?2@29.5:292C.@6@6@6882?2@6:/.;4.;A;@A8821A.8.96;D.16@6@68
!.16/2>1.?.>8.;=2;4.:.@.;C.8@AD.;416/A@A58.;/2/.;A;@A8
:29.8A8.;?.@A8.9642@.>.;=.1.=24.?.@.A?.@A8.96.DA;.;=.1.
/.;1A916?2/A@&' % ?21.;48.;3>28A2;?6/2>/.;16;4@2>/.968
B A
12;4.;=2>6<12(20.>.:.@2:.@6?16@A96?
O
.@.A H
garis
setimbang "2@2>.;4.;
=2>6<12?28<;
Gambar 2.27 3>28A2;?652>@EE
Periode dan frekuensi pada
(a) pegas, (b) bandul, dapat 5. Gaya Pemulih pada Pegas dan Bandul
ditentukan dari besar
simpangannya. .9.:42>.85.>:<;68?212>5.;./282>7.>2?A9@.;4.D.D.;4.>.5;D.
?29.9A:2;A7A@6@6882?2@6:/.;4.;4.D.6;616?2/A@.&#*" /2?.>;D.
/2>/.;16;49A>A?12;4.;=<?6?6/2;1.@2>5.1.=@6@6882?2@6:/.;4.;
. / 0
&2>5.@68.;) , &24.?1.9.:@64.821A1A8.;:A9.:A9.
/2;1.=.1.=<?6?6?2@6:/.;41682:A16.;16@.>6882/.C.5?27.A5H.
9.9A/2;1.1692=.?8.;2>?.:..;12;4.;?..@=24.?16@.>68/282>7.
+y
–F +y ?2/A.54.D.B2>@68.982.@.?/2>@.;1.=<?6@631.;/2;1.:292C.@6@6@68
P
82?2@6:/.;4.;56;44.:2;0.=.6@6@68@2>@6;446.=.1.=<?6?6@2>?2/A@
–y F
–y /2;1./2>52;@6?2?..@ &.1.=<?6?66;6=A9.=.1./2;1./282>7.
4.D.=2:A965 B2>@68.982/.C.5:2;A7A@6@6882?2@6:/.;4.;*;@A8
821A.8.96;D./2;1..8.;:2;A7A@6@68@2>2;1.59.46
Gambar 2.28
Arah gaya pemulih pada pegas &.1.?..@=<?6?6@2>2;1.58202=.@.;/2;1.82:/.96/2>;69.6:6;6
selalu berlawanan tanda dengan :A: + 2:686.;?2@2>A?;D.42>.85.>:<;68=.1.=24.?/2>
simpangan. 9.;4?A;4?20.>./2>A9.;4A9.;4!.1642>.85.>:<;68=.1.=24.?.1.9.5
!.;<@.?6?8.9.>
;<@.?6B28@<>H
0!
,.;1A916@.>68?27.A5(
.D.=2:A965?29.9A/2>9.C.;.;.>.512;4.;.>.5?6:=.;4.;"2@68.
.>.5/2;1.82/.C.54.D.=2:A96582.@.?2:686.;7A4.?..@/2;1.
?256;44.:2:/2;@A8?A1A@ &.1./.;1A9/282>7.1A.4.D.D.6@A4.D.
/2>42>.882.@.?.>.54.D.=2:A965.1.9.5B2>@68.982/.C.5
@24.;4.;@.96 1.; 4.D. /2>.@ /.;1A9 # D.;4 .>.5;D. B2>@68.9 82
(2/A.5/.;1A9/2>:.??.#165A/A;48.;12;4.;?2A@.?@.96D.;4
/.C.5 "<:=<;2; 4.D. /2>.@ # D.;4 /282>7. =.1. /.;1A9 .1.9.5
T
=.;7.;4;D."?2=2>@6@.:=.8=.1.)
m
0
mg sin B
mg cos
mg
#0<? .D.6;6?29.9A?26:/.;4@2>5.1.=4.D.@24.;4@.96?256;44.
Gambar 2.29
/.;1A9/2>42>.8@2@.==.1.96;@.?.;;D."<:=<;2;4.D.9.6;;D..1.9.5 Gaya pemulih pada ayunan selalu
#?6; .D.@2>?2/A@?29.9A:2;A7A@6@6882?2@6:/.;4.;.DA;.;1.; menuju titik kesetimbangan.
@24.89A>A?@2>5.1.=@24.;4.;@.96.D.D.;4.>.5;D.?29.9A:2;A7A@6@68
82?2@6:/.;4.;.1.9.54.D.=2:A9652?.>4.D.=2:A965=.1..DA;.;
?212>5.;.1.=.@16;D.@.8.;12;4.;=2>?.:..;
H
"2@2>.;4.; 0#?6;
/2?.>4.D.=2:A965$
/2?.>=202=.@.;4>.B6@.?6:?
# :.??./2;1.84
?A1A@?6:=.;4.;
a. Periode Gerak Harmonik pada Pegas
&2>6<1242@.>.;=.1.=24.?1.=.@16@2;@A8.;12;4.;:2;44A;.8.;
A8A: $2C@<;D.6@A
#. !. # 0
!
. !
!#
# # mg
%9258.>2;.8202=.@.;?A1A@ :.8.
Gambar 2.30
Sebuah pegas ditarik hingga
merenggang sejauh y.
#
H
!
>28A2;?6=24.?/2>/.;16;4@2>/.96812;4.;=2>6<12=24.??256;44.
/2?.>3>28A2;?6=24.?16;D.@.8.;12;4.;=2>?.:..;
!
H
#
"2@2>.;4.;
3>28A2;?642@.>.;=24.?E
:.??./2/.;84
=2>6<12?28<;
! @2@.=.;=24.?$:
Gaya 55
Contoh 2.18
H
"2@2>.;4.;
=2>6<12 42>.8 /.;1A9 ?
/2?.>=2>02=.@.;4>.B6@.?6:?
=.;7.;4@.96:
*;@A892/65:2:.5.:6=2>6<12=.1./.;1A9?212>5.;.9.8A8.;9.5
.8@6B6@.?/2>68A@
!68.=2>6<12.DA;.;/.;1A9?212>5.;.D.;4=.;7.;4;D.
@2;@A8.;/2?.>=2>02=.@.;4>.B6@.?6169<8.?6.DA;.;@2>?2/A@
0
682@.5A6
0: :
=2>6<12
&2>02=.@.;4>.B6@.?616=2><92512;4.;",-)*2
:?
?
!.16=2>02=.@.;4>.B6@.?616@2:=.@@2>?2/A@.1.9.5:?
Contoh 2.19
.>64>.368?6:=.;4.;@2>5.1.=C.8@A?2=2>@6@.:=.8=.1.4.:/.>@2;@A8.;
:
/ &2>6<12.1.9.5?29.;4C.8@AD.;416=2>9A8.;A;@A8:2:/2;@A8@64.
@6@68=<@<;4/2>A>A@.;=.1.?A:/A-)12;4.;) ?28<;
0 >28A2;?642@.>.;
E
&.1.?A:/A-.1.;?A:/A-)D.;4?.:.9A86?9.51A.4>.368.H)42>.85.>:<;68
12;4.;=2>6<1242@.>.;?2@2;4.5=2>6<1242@.>.; 1.;.:=96@A1<42@.>.;
?2@2;4.5.:=96@A1<42@.>.;
0
!68.A;@A84>.368.H)42>.85.>:<;68 16.:/69.:=96@A1< =2>6<12 1.;
3>28A2;?6 :.8.A;@A84>.368.0)42>.85.>:<;68/2>9.8A
=2>6<12 1.;3>28A2;?6
>.36842>.8.H)42>.85.>:<;68 16;D.@.8.;<9254.>6?A@A51.;4>.368.H)
42>.85.>:<;6816;D.@.8.;<9254.>6?=A@A?=A@A??2=2>@6=.1.4.:/.>/2>68A@
simpangan (y)
Grafik gerak harmonik (1)
Amplitudo A1 , periode T1 Frekuensi f1
T2
A q
1
A2
waktu (t)
Gaya 57
t
/.;1A91692=.?:2;A7A@6@6882?2@6:/.;4.;16/2?.>2;2>46=<@2;?6.9
/2>.;4?A>:2;A>A;?21.;48.;/2?.>2;2>4686;2@68;D./2>@.:/.556;44.
:2;0.=.6:.8?6:A:16@6@68.;1A9@2>A?/2>42>.8:2;A7A@6@68
&.1.42>.8.;/.;1A91.>6@6@6882@6@68.8.;:2;4.9.:6=2;A>A;.;
/2?.>2;2>4686;2@681.;=2>@.:/.5.;/2?.>2;2>46=<@2;?6.96@6@68
/2?.>2;2>46=<@2;?6.9/.;1A982:/.96:.8?6:A:?21.;48.;/2?.>2;2>46
86;2@68;D.82:/.96;<9!.16?29.:.42>.8.;5.>:<;68?212>5.;.=.1.
.DA;.;/.;1A9/2>9.;4?A;4.8.;?29.9A@2>7.16=2>A/.5.;2;2>46=<@2;?6.9
:2;7.162;2>4686;2@68.@.A?2/.968;D.!68.@61.8.1.4.D.42?28/2>9.8A
5A8A:82828.9.;2;2>46:28.;68?256;44./2?.>2;2>46@<@.9=.1.42>.8.;
5.>:<;6816?2@6.=96;@.?.;?29.9A@2@.=(20.>.:.@2:.@6?/2?.>2;2>46
86;2@68/2;1.=.1.42>.85.>:<;68:2:2;A56=2>?.:..;
! #+ ! # 0<? t
! !
&
?6;
&
# ?6; t H
;2>46@<@.9.@.A2;2>46:28.;68D.;4:2>A=.8.;=2;7A:9.5.;
2;2>46=<@2;?6.91.;2;2>4686;2@681.=.@16@A96??2/.4.6/2>68A@
t
E
?6;
p
# & !
# 0<?
#
1.>6?63.@@>64<;<:2@>6?6; t 0<? t :.8.
# # ! H
Energi
Ep = E M
1 2 .@.A #
# H
Ep = kA
2
;2>46:28.;68=.1.42>.85.>:<;68?212>5.;./2?.>;D.@61.8/2>
4.;@A;4=.1.?6:=.;4.;42>.81.;;69.6;D.?29.9A@2@.=16?2@6.=@6@6896;@.?.;
2;4.;12:686.;2;2>46:28.;681.9.:42>.85.>:<;68?29.9A@2@.=
!
simpangan Y
;2>46=<@2;?6.942>.85.>:<;68:2:2;A56=2>?.:..;
&
–A +A
Ep = 0 &2>?.:..;@2>?2/A@:2>A=.8.;3A;4?68A.1>.@@2>5.1.=>.3682;2>46
=<@2;?6.9@2>5.1.=?6:=.;4.;/2>/2;@A8=.>./<9.:29.9A6@6@68=A?.@
Energi
E k = EM 2:686.;=A9.12;4.;2;2>4686;2@68&2>5.@68.; ) , ;2>46
86;2@6816=2><9251.>6",-)*2 D.6@A
H
! # &
! H !
E0
= Ek
!
k
!
0 H
–A +A
Gambar 2.32 2>1.?.>8.;",-)*21.=.@16@A96?
Grafik energi potensial dan energi
kinetik terhadap simpangan pada #+ ! 0
gerak harmonik sederhana.
! H
Kata Kunci
+ H
# • amplitudo
• fase
!68.=<?6?6/2;1.16@6@68?2@6:/.;4 8202=.@.;42>.85.>:<;68 • frekuensi getar
• gaya pemulih
:2;0.=.6:.8?6:A:?256;44.",-)*2 :2;7.16 • periode getar
• simpangan
!
+:.8? H
#
"2@2>.;4.;
8202=.@.;:.8?6:A::?
.:=96@A1<:
! 8<;?@.;@.=24.?$:
# :.??./2;1.84
:?..@16@.>6812;4.;/2;1./2>:.??.
(2/A.5=24.?/2>@.:/.5=.;7.;4
84
D.;4164.;@A;4=.1.=24.?@2>?2/A@965.@4.:/.>"2:A16.;16@.>689.46?27.A5 :
1.>6@6@6882?2@6:/.;4.;1.;1692=.?8.;
+y
0,150 m
m 0,100 m
m
. / 0
)2;@A8.;
0
. $69.68<;?@.;@.=24.?!1.;3>28A2;?6?A1A@ .1.9.5
#
!.
.
84:?
:
84
$:
1.;
!
#
$:
E
/ *;@A8:2;44.:/.>8.;5A/A;4.;?6:=.;4.; .@2>5.1.=C.8@A) 1.=.@
164A;.8.;1A.=2>?.:..;D.6@A
.H 0<? ).@.A.H ?6; )
&2:6965.;=2>?.:..;D.;4164A;.8.;/2>4.;@A;4=.1.821A1A8.;.C.9=24.?
A;@A8:29.8A8.;42>.85.>:<;68&.1.8.?A?6;61682@.5A6821A1A8.;.C.9
Gaya 59
H
1
@<@ ! $: : I H!
2 .>6/161.=.@8.;.H :0<? )
.>6016=2><925+ :??6; )
!.162;2>46=<@2;?6.91.;86;2@68?2/.4.63A;4?61.>6C.8@A.1.9.5
=
!. I H!0<? )
8
#+ I H!?6; )
:2;2>46=<@2;?6.91.;2;2>4686;2@68/.9<8.1.9.5
I H!
=
!. $:
H
I H
HI H
!I H!
8 @<@ =
(2/A.5.DA;.;?212>5.;.?2=2>@6=.1.4.:/.>@2>/A.@ (2/A.5=24.?12;4.;8<;?@.;@.=24.?
84D.;41668.@?2A@.?@.96D.;4
1.>6/.;1A9/2>:.??.
=.;7.;4;D. 0: 164.;@A;4B2>@68.9&.1.A7A;4;D.16/2>6/2/.;?2/2?.>
4>.:/2/.;16@.>6882/.C.59.9A1692=.?)2;@A
8.;9.5=2>6<1242@.>=24.?1.;3>28A2;?642@.>;D.
!68..:=96@A1<42@.>.;.:=96@A1<42@.>.;
=2>6<129A86?9.54>.368.H)1.>61A.
r
m= 0,3 kg
42>.85.>:<;68@2>?2/A@
(2/A.5/2;1.:29.8A8.;42>.85.>:<;68?212>5.;.
10 cm
?2=.;7.;4?A:/A.&2>?.:..;?6:=.;4.;16;D.@.8.;
!68.=2>02=.@.;4>.B6@.?6 :? @2;@A8.;/2?.>
4.D.=2:A965=.1./.;1A9 ?2/.4.6?6; ) 12;4.;.1.9.::2@2>1.;
)1.9.:?28<;)2;@A8.;
:?@2;@A8.;9.5=2>6<1242@.>.;=24.?
(2/A.5/2;1.#164.;@A;48.;=.1.?2/A.5=24.?
1 8202=.@.;:.8?6:A:1.;=2>02=.@.;:.8?6:A:
D.;4/2>42@.>12;4.;3>28A2;?6 E"2@68.
/2/.;D.;4:.??.;D. 416@.:/.58.;=.1.#
3>28A2;?642@.>.;:2;7.16 E)2;@A8.;9.5
;69.6#
?A1A@82:6>6;4.;7.9.;'7.>.8:</69
@2>5.1.==A?.@8292;48A;4.;@68A;4.;
'2 !
&2>02=.@.;4>.B6@.?6A:616;D.@.8.;12;4.;
&2>6<12.DA;.;/.;1A9?212>5.;.16;D.@.8.;
=2>?.:..; 12;4.;=2>?.:..;
'2
12;4.;7.>.8=2>:A8..;A:6@2>5.1.==A?.@
A:6
A8A: "2=92>:2;D.@.8.;/.5C.?2:A.=9.;2@ ;2>46:28.;68=.1.?2/A.542>.85.>:<;68
/2>42>.81.9.:<>/6@296=?12;4.;#.@.5.>616?.9.5 ?212>5.;.?29.9A@2@.=1.;@61.8/2>4.;@A;4=.1.
?.@A3<8A?;D. ?6:=.;4.;42>.8
A8A: "2=92>:2;D.@.8.;/.5C.4.>6?D.;4
:2;45A/A;48.;.;@.>.=9.;2@1.;#.@.5.>6.8.; #
:2;D.=A9A.?1.2>.5D.;4?.:.=.1.C.8@AD.;4?.:. #
2
Gaya 61
Peta Konsep
1
:2:/.5.?
A8A:<<82 &24.?1.;.;1A9
:2;0.>6 :2:69686
"<;?@.;@.=24.?
.D.=2:A965 &2>6<12 ;2>46
Refleksi
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, tentu Anda dapat Pada bab ini, Anda dapat mempelajari gaya gesek.
mengetahui jenis-jenis gaya yang sering Anda Kita dapat berjalan atau mobil dapat melaju karena
temukan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Anda juga adanya gaya gesek.Ternyata,banyak manfaat dengan
tentudapatmenjelaskanperbedaanantarajenisgaya adanya gaya gesek, meskipun memang ada kerugian-
yang satu dan gaya yang lainnya. Dari materi bab ini, nya pada kasus-kasus tertentu. Coba Anda cari manfaat
bagian mana yang dianggap sulit? Coba diskusikan lain mempelajari bab ini.
dengan teman atau guru Fisika Anda.
>.54.D.42?28?29.9A 2;1./2>:.??.#/2>.1.=.1.?2/A.5/61.;4:6>6;4
. ?2.>.512;4.;.>.54.D./2>.@/2;1. 12;4.;?A1A@82:6>6;4.; F!68. :?/2?.>
/ ?2.>.512;4.;42>.8/2;1. 8<236?62;42?28.;.;@.>./2;1.12;4.;/61.;4=.1.
0 /2>9.C.;.;.>.512;4.;42>.8/2;1. ?..@/2;1.@2=.@.8.;/2>42>.8.1.9.5
1 /2>9.C.;.;12;4.;/2>.@/2;1. .
2 @24.89A>A?12;4.;/2;1. /
0
1
2
(2/A.5/2;1.D.;4:29A;0A>=.1./61.;4:6>6;4
:2;1.=.@4.D.42?28D.;4/2?.>;D.@61.816@2;@A8.;
<925
. :.??./2;1. &.1.4.:/.>/2>68A@?..@/2/.;1692=.?8.;/.9<8
/ ?A1A@82:6>6;4.;/61.;4 @2=.@.8.;/2>42>.8!68.=2>02=.@.;4>.B6@.?6?2/2?.>
0 /2>.@/2;1. :?8<236?62;42?28.;?@.@6?.;@.>./.9<812;4.;
1 828.?.>.;=2>:A8..;/61.;4 :27..1.9.5
2 8202=.@.;/2;1. 2 kg
.
A
/
0
1
2
:
2;1./2>:.??. 84/2>42>.8:2;1.@.>16.@.?
=2>:A8..;12;4.;8202=.@.;.C.9
8<236?62;42?28.; 1.; :?7.>.8D.;4:?!68.
16@2:=A5/2;1.@2>?2/A@1.>6=<?6?6.C.9?.:=.6=<?6?6 B
.856>.1.9.5
1 kg
.
/: :
0 : !68.7.>67.>6A:61.;/2>.@/2;1.16=2>:A8..;
1 A:6,/2>.@/2;1.@2>?2/A@=.1.82@6;446.;1.>6
=2>:A8..;A:6.1.9.5
$
2 : . ,
.D.42?28:.8?6:A:@2>7.16=.1.?..@/2;1. / ,
. @2=.@.8.;/2>42>.8 0 ,
/ /2>42>.882/.C.5 1 ,
0 16.: 2 ,
1 :29A;0A>82.@.?
2 /2>42>.8/2>9.C.;.;.>.5 !68.:.??.A9.; 8.96:.??.A:61.;7.>67.>6A9.;
#</69/2>:.??. 84:29A;0A>12;4.;8202=.@.;
8.967.>67.>6A:6=2>/.;16;4.;4.D.@.>68A:6
8:7.:16>2:12;4.;4.D.!68.8<236?62;42?28.;
86;2@68.;@.>.><1.1.;7.9.; 1.;:</69/2>52;@6
?2@29.512@68/2?.>4.D.=2;42>2:.;.1.9.5
.
$
/ $
0 $
1
$
2
@2>5.1.=A9.;.1.9.5
.
2?.>;D.8<;?@.;@.4.D.
:21.;4>.B6@.?616=2>:A8..;
A:6/2?.>;D.:21.;4>.B6@.?6=.1.82@6;446.;
1.>6=2>:A8..;A:6.1.9.5
#2;A>A@A8A:<<82=2>@.:/.5.;=.;7.;4?2/A.5
. /.@.;4D.;416@.>68<925?A.@A4.D.
. /2>/.;16;49A>A?12;4.;/2?.>4.D.@.>68
/ / /2>/.;16;49A>A?12;4.;9A.?=2;.:=.;4/.@.;4
0 /2>/.;16;4@2>/.96812;4.;:<1A9A?+<A;4
/.@.;4@2>?2/A@
0 1 /2>/.;16;4@2>/.96812;4.;=.;7.;4:A9.:A9.
2 /2>/.;16;49A>A?12;4.;=.;7.;4:A9.:A9.
1 (2/A.5=24.?=.;7.;4.C.9;D. 9A.?=2;.:=.;4
1.;:<1A9A?+<A;4;D.
2
=24.?!D.;416:69686<925=24.?@2>?2/A@.1.9.5
.
682@.5A6=2>/.;16;4.;7.>67.>6?2/A.5=9.;2@
1.;7.>67.>6A:6 .1.9.5 =
:?
:<1A9A?D<A;44.D.=.;7.;4/.@.;4
!68.
=2>A/.5.;=.;7.;41.; 9A.?=2;.:=.;4
/2?.>;D.:21.;4>.B6@.?6=.1.82@6;446.; 1.>6 =2>?.:..;/2>68A@D.;4/2;.>.1.9.5
=2>:A8..;A:6.1.9.57.>67.>6A:6
. ;<9
.
:?
/
:?
0
1 :? /
2 :?
0
. 963@?21.;4/2>42>.882.@.?12;4.;8202=.@.;
(D.:?A9D.;4/2>:.??. 8416@6:/.;41.9.:?2/A.5
963@!.>A:@6:/.;4.;:2;A;7A88.;.;48. ;2C@<;
!68.=2>02=.@.;4>.B6@.?6A:6 :?1.=.@16?6:=A98.; 1
/.5C.
2
@2@.=
/ 963@?21.;4/2>42>.882/.C.512;4.;8202=.@.;
@2@.=
0 963@?21.;4/2>42>.882.@.?12;4.;=2>02=.@.;
@2@.=
/2/.;"2:A16.;A7A;4/.C.5=24.?164.;@A;46
/2/.;
0:
!68./2/.;@2>?2/A@16@.>6882/.C.5?27.A50:1.; ?20.>.B2>@68.9"2:A16.;:2;1.=.@8.;4.D.@.>68
$1.;=.;7.;4;D./2>@.:/.5 0:&.;7.;4=24.?
768.16@.>6812;4.;4.D. $.1.9.5
=2>02=.@.;4>.B6@.?6A:6 :? 2;2>46=<@2;?6.9 . 0:
29.?@68=24.?.1.9.5 /
0:
.
/
0
1
2
0 0: 1 0:
2
7<A92
7<A92
7<A92
7<A92
7<A92
(2/A.5=24.?164.;@A;46/2/.;/2>:.??. 4
E.1.9.5
82:A16.;16@.>68?256;44.:2:696863>28A2;?642>.8
5.>:<;6?=24.??2/2?.>E#.??./2;1.D.;45.>A?
16@.:/.58.;.4.>3>28A2;?642>.85.>:<;6?=24.?
:2;7.16
4
><82@D.;4169A;0A>8.;B2>@68.91.>6=2>:A8..;A:6
.1.9.5
!68.7.>67.>6A:6I 0:829.7A.;92=.??A.@A . 4 1
4
2
4
/
4
. &.1.42>.85.>:<;68=24.?768.:.??./2/.;D.;4
8:? 164.;@A;4=.1.A7A;4/.C.5=24.? 84=2>6<12
42@.>.;;D.?28<;!68.:.??./2/.;16@.:/.556;44.
/ 8:? :2;7.1684=2>6<1242@.>.;;D..1.9.5
0 8:? .
1 8:?
?28<;
2 8:? / ?28<;
0 ?28<;
1 ?28<;
2 ?28<;
0 ($+",.*1* ",%'/.%*%!"*#*."+.
A./2;1.@2>?A?A;?2=2>@64.:/.>
&.1.?A?A;.;/2;1./2;1.?2=2>@6=.1.4.:/.>:.??.
1.;=2>02=.@.;4>.B6@.?6;D. :?
/2;1.1.;?.:.D.6@A84
I
II
B = 5 kg
I $: 84@2;@A8.;
:?
. 4.D.4>.B6@.?6#.@.5.>6=.1.=9.;2@+A=6@2>1.; (2/A.5=24.?:2:696868<;?@.;@.=24.?!
/ 9.7A96;2.><>/6@=9.;2@+A=6@2> $:
2>.@*;616A:6.1.9.5 $!68.7.>67.>6A:6 (..@/2/.;/2>:.??. 84164.;@A;48.;=.1.A7A;4
I ::.??.A:6 I =24.?@2>;D.@.=2;7.;4=24.?:2;7.160:!68.
841.;
$: 84 /2>.=.
I
8<;?@.;@.4>.B6@.?6
H
/2>.@*;61682@6;446.;1.>6=2>:A8..;A:6
&.;7.;4?2/A.5=24.?/2>@.:/.5 0:768..;.8
#.??./A9.; :.??.A:61.;7.>67.>6A9.; 7.>6 @6:/.;4.;/2>:.??.84164.;@A;48.;=.1.A7A;4
;D.!68. :?/2>.=.8.58<;?@.;@.=24.?
7.>6A:6!68.=2>02=.@.;4>.B6@.?616=2>:A8..;A:6 @2>?2/A@
:?@2;@A8.;=2>02=.@.;4>.B6@.?616=2>:A8..;
A9.;
menganalisis gejala alam dan keteraturan dalam cakupan mekanika benda titik.
,3?B
, K
2
J1A1871H1C571;<DADB45>71>1A18@5A@9>4181>
B589>77149@5A?<58
.>CD;
J
,3?B
K
25A1AC9 71H1 C5AB52DC C941; =5<1;D;1> DB181 5>71>
$9;1
J
%51411>9>9=5>H1C1;1>218F11A1871H125A<1F1>1>45>71>1A18
@5A@9>4181>B589>77149@5A?<58
;1C1<19>71H1H1>7C571;<DADB45>71>1A18@5A@9>4181>25>41
1AC9>H171H1C5AB52DCC941;=5<1;D;1>DB181
3
3?BJ
,
,K
4, K
?>C?8DB181>571C96H19CDB5?A1>7@5>75>41A1B5@541H1>7B541>7
=5=13DB5@541>H1C921 C921 =5>75A5= B5@541>H1 .B181 H1>7
49<1;D;1>?<5871H175B5;H1>7C5A:1491>C1A1;54D121>B5@541
45>71>:1<1>25A>9<19>571C96;1A5>171H175B5;25A<1F1>1>1A18
45>71> 1A18 @5A@9>4181> B5@541 5B1A>H1 DB181 >571C96
C5AB52DC
B521>49>745>71>71H175B5;41>@5A@9>4181>H1>749C5=@D8B5@541 F
B5<1=171H175B5;25;5A:15>71>45=9;91>B5@541=5>71<1=975A1;
4 49@5A<1=21C
*5A@9>4181>25>41,
3?B
,52D1871H1C5C1@B525B1A(25;5A:1@141B52D1825>41H1>725A=1BB1;7$9;1
BD4DCH1>74925>CD;1>C1A171H141>2941>741C1A141<18
@141BD=2D-2
40
2
B589>771
J4
%
3?B
J40
B9>
,D2BC9CDB9;1>;549@5A?<58
%
4 0 '!
%
(
sebagai satuan energi dan usaha.
;7=B
=1;1 ,
(=$
$149DB181H1>749<1;D;1>71H1C5AB52DC141<18$
Sumber: Jendela Iptek, 1997
'
,5@541=?C?A25A85>C9/
C
/C/ -
=BB
K=B
,
/- -
B
=BB K=B
=K==
, ;1A5>11A1871H1B5:1:1A45>71>@5A@9>4181>25>41
',
;7K=BBK$
$149DB181H1>749<1;D;1>B5<1=1@5>75A5=1>141<18K;$
Perpindahan
F=s F(t)
*141DA191>B525<D=>H171H1H1>7497D>1;1>25A>9<19;?>BC1>D>CD;
=5>781B9<;1>DB181@14125>41H1>725A@9>418B5:1D8,
$9;1>41=5=2D1C7A169;CC5A8141@,@5A@9>4181>@14171H1
;?>BC1> >41 1;1> =5=@5A?<58 7A169; B5@5AC9 @141$/%$3
perpindahan (s) dengan gaya (F)
tidak konstan atau berubah-
ubah.
5A41B1A;1>7A169;C5AB52DC25B1ADB181H1>74981B9<;1>?<5871H1;?>BC1>
s1 s s2 s
-)-& <9= , K
=B
,52D1871H1H1>725AD218 D21825;5A:1@141
B52D1825>41B589>77125>41=5>71<1=9@5AD2181>
,52D1825>41H1>7=1BB1>H1;7=5<D>3DA45>71> B5@5AC97A169;@14171=21A25A9;DC
;535@1C1>=B)<58;1A5>1141@5>71AD871H1 F (N)
4
75B5;1>C1A1<1>C1941>25>4125>4125A85>C9B5C5<18
25A75A1;45C9;-5>CD;1>DB181H1>749<1;D;1>?<58
71H175B5;@14125>41C5AB52DC
6 7 8
,52D1825>4125A=1BB1;749C1A9;;51C1B@141 x (cm)
2 4
2941>7=9A9>7;1B1A?<5871H1(B51A1845>71>
2941>7,D4DC;5=9A9>71>2941>7C5A8141@8?A9I?>C1<
141<18 C1> –4
'/ - '/
>41C5<18=5>75C18D9218F1DB181141<18@A?B5BCA1>B65A5>5A79
=5<1<D9 71H1 B589>771 25>41 25A75A1; %5C9;1 25>41 25A75A1; 25>41
=5=9<9;9;535@1C1>41>=5>781B9<;1>5>5A79;9>5C9; 5A41B1A;1>
(34$/$$0 ;5>5A79;9>5C9;25>4149>H1C1;1>45>71>
%
'/ K
V
0 Vt
%5C5A1>71>
%
5>5A79 ;9>5C9; $
' =1BB125>41;7 F
/ ;5<1:D1>25>41=B
5>71>45=9;91> 4 K
; ;
$149DB181H1>74981B9<;1>71H1A5BD<C1>@141@1AC9;5<C5AB52DC
B1=1 A s B
45>71>@5AD2181>5>5A79;9>5C9;@1AC9;5<
; K Gambar 3.8
Besar usaha yang dilakukan oleh
(34$/$$0 ; 49;5>1<45>71>C5?A5=1DB181 5>5A79D>CD;@1AC9;5< pengemudi becak sama dengan
besar gaya yang bekerja pada becak
dikalikan dengan besar
perpindahannya.
Contoh 3.5
,52D18;5<5A5>725A=1BB17)<58;1A5>1@5>71AD871H1;5<5A5>725A75A1;45>71>
;5<1:D1>C5C1@3=B-5>CD;1>5>5A79H1>749=9<9;9;5<5A5>7C5AB52DC
$8$%
9;5C18D9
'
K ;7
Tugas Anda 3.1
/3=B=B Amatilah perubahan energi yang
terjadi di sekitar Anda. Diskusikanlah
'/ hal tersebut bersama teman Anda,
apakah perubahan energi yang terjadi
akan memengaruhi usaha yang
dilakukan?
N
K ;7=B
NK$
$1495>5A79;9>5C9;H1>749=9<9;9;5<5A5>7141<18NK $
Contoh 3.6
*1;D25A=1BB17C5A<5@1B41A9C1>71>B5?A1>7CD;1>7;1HD%5C9;1@1;D=5>H5>CD8
C1>18;5<1:D1>>H1=B$9;171H175B5;@1;DC5A8141@C1>18B525B1A(
89CD>7<18;541<1=1>@1;DH1>7=5>1>31@41<1=C1>18
$8$%
9;5C18D9 F
' 7
/
=B(
2 s
m / / 2 2
1
NK
, K
;7K
=B
,
,
=
$149;541<1=1>@1;DH1>7=5>1>31@41<1=C1>18141<18=
2. Energi Potensial
(+!#*)-(,#&&"(+!#2(!-+,#'*(*,.-.(%#-
(-.%(2&-%(2-.%((2($#%%(''.(!%#(%((+!#
-+,.-*-#'.(.&%( ?>C?8>H1C1<92DBDAH1>7B541>749C571>7;1>
*141 ;51411> 9>9 C1<9 2DBDA =5=9<9;9 5>5A79 @?C5>B91< $9;1 C1<9
2DBDA
49<5@1B;1> 1>1; @1>18 41@1C C5A<5=@1A 45>71> :1A1; C5AC5>CD
579CD
:D71@141;1C1@5<>5A79@?C5>B91<=D>3D<;5C9;1;1A5C;1C1@5<49C571>7
;1> ;5=D491> 89<1>7 ;5C9;1 ;1A5C ;1C1@5< 49<5@1B;1> 5>CD; 5>5A79
@?C5>B91<<19>H1>7C5A41@1C491<1=141<185>5A79@?
Gambar 3.9 a. Energi Potensial Gravitasi
C5>B91<7A1E9C1B941>
Menegangkan tali panah dan
katapel memunculkan energi 5>5A79@?C5>B91<@571B
>5A79C941;41@1C4939@C1;1>41>C941;41@1C49=DB>18;1>C5C1@9
potensial. 41@1C 25AD218 41A9 BD1CD 25>CD; =5>:149 25>CD; H1>7 <19> 5=9;91>
:D715>5A79@?
C5>B91<7A1E9C1B9H1>7B5A9>749C5=D;1>41<1=;5894D@1>
B581A9 81A9 3?>C?8 25A9;DC ,52D18 21CD ;5A9;9< 49<5=@1A;1> B531A1
*5A81C9;1>
F E5AC9;1< >5A79 @?C5>B91< C5A25B1A H1>7 49=9<9;9 21CD 141<18 ;5C9;1
21CD
=5>31@19 ;5C9>7791> =1;B9=D= ?>C?8 <19> B52D18 @5>B9< H1>7 C5A<5C1;
491C1B=5:1=5=9<9;95>5A79@?
C5>B91<7A1E9C1B9H1>725B1A>H1B521>49>7
45>71> =1BB1 41> C5=@1C ;54D4D;1> @5>B9< C5A8141@ <1>C19 %5C9;1
h @5>B9<
>41B5>CD841>>41291A;1>:1CD8;5<1>C1971H125A1C@5>B9<=5<1;D;1>
mg DB181B589>771@5>B9<25A@9>418@?B9B9>H141A91C1B=5:1;5<1>C19
Gambar 3.10 5B1A5>5A79@?C5>B91<7A1E9C1B9H1>749=9<9;925>41 25>41@141
Usaha yang dibutuhkan Pak 3?>C?8491C1B25A71>CD>7@141;54D4D;1>25>41C5AB52DCC5A8141@
Simbolon untuk mengangkat
ikan setinggi h adalah W = mgh. 13D1> C5AC5>CD *141$/%$3 D>CD; =5>71>7;1C B55;?A 9;1> H1>7
'!"
25A1C>H10B5C9>779"DB181H1>749<1;D;1>*1;,9=2?<?>141<18" K
1A1871H1B51A18@5A@9>4181>25>411C1D49CD<9B
! 25B1A@5A35@1C1>7A1E9C1B9=B
y
2 " C9>77925>41=
5>41H1>725A141@141;5C9>7791>"41A9C9C9;13D1>=5=9<9;95>5A79
s
Ftangan= mg @?C5>B91<D>CD;=5<1;D;1>DB181B525B1A'!" $14925>41=5=9<9;9
@?C5>B91<7A1E9C1B9H1>725B1A>H1
h ' '!"
*
K
6%60)$0$05$3$(0(3)+215(04+$.)3$7+5$4+'$064$*$
Fgravitasi=mg
*5A81C9;1>$/%$3 A18E5AC9;1<;51C1BBD=2D-249C5C1@;1>
y1 B5217191A18@?B9C96B541>7;1>71H17A1E9C1B925A1A18;5BD=2D-
2>571C96
;521F18
%5C9;1 ;5 1C1B
Gambar 3.11
Sebuah benda yang diangkat oleh C1>71>
gaya dorong Ftangan = mg dari posisi C1>71>4 '!" '!2 42
y1 ke y2.
* 5;B
,11C ;5 21F18
7A1E9C1B9
7A1E9C1B9 '!2 42 4'!"
.B181C5AB52DC494569>9B9;1>B521719@5AD2181>5>5A79@?
C5>B91<7A1E9C1B9
*7A1E
*7A1E 4 4 ' !2 42
*
* 7A1E
49>H1C1;1>45>71>@5AB1=11>
'!21C1D '!" K
B9>
B9> h
K
'!"
41@D>DB181H1>749<1;D;1>,1=D5<D>CD;=5=9>418;1>21<?; mg
;5;5C9>7791>"=5>781B9<;1><9>C1B1>E5AC9;1<B5@1>:1>7" 5>71>
45=9;91>DB181H1>749<1;D;1>,1=D5<141<18 2
" Gambar 3.12
(a) Farid memindahkan balok ke
'!" K ketinggian h menggunakan
bidang miring, sedangkan
5A41B1A;1>;54D13?>C?8C5AB52DC41@1C49B9=@D<;1>218F1DB181
(b) Samuel menggunakan katrol
H1>749<1;D;1>25>4125A71>CD>7@141;5C9>7791>H1>74931@19C941;dengan lintasan vertikal.
Samakah usaha yang dilakukan
25A71>CD>7@14131A1@5>71>7;1C1>25>41C5AB52DC1C1D<9>C1B1>H1
keduanya?
>7
49C5=@D8B5<1=1@5>71>7;1C1>
Contoh 3.7
1CD25A=1BB1;7:1CD82521B41A9;5C9>7791>=491C1BC1>18-5>CD;1>@5AD2181>
5>5A79@?C5>B91<41>DB181H1>749<1;D;1>71H125A1C21CDC5AB52DC@141B11C=5>31@19
;5C9>7791>=491C1BC1>18
;7"
'
=" =
1 *5AD2181>5>5A79@?
C5>B91<
2
=K=K$
p
untuk Anda
=K=$
.B181@?B9C96;1A5>11A1871H125A1CB51A1845>71>1A18@5A@9>4181>
$149DB181H1>749<1;D;1>71H125A1CB525B1A:?D<5
Contoh 3.8
5A1@1;185>5A79@?C5>B91<H1>749=9<9;9?<58=19AH1>725A141@141
Sumber:Fisika untuk Sains danTeknik,1998
;5C9>7791>=:9;1=1BB1:5>9B19A;7=41>@5A35@1C1>7A1E9C1B949C5=@1C
C5AB52DC=B
=
>5A79@?C5>B91<H1>749=9<9;919AC5A:D>141<18
'!"
=N $
y'
N;7
*
$1495>5A79@?C5>B91<H1>749=9<9;919AC5A:D>141<18N:?D<5
5B1A>H1DB181H1>749<1;D;1>@571B41A9;51411>2
2
41>2 2
25B1A45>71>@5AD2181>5>5A79@?C5>B91<@571B1>C1A12
y1 =0 y @571B 4 ,25B1A@5A@9>4181>@?B9B925>41
2 2 2
2
2
2
Gambar 3.13
(a) Keadaan awal benda dalam %22
posisi seimbang.
45>71> @@571B
%2 K
%5C9;1@571B49<5@1B;1>@571B1;1>=5<1;D;1>75A1;81A=?>9;
,5<1=1@5A75A1;1>>H1@571B=5>71<1=9@5AD2181>5>5A79;9>5C9;
=5>:149 5>5A79 @?C5>B91< @571B 1C1D B521<9;>H1 -941; B5<1=1>H1
@571B
=5<1;D;1>75A1;81A=?>9;@5>71AD871H1<D1A1;1>=5=2D1C@571B
25A85>C9@141@?B9B9;5B5C9=21>71>
Contoh 3.9
*571B25AC1=218@1>:1>73=;5C9;14925A971H1(5A1@1;185>5A79@?C5>B91<
@571B:9;171H1@141@571BC5AB52DC49:149;1>;1<9<9@1C
(1
3==
(=
F
%1
=
$9;1
(
(
(
F
%
1
(==
(= Kata Kunci
%1
(==
*
$
• energi kinetik
$14925B1A5>5A79@?C5>B91<5<1BC9B@571B141<18$ • energi potensial
N
c 71H1 C5;1> 41> 25B1A 71H1 25A1C @5>D=@1>7
'!B589>771
/
B
'!'B 3
B589>77149@5A?<58
,H1A1C;5<1:D1>=9>9=1<49C9C9;141<18
loop berbentuk lingkaran. /
'! '
/C !+
min
% * %3 *3
'/ '!"
'!" '/
B589>77149@5A?<58
'
%1<9;1>;54D1AD1B@5AB1=11>C5AB52DC45>71>
!" /
!" /
"
)<58;1A5>1"
41>/
!
!=1;1
@5AB1=11>=5>:149
/
/!
=9> ! K
%5C9>7791> 1F1< =9>9=1< <D>3DA1> 49 C9C9; 41@1C >41 89CD>7
=5<1<D9@5>5A1@1>"D;D=%5;5;1<1>>5A79'5;1>9;49C9C9;41>
171A+)&&+),-+=1=@D=5<5F1C9<??@45>71>1=1>
Contoh 3.14
,5@?C?>721<?;25A=1BB1'=5<D>3DA@141BD1CDC1<1>7<9>7;1A1>41<1=B5@5AC9
C5A<981C@14171=21A$9;171H175B5;1>C1A121<?;41>C1<1>7491219;1>
1 25A1@1;18;5C9>7791>=9>9=D=21<?;H1>781ADB49<5@1B171A75A1;1>>H141@1C
=5>31@19@D>31;<9>7;1A1>C9C9;41>
2 C5>CD;1><1825B1A@5A35@1C1>21<?;49C9C9;
$8$%
A B
v
hA
R
1 !D>1;1>AD=DB;5<1:D1>=9>9=D=@141C9C9;C5A5>418(34$/$$0 ;
$149;5<1:D1>=9>9=D=49C9C9;25B1A>H1/
=9> ! B589>7711>C1A1C9C9;
41>45>71>=5>77D>1;1>8D;D=;5;5;1<1>5>5A79=5;1>9;
* % * %
' !"
'/
'/
'! "
'!
"
$149;5C9>7791>=9>9=D=171A21<?;=5>31@19C9C9;141<18
2
5B1A@5A35@1C1>49C9C9;141<18@5A35@1C1>B5>CA9@5C1<5A41B1A;1>71=21A
Kata Kunci
49C9C9;
'!B • energi mekanik
• gaya konservatif
' '!49=1>1 • gaya sentripetal
• kelajuan minimal
• konstanta pegas
25A1@1=5C5A@571BC5AC5;1>
D12D1825>4141>H1>725A=1BB1=1B9>7 =1B9>7
,
!,
$149@5A35@1C1>21<?;49C9C9;141<18
,
!
@1;18H1>7>41;5C18D9C5>C1>771H1;?>B5AE1C96
41>71H1C941;;?>B5AE1C96 ,52D1821<?;25A=1BB1;7=D<1 =D<1491= 1<?;
C5AB52DC;5=D491>49:1CD8;1>41A9BD1CD;5C9>7791>
3=@141B52D18@571BH1>7;?>BC1>C171H1>H1
@1;188D;D=;5;5;1<1>5>5A79=5;1>9;25A<1;D (= $9;1!=B
@141B52D1825>41:9;171H1;?>B5AE1C9625;5A:1@141
25>41C5AB52DC -?<5=5=9>418;1>2D;D41A9<1>C19;51C1B=5:1
5A1@1DB181C?C1<H1>749C5A9=1?
<582D;DC5AB52DC
=5C5A41>"=5C5A -97121CD21C1H1>7C521<>H13=49<5C1;;1>491C1B
':1CD82521B41A9;5C9>7791>"
8@
=B
,52D18=5B9>@?=@141@1C=5=9>418;1>;719A
;5B52D1821;H1>7C9>779>H1=B5<1=1=5>9C
$9;1569B95>B9=5B9>@?=@19>925A1@1;1841H1
,52D18@?=@1=5B9>4975A1;;1>?<58=?C?A<9BCA9;H1>7 <9BCA9;H1>749@5A<D;1>
=5=9<9;941H1"* '5B9>C5AB52DC1;1>=5>19;;1>
2521>;7;5C5=@1CH1>7C9>779>H1="9CD>7<18
F1;CDH1>7492DCD8;1>D>CD;=5>19;;1>2521>
C5AB52DC
=B5@1>:1>72941>7=9A9>7
"9CD>741H1H1>74925A9;1>?<5871H1
;=:1=
,52D1821<?;25A=1BB1;725A14141<1=;51411> ,52D1825>41H1>7=1BB1>H1;725A75A1;45>71>
491=491C1B2941>7=9A9>71<?;C5AB52DC=5>41@1C ;535@1C1>C5C1@=B%5=D491>25>41C5AB52DC4925A9
71H1B525B1A(B51A182941>7=9A9>7;51C1B 71H1B589>77125>41=5>71<1=9@5A<1=21C1>
;5=D491>25A85>C9B5C5<18=5>5=@D8:1A1;=
-5>CD;1>
F m = 2 kg 1 25B1A71H1@5>75A5=1>H1>725;5A:1@14125>41
2 DB181H1>749<1;D;1>25>4189>77125A85>C9
30°
1 -5>CD;1>;535@1C1>21<?;B5C5<18=5>5=@D8
:1A1;,
2
=!=B
,
BD4DC2941>7=9A9>7J
*5<1BC9B
Rangkuman
.B181141<1825B1A>H171H1B51A18@5A
@9>4181>B49;1<945>71>25B1A>H1@5A@9>4181> '/
%
3?B ,1C1D,3?B
>5A79@?C5>B91<141<185>5A79H1>749=9<9;9?<58
45>71> 141<18 BD4DC 1>C1A1 71H1 41> B5C91@25>41;1A5>1;54D4D;1>>H1$9;1;51411>
@5A@9>4181> =5=D>7;9>;1>5>5A79C5AB52DC41@1C49=D>3D<;1>
.B18125A81A71>571C96=5>D>:D;;1>218F171H1 '!"D>CD;5>5A79@?C5>B91<7A1E9C1B9
*
H1>725;5A:125A<1F1>1>45>71>1A18@5A@9>4181>
*1417A169;71H1C5A8141@@5A@9>4181>25B1ADB181
=5AD@1;1><D1B415A18H1>7491AB9A
4 D>CD;5>5A79;9>5C9;
%1
D>CD;5>5A79@?
C5>B91<@571B
.B181=5AD@1;1>@5AD2181>5>5A7941A9BD1CD
F 25>41
W1
%
4 D>CD;5>5A79@?C5>B91<
%
s
"D;D=%5;5;1<1>>5A79'5;1>9;L$9;1@141
W BD1CDB9BC5=H1>725;5A:181>H171H1 71H1
Wtotal = W1 +W2 2
;?
>B5AE1C965>5A79=5;1>9;B9BC5=B5<1<DC5C1@
4 ;?>BC1>
>5A79141<18;5=1=@D1>D>CD;=5<1;D;1> M * %
DB181>5A79;9>5C9;141<185>5A79H1>749=9<9;9 *
?<58B5C91@25>41H1>725A75A1;
*
%
0(3)+'$0$:$
=5=2181B
.B181*5AD2181>>5A79
=5=2181B
>5A79*?C5>B91< >5A79*?C5>B91<
!A1E9C1B9 *571B
Refleksi
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, tentu Anda dapat Dengan mempelajari konsep usaha, Anda dapat
memahami konsep usaha, energi, dan daya. Anda juga menentukan usaha dengan menentukan lintasan yang
tentudapatmengetahuihubunganantarausaha,energi, lebih efisien untuk dilakukan. Hal tersebut adalah salah
dan daya. Nah, dari materi-materi bab ini, bagian satu manfaat mempelajari bab ini. Coba Anda sebutkan
manakah yang Anda anggap sulit? Coba diskusikan manfaat lain setelah mempelajari bab ini.
dengan teman atau guru Fisika Anda.
,1CD1> B1CD1>25A9;DC9>9H1>7-#
%C5A=1BD;B1CD1>
DB181141<18
1
2
3
4
5
!5A?21;45>71>=1BB1;7C5A<5C1;@1412941>7
D'9>1=5=21F1;5A1>:1>725A=1BB1;741> =9A9>7H1>7BD4DC;5=9A9>71>>H1JC5A8141@
25A:1<1>B5:1D8=$9;1@5A35@1C1>7A1E9C1B9=B 2941>78?A9I?
25B1ADB181H1>749<1;D1>D'9>1141<18
>C1<$9;149;5C18D9@5A35@1C1>7A1E9C1B9
!=B 41>75A?21;25A75B5AB5:1D8=;51A18
21F18DB181H1>749<1;D;1>?<5871H125A1C
141<18
$
$
>?<
1 $
$ 2 $
3
4 $
5 $
'?29< H1>7 =1BB1>H1
;7 49A5= 45>71> 71H1
(B589>77125A85>C9@141:1A1;= 5B1ADB181
;535@1C1>25>41B11C25A14149
B11C@5>75A5=1>=?29<C5AB52DC141<18
$
1 $ ,52D1825>4125A=1BB1;7:1CD82521B41A9
N ;5C9>7791>=$9;125B1A@5A35@1C1>7A1E9C1B9!B1=1
2 45>71>=B
3 N
4 N
5 N
N
$ ;5C9>7791>=41A9C1>18141<18
$
$
1 =B
$
2 =B
3 =B
4 =B
5
,52D18@?C:1CD82521B41A9C5=@1CH1>7C9>779>H1=
;$ 1
;$ 2 =B
3 =B
=B
4
5 =B
=B
" =5C5A $9;1
D125>4141>=1B9>7=1B9>725A=1BB1':1CD8
2521B41A9;5C9>7791>" =5C5A 41>
9AC5A:D>B5C9>779=45>71>4529CB525B1A=B
" =5>H5>CD8C1>1845>71>;535@1C1>/=B25>411;1>
=5>H5>CD8C1>1845>71>5>5A79;9>5C9;B525B1A
=0
49=1>611C;1>D>CD;=5=DC1ACDA29>H1>7=5>7
75A1;1>75>5A1C?A<9BCA9;$9;15>5A7919AC5A:D>41@1C
49D218=5>:149<9BCA9;41H1;5;D1C1>75>5A1C?AB5C91@ '/
1
B5;?>>H1B1=145>71>
1 2
2
3
4
5
=0
=0
=0
=0
3
'/
'/
'/
$9;1>4125AB5@541=5>DAD>92D;9CC1>@1=5>71HD8
41>25B1A;535@1C1>>H1C5C1@C5A:149@5AD2181>5>5
A79
41A9
;9>5C9;=5>:149@?C5>B91<
@?C5>B91<=5>:149;9>5C9;
@?C5>B91<=5>:149;1<?A
;1<?A=5>:149@?C5>B91<
;9>5C9;=5>:149;1<?A
'/
1
2
3
4
5
,52D18@571B49C1A9;45>71>71H1(89>771
25AC1=218@1>:1>73=5B1A5>5A79@?C5>B91<@571B
C5AB52DC141<18
1 $
2
!(4! 3 $
4
5 $
$
$
C
*141B52D18@571BC5A71>CD>72521>H1>7=1BB1>H1
A
;7*571BC5AB52DC25AC1=218@1>:1>73="9CD>7<18
5>5A79@?C5>B91<@571B41>25A1@1;1825B1A5>5A79
@?C5>B91<@571B:9;12521>>H149C1=218;7
!=B
9AC5A:D>=45>71>4529C=
lintasan
roller coaster
hA ,52D1821<?;25A=1BB1;7=D<1 =D<1491= 1<?;
h C5AB52DC;5=D491>49:1CD8;1>41A9;5C9>7791>=@141
C
B B52D18@571B-5A>H1C1@571BC5AC5;1>=1;B9=D=
B525B1A3=5A1@1;18;?>BC1>C1@571BC5AB52DC
hB !=B
=5=DC1A75>5A1C?A<9BCA9;$9;149;5C18D9!=B
B497D>1;1>D>CD;
$9;171H175B5;+)&&+),-+41><9>C1B1>>H1491219;1>
C5>CD;1>;5<1:D1>+)&&+),-+@141;54D1C9C9; 41>81>H15>5A7919AH1>725AD218=5>:149
C5AB52DC 5>5A79<9BCA9;25A1@1F1CC41H1H1>74981B9<;
1>
75>5A1C?AC5AB52DC
5>5A79
M
E8;<A::4>868C4F4AAJ458DG54;@8A=47<1 E8?4@4)
4D<"G>G@##(8IFBA7<C8DB?8;C8DE4@44A
# M Gambar 4.1
Sebuah mobil yang mengalami
*474:8D4>?GDGE7<C8D68C4F58D?4>G percepatan sehingga
kecepatannya berubah dari v1
1 1 menjadi v .
M 2
"-.)*47<74C4F>4A
4D<"-.)*4 74A
1 1
#
M
J4A:7<58D<>4AC47458A7458E4DAJ4E4@4
78A:4AC8DG54;4A@B@8AFG@,
,
58A74 C8D E4FG4A I4>FG ) &<;4F Werner Heisenberg
"-.)*4 J4<FG (1901–1976)
) 8D4DF<"-.)*4E8EG4<78A:4A
"-.)*4
)?8;>4D8A4<FG:4J4D4F4D4F4AJ4474?4;
,
) , ,
)
E8;<A::4 ) #1 #1 M
Sumber: Conceptual Physics,1998
8D74E4D>4A"-.)*4A74@8A:8F4;G<54;I4;4E<?>4?<
:4J4 74A E8?4A: I4>FG ?4@4AJ4 :4J4 58>8D=4 ) E4@4 78A:4A Ia dilahirkan di Duisberg, Jerman. Ia
mempelajari fisika teoritis di Munich,
C8DG54;4A@B@8AFG@4F4GE8?<E<;4AF4D4@B@8AFG@4>;<D#1 di74A tempat ini pun ia menjadi
@B@8AFG@4I4?#1 58A74GAFG>:4J4J4A:F8F4C penggemar ski dan pendaki gunung.
Hasil pemikirannya yang terkenal
ialah prinsip ketidakpastian
(<?4<) 7<>8A4?E854:4<<@CG?EJ4A:7<?4@54A:>4A78A:4A8A:4A Heisenberg yang didasarkan pada
78@<><4A74C4F7<E<@CG?>4A54;I4<@CG?EJ4A:58>8D=4C474EG4FG58A74
konsep momentum, yaitu foton yang
digunakan untuk mengamati posisi
E4@478A:4AC8DG54;4A@B@8AFG@J4A:F8D=47<C47458A74F8DE85GF elektron memiliki momentum yang
relatif sama. Oleh karena itu, ketika
) M terjadi tumbukan antara foton dan
%8F8D4A:4A elektron akan mengubah posisi
<@CG?E(E elektron.
:4J4(
) E8?4A:I4>FGE
Contoh 4.1
Ingatlah
+85G4;5B?458D@4EE4:=4FG;74D<>8F<A::<4A@8F8D+8F8?4;@8AG@5G>?4AF4<
Impuls sebanding dengan 5B?4@8@4AFG?>8@54?<58D?4I4A4A78A:4A4D4;E8@G?478A:4A>8F<A::<4A@
perubahan momentum. "<FGA:?4;
4 @B@8AFG@5B?4E858?G@74AE8EG74;
@8AG@5G>?4AF4<
5 :4J4J4A:7<58D<>4A?4AF4<C4745B?4>8F<>45B?4 h1
@8AJ8AFG;?4AF4<E8?4@4E h2
2
<>8F4;G< # :NM
Kata Kunci >:
@
+2 =
• impuls
• momentum linear )E
-AFG>:8D4>=4FG;5854E58D?4>GC8DE4@44AE854:4<58D<>GF
+1 =
=
=–
m/s =
MM>:@ E
& M&
!4J4J4A:7<>8D=4>4A?4AF4<C4745B?4E8?4@4NM78F<>474?4;
>:@ E
(
)
E
$47<:4J4J4A:7<58D<>4A?4AF4<(@8?4I4A4D4;:8D4>=4FG;5B?4
+85G4;5B?4E8C4>58D@4EE4>:7<F8A74A:;BD<KBA +8BD4A:E<EI4@8A::8A::4@5B?458D@4EE4>:74A
F4?B?8;C8A=4:4:4I4A:78A:4A>868C4F4A@E @8?8@C4D>4AAJ4E864D4;BD<KBAF4?
,8AFG>4A:4J4J4A:7<58D<>4AB?8;>4><C8A=4:4:4I4A: 78A:4A>868C4F4A
F8D;474C5B?4=<>4E8?4A:I4>FG>4><@8AJ8AFG;5B?4 4I4?@ E B?4F8DE85GF@8@58AFGDF<4A:E8?4@4
4 NM
NM
5 E @ E ,8AFG>4A
EE8;<A::458D54?<>4D4;78A:4A>868C4F4A
4 <@CG?EJ4A:7<58D<>4AF<4A:C4745B?4
N 5 :4J4J4A:7<58D<>4AF<4A:C4745B?474A
6 C8D68C4F4A5B?4C8@G>G?E8?4@458DE8AFG;4A
B. Tumbukan
*8D<EF<I4FG@5G>4A74C4FA74F8@G<C4747G458A74J4A:E4?<A:
58DF45D4>4AE4FGE4@4?4<A*8D@4<A4AJ4A:@8@4A944F>4AE864D4?
Ingatlah 4A:EGA:
C8D<EF<I4 FG@5G>4A 474?4; C8D@4<A4A 5<?<4D 74A 5BI?<A: ,4;G>4; A74
Jika berlaku Hukum Kekekalan
4FGD4AC8D@4<A4AC8D@4<A4AF8DE85GF
*474GD4<4AEG5545E858?G@AJ4F8?4;7<>8F4;G<54;I4<@CG?EE4@4
Momentum Linear, momentum 78A:4A C8DG54;4A @B@8AFG@ 8D<>GF <A< 4>4A 7<=8?4E>4A
linear awal sama dengan C8DG54;4A
momentum linear akhir.
@B@8AFG@J4A:F8D=47<C474E8F<4C58A74J4A:E4?
<A:58DFG@5G>4AE8DF4
>4<F4A4AF4D4E8F<4CC8DG54;4A@B@8AFG@F8DE85GF
setelah tumbukan
%8D8F474A>8D8F4E858?G@58DFG@5G>4A@4E<A:@4E<A:@8@<?<><
@4EE4# 74A# 74A>868C4F4A 74A %87G4>8D8F4F8DE85GF58D474
C474E4FG5<74A:74F4D74A@8@<?<><4D4;:8D4>J4A:E4@4$<>4>868C4F4A
>8D8F4 ?85<; 58E4D 74D<C474 >868C4F4A >8D8F4 >8D8F4 C474 E44F
F8DF8AFG 4>4A @8A45D4> >8D8F4 %8F<>4 >8D8F4 @8A45D4> >8D8F4
E8EG4<78A:4A"G>G@###(8IFBA>8D8F44>4A@8@58D<>4A:4J44>E<
E858E4D
74A>8D8F44>4A@8@58D<>4A:4J4D84>E<E858E4D
4:4<@4A458E4D:4J4D84>E<F8DE85GFC474>8D8F4$<>4"G>G@
%8>8>4?4A'B@8AFG@&<A84D58D?
4>GC474C8D<EF<I4FG@5G>4A4AF4D4
>8D8F474A58E4D>87G4:4J4F8DE85GF4>4AE4@458E4D>4AF8F4C<
4D4;>87G4:4J458D?4I4A4A4D4;E8;<A::4E864D4@4F8@4F<E74C4F
7<FG?<E>4AE854:4<58D<>GF ,
4I4? ,4>;<D
,
4I4?,4I4? ,4>;<D,
4>;<D
# 1 #1 # 1 #1 M
%8F8D4A:4A
# 1# 1 =G@?4;@B@8AFG@E858?G@FG@5G>4A
# 1 # 1 =G@?4;@B@8AFG@E8EG74;FG@5G>4A
BAFB;?4<A74D<C8D<EF<I4FG@5G>4AJ4A:74C4F7<?4>G>4AC8A78>4F4A
78A:4A"G>G@%8>8>4?4A'B@8AFG@&<A84D474?4;C474C8D@4<A4A%#
%# ' < 5858D4C4 >BF4 58E4D C8D@4<A4A <A< 7<E85GF =G:4 @B5<? E8A::B?
'B5<?F8DE85GF7<:8D4>>4AB?8;8A8D:<?<EFD<>J4A:7<C8DB?8;74D<=4D<A:
=4D<A:?<EFD<>7<4F4EAJ4%868C4F4A@4>E<@G@E8F<4C@B5<?474?
4;E4@4>4D8A4 Sumber: Dokumentasi Penerbit
+8BD4A:A8?4J4A58D@4EE4>:58D4747<4F4EC8D4;G G45G4;>8?8D8A:74A@4E<A:@4E<A:58D@4EE4
>: *8D4;G 58D:8D4> 78A:4A >8?4=G4A @ E
,8AFG>4A>868C4F4AC8D4;G=<>4A8?4J4A@8?B@C4F
78A:4A>868C4F4A@ E78A:4A4D4;
# >:# >:+ @ E+ M@ E
*8D;4F<>4A )?8; >4D8A4 >87G4 58A74 58D:8D4> 58D?4I4A4A 4D4; @4>4 >87G4
>868C4F4A;4DGE58D?4I4A4AF4A74*4746BAFB;EB4?<A<+ 7<4A::4CCBE<F<974A+
7<4A::4CA8:4F<9
4D<"G>G@%8>8>4?4A'B@8AFG@7<74C4F
# + # + # + # + Ingatlah
>:@ E>:M@ E>:+ >:+
EM@ E+
@
@4>4
4D<"G>G@%8>8>4?4A'B@8AFG@7<74C4F;4E<?E8C8DF<"-.)*
*474FG@5G>4A?8AF<A:E854:<4A"-.)*4@8A=47<
@ EM +
+G5EF<FGE<>4A"-.)*>874?4@"-.)*E8;<A::47<C8DB?8;
M@ E
;4E<?
+
+
@E Kata Kunci
A8D:<><A8F<>E8F8?
4;FG@5G>4A
tumbukan lenting sebagian
tumbukan lenting sempurna
tumbukan tidak lenting sama
sekali
•
•
•
#+
#+
!
!
m1 = 8 kg m2 = 12 kg Berikut ini ukuran diameter, massa
v 1 v2 jenis, dan periode rotasi dari
m1 m2 m1 m2 v' planet-planet.
( #+
>
Pembahasan:
Mv = (M + m)v'
#+
# +
# + #+
2
#F4A
h= 2 = m+
MM
H
m+M
M
#
# :>: @E
+ #
>:
@E
Gambar 4.8
Gaya dorong pada balon.
:4J47BDBA:DB>8F(
+ >868C4F4A DB>8F @ E
!4J47BDBA:J4A:7<?4>G>4A:4EC47454?BA74C4F7<4A4?B:<>4A
E854:4<:4J47BDBA:54;4A54>4DC474DB>8F
+
"G>G@##(8IFBA@8AJ4F4>4A54;I4:4J4J4A:
8A74J4A:58D:8D4>=4FG;5854E@8DGC4>4A=8A<E
7<58D<>4AC474EG4FG58A7458E4DAJ4E4@478A:4A
FG@5G>4A?8AF<A:E854:<4A
C8DG54;4A@B@8AFG@58A74E8F<4CE4FGE4FG4 %B89<E<8AD8EF<FGE<AJ4
A 1 1
# # 474?4;
I4>FG ,
%B89<E<8AD8EF<FGE<474?4;G>GD4A>8?8AF<A:4A
8?4EF<E<F4EE85G4;FG@5G>4A
4F4G
) ) %868C4F4AC8?GDG74C4F7<G>GD78A:4A4JGA4A
54?
<EF<>78A:4A@8@4A944F>4ACD<AE<CFG@5G>4AF<74>
?8AF<A:E4@4E8>4?<
+ +
# #
+
+
#
"G>G@%8>8>4?4A'B@8AFG@58D?4>GC474E8@G4
=8A<EFG@5G>4A*474FG@5G>4A?
8AF<A:E8@CGDA4
58D?4>G
+)"*/0)),0(.!*0)0'*
@8@54;4E
"G>G@%8>8>4?4A
58D?4>G 'B@8AFG@ #@CG?E
'B@8AFG@
7<:GA4>4A
GAFG>@8A:4A4?
<E<E
58D?4>GC474 ,G@5G>4A
=8A<EAJ4
Refleksi
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, tentu Anda dapat Dengan mempelajari bab ini, Anda dapat
memahamikonsepmomentum,impuls,dantumbukan. mengetahuibahwauntukmengukurkecepatanpeluru
Andajugatentudapatmenjelaskanjenis-jenistumbukan tidakharusmemasangalatukurpadapeluru.Andacukup
yang mungkin terjadi dan hukum apa saja yang berlaku menghitung jejak yang ditinggalkannya, seperti pada
di dalamnya. Dari keseluruhan materi yang telah Anda bandul balistik. Nah, coba sebutkan manfaat lain
pelajari,bagianmanakahyangmenurutAndasulit?Coba mempelajari bab ini.
Anda diskusikan dengan teman atau guru Fisika Anda.
p
M
4 2'32&32,3
M 2,3
5 2'32&32,3M
6 2'32&3
M
7 2'32&3M
2,3
t
8 2'32&3
2,3 7
G458A74@8@<?<><@4EE4J4A:E4@4E874A:>4A
@B@8AFG@58A74C8DF4@47G4>4?<@B@8AFG@58A74
>87G4*8D54A7<A:4A8A8D:<><A8F<>58A74C8DF4@474A
58A74>87G4F8DE85GF474?4; t
4
t
5
8
6
7
8
>:@ E
!4@54D58D<>GF@8AGA=G>>4A:D49<>(/)74D<:8D4>
E85G4;58A74J4A:@4EE4AJ4>:'B@8AFG@58A74 +85G4;5B?474D<>84744A7<4@7<CG>G?78A:4A:4J4
F8DE85GF474?4;
4
5 >:@ E
6
+8E44F E8F8?4;
@8?874>>868C4F4A54:<4A5B@J4A:58E4D@E
+85G4;5B?4=4FG;5854E74D<>8F<A::<4A@7<4F4E %868C4F4A54:<4A5B@J4A:>86<?474?4;
?4AF4<$<>4FG@5G>4A78A:4A?4AF4<8?
4EF<EE854:<4A
78A:4A>B89<E<8AD8EF<FGE<AJ4>868C4F4AC4AFG?
5B?4
4 @E
E8F8?4;@8AG@5G>?4AF4<474?4;
5 @E
6
7
8
4 4D4;?BA64F4A>8F<@GD74A
4 >87G458A74@8?8>4F@8A=47<E4FG74A 5 4D4;?BA64F4A>8GF4D4
5 FG@5G>4AJ4A:F8D=47<? *8D;4F<>4A:4@54D58D<>GF
8AF<A:E8@CGDA4
+85G4;5B?458D@4EE4>:J4A:58D:8D4>78A:4A
A
P
>868C4F4A@E@8A45D4>5B?4?4<AJ4A:E874A: 1m
58D:8D4>E84D4;78A:4A>868C4F4A@E74A58D@4EE4
1m
>:+8F8?4;FG@5G>4A>87G45B?458D:8D4>58DE4@4
8D4C4>4;>8?4=G4A>87G45B?4E8F8?4;FG@5G>4A
+85G4;5B@58D@4EE4>:7<F8@54>>4AH8DF<>4?>8 B
4F4E78A:4A>868C4F4A4I4?@ E +8F8?4;E B?474A@4E<A:@4E<A:58D@4EE4>:7<<>4F
5B@@8?874>@8A=47<7G454:<4A@4E<A:@4E<A: 78A:4AE8GF4EF4?<J4A:C4A=4A:AJ4@C474C4>G*
,4?<5B?47<4D4;>4A@8A74F4D>8@G7<4A7<?8C4E>4A
>:74A>:+8E44FE8F8?4;@8?874>54:<4AJ4A: @8AG@5G> 5B?4 8D4C4 F<A::< @4>E<@G@ J4A:
>86<?58D>868C4F4A@E58D:8D4>H8DF<>4?>84F4E 7<64C4<5B?4=<>4@ E74AFG@5G>4A>87G4
8D4C4>868C4F4A54:<4AJ4A:58E4D
+85G4;58A7458D@4EE4>:58D:8D4>78A:4A>868 5B?458DE<94F
C4F4A@E@8A:8A4<?4AF4<78A:4AEG7GF74F4A:L 4 ?8AF<A:E8@CGDA4
74A7<C4AFG?>4A>8@54?<78A:4AEG7GFC4AFG?L 5 ?8AF<A:E854:<4A78A:4A74A
4 ,8AFG>4A>B89<E<8AD8EF<FGE<FG@5G>4A5 6 F<74>?8AF<A:E4@4E8>4?<
8A74
F8DE85GF +8:G@C4?C?4EF<E<A58D@4EE4>:7<F8@54>>4A
78A:4A>868C4F4A@E@8A:8A4<54?B>58D@4EE4
$G7G?
,G=G4A?4F74A4;4A*DBE87GD*8A8?<F<4A4F4A4?<E<EE8DF4%8E<@CG?4A74A
+4D4AF8D;474CC8A8?<F<4AJ4A:F8?4;7<?4>G>4A
Kereta Dinamika
0&0*"#%/*
'8@C8?4=4D<"G>G@(8IFBA
(/!*
7
8
E74AEG7GF8?8H4E<AJ4L *8D54A7<A:4AF<A::<
+85G4;C8?GDG7<F8@54>>4A78A:4A>868C4F4A4I4?
@
@4>E<@G@74AF<F<>=4G;@4>E<@G@J4A:7<64C4<B?
8;
C8?GDGF8DE85GF474?4;
7
8
4 7
5 8
6
E874A:>4A@4EE4C?4A8F
4 @ )D4A:J4A:
5
6
7
8
74A 58D:8D4> 58D?4I4A4A 4D4; $<>4
C864;4A J4A: >86<? @8@<?<>< >868C4F4A @ E
4
C8D54A7<A:4A8A8D:<><A8F<>C864;4AC8DF4@474
5 A
6 C864;4A>87G4E8E44FE8F8?4;:D4A4FF8DE85GF@8?
874>
7 474?4;
8
4
5
6
7
8
'8AGDGF"G>G@###%8C?8D>G47D4FC8D<B78EG4FG
C?4A8F@8A:8?<?<A:<'4F4;4D<E854A7<A:78A:4A
4 @4EE4C?4A8F !4EC4A4EJ4A:7<;4E<?>4AB?8;E85G4;DB>8F@8@<?<><
5 >8?4=G4A@E74AF8D=47<C8@54>4D4A:4EE854AJ4>
6
7
8
4 :4J4:D4H<F4E<'4F4;4D<C474C?4A8F1GC<F8D74A
B 5 ?4=G?<A84DBD5<FC?4A8F1GC<F8D=<>4?
<AF4E4AAJ4
7<4A::4CE854:4<?<A:>4D4A
8D4FE8E8BD4A:7<G@<474?4;
#.(,0/&"+#/#0&* +$+
E/<5;3<23@9?7>@79/<@30B/603<2/A35/?
y
*.
03?03<AB9:7<59/?/<E/<503?=A/@7>/2/@B;0BA3A/>2/<A35/9:B?B@A3?6/2/>
y 072/<5-.*7A79&A3?:3A/9>/2/03<2/@367<55/5/?7@%&03?=A/@703?@/;/
P
03<2/A3?@30BA)B2BA E/<5 2703<AB9 =:36 5/?7@ %& 2/< @B;0B--
r
s ;3<23@9?7>@79/<>=@7@703<2/@//A03<2/03?=A/@7
x )B2BA 2703<AB9=:36@30B/60B@B?(>/2/:7<59/?/<03?8/?78/?7'
O $7:/7@B2BA 2/:/;?/27/<27<E/A/9/<23<5/<>3?@/;//<
(
'
I
!==?27</A ;3<3<AB9/<>=@7@7?=A/@72/?703<2/A35/?>/2/@B/AB
Gambar 5.2 D/9AB ) 79/>/2/@//A)>=@7@7@B2BA03<2/ ;/9/>/2/@//A
Sebuah benda tegar berbentuk
lingkaran berotasi pada sumbu
) )>=@7@7@B2BA<E/
koordinat O.
2. Kecepatan Sudut Rata-Rata dalam Gerak Rotasi
)/;/6/:<E/23<5/<53?/9:7<3/?2/:/;53?/9?=A/@79313>/A/<@B2BA
?/A/?/A/272347<7@79/<@30/5/7>3?0/<27<5/</<A/?/>3?B0/6/<@B2BA
. /?7@%&>/2/
A3?6/2/>>3?B0/6/<D/9AB) &3?6/A79/<*
P,t2 03<2/A35/?03?03<AB9:7<59/?/<E/<503?=A/@7;3;03<AB9@B2BA
P,t
1
A3?6/2/>@B;0B-- >/2/ D/9AB) !3;B27/< >/2/ @//A) @B2BAE/<5
x
2703<AB9<E/03?B0/6;3<8/27 3<5/<23;797/<9313>/A/<@B2BA
O
?/A/?/A/<E//2/:/6
)) ) I
?/A/?/A/
Gambar 5.3
%:369/?3</ ;3;7:797@/AB/<23?/8/A?/27/</A/B>BA/?/<
Perpindahan sudut sebesar dari 9313>/A/<@B2BA?/A/?/A/2/>/A27<E/A/9/<23<5/<@/AB/<23?/8/A
sebuah benda tegar yang @39=<?/27/<@39=</A/B>BA/?/<@39=<
berotasi pada saat t1 dan t2 .
A/< I
)
) )
/A/B I
)
:7;
)
:7;
) )
I
)
(rad/s1
#./*+4 93 2/:/;
3<5/<;3<@B0@A7AB@79/<
#./*+4
Percepatan sudut sesaat
berdasarkan gradien garis singgung
2
27>3?=:36>3?@/;//<>3?13>/A/<@B2BA@30/5/703?79BA
2
B
1
1
A
I
) ) ) )
3<5/<23;797/<<2/A3:/6;3<53A/6B70/6D/>3?13>/A/<@B2BA
@3@//A;3?B>/9/<AB?B</<>3?A/;/2/?79313>/A/<@B2BA@3@//A/A/B
AB?B</<932B/2/?7>3?@/;//<>=@7@7@B2BA@30/5/74B<5@7D/9AB)3:/7<
t1 t (s)
t1 7AB>3?13>/A/<@B2BA@3@//A2/>/A>B:/27A3<AB9/<03?2/@/?9/<5?/273<
Gambar 5.5 5/?7@@367<55/5?/479
A3?6/2/>)27@B/ABA7A79&3?6/A79/<5?/479)
,
&3?13>/A/< @B2BA @3@//A 27 A7A79 /2/:/6 A/< 1
>/2/* .
#./*+4
@32/<59/<>3?13>/A/<@B2BA@3@//A27A7A79/2/:/6A/<
2.
=
(t) di titik t.
5. Gerak Rotasi dengan Kecepatan Sudut Konstan
79/@30B/603<2/A35/?03?53?/9?=A/@723<5/<9313>/A/<@B2BA
9=<@A/<>3?@/;//<53?/92/?703<2/A35/?A3?@30BA27<E/A/9/<
23<5/<>3?@/;//<
)
) )
))
)
) )
)
) I
)
23<5/< /2/:/6@B2BAE/<527A3;>B6>/2/@//A)
0
9/<A3A/>7879/>/?A793:A3?@30BA;3<5/:/;7>3?B0/6/<9313>/A/<
@B2BA@367<55/;3<56/@7:9/<>3?13>/A/<@B2BA>3?@/;//<53?/9?=A/@7
23<5/<<7:/7 A3A/>
2/?703<2/A35/?A3?@30BA2/>/A27AB?B<9/<2/?7
) )
)
)
)
Kata Kunci )
• posisi sudut
• kecepatan sudut )
• percepatan sudut ) I
)
)
118 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XI
#./*+4 2/< #./*+
3?2/@/?9/<
427>3?=:36
Tugas
>3?@/;//<>=@7@7@B2BAB<AB953?/9;3:7<59/?03?/AB?/<@30/5/703?79BA Anda 5.1
) Buatlah perbandingan antara
persamaan posisi, kecepatan, dan
percepatan untuk gerak lurus
) )) berubah beraturan dan gerak
rotasi benda tegar.
))
)
)
) ) I
)
Tes Kompetensi
#.'(+)%")* 1(1)0&%+Subbab A
)30B/6?=2/03?8/?78/?7 1;03?=A/@723<5/< )30B/6?=2/@3>32/E/<5@32/<503?>BA/?;3;7:797
@B2BA?=A/@7E/<527<E/A/9/<23<5/<>3?@/;//< 27/;3A3?1; 79/@30B/6A7A79>/2/A3>7?=2/
?/2@ ) *3<AB9/<:/6 ;3<3;>3:9/:7>/2/A/</603?/>/9/6>/<8/<5
:7<A/@/<E/<527:/:B7=:36?=2/@3>32/A3?@30BA
/ 03@/?@B2BA >/2/D/9AB) @2/<)
)30B/6>7?7<5/< 03?=A/@723<5/<9313>/A/<
@B2BA
E/<527<E/A/9/<23<5/<>3?@/;//<
2/:/;@/AB/<?/27/<2/<23?/8/A
0 8/?/9A3;>B6>/?A793:>/2/A3>7?=2/@3:/;/
7<A3?C/:D/9AB) 2/<)
)*3<AB9/<:/6>3?13>/A/<@B2BA?/A/?/A/
/<A/?/) 2/<) 2/<
?/2@
@B2BA@3@//A>/2/@//A)
9313>/A/<@B2A@3@//A>/2/A@
2
A/B
/5/7;/</9/61/?/;3<3<AB9/<A=?@7/A/B;=;3<5/E/E/<50393?8/
>/2/03<2/E/<503?=A/@7&3?6/A79/<93;0/:7* .
r
;B?E/<5;3;7:797>/<8/<5'275B</9/<B<AB9;3;BA/?;B?>/2/?=2/ /
;=07:!3A79/;B?03?>BA/?/970/A5/E/E/<52703?79/<>/2/9B<17;B? y
;B? 03?>3?/< @30/5/7 3<5@3: /A/B >B@/A @B;0B >BA/? #=;3< 5/E/
27?B;B@9/<23<5/<>3?@/;//<
F sin
J I
#./*+42793A/6B70/6D/A=?@7/A/B;=;3<5/E/
3?2/@/?9/<
d
;3;7:797@/AB/<<3DA=<;3A3?$; F
O x
. E/<5;3<B<8B99/<27/5?/;;=;3<5/E/
&3?6/A79/<*
E/<50393?8/>/2/@//A;3;0B9/;B??=2/;=07:!=;>=<3<5/E/E/<5 0
0393?8/>/2/0/A/<5 ;3;03<AB9 @B2BA /?/6>3?>BA/?/<<E/@3/?/6 Gambar 5.6
23<5/< /?/6 >BA/?/< 8/?B; 8/; !=;>=<3< 5/E/E/<5;3<E30/09/< (a) Gaya F dibutuhkan untuk
membuka mur pada roda mobil.
;B?03?=A/@7/2/:/6@7< E/7AB9=;>=<3<5/E/E/<5A35/9:B?B@A3?6/2/> (b) Diagram momen gaya atau torsi
%:369/?3</7AB03@/?;=;3<5/E/E/<5276/@7:9/</2/:/6 yang bekerja saat membuka mur
pada roda mobil.
' I
@7<
!3A3?/<5/<
#./*+43@/?
&3?6/A79/<>3?@/;//<;=;3<5/E/>/2/
@303@/?
2. Momen Inersia
<2/A3<AB;3<53A/6B70/6D/@3A7/>03<2/;3;7:7979313<23?B<5/<
B<AB9;3;>3?A/6/<9/<93/2//<53?/9<E//:/;53?/9:7<3/?@3A7/>
03<2/E/<527/;/9/<A3A/>27/;2/>B<03<2/E/<5@32/<503?53?/9
:B?B@03?/AB?/<;3;7:7979313<23?B<5/<B<AB9A3A/>03?53?/9:B?B@
03?/AB?/<931B/:7/2/?3@B:A/<5/E/E/<5;3;3<5/?B67<E//:A3?@30BA
@3@B/723<5/<B9B;$3DA=<!313<23?B<5/<03<2/B<AB9;3;>3?
A/6/<9/<93/2//<<E/27@30BA $'( /A/B#((
3;797/<>B:/6/:<E/23<5/<27</;79/53?/9?=A/@73<2/E/<5
@32/<503?=A/@7;3;7:7979313<23?B<5/<B<AB9A3A/>;3;>3?A/6/<9/<
53?/9?=A/@7<E/!313<23?B<5/<A3?@30BA27</;/9/<#%#$ $'(
#=;3<7<3?@7/E/<503?=A/@727>3<5/?B67=:36;/@@/2/<>=:/27@A?70B@7
;/@@/A3?6/2/>@B;0B>BA/?
#'
I
3<5/<23;797/<;=;3<7<3?@7/@30B/6>/?A793:@30/<27<523<5/<;/@@/
>/?A793:2/<9B/2?/A8/?/9/<A/?/>/?A793:2/<@B;0B>BA/?<E/#=;3<
7<3?@7/;3?B>/9/<03@/?/<@9/:/?E/<5;3;7:797@/AB/<95;
23<5/<E/<5:/7<<E/@3?A/8/?/9<E/A3A/>#=;3<7<3?@7/<E/;3?B>/9/<
#' 9/<
A3A/>7B<AB9@30B/603<2/E/<5;3;7:79727@A?70B@7;/@@/E/<59=<A7<B
8B;:/62/?7;=;3<7<3?@7/@3;B/>/?A793:7ABE/9<7
03?:/9B>3?@/;//<
/A/BA72/92/>/A27>7@/69/<@3>3?A7* .
3<2/A3?@30BA;3;7:797;=;3<7<3?@7/
sumbu o x
rotasi
' # I
)30B/603<2/03?;/@@/#E/<503?03<AB90/A/<523<5/<>/<8/<5 Gambar 5.8
Momen inersia benda pejal
A/;>/9@3>3?A7* . dihitung dengan metode integral
terhadap r2 dm.
42793A/6B7
A3?6/2/>>=?=@<E/27%#=;3<7<3?@7/<E/27A3<AB9/<23<5/<1/?/
7<A35?/@72/?7@3:B?B6;/@@/E/<5/2/23<5/< ' /2/:/68/?/93:3;3<
;/@@/#93@B;0B>BA/?*7<8/B@30B/60/A/<5E/<5;3;7:797;/@@/#
@3?0/ @/;/ 2/< >/<8/<5 0/A/<5 /?7#./*+
y
+<AB9@B;0B>BA/?E/<5A3?:3A/9>/2/B8B<50/A/<5@3>3?A7* . y
23<5/<- 2/<- ;/9/;=;3<7<3?@7/0/A/<5;3<8/27
x
- - -
Momen inersia untuk sumbu putar
yang terletak pada ujung batang
adalah I = 31 ML2.
I 0
+<AB9@B;0B>BA/?E/<5A3?:3A/9>/2/>3?A3<5/6/<0/A/<5@3>3?A7Gambar 5.10
./9/<27>3?=:36- I 2/<-
A/;>/9>/2/*
%:369/?3</7AB;=;3<7<3?@7/0/A/<5/9/<;3<8/27
y
-
- -
x
0
1
2
– L 1L
I 2
1
12
Gambar 5.11
Momen inersia untuk sumbu putar
#=;3<7<3?@7/03<2/E/<5@B;0B>BA/?<E/A3?:3A/9>/2/>B@/A;/@@/ yang terletak pada pertengahan
79/@B;0B>BA/?<E/A72/9A3?:3A/9 batang adalah I =
27@30BA;=;3<7<3?@7/>B@/A;/@@/
ML2.
>;
>/2/>B@/A;/@@/B<AB9;3<1/?7;=;3<7<3?@7/<E/2/>/A275B</9/<
>3?@/;//<03?79BA7<7E/<527@30BA@30/5/79/72/6@B;0B@38/8/?
# >;
!3A3?/<5/<
;/@@/03<2/
8/?/92/?7>B@/A;/@@/93@B;0B>BA/?
#=;3<7<3?@7/2/?70303?/>/03<AB903<2/23<5/<>=@7@7@B;0B
A3?A3<AB2/>/A27:76/A>/2/A/03:03?79BA7<7
*. ,.,/ ,*#++#./&
0/A/<5@7:7<23? ;3:/:B7>B@/A
Ingatlah
0/A/<5@7:7<23? ;3:/:B7B8B<5
Momentum sudut merupakan
besaran vektor.
;3:/:B7@B;0B
17<17<A7>7 R
@ @7:7<23?
R ;3:/:B7@B;0B
@7:7<23?>38/:
R @3>3?A7A/;>/9
@7:7<23?>38/:
>/2/5/;0/?
R
0=:/>38/: ;3:/:B727/;3A3?
R
0=:/03?=<55/ ;3:/:B727/;3A3?
R ;3:/:B7@/:/6
0=:/>38/: @/AB5/?7@
@7<55B<5<E/
&3?6/A79/<* .
Lengan
momen
>/2/A3?6/2/>A7A79@B;0B<2/A3:/6;3<53A/6B70/6D/>/2/03<2/
A35/?E/<503?=A/@75/E/E/<50393?8/>/2/03<2/;3:7>BA7@3:B?B60/57/<
03<2/A3A/>74=9B@>/2/5/;0/?A3?@30BA27D/97:7=:36A7A79
#
A
4 279/:79/<23<5/<
79/?B/@97?72/<?B/@9/</<2/?7#./*+
.
Kata Kunci
8/?78/?7'/9/<27>3?=:36
Gambar 5.12
Gaya F bekerja pada sebuah partikel
P pada benda tegar menghasilkan
A A
torsi
'# '
B0B<5/</<A/?/>3?13>/A/<A/<53<@7/: 2/<>3?13>/A/<@B2BA
A
/2/:/6 A'%:369/?3</7AB27>3?=:36
A
#' I
'# '
'%:36 9/?3</
A35/9 :B?B@' ;/9/
benda diskrit
benda tegar
energi kinetik rotasi
energi kinetik translasi
momentum sudut
sumbu putar
27>3?=:36>3?@/;//<;=;3<5/E/@303@/?
A ) •
•
•
•
•
•
•
mg
#'
I
!3A3?/<5/<
03@/?;=;3<5/E/$; torsi
03@/?>3?13>/A/<@B2BA?/2@
;=;3<7<3?@7/95;
Contoh 5.1
)30B/60/A/<56=;=53<;3;7:797>/<8/<52/<;/@@/#/A/<5A3?@30BA2703?7
3<5@3:@367<55/2/>/A03?=A/@7@3>3?A7A/;>/9>/2/5/;0/?/A/<52/:/;93/2//<
27/;>/2/>=@7@76=?7F=<A/:*3<AB9/<:/603@/?>3?13>/A/<@B2BA 2/<03@/?
>3?13>/A/<A/<53<@7/:>/2/B8B<50/A/<5A93A79/0/A/<527:3>/@9/<
2 1
2
/E/03?/AE/<50393?8/>/2/0/A/<5/2/:/6
# Tantangan
23<5/<8/?/9 "2/?7>B@/A?=A/@73<5@3: untuk Anda
#)/2/:/6
#=;3<<3?@7/0/A/<5E/<527>3?=:362/?7
Seorang pemain akrobat akan
&3?@/;//< membutuhkan tongkat ketika
melakukan aksi berjalan di atas tali.
Jika ada dua buah tongkat yang
sama panjang tetapi beratnya
berbeda, tongkat manakah yang
harus dipilih?
>3?13>/A/<@B2BA0/A/<5/2/:/6
#
#
/2703@/?>3?13>/A/<@B2BA0/A/<5/2/:/6
2/>B<03@/?>3?13>/A/<A/<53<@7/:>/2/B8B<50/A/<5/2/:/6
A '
Gerak Rotasi dan Kesetimbangan Benda Tegar 123
p sin
&/2/*
#./*+ 2/>/A
r
;=;3<AB;:7<3/?- >/2/ >=@7@7. A3?6/2/> A7A79 >B@/A#=;3<AB;
p @B2BA A3?6/2/> A7A79 >B@/A /2/:/6
L
O d x
.J- I
Gambar 5.13
Diagram momen gaya atau torsi 3@/?<E/;=;3<AB;@B2BA2703?79/<=:36>3?@/;//<
yang bekerja pada waktu membuka
mur sebuah roda mobil. '&@7< I
)B2BA/2/:/6@B2BAE/<52703<AB9=:36. 2/<-?/6;=;3<AB;@B2BA
A35/9:B?B@A3?6/2/>072/<5E/<52703<AB9=:36.2/<-?/62/>/A2703<AB9
=:369/72/6A/<5/<9/</<E/7AB/EB<9/<. 93 /?/6-;3:/:B7@B2BAA3?9317:
23<5/<1/?/;3<53>/:9/<8/?783;/?7A/<5/<9/</<0B8/?7E/<5A35/9:B?B@
2/<;3<B<8B9/?/6A3?A3<AB;3<E/A/9/</?/6
#=;3<AB;@B2BA;3?B>/9/<03@/?/<C39A=?E/<5/?/6<E/;3<579BA7
9/72/6A/<5/<9/</< 79/27A7<8/B@31/?/@9/:/?
I
27AB:7@9/<@30/5/703?79BA@B2BA G
'&'#+'#
'#'
%:369/?3</#'
#./*+4 ;3<8/27
%:369/?3</03@/?
2/<03@/?
;/9/27>3?=:36
I
dL I d I
dt
dt
@367<55/ dL
dt
;3<E/A/9/<0/6D/8B;:/6A=?@739@A3?</:@/;/
#./*+4
#./*+4 @303</?<E/
23<5/<:/8B>3?B0/6/<;=;3<AB;@B2BA
!()'$" <7:/7
272/>/A2/?7>3<B?B</<>3?@/;//<A=?@72/<5/E/2/:/;03<AB9;=;3<AB;
/>/A9/6<2/;3<B?B<9/<>3?@/;//<A3?@30BA 79/
;=;3<AB;@B2BA<E/9=<@A/<
/9/<9=<@A/<@367<55/C39A=?;=;3<AB;@B2BAA=A/:@7@A3;>/?A793:A3A/>
9=<@A/<&3?<E/A//<A3?@30BA;3?B>/9/<B9B;!3939/:/<#=;3<AB;
)B2BAE/7AB879/
3<5/<;3<5B0/6@B@B</<0/57/<0/57/<<E/93:3;0/;/<?=A/@7
/9/<277;0/<57=:369313>/A/<@B2BA
03<2//5/?
@/:7<5;3<7/2/9/<%:369/?3</7ABB9B;!3939/:/<#=;3<AB;)B2BA
2/>/A27AB:7@9/<@30/5/703?79BA
03<2/A3?@30BA/9/<03?B0/6 79/A72/9/2/A=?@739@A3?</:>3?B0/6/<
93:3;0/;/<?=A/@7
/A/B
I
&/2/* . @3@3=?/<503?27?727/A/@>7?7<5/<E/<5@32/<5
03?>BA/?>/2/932B/A/<5/<<E/;/@7<5;/@7<5;3;35/<5@30B/6030/<
79/@B;0B>BA/?27/;07:03?7;>7A23<5/<@B;0BAB0B6=?/<57AB2/<
Gambar 5.14 ;/@@/030/<E/<527>35/<5<E/A3?:3A/98/B62/?7@B;0B>BA/?E/7AB
Momentum sudut ketika
kedua tangan direntangkan adalah Ia a
@38/B6>/<8/<5?3<A/<5/<A/<5/<<E/;=;3<7<3?@7/030/</9/<03?<7:/7
. 03@/?/:A3?@30BAA3?8/279/?3</030/<A3?:3A/98/B62/?7@B;0B>BA/?
!3A79/>BA/?/<@32/<503?:/<5@B<52/<932B/A/<5/<E/<5;3;35/<5
030/<27?/>/A9/<;3<239/A7AB0B6@3>3?A7>/2/* .
#'9313>/A/<@B2BAE/<527/:/;7
/9/<03?A/;0/603@/?/:7<727@30/09/<9/?3<//2/<E/>3<B?B</<
;=;3<7<3?@7/3<5/<23;797/<03?:/9B6B0B<5/<
;=;3<7<3?@7/<E//9/<03?9B?/<59/?3</8/?/9030/<93@B;0B>BA/?<E/
03?9B?/<5#3<57<5/A>3?@/;//<
2/<
)30B/6>:/<3A03?53?/92/?7>=@7@7
I
!3A3?/<5/<
;=;3<7<3?@7/93/2//< 95;
03@/?9313>/A/<@B2BA93/2//<?/2@ Gambar 5.15
Momentum sudut ketika kedua
a 03@/?;=;3<7<3?@7/93/2//< 95;
tangan dirapatkan (I b b
b ).
9313>/A/<@B2BA93/2//<?/2@
>:79/@7:/7<2/?7B9B;!3939/:/<#=;3<AB;)B2BA/2/:/653?/9
>:/<3A2/:/;;3<53:7:7<57#/A/6/?7 =6/<<3@!3>:3?;3<E/A/9/<0/6D/
2/:/;@3:/<5D/9ABt E/<5@/;/@30B/6>:/<3A/9/<;3<E/>B:B/@2/3?/6
E/<5 @/;/ &3?6/A79/<* .
>BA/?/<>3?@39=<A3?6/2/>>B@/A
2
93>=@7@7@367<55/:B/@2/3?/6E/<527:/:B7<E//2/:/6 5/;0/?E/<5
Planet X
A
C
27/?@7?"B/@2/3?/6 /2/:/6 D
B
'
/:/@A7<557
' ''
' #' Gambar 5.16
) )
# Lintasan sebuah planet
# mengelilingi Matahari
berbentuk elips.
) I
#
Contoh 5.2
)3=?/<5>3?3</<503?;/@@/ 95;3:=<1/A;3<7<55/:9/<>/>/<AB;>B2/:/;
9=<475B?/@7:B?B@23<5/<9313>/A/<@B2BA
;/@@/<E/!3;B27/<>3?3</<5;3<55B:B<59/<AB0B6<E/2/<5B:B<5/<A3?@30BA
03?8/?78/?797?/97?/ 1;3<5/<;3<5/<55/>>3?3</<5@30/5/7@30B/60/A/<5
6=;=53<23<5/<>/<8/<5 ;@3@//A@3A3:/6;3:=<1/A2/<;7?7>@30B/60=:/
6=;=53<@//A03?5B:B<5>3?97?/9/<9313>/A/<@B2BA<E/@//A03?5B:B<5
95
793A/6B7
>BA/?/<@
1; ;
95 ;
&/2/@//A/D/:>3?3</<503?03<AB90/A/<523<5/<>=?=@27A7A79A3<5/6@367<55/
;=;3<7<3?@7/<E//2/:/6 Ingatlah
95;
Hukum Kekekalan Momentum Sudut
berlaku jika tidak ada momen gaya
&/2/@//A;3<55B:B<5>3?3</<503?03<AB90=:/23<5/<;=;3<7<3?@7/<E//2/:/6 luar yang bekerja pada sistem.
95
;
95;
@367<55/
95 ;
>BA/?/<@ >BA/?/<@
J
. 2/<
95 ;
/ 5. Gerak Menggelinding
<2/>/@A7@3?7<5;3<8B;>/703<2/E/<503?53?/9;3<553:7<27<5
;7@/:<E/@30B/60=:/E/<527:3;>/?9/<27/A/@:/<A/7;3<2/A/?/A/B
?=2/?=2/@30B/693<2/?//<E/<5;3:/8B278/:/<?/E/#3<553:7<27<5
/2/:/6>3?7@A7D/03?53?/9<E/@30B/603<2/@31/?/A?/<@:/@72/<?=A/@7
*
&/2/@//A;3<553:7<27<5/>/07:/A72/9
.!5/?@7:7<23?2/>/A;3<553:7<27<5;/9/
F
A3?8/27@3:7>;/9/932B/53?/903?:/<5@B<5@31/?/03?@/;//<2/<8/?/9
0
R Fv E/<527A3;>B62/:/;@/AB>BA/?/<@/;/23<5/<93:7:7<503<2/
=0
0
F
a. Menggelinding pada Bidang Datar
)30B/603<2/@7:7<23?A3?:3A/927/A/@072/<52/A/?2/<2703?75/E/
@3>3?A7>/2/*
072/<52/A/?/A/B:/<A/76/?B@270B/A9/@/? 79/:/<A/7270B/A:717<;/9/
R @7:7<23?6/<E/;3:/9B9/<53?/9A?/<@:/@72/<A72/927@3?A/723<5/<53?/9
?=A/@7@367<55/@7:7<23?279/A/9/<A72/9;3<553:7<27<59/?3</@7:7<23?
0
2/:/;93/2///<@3:7> /27 >/2/ 072/<5 2/A/? 9/@/? 03<2/ ;3<5/:/;7
A?/<@:/@72/<53?/9?=A/@73@/?<E/53?/9A?/<@:/@7;3<B?BAB9B;
$3DA=</2/:/6
1 N
0#
+<AB953?/9?=A/@72/?7@3;B/5/E/E/<50393?8/>/2/03<2/6/<E/
R 5/E/53@39E/<5;3<56/@7:9/<;=;3<5/E/ /27 ;=;3< 5/E/ /9/<
O ;3<E30/09/<@7:7<23?03?53?/9?=A/@7A3?6/2/>>=?=@<E/E/7AB27A7A79
&3?@/;//<;=;3<5/E/<E/2/>/A27AB:7@9/<
2/<
fg /?7>3?@/;//<A3?@30BA/9/<27>3?=:36
mg
2/?7
#
+<AB9@7:7<23?>38/:E/<5;3;7:797;=;3<7<3?@7/
>3?@/;//<>3?13>/A/<53?/9A?/<@:/@7/9/<;3<8/27
#)
I
#
!3A3?/<5/<
03@/?5/E/E/<50393?8/$
03@/?>3?13>/A/<A?/<@:/@7;@
# ;/@@/03<2/95
f
g
/ )7:7<23?;3:B<1B?@3:7> $ mg
;@
95
#./*+4 23<5/<
0 )//A@7:7<23?;3<553:7<27<55B</9/<
#
;/9/
$
;@
#
95
)39/?/<51=0/A3<AB9/<>3?13>/A/<@B2BA<E/
/E/:/7<E/<50393?8/>/2/@7:7<23?A3A/>7A72/9;3<7;0B:9/<
;=;3<5/E/@3>3?A75/E/03?/AA72/927>3?67AB<59/</:7<7279/?3</9/<
5/E/A3?@30BA0393?8/2/?7>B@/A?=A/@73<5/<;3:/9B9/<3:7;7</@72/?7 N
2B/>3?@/;//<27/A/@27>3?=:36>3?@/;//< f
g
# @7< mg sin
0 #
#@7<
I
mg cos
#
mg
#
+<AB9@7:7<23?>38/:
>3?@/;//<>3?13>/A/<<E//2/:/6
Gambar 5.18
# @7< # @7< Sebuah benda yang menggelinding
pada bidang miring.
# #
#
@7<
Contoh 5.4
)30B/6@7:7<23?>38/:6=;=53<03?;/@@/95;3;7:7978/?78/?71;!3;B27/<
@7:7<23?A3?@30BA27A3;>/A9/<>/2/072/<5;7?7<523<5/<@B2BA93;7?7<5/<G
*3<AB9/<:/6>3?13>/A/<E/<527/:/;7@7:7<23?879/
1;J I ;
95
G
/ %:369/?3</072/<5:717<@7:7<23?>38/:03?53?/9@3>/<8/<5072/<523<5/<1/?/
;3:B<1B?;3<553:7<17?
#@7< #
#
@7<G ;@ ;@
@7< ;@
#./*+4 23<5/<
0 )//A@7:7<23?>38/:;3<553:7<27<55B</9/<
;@
@367<55/27>3?=:36 # @7<
@7<
#
# #
;@
)30B/6 030/< 03?;/@@/#276B0B<59/<
23<5/<@3BA/@A/:7A72/903?;/@@/;3:/:B7@30B/69/A?=:E/<52/>/A
/A/@2/<;3<5/:/;7>3?13>/A/<A?/<@:/@7@303@/?&3?@/;//<53?/9
03?53?/9?=A/@7!/A?=:;3;7:797;/@@/2/<03?8/?78/?7@3?A/;3;7:797
A?/<@:/@7>/2/03<2//2/:/6
;=;3<7<3?@7/ #
R
M
T
T
F
mg
Gambar 5.19
##
I##
I
&3?@/;//<53?/9?=A/@7>/2/9/A?=:/2/:/6
0
/ T
a I
0
#./*+4 27@B0@A7AB@79/<93#./*+
79/A35/<5/<A/:7>/2/
/9/<27>3?=:36>3?@/;//<
T
mg
# #
R R
M #
/A/B # I
F
79/9/A?=:03?B>/@7:7<23?>38/:23<5/<;/@@/;=;3<7<3?@7/
Gambar 5.20
(a) Gaya-gaya pada benda m. #./*+4 ;3<8/27
(b) Gaya-gaya pada katrol.
#
#
I
#
#
!3A3?/<5/<
03@/?>3?13>/A/<:7<3/?;@
untuk Anda
03@/?5/E/A/?79$ Dengan kecepatan yang sama,
mobil manakah di antara mobil
# ;/@@/03<2/95 yang bergerak di atas jalan kasar
;/@@/9/A?=:95
Contoh 5.5 dan mobil yang bergerak di atas
jalan licin, yang terlebih dahulu
sampai? Mengapa demikian?
95276B0B<59/<23<5/<
&3?:B2793A/6B70/6D/A/:727/<55/>6=;=53<
*7<8/B9/A?=:
;/@@/<E/# 952/<#
@3BA/@A/:7;3:/:B7@30B/69/A?=:23<5/<8/?78/?7 1;2/<
;/@@/9/A?=:95*3<AB9/<:/6
# # I#
# # # I#
#
I
9
# I
I
9
# 9I
)B0@A7AB@79/<6/?5/ 2/< 2/?753?/9A?/<@:/@7932/:/;>3?@/;//<53?/9
?=A/@7;/9/27>3?=:36
# 9-# I# I# # . R
T
# ! # # # I# 1
T
2
a
# #
#! # # .g
m1 .g
m2
95 95 ;@ 95 ;@
95
;@
95 95
95
;@
/27>3?13>/A/<:7<3/?@7@A3;/2/:/6
0 *35/<5/<A/:7 2/<
# # 95 ;@
;@
95
$
95 ;@
# I#
;@
I95
$
03?AB?BAAB?BA/2/:/6$2/<$
Gambar 5.21
/27A35/<5/<A/:7 2/<
!
#+ I
#'
#3<57<5/A+'
;/9/
!
#' Benda bergerak translasi dengan
kecepatan v sambil berotasi dengan
kecepatan sudut
.
3<3?5797<3A79A?/<@:/@78=B:3
!
3<3?5797<3A79?=A/@78=B:3
?=A/@7
;=;3<7<3?@7/03<2/95;
93:/8B/<@B2BA?/2@
b. Energi Kinetik Translasi dan Rotasi
*3:/6<2/93A/6B70/6D/@30B/603<2/E/<503?53?/9;3<553:7<27<5
/9/<;3;7:7972B/53?/9/<E/7AB53?/9:7<3/?2/<53?/9?=A/@7/0B<5/<
53?/9:7<3/?2/<8/?/9?=A/@727@30BA53?/9A?/<@:/@73?/9A?/<@:/@7;3;7:797
9313>/A/<:7<3/?+@32/<59/<53?/9?=A/@7<E/;3;7:7979313>/A/<@B2BA
3<2/E/<5;3<553:7<27<5;3;7:7973<3?5797<3A79A?/<@:/@72/<3<3?57
97<3A79?=A/@7)31/?/;/A3;/A7@;3;3<B67>3?@/;//<
#+
!A=A/:
!A=A/:
h
! !?=A/@7
I
!3A3?/<5/<
A 3<3?5797<3A79A=A/:
&3?6/A79/<* .
;3<553:7<27<52/?793 79/27/@B;@79/<@3:/;/0=:/03?=A/@7A72/9/2/
B 3<3?57 E/<5 67:/<5 2/< 03?B0/6 ;3<8/27 3<3?57 9/:=? 03?:/9B B9B;
Gambar 5.22 !3939/:/<<3?57
Silinder yang mula-mula diam
bergerak menggelinding.
!
& !
&
#'
# #+
B<AB9@7:7<23?>38/:
# #+ #' +
'
+
/?7>3?@/;//<A3?@30BA9313>/A/<@7:7<23?>38/:93A79/@/;>/727
2/@/?072/<5;7?7<52/>/A2793A/6B7E/7AB
+ I
#./*+42/>/A27AB:7@9/<2/:/;03<AB9B;B;E/7AB
+ I
!
&/2/>3?@/;//<A3?@30BA!;3?B>/9/<9=<@A/<A/53=;3A?7E/<5
27;7:797=:3603<2/2/<2/:/;072/<5A39<79@3?7<527@30BA@30/5/78/?7
8/?757?/@7$7:/7!7<703?5/<AB<5>/2/83<7@03<2/<E/+<AB9@7:7<23?
& ! &
# # #+ h
#+
B
# #+
#
+<AB90=:/>38/:
2/<+ @367<55/
#
# #+
+
+
+
+
!3:/8B/<0=:/93A79/03?53?/9;3:B<1B?23<5/<072/<527/<55/>:717<
1;
1;2/<
A B
)30B/6@7:7<23?>38/:23<5/<8/?78/?72/<03?;/@@/
275B</9/<@30/5/79/A?=:B<AB9;3<5/;07:/7?@B;B?
23<5/<@30B/63;03?#/@@/3;03?#2/<0/A/<5 A 3 kg B 2 kg C 1 kg D 4 kg
@7:7<23?27/<55/>:717<*3<AB9/<>3?13>/A/<3;03?
2m 2m 2m
@//A8/AB693@B;B?
A’ B’
952/<# 95276B0B<59/< m1
m2
23<5/<9/A?=:@3>3?A75/;0/?#=;3<7<3?@7/@7@A3; *3<AB9/<
95# 23<5/<' 1;2/<' / >3?13>/A/<@B2BA9/A?=:
1; 0 A35/<5/<A/:7 2/<
- . / I
fB 2/>B<@E/?/A932B/E/<56/?B@27>3<B67/5/?03<2/@3A7;0/<5
B NB /2/:/603<2/A72/9;3;7:7979313<23?B<5/<B<AB903?=A/@7)E/?/A
A3?@30BA272/@/?7=:3627</;79/53?/9?=A/@73<5/<23;797/<03<2/
A35/?03?/2/2/:/;93@3A7;0/<5/< /27?3@B:A/<A=?@7:B/?E/<50393?8/
>/2/03<2/6/?B@@/;/23<5/<<=:/:A3?@30BA/2/:/6@E/?/A932B/
B<AB993@3A7;0/<5/<
NA
I
3<5/<23;797/<@B/AB03<2/A35/?279/A/9/<@3A7;0/<5879/
F 2/<
w )/:/6@/AB1=<A=6938/27/<93@3A7;0/<5/<03<2/A35/?;7@/:<E/
fA
A
Gambar 5.23
Sebuah tangga bersandar pada
dinding yang kasar dengan lantai @30B/6A/<55/E/<503?@/<2/?>/2/27<27<5&3?6/A79/<* .
yang kasar pula.
)30B/60/A/<503?@/<2/?>/2/27<27<5+8B<50/D/603?/2/>/2/
:/<A/7E/<59/@/?2/<0/57/</A/@03?@/<2/?>/2/27<27<5C3?A79/:E/<5
8B5/ 9/@/? 79/>/<8/<50/A/<5 03?/A 0/A/<5, :/<A/7 2/< 27<27<5
@/:7<5A35/9:B?B@@3?A/0/A/<5;3;03<AB9@B2BAA3?6/2/>/:/@<E/;/9/
<2/2/>/A;3<B?B<9/<>3?@/;//<5/E/2/<;=;3<5/E/E/<5;3;3<5/
?B670/A/<5A3?@30BA/A/<52/:/;93/2//<@3A7;0/<5@367<55/@E/?/A
93@3A7;0/<5/</9/<;3;3<B67>3?@/;//<03?79BA7<7
I-
I
"3<5/<A=?@7
W
1=@
"3<5/<A=?@7,
2
1=@
f=0
B
"3<5/<A=?@7
/27 A
lengan lengan
1 torsi f torsi w
@7< 1=@ , 1=@ I B
2 Gambar 5.24
/?793A75/>3?@/;//<A3?@30BA<2/2/>/A;3<53A/6B7<7:/72/?75/E/ Lengan torsi dari setiap gaya
yang bekerja pada tangga.
53@39/<A/?/:/<A/72/<0/A/<55/E/<=?;/::/<A/72/<5/E/<=?;/:27<27<5
Contoh 5.7
)30B/60/A/<5E/<5>/<8/<5<E/;3A3?03?@/<2/?>/2/27<27<5:717<27A7A79
)B2BAE/<52703<AB90/A/<52/?7/:/@<E/G@32/<59/<03?/A0/A/<5, 79/
>/2/@//A0/A/<5A3>/A/9/<A3?53:7<17?A3<AB9/<:/69=347@73<53@39/<A/?/0/A/<5
2/</:/@<E/
2
G03?/A03<2/,
793A/6B7";
I, ,
H - / B NB
I /
A3>/A/9/<A3?53:7<17?
s =4m
Ingatlah
H NA
H
>B@/A27
.
w Keadaan setimbang berarti
= 0.
f
A
F = 0 dan
1=@ ,1=@
1=@ I, 1=@
A
1=@
,
,
)B0@A7AB@79/<&3?@/;//<2/<93>3?@/;//< 27>3?=:36
Contoh 5.8
,
, (
(
/279=347@73<53@39<E/
$2/<>/<8/<5;
)30B/60/A/<56=?7F=<A/:23<5/<03?/A
2703?73<5@3:>/2/@30B/627<27<5+8B<5E/<5@/AB<E/
27A=>/<523<5/<@3BA/@9/D/A2/<;3;03<AB9@B2BAG
A3?6/2/>6=?7F=<A/::76/A5/;0/?>/07:/@3@3=?/<5E/<5 T Kata Kunci
03?/A<E/ $03?27?7>/2/8/?/9;2/?727<27<5A3<AB9/<
• momen gaya
A35/<5/<9/D/A2/<5/E/?3/9@7>/2/0/A/<5
• lengan torsi
53°
5m
0
- - -
Ingatlah 1=@ I*1=@
1=@ *
T
R
Batang homogen adalah batang Ty
yang letak titik beratnya tepat di
tengah-tengah.
I, I,
. . .
@7<
@7<
Rx Tx @7<
w1
w2
/E/5/E/?=A/@7
53@393<5@3:
:3<5/<;=;3< @7<
+
:3<5/<;=;3<, @7<
2m
:3<5/<;=;3<, @7<
@7<I @7< , I @7<,
I
I
*
T
*$
w1
Pembahasan Soal 1
=
w2
2
Jarak sumbu roda depan dan sumbu
roda belakang sebuah truk yang
bermassa 1.500 kg adalah 2 m. Pusat
massa truk 1,5 m di belakang roda
5
m
)B0@A7AB@79/<93 2/<27>3?=:36
1=@
depan. Jika g = 10 m/s2. Beban yang
diterima roda depan adalah ....
$
@7<
$
@7<
a. 1.250 N
b. 2.500 N
c. 3.750 N
d. 5.000 N
@7<
e. 6.250 N A/< 1=@
Soal UMPTN Tahun 1995
Pembahasan: $
=0 $
mg AP – N AB
B
=0 /275/E/?3/9@73<5@3:/2/:/6
N mg AP
= $
B
AB @7<
1.50010 0,5
= 2m $
= 3.750 N
$
Jawaban: c
5?/C7A/@7 ;@
)30B/60/A/<5>/<8/<5<E/;2/<03?/A<E/
;)/:/6@/ABB8B<5<E/2779/A23<5/<A/:7
@303@/? $+8B<5B8B<5<E/2779/A=:36A/:7@3>3?A7
>/2/5/;0/?
T2 T1
T1 T2
1m 4m 3m
A B
30°
A B C D 0,5 m 2,5m
)30B/6>/>/<79:/<03?;/@@/95;3<3;>3:>/2/
@30/A/<5>7>/E/<503?/A<E/27/0/79/<2/<>/<8/<5
@32/<59/<B8B<5E/<5:/7<;3<3;>3:>/2/27<27<5
<E/
@3>3?A7A/;>/9>/2/5/;0/? w = 60 N
&/2/8/?/9 ;3A3?2/?7275/<AB<59/<@30B/6030/<
E/<503?/A<E/ $*3<AB9/<;/@7<5;/@7<55/E/
A35/<5A/:72/<03@/?@B2BA
B
T
C
30°
0,5 m
Sumber Ilmu
1m 53° 2.000 N
A
*3<AB9/<:/6A35/<5/<E/<527;7:797A/:7 )30B/60/A/<503?/A<E/
$)30B/63<5@3:
27A3;>/A9/<27A7A792/<27A7A792779/A>/2/
A3;0=923<5/<@3BA/@A/:7A/903?;/@@/ 79/@7@A3;
@37;0/<567AB<5:/6
40 cm
Rangkuman
&3?13>/A/<@B2BA@3@//A03<2/A35/?E/<503?=A/@7
&=@7@7@B2BA03<2/A35/?E/<503?53?/9?=A/@7
27<E/A/9/<23<5/<>3?@/;//< 27<E/A/9/<23<5/<>3?@/;//<
2/>B<9313>/A/<@B2BA@3@//A<E/ .J'
@7<
23<5/<'@7< ;=;3<:3<5/<
&3?13>/A/<A/<53<@7/:E/<527/:/;703<2/03?;/@@/
9/?3</>3<5/?B65/E/;3<B?BAB9B;$3DA=<
/2/:/6
23<5/<8/?/9/<A/?/2B/5/E/ A
#A
&3?@/;//<;=;3<5/E/@303@/?
?3@B:A/<
#=;3<7<3?@7//2/:/6B9B?/<9313<23?B<5/<@B/AB
03<2/B<AB9;3:/9B9/<53?/9?=A/@7#=;3<7<3?@7/ 3@/?;=;3<AB;@B2BAA3?6/2/>>B@/A:7<59/?/<2/?7
27A3<AB9/<=:36;/@@/2/<>=:/27@A?70B@7;/@@/ @30B/603<2/03?A7A79;/@@/#E/<503?53?/9;3:7<5
A3?6/2/>@B;0B>BA/? 9/?;3;3<B67>3?@/;//<
'J&/A/B
!A?/<@:/@7
#'
+<AB9@30B/603<2/E/<5;3;7:79727@A?70B@7;/@@/
#3<553:7<27<5/2/:/6>3?7@A7D/03?53@39<E/@30B/6
E/<59=<A7<B03?:/9B>3?@/;//<
03<2/@31/?/A?/<@:/@72/<?=A/@7>/07:/A72/9A3?8/27
' # @3:7>932B/53?/903<2/03?:/<5@B<5@31/?/03?@/;/
#=;3<7<3?@7/0303?/>/03<AB903<2/23<5/< /<2/<8/?/9E/<527A3;>B62/:/;@/AB>BA/?/<@/;/
@B;0B>BA/?03?/2/>/2/>B@/A;/@@/<E//2/:/6 23<5/<93:7:7<503<2/<3?5797<3A7953?/9;3<5
@30/5/703?79BA 53:7<27<5/2/:/6
!?=A/@7 #+
!
)B/AB03<2/A35/?03?/2/2/:/;93/2//<@3A7;0/<5
879/?3@B:A/<5/E/E/<50393?8/>/2/03<2/@/;/
23<5/<<=:
/A/<5
>/<8/<50/A/<5
8/?78/?7@7:7<23?
)7:7<23?A7>7@03?=<55/
8/?78/?7@7:7<23?
)7:7<23?>38/:
- .
2/<
=:/>38/:
8/?78/?70=:/
=:/03?=<55/
8/?78/?70=:/
Peta Konsep
#.(,0/&
;3;0/6/@
Refleksi
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, tentu Anda dapat Membuka mur dengan kunci bertangan panjang
mengetahui konsep momen gaya dan momen lebih mudah dibanding dengan kunci bertangan
inersia serta pengaruhnya terhadap gerak rotasi. pendek. Pengetahuan ini diperoleh dengan mem-
Selain itu, Anda juga dapat mengetahui konsep pelajari bab ini. Nah, coba Anda sebutkan manfaat lain
momentum sudut, gerak rotasi, dan gerak translasi. mempelajari bab ini.
Dari keseluruhan materi, bagian manakah yang sulit
dipahami? Coba diskusikan dengan teman atau guru
Fisika Anda.
276B0B<59/<=:360/A/<5E/<5>/<8/<5<E/ ;;/@@/
0/A/<527/0/79/< 79/>B@/A0/A/<5275B</9/<
@30/5/7@B;0B>BA/?;=;3<7<3?@7/>/2/>B@/A0/A/<5
A3?@30BA/2/:/6
/ 2
3
95;
/
95;
0
95;
1
2 95;
95;
3
952/<
1 )30B/6?=2/2/>/A;3<5
53:7<27<5A/<>/@3:7>>/2/
8/?78/?7<E/ 1; (=2/
@30B/6072/<52/A/?E/<5
9/@/?#/@@/?=2/
952/<8/?78/?7
;@
)30B/617<17<23<5/<;/@@/
1;;3<553:7<27<527/A/@>3?;B9//<072/<5 F=2N
;7?7<5E/<5;3;03<AB9@B2BA GA3?6/2/>072/<5
6=?7F=<A/:7<17<A3?@30BA27:3>/@9/<2/?793/2//<
27/;>/2/93A7<557/<;@31/?/A35/9:B?B@2/?7 27A/?7923<5/<5/E/$@367<55/03?53?/923<5/<
072/<56=?7F=<A/:!313>/A/<:7<3/?17<17<A3?@30BA >3?13>/A/<@B2BA9=<@A/<@3>3?A7A/;>/9>/2/5/;0/?
@3D/9AB;3<1/>/79/97072/<5;7?7<5/2/:/6 3@/?;=;3<5/E/E/<50393?8/>/2/?=2//2/:/6
/ <=: 2 $;
/ 3 $;
;@
$;
$;
2
0
1
0
;@
;@
1
;@
3
1;2/<;/@@/95&/2/?=2/0393?8/;=;3<
)30B/6?=2/03?03<AB9@7:7<23?03?=<55/;3;7:7978/?7
8/?7
5/E/@303@/? $;3@/?>3?13>/A/<@B2BA?=2/
)30B/60=:/>38/:03?A?/<@:/@72/<03?=A/@723<5/< A3?@30BA/2/:/6
9313>/A/<:7<3/?2/<9313>/A/<@B2BA;/@7<5;/@7<5+
2/<
<3?5797<3A79A=A/:0=:/>38/:A3?@30BA/2/:/6
#+ / ?/2@ 2 ?/2@
/ #+ 2 0 ?/2@ 3 ?/2@
1 ?/2@
0 #+ 3 #+
&3?6/A79/<5/;0/?03?79BA
1 #+
y
2m
)30B/60/A/<5E/<5>/<8/<5<E/"2/<;/@@/<E/2/>/A
a
03?>BA/?030/@>/2/@/:/6@/ABB8B<5<E/ 79/0/A/<5
A3?@30BA27:3>/@2/?793/2//<27/;23<5/<>=@7@7 3m
O
m x
a 2a
;3<2/A/?03@/?>3?13>/A/<@B2BA0/A/<5/2/:/6
"
2
"
/ "
2/<#27
*75/0B/6>/?A793:23<5/<;/@@/##
>/@/<5>/2/B8B<593?/<59/E/<5;/@@/<E/27/0/79/<
)7@A3;A3?:3A/9>/2/072/<5-. 79/@7@A3;27>BA/?
0 3
A3?6/2/>@B;0B-.;=;3<7<3?@7/@7@A3;27A7A79
/2/:/6
1
#
"
/ #
0
#
1
)30B/6@7:7<23?>38/:E/<5;/@@/<E/#2/<8/?78/?7<E/ 2 #
27:3>/@A/<>/9313>/A/</D/:2/?7>B<1/9072/<5 3 #
;7?7<5E/<59/@/?23<5/<@B2BA93;7?7<5/<
A3?6/2/>072/<56=?7F=<A/: 79/>3?13>/A/<5?/C7A/@7
0B;7/2/:/6@7:7<23?A3?@30BA/9/< &3?6/A79/<5/;0/?03?79BA
/ ;3:B<1B?23<5/<>3?13>/A/<@7<
0 ;3:B<1B?23<5/<>3?13>/A/< @7<
1 ;3<553:7<27<523<5/<>3?13>/A/<@7<
2 ;3<553:7<27<523<5/<>3?13>/A/< @7<
m1 m2
3 ;3<553:7<27<523<5/<>3?13>/A/< @7<
B/0B/603<2/E/<5;/@7<5;/@7<5;3;7:797;/@@/ &/2/5/;0/?27@/;>7<5 T1
A C
# 952/<# 95276B0B<59/<23<5/<9/A?=: ;/@@/0/:=9;/@@/030/<
>38/:03?;/@@/95 79/>3?13>/A/<5?/C7A/@7 ;@ 2/<;/@@/?=2/9/A?=: licin
T2
>3?13>/A/<E/<527/:/;7# 2/<# /2/:/6 03?=<55/;/@7<5;/@7<5
2 /2/:/695952/< 95
;@
/
0
;@
1
$
;@
3 ;@ 79/ ;@A35/<5/<
A/:7 /2/:/6
/
;@
2 $
B/ 03<2/ ;/@7<5 95
;/@7<503?;/@@/# B 0 $ 3 $
2/<# 95276B0B<5 m 1
9/<23<5/<9/A?=:>38/:
1
$
E/<5;/@@/<E/95@3>3?A7 A )30B/61/9?/;23<5/<8/?78/?703?>BA/?03?/AB?/<
;3:/:B7@B;0B6=?7F=<A/:*7A79
;@
/ ;@ 2 ;@
0 3
0 >3?13>/A/<@B2BA932B/<E/@/;/23<5/<<=:
1 9313>/A/<:7<3/?
2/<
27>BA/?23<5/<A/:727A7A79@7<55B<5<E/9313>/A/< )30B/60=:/>38/:;3<553:7<27<5A/<>/@3:7>>/2/
@B2BA 072/<5;7?7<523<5/<@B2BA93;7?7<5/<
>3?7=234?39B3<@72/<9313>/A/< &3?13>/A/<:7<3/?0=:/A3?@30BA879/2793A/6B7
:7<3/?+;3;7:7976B0B<5/<23<5/<8/?78/?7@30/5/7 >3?13>/A/<5?/C7A/@7<E//2/:/6
03?79BA!*" + @7<
/ 2 / @7< 2
+
0 0 @7<
1 1 @7<
3 3 @7<
R
@39=<
)30B/6?=2/E/<5;/@@/<E/ 952/<8/?78/?7<E/
1 >/<8/<5A/:7E/<5A3?A/?79@3:/;/@
)30B/6@7:7<23?03?:B0/<503?;/@@/952/<8/?7
8/?7<E/1;03?>BA/?23<5/<9313>/A/< ?>;
'%)) %$&'# $*)*3<AB9/<:/6;=;3<7<3?@7/2/<
3<3?5797<3A79?=A/@7?=2/A3?@30BA
;;3:/9B9/<>BA/?/<@3?/>/9/63<3?5797<3A79
?=A/@7?=2/A3?@30BA
:B/?<E/ 1;2/<2/:/;<E/
)30B/617<17<A30/:
1;@32/<59/<;/@@/<E/95 79/17<17<A3?@30BA
03?=A/@7>/2/@B;0B<E/03?/>/9/6;=;3<7<3?@7/<E/
)B/ABA7A79;/A3?7;3:/9B9/<53?/9?=A/@723<5/<
)30B/6?=2/57:/23<5/<;=;3<7<3?@7/95;=:36
@
0 9313>/A/<:7<3/?>/2/@//A)@
1 >/<8/<5:7<A/@/<E/<527A3;>B6>/2/@//A)@
@B/ABA=?@727>3?13>/A67<55/2/:/;>BA/?/<@/8/
!313>/A/<@B2BA<E/03?B0/62/?7>BA/?/<@;3<8/27
>BA/?/<@3?/>/9/603@/?A=?@7?=2/A3?@30BA
>3?13>/A/<@B2BA )?/2@
9/?/<<E/1;67AB<5:/6
)30B/69/A?=:E/<503?B>/?=2/>38/:
6=;=53<275/<AB<5>/2/@B;0B<E/
)30B/6?=2/03?;/@@/9523<5/<8/?78/?7 1;
>/2/?=2/57:/ 9523<5/<8/?78/?7
1;
03?>BA/?23<5/<9313>/A/< ?>;&/2/?=2/A3?
@30BA0393?8/5/E/53@39E/<5;3<E30/09/<A=?@7@303@/?
$;3?/>/:/;/?=2//9/<03?63<A7
&/2/A3>7?=2/27:7:7A9/<A/:793;B27/<
B8B<5A/:77AB27A/?7923<5/<03@/?5/E/ )30B/6?=2/03?;/@@/9523<5/<8/?78/?71;
03?>BA/?23<5/<9313>/A/<>BA/?/<23A793?/>/
$C3?A79/:930/D/6@3>3?A7>/2/
5/;0/? 9/63<3?5797<3A79?=A/@7?=2/A3?@30BA
F
Fluida
Hasil yang harus Anda capai:
A. Fluida Statis
!AI>96B:FIE6@6CM6HL6C<96E6HB:C<6A>FDCHD=;AI>969>6CH6F6CL6
6>FB>CL6@GIGI7:CG>CGDA6FI6E<6G96C6G6E!AI>96H:F9>F>6H6G9I6
B686BL6>HI;AI>96L6C<96E6H9>B6BE6H@6C6H6I $"%&'! 96C L6C<
H>96@96E6H9>B6BE6H@6C6H6I# $"%&'!
1. Tekanan
D76C96H:@6CG:7I6=EIAE:C@:96A6BH6C6=@:BI9>6C76C9>C<
@6CH>C<@6H@:GI@6F6CCL69:C<6C?
6FIBL6C<9>H:@6C@:96A6BH6C6=
+IAE:C6@6CA:7>=GI@6FB6GI@@:96A6BH6C6=96F>E696?6FIBL6C<
9>B6GI@@6C @: 96A6B H6C6= (:C<6E6 9:B>@>6C
/>C<@6H@:GIA>H6CG:G:DF6C<96A6BB:C:@6CGI6HI7:C967:F=I7IC<6C
9:C<6C AI6G 96:F6= L6C< 9>H:@6C .:B6@>C AI6G 96:F6= L6C< 9>H:@6C
G:B6@>C @:8>A H:@6C6C L6C< 9>=6G>A@6C
)
+6<6L6=>9FDGH6H>@E696
%69>7:G6FH:@6C6C=>9FDGH6H>@E69696G6F@I7IG696A6=%
)96C<6L6=>9FDGH6H>GE696H>H>@696A6=
96G6F@I7IG696A6=
)
Contoh 6.2
+696<6B76F7:F>@IHG:7I6=E>E67:F7:CHI@=IFI;09>>G>9:C<6C6>F
6>F <8B
&6@>E>E6G:7:A6=@>F>9>>G>7:CG>C9:C<6C 7:CG>C
& &
"-.)*4696A6= 96C %69>
Contoh 6.3
>6B:H:FE:C6BE6C<E696
9:C<6C<6L6L6C<@:8>AC9696E6HB:C<6C<@6H7:76CL6C<7:G6F+F>CG>E
+6G86AH:FG:7IHG:F>C<9>?IBE6>96A6B@:=>9IE6CG:=6F>
=6F>G:E:FH>
Sumber: Republika, 19 November 2005
9DC<@F6@BD7>A96CEDBE6=>9FDA>@
Douglas Dean Osheroff dilahirkan
pada tahun 1945. Setelah
menyelesaikan pendidikan
sarjananya di California Institute Of
Technology, ia pindah ke Cornell
University untuk mengambil gelar
doktor. Di sana, ia bertemu dengan
David M. Lee dan Robert C.
?6F>8BG:96C<@6CE>E67:G6F
.:7I6=EDBE6=>9FDA>@B:B>A>@>E>E6@:8>A7:F?6F>
?6F>8B <6F7:76CL6C<7:F6HCL6
7:F?6F>
)C6>@G:H>C<<>8BH:CHI@6CA6=
Richardson. Bersama dua koleganya
tersebut, ia melakukan penelitian
selama bertahun-tahun sampai
menemukan satu fenomena yang
menghebohkan dunia ilmiah, yaitu
superfluiditas. Superfluiditas
tersebut terjadi ketika helium-3
didinginkan mendekati suhu nol
mutlak (–273,15°C). Pada suhu
tersebut, helium-3 tidak lagi
6 <6L6L6C<9>@:F?6@6CE696E>E6@:8>A
7 ?
6F6@L6C<9>H:BEI=E:C<>G6EE>E6@:8>A
1
>@:H6=I>
8B
&
8B
&
)
8B
6
&
&
memiliki viskositas dan friksi
)
7
Q
Q Q
8B
%69>9>7IHI=@6C<6L6G:7:G6F)96C?6F6@E:C<>G6E8BE696E>E6@:8>A
Fluida 143
4. Hukum Archimedes
)-
7
.:7I6=76AD@9>H>B76C<9:C<6CC:F686E:<6GG:E:FH>E696
6 (>G6A@6C76AD@H:FG:7IHB:B>A>@>7:F6H)@:BI9>6C76AD@9>B6GI@@6C
)-:F6H76AD@6@6C7:F@IF6C<
@:96A6B7:?6C6L6C<7:F>G>6>F
35 N B>G6ACL6 B:C?69> ) (:CIFIH C96 6E6@6= L6C< B:CL:767@6C
50 N
7:F@IF6C<CL67:F6H76AD@H:FG:7IH:F@IF6C<CL67:F6H76AD@@:H>
@6
9>B6GI@@6C @: 96A6B 6>F 9>G:767@6C DA:= 696CL6 <6L6 H:@6C @:
6H6G 96F>
6>F "6L6 @: 6H6G 96F> 6>F @6A> E:FH6B6 9>@:H6=I> DA:=
BG
(6@69>E:FDA:=
8BB
mengapung
meniskus cekung
meniskus cembung
tegangan permukaan
" @"
7
tekanan hidrostatik
tenggelam
@<
@< BG
)- >@:H6=I>
)B
B
F F
k
696A6= <6L6 @D=:G> 96C
696A6= <6L6 69=:G>
6
raksa
FA
Fk F
7
Gambar 6.18
(a) Meniskus cekung B:CIC?I@@6C"#' )' )#L6C<H:F?69>@6F:C6<6L669=:G>A:7>=7:G6F
)- B:FIE6@6C"#' )'
")# L6C< H:F?69> @6F:C6 <6L6 @D=:G> L6C< A:7>= 7:G6F 96F>E696 <6L6
69=:G> .I9IH @DCH6@ E696B:C>G@IG8:@IC<696A6=GI9IHA6C8>E
N.:76A>@CL6GI9IH@DCH6@E696B:C>G@IG8:B7IC<696A6=GI9IH
HIBEIAN
pipa kapiler
b. Kapilaritas
! %!&('696A6=E:F>GH>K6C6>@6H6IHIFICCL6E:FBI@66CM6H
86>F B:A6AI> AI76C< AI76C< @:8>A 6H6I @6E>A:F A6H L6C< 96E6H
9><IC6@6C
ICHI@B:C<6B6H><:?6A6@6E>A6F>H6G696A6=E>E6@6E>A:F
%>@6E>E6@6E>A:F
9>B6GI@@6C@:96A6BH67IC<L6C<7:F>G>6>FE:FBI@66C6>F9>96A6BE>E6
@6E>A:F6@6CC6>@G:E:FH>H:FA>=6HE696
)- :CHI@E>E6@6E>A:FL6C<B:CL:FIE6>
E>E6@6E>A:F9>B6GI@@6C@:96A6BH67IC<F6@G6E:FBI@66CF6@G69>96A
6B
H67IC<H:FG:7IH6@6CHIFIC/6=I@6=C96B:C<6E6=6AH:FG:7IHH:F?69>
+:F=6H>@6C
&
1 "#
H67IC<6@6CB:CL:767@6CM6H86>FB:CL:CHI=9>C9>C<G:7:A6=96A6B
G:=>C<<6E:FBI@66CM6H86>FB:C6F>@E>E69:C<6C<6L6G:7:G6F
air raksa
Gambar 6.19
Gejala kapilaritas pada pipa
kapiler.
cos
A B
L y
96EIC@:A>A>C<9>C9>C<E>E6@6E>A:F &
>C9>C<E>E6@6E>A:FB:B7:F>@6C<6L6F:6@G>H:F=696EM6H86>FG:7:G
6F
L
& 8DG
"6L6>C>9>>B76C<>DA:=7:F6HM6H86>FG:H>C<<>-
96A6BE>E6L6>HIG:7:G6F
-#
H:<6C<6CE:FBI@66C96A6BE>E6@6E>A:F)B
GI9IH@DCH6@
B6GG6?:C>GM6H86>F@<B
E:F8:E6H6C<F6J>H6G>BG
96CH>C<<>CL68B :F6E6@6=
.:7I6=9FIB7:F>G>B>CL6@L6C<B:B>A>@>B6GG6?:C>G
@<B
H:@6C6C=>9FDGH6H>@9>H>H>@L6C<7:F6968B
7 :F6E68B
air
6 H:@6C6C=>9FDGH6H>@E69696G6F9FIB
7 9>6H6G96G6F9FIB b
2,5 cm
B A
.:7I6=E>E67:F7:CHI@=IFI;09>>G>9:C<6C6>F air raksa
&:BI9>6C@6@>G:7:A6=@>F>9>>G>B>CL6@=>C<<6 6 :F6E6@6=E6C?6C<A6?IF6>FGIE6L6?6F6@6CH6F6
6>F
@:9I6E:FBI@66CF6@G696A6B7:?6C6H:FG:7IH
H:F9:G6@G:?6I=8B96F>@:9I9I@6CG:H>B76C<CL6
%>@66>F <8B <8B 96CAI6G
B>CL6@
8B
E:C6BE6C<E>E68B =>HIC<A6=76CL6@B>CL6
@
<8B=6FIG
6A@D=DA
9>HI6C<@6C9>6H6GF6@G66<6FE:FBI@66C6>FC6>
L6C<9>B6GI@@6C@:96A6BE>E @
6
I67:?6C6L6C<7:F=I7IC<6C7:F>G>6>F96CF6@G6 8BAI6GE:C6BE6C<7:?6C68B
<8B
Fluida 149
@<B 9>B6GI@@6C @: 96A6B B>CL6@ L6C<
#>HIC<JDAIB:7:C96E696E:FBI@66CB>CL6@
#>HIC<<6L6F8=>B:9:GL6C<7:@:F?6E696
7:C96H:FG:7IH
"6B76F7:F>@IHB:AI@>G@6CG:7I6=EDBE6=>9FDA> .:7I6=76AD@L6C<JDAIB:CL6B96CB6GG6?:C>GCL6
@
B6GG6?:C>GCL6@<B
F
6 6<6>B6C6@6=EDG>G>7:C96
7
8
96CAI6GE:C6BE6C<
+:C6BE6C<@:8>AAI6GCL68B
96E6H
7:G6F8B %>@6E696E:C6BE6C<L6C<@:8>A9>7:F>
<6L6)7:F6E6@6=<6L6L6C<7:@:F?6E696
E:C6BE6C<7:G6F
B. Viskositas Fluida
' $'('6H6I@:@:CH6A6CB:FIE6@6C<:G:@6CL6C<9>B>A>@>DA:=;AI>96
":G:@6C 96E6H H:F?69> 6CH6FE6FH>@:A M6H 86>F 6H6I <:G:@6C 6CH6F6
M6H 86>F
96C9>C9>C<E:FBI@66CH:BE6HM6H86>FH:FG:7IH7:F696
.:H>6EM6H86>FB:B>A>@>J>G@DG>H6GL6C<7:F7:96+696"(
9>A>=6H @D:;>G>:C J>G@DG>H6G 7:7:F6E6 ;AI>96 E696 7:F76<6> GI=I
&:6966C
"(
GI=I9>86CHIB@6C96A6BH67:AH:FG:7IH@6F:C6J>G@DG>H6G7:F<6CHIC<E
&D:;>G>:C1>G@DG>H6GICHI@:F76< 696
6>
(686B!AI>96 GI=I .:B6@>C 7:G6F GI=I B6@6 G:B6@>C @:8>A J>G@DG>H6GCL6 7:<>HI
(0%!
"),"-/0-
. EIA6
3
>F
QP
QP
G:96C<@6C
QP
Gambar 6.21
(a) Sebuah kelereng dijatuhkan
ke dalam fluida ideal.
(b) Sebuah kelereng dijatuhkan
ke dalam fluida tak ideal.
+A6GB696F6=
H=>A6A@D=
"A>G:F>C
DA
096F6
*A>. 1. Hukum Stokes
#>9FD<:C
06E6>F !
AI>96>9:6A696A6=;AI>96L6C<H>96@B:B>A>@>J>G@DG>H6G@:@:CH
6A6C
Sumber:Physics,1993 %>@6G:7I6=7:C967:F<:F6@9>96A6B;AI>96>9:6A7:C96H:FG:7IHH>96@
6@6C B:C<6A6B> <6L6 <:G:@6C %69> H:@6C6C ;AI>96 G:7:AIB 96C
G:GI96=
B:A:K6H>GI6HIE:C<=6A6C<H>96@6@6C7:FI76=6H6I7:G6FCL6H:H6E
-:GIAH6C<6L6L6C<7:@:F?6E696G:H>6EH>H>@6A>F6C;AI>96696A6=CDA
%>@67:C967:F<:F6@96A6B;AI>96L6C<B:B>A>@>J>G@DG>H6G6
@6C
P
H:F?69><6L6<:G:@6CH6F67:C9696C;AI>96"6L6H:FG:7IH9>C6B6@6C-
.
($ &*
'%>@67:C96L6C<7:F<:F6@96A6B;AI>96H:FG:7IH7:F7:CHI@7DA6
&:H:F6C<6C
7:G6FCL6<6L6.HD@:G9>FIBIG@6CG:76<6>7:F>@IH
<6L6.HD@:G)
@D:;>G>:CJ>G@DG>H6G)GB
& ?6F> ?6F>7DA6B
6 7 * @:8:E6H6CF:A6H>;7DA6H:F=696E;AI>96BG
)- .:7I6=@:A:F:C<9>?6HI=@6C9>96A6B
+:F=6H>@6C
)- H>96@6@6CH:F?69>
+696
<6L67:F6H@:A:F:C<L6C<9>>B76C<>DA:=<6L6.HD@:G96C<6L6F8=>B:9:G
+:C<>B76C<6C<6L6H:FG:7IHH:FIG7:FA6C?IHG:>F>C<9:C<6C<:F6@@:A:F:C<
+696G66HH:FH:CHI<6L6L6C<7:@:F?6G:>B76C<G:=>C<<6F:GIAH6CG:AIFI=<6L6
H:FG:7IH 6@6C G6B6 9:C<6C CDA %>@6 7:C96 7:F<:F6@ 9:C<6C @:8:E6H6C
B6@G>BIBL6C<H:H6E@:8:E6H6CCL6>C>9>G:7IH %(# (&"#! .:86F6
B6H:B6H>G @:8:E6H6C H:FB>C6A 96E6H 9>HIFIC@6C 96F> FIBIG FIBIG 7:F>@IH
&
FA
F
s
w = mg
"#P P
G
Gambar 6.22
Gaya-gaya yang bekerja pada
"#P
G
P kelereng di dalam fluida.
0CHI@<6L6@:6H6GF8=>B:9:G
f #
0CHI@<6L6.HD@:G
&*
G H
:F6H7:C961"# #
96EIC@:8:E6H6CH:FB>C6A7:C96G:H:A6=<6L6<6L6L6C<7:@:F?6G:>B76C<
696A6=
*
*(
P
&
0CHI@ 7:C96 7:F7:CHI@ 7DA6 9:C<6C ?6F> ?6F>& B6@6 JDAIB: 7:C96
7
&
%69>
*(
P
G:96C<@6CJ>G@DG>H6GCL66
96A6=
& P
.:7I6=@:A:F:C<L6C<7:F?6F>?6F>8B9>?6HI=@6C@:96A6BB>CL6@E:AIB6GL6C<
7:F69696A6BH67IC</:CHI@6CA6=@:8:E6H6CH:FB>C6AL6C<9>86E6>@:A:F:C<?>@6
* (
&:H:F6C<6C
b B6GG6?:C>G7:C967DA6@<B
f B6GG6?:C>G;AI>96@<B
JDAIB:7:C96B
v t @:8:E6H6CH:FB>C6A7:C96BG
@D:;>G>:CJ>G@DG>H6G)GB
Contoh 6.7
@D:;>G>:CJ>G@DG>H6GB>CL6@Q
B6GG6?:C>GB>CL6@@<B
P +6GB6GG6?:C>G
gaya stokes
kecepatan terminal
viskositas
@:A:F:C<Q
@<B
96CE:F8:E6H6C<F6J>H6G>BG Kata Kunci
1 •
•
•
8BQPB
@<B
&
Q
b
f
BG
@<B
Q
P +6 G
Fluida 151
&
B
QBG
*H
QP@<BG
Q @<BP@<B
+6 G
BG
%69>@:8:E6H6CH:FB>C6A@:A:F:C<696A6=BG
696A6=
9>?6HI=@6C96A6BG:?:C>GB>CL6@ @<B
L6C<B:B>A>@>@D:;>G>:CJ>G@DG>H6G@<BRG(6
GG6
?:C>G76?6
@<B
C. Fluida Dinamis
6A6B;AI>96L6C<7:F<:F6@;AI>969>C6B>GG:H>6EE6FH>@:AE696
;AI>96 H:FG:7IH B:B>A>@> @:8:E6H6C ICHI@ G:H>6E EDG>G>CL6 *A:=
@6F:C6
>HI;AI>969>C6B>G96E6H9><6B76F@6CG:76<6>B:96C@:8:E6H6C*&
%>@6A>CH6G6CE6FH>@:AH>H>@E696;AI>969><6B76F@6C6@6C9>E
:FDA:=
GI6HIA>CH6G6CL6C<9>C6B6@6C<6F>G6A>F6C6A6B;AI>969>C6B>G6969
I6
Sumber: Dokumentasi Penerbit
<6F>G6A>F6CL6>HI!&#!"#& 96C!&# ()&)!#A>F6CA6B>C:F696A6=
6A>F6C;AI>96L6C<@:8:E6H6C6A>F6CE696G:H>6EH>H>@E696;AI>96H:F
G:7IH
H>96@7:FI76=H:F=696EK6@HI96EIC6A>F6CHIF7IA:C696A6=6A>F6C;AI>96
L6C<@:8:E6H6C6A>F6CG:H>6EH>H>@E696;AI>96H:FG:7IH96E6H7:FI76=
)- B:C<<6B76F@6C6A>F6C6G6EFD@D@A>F6C6G6EFD@D@
76<>6C 76K6= 7:F7:CHI@ 6A>F6C G:?6?6F A>F6C G:E:FH> >C> 9>G:7IH!
&#
!"#& 6H6I 6A>F6C L6C< B:C<>@IH> <6F>G 6FIG 96EIC 6G6E E696 76<>6C
6H6G 7:FEIH6F EIH6F 96C G:H:FIGCL6 B:CL:76F @: G:<6A6 6F6= A>F6C
H:FG:7IH9>C6B6@6C!&#()&)!#
)-
+:F=6H>@6C
+696<6B76FH:FG:7IH9>AI@>G@6C:BE6H
1. Persamaan Kontinuitas
+:F=6H>@6C
'
' Ingatlah
*( *(
0CHI@G:A6C<K6@HIL6C<G6B66@6C9>E:FDA:= Prinsip utama dari persamaan
kontinuitas adalah pada selang
* * waktu yang sama, debit fluida akan
sama.
P
P
9:7>HM6H86>F9>E:C6BE6C<B
Informasi
untuk Anda
&:H:F6C<6C
AI6GE:C6BE6C<B
AI6GE:C6BE6C<B
* @:8:E6H6CM6H86>FE696E:C6BE6C<BG
* @:8:E6H6CM6H86>FE696E:C6BE6C<BG
* 9:7>HM6H86>F9>E:C6BE6C<B
* G
G
96C
"-.)*4
"-.)*4 9>C6B6@6C%&'"#
Seorang penyelam pemula sedang
menarik napas pada kedalaman L
untuk berenang ke atas. Dia
$#(#)('
Contoh 6.8
96C8B
.:7I6=E>E6L6C<AI6GE:C6BE6C<CL68B
9>6A>F>6>F+696E:C6BE6C<L6C<
7:G6FA6?I6A>F6C6>FCL6696A6=BG:F6E6@6=A6?I6A>F6C6>FE696E:C6BE6C<L6C<@:8>A
mengabaikan instruksi untuk
mengeluarkan napas secara perlahan-
1 lahan selama menuju ke permukaan.
>@:H6=I> Selama perjalanan ke atas, tekanan
QPB udara luar pada tubuhnya berkurang
8B
8B hingga mencapai tekanan atmosfer.
QPB
* Tekanan darahnya juga berkurang
BG sampai normal kembali. Oleh karena ia
:C<6CB:C<<IC6@6CE:FG6B66C9:7>H6>F9>E:FDA:= tidak membuang napas, ketika sampai
ke permukaan terdapat perbedaan
antara tekanan udara di dadanya
dengan di dalam paru-parunya.
Perbedaan tekanan ini dapat
*
* QBGBG
Fluida 153
)-
A 2. Hukum Bernoulli
B
+6967:?6C67:F=I7IC<6CE:FBI@66CM6H86>FE696G:H>6EH:BE6H
6@6C G6B6 H>C<<> #6A H:FG:7IH 7:FA6@I E696 M6H 86>F L6C< 9>6B
%69>
?>@6M6H86>FH:FG:7IH7:F<:F6@@:6966CH:FG:7IHH>96@6@6CH:F?69>
+:F=6H>@6C
%>@6M6H86>F96A6BH67IC<H>96@7:F<:F6@
)-
B6@6 H>C<<> E:FBI@66C M6H 86>F E696 E>E6 E>E6 96C E>E6 6@6C
G6B6 )6BIC H>C<<> E:FBI@66C M6H 86>F E696 G:H>6E E>E6 6@6C 7:F7:96
v
?>@6M6H86>FH:FG:7IHB:C<6A>F@:@6C6C
Gambar 6.26
Fluida mengalir.
C96H:A6=B:C<:H6=I>76=K6@:A6?I6CM6H86>FE6A>C<7:G6FH:F96E6H
E696E>E6L6C<G:BE>HC6BIC6E6@6==6AH:FG:7IH7:FA6@IEIA6E696H:@6C6C
CL60CHI@B:C<:H6=I>?6K676CH:FG:7IHE:F=6H>@6C
G6B6 9:C<6C E:FI76=6C :C:F<> B:@6C>@ ;AI>96 .:86F6
.:86F6B6H:B6H>GE:FG6B66CL6C<B:C<<6B76F@6C6A>F6C;AI>96E696
v1 t
<6B76FH:FG:7IH696A6=
p1
A1
h p
1 2
)' -/&
'
P
Gambar 6.27
% *(
Perbedaan ketinggian fluida
0G6=6HDH6AL6C<9><IC6@6CICHI@B:C<6A>F@6C;AI>9696F>@:6966
mengalir. C
@: @:6966C
B6H:B6H>G96E6H9>HIA>GG:76<6>7:F>@IH
HDH6 "
P A
Tokoh %
"* "*
*
%
*
(P%
(
" P"
Daniel Bernoulli %
(1700–1782) *
+:F=6H>@6C"-.)*
( "* " % * 7:FH6C96C:<6H>;@6F:C66F6=<6L6
( "* "
7:FA6K6C6C6F6=9:C<6C6F6=<:F6@;AI>96
(:CIFIH=I@IB@DCH>CI>H6G?IBA6=;AI>96L6C<B:C<6A>FE696E>E6
G6B69:C<6C?IBA6=;AI>96L6C<B:C<6A>FE696E>E6G:=>C<<69>E:FDA:=
E:FG6B66C7:F>@IH *( *(
:C<6CB:CGI7GH>HIG>@6C"-.)*@:"-.)*6@6C
9>=6G>A@6CE:FG6B66C
% "*
"% "* " P
* *
mengembangkan teori probabilitas,
kalkulus, dan persamaan diferensial. "-.)*4 9>G:7IH ?I<6&'"# &#$)!! L6C< G:86F6 IBIB
96E6H9>CL6H6@6C9:C<6CE:FG6B66C7:F>@IH>
C>
%
* P
@DCGH6C
:F96G6F@6CE:FG6B66C:FCDIAA>9>@:H6=I>76=K6H:@6C6C9>96A6B
;AI>96L6C<7:F<:F6@9>E:C<6FI=>DA:=@:8:E6H6C6A>F6C;AI>96H:FG:7IH
)- L6C<B:BE:FA>=6H@6CG:7I6=6A6H
+:F=6H>@6CA6=
)- A>F6CI96F6E69676<>6C6H6GG6L6E7:F<:F6@A:7>=
E:CL:BEFDHCL6BI@ A6HH:FG:7IHB:C<<IC6@6CEF>CG>E#I@IB F
:FCDIAA> %>@6 E:C<>G6E EDBE6 9>H:@6C I96F6 6@6C B:C<6A>F
9:C<6C
@:8:E6H6CH>C<<>96C@:AI6FB:A6AI>AI76C<G:BE>HE696H67IC<I96F6 pipa venturi
&:8:E6H6CI96F6L6C<H>C<<>B:CL:767@6CH:@6C6CE696E:FBI@66CE>E6
J:CHIF>B:C?69>F:C96=#6AH:FG:7IHB:CL:767@6C86>F6CD76HCL6BI@96E6H Gambar 6.28
Alat penyemprot nyamuk.
C6>@@:6H6GB:A6AI>E>E6J:CHIF>96CB:CL:B7IF@:AI6F7:F86BEIFI96F6
b. Daya Angkat pada Sayap Pesawat Terbang
/6=I@6= C96 L6C< B:CL:767@6C E:G6K6H 96E6H H:F76C< +:G6K6H
96E6H H:F76C< @6F:C6 696CL6 96L6 6C<@6H E696 G6L6E 6L6 6C<@6H E696
E:G6K6HH:F76C<?I<6B:C<<IC6@6CEF>CG>E#I@IB:FCDIAA>:CHI@76<>6C
6H6GG6L6EE:G6K6HL6C<8:B7IC<B:CL:767@6C696CL6E:F7:966CA6?II96F6
E696 76<>6C 6H6G 96C 76<>6C 76K6=CL6 G:E:FH> 9><6B76F@6C DA:= <6F>G
<6F>G
<6L6 E696
*
8:E6H 96F>E696 76<>6C 76K6=CL6 (:CIFIH #I@IB :FCDIAA> H:@6C6C E696 gaya angkat (F ) 1
76<>6C6H6GE:G6K6HB:C?69>A:7>=@:8>A96F>E696H:@6C6CE69676<>6C76K6=
G6L6E +:F7:966C H:@6C6C >C>A6= L6C< B:B7I6H 696CL6 <6L6 6C<@6H @: 6H6G
L6C<7:G6FCL696E6H9>HIA>G@6CG:76<6>7:F>
Gambar 6.29 Garis arus fluida ideal pada sayap
pesawat terbang.
@IH
P
P% P%
P
P *
Contoh 6.9
*
P* P
:F96G6F@6C"-.)*4 96E6H9>6C6A>G>G76=K6?>@6E:G6K6H
7:F<:F6@A:7>=8:E6HB6@66@6CB:C<=6G>A@6C<6L66C<@6HL6C<A:7>
=
7:G6F EIA6 :C<6C 9:B>@>6C G:B6@>C AI6G E:C6BE6C< G6L6E G:B6@>C
7:G6FEIA6<6L66C<@6HCL6
7:F<:F6@G:=>C<<6
.:7I6=E:G6K6HH:F76C<9:C<6CAI6GE:C6BE6C<G6L6EB
* BG
B:C<=6G>A@6CE:F7:966C@:8:E6H6C6A>F6CI96F6E69676<>6C6H6GG6L6EE:G6K6H96C
76<>6C76K6=CL6L6C<B6G>C< B6G>C<7:G6FCL6BG96CBG:F6E6@6=
7:G6F<6L66C<@6HE696G6L6E?>@6B6GG6?:C>GI96F6@<B
1
>@:H6=I>
B
* BG @<B
* *
P
Q@<B
Q4BG
QB
PBG
5
&:H:F6C<6C
* @:8:E6H6CM6H86>FL6C<9>I@IFBG
B6GG6?:C>GF6@G6@<B
B6GG6?:C>GM6H86>FL6C<9>I@IF@<B
AI6GE:C6BE6C<E>E67:G6FB
AI6GE:C6BE6C<E>E6@:8>AB
E:F7:966CH>C<<>F6@G6B
E:F8:E6H6C<F6J>H6G>BG
f. Pipa Pitot
+>E6E>HDH696A6=6A6HICHI@B:C<I@IF@:A6?I6C<6G6H6II96F6
+:F=6H>@6C)-+>E6E>HDHH:F9>F>6H6GE>E6J:CHIF>L6C<7:F>G>@6C aliran gas
F6@G60?IC<H:F7I@6@:6H6GG:96C<@6CI?IC<H:F7I@6B:B6C?6C< v
A B 2
G:6F6= 9:C<6C 96H6C<CL6 I96F6 +:F7:966C H>C<<> F6@G6 96A6B E>E6v1 1 2
9>G:767@6CDA:=E:F7:966CH:@6C6C9>96C p
A>F6CI96F6L6C<B6GI@@:96A6BH67IC<9>H:FIG@6C@:96A6BE>E6
1
h
B:A6AI>I?IC<9:C<6C@:8:E6H6C7:F@IF6C<=>C<<6B:C86E6>CDA+696 D
C
@:6966CH:FG:7IHH:@6C6C9>G6B69:C<6CH:@6C6C9>H>H>@96C<6G
96A6B@:6966C9>6B
Gambar 6.33
:C<6CB:C<<IC6@6CE:FG6B66C:FCDIAA>9:C<6C 96C Pipa pitot
@:8:E6H6C <6G 9> G6B6 9:C<6C CDA 6@6C 9>96E6H
Fluida 157
%
* %
% % * P
:96H:@6C6C6CH6F6H>H>@96CH>H>@% P% G6B69:C<6CH:@6C6C
=>9FDGH6H>@M6H86>F9>96A6BB6CDB:H:FL
6>HI
% % P
"-.)*4 @:
:C<6CB:A6@I@6CGI7GH>HIG>
"-.)*4
9>E:FDA:=
*
Kata Kunci
*
6H6I*
) &:8:E6H6C6A>F6CI96F6E696 )B %>@6@:8:E6H6C6A>F6CI96F6E69676<>6C
*
• aliran turbulen
• aliran laminer
P
• hukum Bernoulli
• manometer &:H:F6C<6C
• persamaan kontinuitas * @:8:E6H6C6A>F<6GI96F6BG
• venturimeter
B6GG6?:C>G6>FF6@G6@<B
B6GG6?:C>G<6GI96F6@<B
E:F7:966CH>C<<>6>FF6@G6B
:F6HG:7I6=E:G6K6HL6C<B:B>A>@>AI6GHDH6AG6L6E .:7I6=E:G6K6HB:C96E6HH:@6C6C@:6H6GG:7:G6F
B 696A6=
.:7I6=76@H:F7I@67:F>G>6>FG:H>C<<>B:F6E6@6=
@:8:E6H6C@:AI6FCL66>FE696G:7I6=AI76C<L6C<
H:FA:H6@9>96G6F76@?>@6AI6GE:FBI@66CAI76C<
76<>6C76K6=G6L6EBG:F6E6@6=@:8:E6H6C 6H6GG6L6EE:G6K6HBG7:F6E6@6=@:8:E6H6C6A>F6C
6A>F6CI96F6E69676<>6C6H6GG6L6E? I96F6E69676<>6C76K6=G6L6EE:G6K6HH:FG:7IH?>@6
>@6<6L66C<@6H B6GG6?:C>GI96F6@<B
9>C6B>@CL6G6B69:C<6C7:F6HE:G6K6HH:FG:7IH+:F7:966CH>C<<>F6@G696A6BG:7I6=B6CDB:H:FGI6HI
E:G6K6H96A6B@:6966CG:>B76C<(6GG6?:C>GI96F6
G66H>HI@<B J:CHIF>B:H:F>6A6=8B:F6E6@6=@:8:E6H6C6>FE696
E:C6BE6C<L6C<A:7>=7:G6F?>@6AI6GE:C6BE6C<L6C<
8B
H:FG:7IH8B
9>H6BEIC<96A6BK6@HI?6B &:8:E6H6C6A>F6CE69676<>6CE>E6L6C<7:G6F96F>
GI6HIJ:CHIF>B:H:F8BG:F6E6@6=E:F7:966C
:F6E6@6=<6L6@:6H6GL6C<9>6A6B>DA:=G:7I6= H>C<<>F6@G6B6GG6?:C>G<8BE696B6CDB:H:F
E:G6K6HL6C<B:B>A>@>A:76FG6L6EHDH6A?>@6 ?
B
@:8:E6H6C6A>F6CI96F69>6H6G96C9>76K6=G6L6E >@6E:F76C9>C<6C6CH6F6AI6GE:C6BE6C<7:G6F96C
BG96CBG(6GG6?:C>GI96F6E696@:H>C<<>6C @:8>A696A6=
>HI@<B
/:@6C6CB:FIE6@6C7:G6F<6L6L6C<7:@:F?6E696
GI6HIE:FBI@66C9>76<>9:C<6CAI6G<6L6
, ":?
6A6@6E>A6F>H6G696A6=E:F>GH>K6C6>@6H6IHIFICCL
/:@6C6C=>9FDGH6H>@6B:FIE6@6CH:@6C6CL6C 6
< E:FBI@66CM6H86>FB:A6AI>AI76C< AI76C<@:8>A6H6I
8DG
9>6A6B>M6H86>FE696@:96A6B6CH:FH:CHI/:@6C6 -@6E>A:F/
C &
>C<<>M6H86>F9>96A6BE>E6@6E>A:F696A6=
=>9FDGH6H>@6G6C<6H9>E:C<6FI=>DA:=<6L6<F6J
#
,>H6G>
1>G@DG>H6G6H6I@:@:CH6A6C696A6=<:G:@6CL6C<
#I@IB+6G86AB:CL6H6@6C76=K6H:@6C6CL6C<
96C@:96A6B6C6>F 9>B>A>@>DA:=;AI>96
9>7:F>@6CE696GI6HIM6H86>F96A6BFI6C<H:FHIHI #I@IB.HD@:GB:CL6H6@6C76=K6;AI>96>9:6A
E 696A6=;AI>96L6C<H>96@B:B>A>@>J>G@DG>H6GG:
9>H:FIG@6CG6B67:G6F@:G:<6A66F6=+F>CG>E@: =>C<<6
F?6 7:C96L6C<7:F<:F6@9>96A6BCL6H>96@B:C<6A6B>
9DC<@F6@=>9FDA>@96CE:C<6C<@6H=>9FDA>@ <6L6<:G:@.:76A>@CL6E696;AI>96L6C<B:B>A>@>
7:@:F?6 J>G@DG>H6G6@6CH:F?
7:F96G6F@6C#I@IB+6G86A 69><6L6<:G:@L6C<9>C6B6@6C
G
<6L6GHD@:G
&*
&:8:E6H6CH:FB>C6AL6C<9>6A6B>7:C96@:H>@6
#I@IBF8=>B:9:G7:F7ICL>7:C96L6C<H:F8:AIE
@:96A6B;AI>96M6H86>F76>@G:76<>6C6H6IEIC 7:F<:F6@96A6B;AI>96L6C<B:B>A>@>J>G@DG>H6G696
G:AIFI=CL66@6CB:C<6A6B><6L6@:6H6GG:7:G6F A6=
* *
7:F6HM6H86>FL6C<9>E>C96=@6CDA:=7:C96H:FG:7I ( &
H
"6L6@:6H6G>C>9>G:7IH<6L6F8=>B:9:GL6C<
7:G6FCL69>CL6H6@6CG:76<6>7:F>@IH
45 cm
#>9FDB:H:F696A6=6A6HICHI@B:C<I@IF >FB:C<6A>FB:A:K6H>E>E6J:CHIF>B:H:FG:E:FH>E696
6 @:8:E6H6CM6H86>F 9 @:96A6B6CM6H86>F <6B76F7:F>@IH>C>
7 @:8:E6H6C<6G :
8 B6GG6?:C>GM6H86>F
@:@:CH6A6CM6H86>F
.:EDHDC<@6LIH:F6EIC<E696E:FBI@66C6>F%>@6
76<>6CJDAIB:CL6H>B7IA9>6H6GE:FBI@66C6>F
6>F A
v A1 2
<8BB6GG6?:C>G@6LIH:FG:7IH696A6=
6 @<B
7 @<B
8
BG
G:H>C<<>8BG:=>C<<6E:F7:966CE:FBI@66C6>FF6@G6 : BG
@:9I6@6@>8B(6GG6?:C>G86>F6CH:FG:7IH696A6=
6
)
9 6 )
: +6 G 7
+6 G 8
+6 G
+6 G
)
9
:
)
)
>@:H6=I><6F>GH:C<6=H:H:G6>F=I?6CBBB6GG6 'I6GE:C6BE6C<@:F6CE696G:7I6=76@696A6=8B
6A6B9:H>@6>FL6C<H:FH6BEIC<9>76@H:FG:7IH
?:C>GI96F6@<B96C@D:;>G>:CJ>G@DG>H6GI96F6
>I96F6C:F686B:CIC?I@@6CG@6A6) .:H:A6=
+:F=6H>@6C<6B76F7:F>@IH
7:C969>B6GI@@6C@:96A6B6>F <8B
C:F686 B:CIC?I@@6C 6C<@6 ) 1DAIB: 7:C96
H:FG:7IH696A6=
6 QPB 9
7 QPB :
8 QPB
F0-:03'1)#8533#%F 918-7@7-:
)#2-'3
<1:3-9-?-:01:3-:<1=/;.--:?1:?-:34@.@:3-:-:?-=->@4@0-:A;8@91
<-0-?17-:-:?1?-<$1=17-91:3-?-7-:657-?17-:-:3->0-8-9=@-:3
?1=?@?@<056-3-7;:>?-:A;8@913->>1.-:05:301:3-:>@4@9@?8-7:C-
)1/-=-9-?19-?5>05:C-?-7-:01:3-:<1=>-9--:
7;:>?-:-?-@ F
Tokoh
"1?1=-:3-:
A;8@919
Joseph Louis Gay Lussac
>@4@9@?8-7 (1778–1850)
!57->@4@3->.5->-:C-05:C-?-7-:0-8-9 E>@4@9@?8-791:3
3@:-7-:>-?@-:"18A5:"05:C-?-7-:01:3-:<1=>-9--:
F
4-=81>0-:-C#@>>-/6@3-.1=4->5891:C18505754@.@:3-:-:?-=-
>@4@0-:?17-:-:<-0-A;8@91?1?-<"10@-:C-91:3-?-7-:657-A;8@91
3->C-:3.1=-0-0-8-9=@-:3?1=?@?@<056-3-7;:>?-:?17-:-:3->
>1.-:05:301:3-:>@4@9@?8-7:C-)1/-=-9-?19-?5>0-<-?05:C-?-7-:
01:3-:<1=>-9--:
Ia dilahirkan di Prancis tahun 1778.
Setahun setelah lulus dari politeknik
Paris, ia ditawari pekerjaan oleh
Claude-Louis Berthollet, kimiawan
Prancis yang terkemuka. Berthollet
memiliki laboratorium sendiri dan
memimpin sekelompok ilmuwan
muda di daerahnya. Gay Lussac
7;:>?-:-?-@
F Sumber: Jendela Iptek 3, 1997
9<-0-71=-<-?-:=1:0-4
1=0->-=7-:'23#.##/9 0-:
4->587-85>1.-:05:301:3-:?19<1=-?@=>1>@-501:3-:<1=>-9--:
-?-@ F
01:3-:-0-8-47;:>?-:?-71>1.-:05:3-:C-:3>1>@-501:3-:>-?@
9-/-93->?1=?1:?@ mengadakan banyak riset bersama
Berthollet dan Pierre Simon Laplace,
!57- 5:017> 053@:-7-: @:?@7 :58-5 0-:-B-8>10-:37-: dua ilmuwan yang dibiayai dan
5:017>053@:-7-:@:?@7:58-5 0-: -745= 05<1=;814 <1=>-9--: dilindungi oleh Napoleon Bonaparte.
Gay-Lussac selamat dari arus revolusi
.1=57@? Prancis, tetapi ayahnya tertangkap
dan dipenjarakan. Pada 1802, ia
mengulangi percobaan Alexander
Cesar Charles. Ia menemukan fakta
bahwa jika gas dipanaskan pada suhu
tetap, volumenya akan bertambah
sebanding dengan suhu mutlak. Jika
suhunya dinaikkan dua kali lipat,
volumenya akan meningkat dua kali.
Hukum ini kali pertama ditemukan
oleh Charles. Akan tetapi, karena
Charles tidak mempublikasikannya,
hukum tersebut kadang-kadang
disebut hukum Charles, kadang-
kadang disebut Hukum Gay-Lussac.
F
905>1.@?<1=>-9--:5,5.08-'#8533#%
'23#.##/90-:
@7@9;C81-C#@>>-/.1=8-7@@:?@73->501-8C-:39->>-0-:
6@98-49;83->:C-?1?-<!57-9->>-0-:6@98-49;83->:C-?50-7?1?-<
<1=>-9--:71-0--:3->501-8.1=@.-491:6-05
01:3-:
-?-@
"1?1=-:3-:
F
6@98-49;83->
! 9;8"?1?-<-:@9@93->
!@98-49;83->91=@<-7-:<1=.-:05:3-:-:?-=-9->>-3->01:3-:
9->>-9;817@8=18-?52:C- )1/-=-9-?19-?5>6@98-49;83->0-<-?
05:C-?-7-:01:3-:<1=>-9--:
-?-@ F
1:3-:91:33@:-7-:
#
-?9#
"
"
-?9
"
!-05?17-:-:3->?1=>1.@?-0-8-4-?9
-8-94-85:5 7;:>?-:>145:33-
!57-0595>-87-:9->>--B-83-> 0-:9->>--745=3->0-8-9?-.@:3-0-8-4
0-<-?05?@85>
"
-?-@
"
&8147-=1:-9->>-3->C-:3?1=>5>- .1=-=?5?18-4718@-=3->>1.-:C-7
'2+#,#/-#)&#-#.$5,5-#4*)#/
C-5?@ F
1:3-:019575-:<1=.-:05:3-:-:?-=-9->>-3->C-:3718@-=0-:9->>-3->-B-8:C-
-0-8-4
. 1:1=3575:1?57=-?-=-?->1?5-<9;83->185@9?1=>1.@?
9;8
A;8@91?-.@:3 9
"
9;8 G
9;8 G
6;@81
:1=3575:1?57=-?-=-?->1?5-<9;817@8-0-8-4
!
a. 0,1 atm d. 4,5 atm
+:?@77->@>A;8@913->?50-705<1=45?@:37-:
b. 2,5 atm e. 5,0 atm
c. 4,0 atm
Soal Tes ITB Tahun 1975 2. Energi Kinetik dan Energi Dalam Gas
Pembahasan: -8-9?5:6-@-:957=;>7;<5><-=?5718<-=?57180-8-93->>18-8@.1=31=-7
Volume ban = V1 = 100 cm2
>145:33-<-=?5718<-=?5718?1=>1.@?919585751:1=3575:1?57'1=>-9--:1:1=35
p1 = 0,5 atm
V2 = 4 × 50 cm3 = 200 cm3 75:1?57<-0-<-=?57183->501-80-<-?05?@=@:7-:>1.-3-5.1=57@?
p2 = 76 cmHg = 1 atm
Setelah pemompaan ban selesai maka
akan berlaku:
"
pbanVban = p1 V1 + p V
2 2 )@.>?5?@>50-=5710@-<1=>-9--:?1=>1.@?-7-:91:34->587-:<1=
p1V1 + p V
pban = V 2 2 >-9--:.1=57@?
ban
"
+ 1atm200 cm
100 cm3
= 0,5atm100 cm3 3
"
= 2,5 atm.
Jadi, tekanan ban setelah dipompa
sebesar 2,5 atm.
"
Jawaban: b
"
F
x
y
Gambar 7.6
Gerak molekul diatomik:
(a) gerak translasi dari pusat
massa;
01=-6-?71.1.->-: (b) gerak rotasi terhadap
sumbu kartesius; dan
(c) gerak vibrasi sepanjang
sumbu molekul.
7 F
&8147-=1:-3->?1=05=5-?-><-=?57186@98-4>18@=@41:1=3575:1?57
<-=?57183->0-8-9>@-?@=@-:3?1=?@?@<05>1.@?6@3-1:1=350-8-93->
05:C-?-7-:01:3-:<1=>-9--:
F
F
)1/-=-@9@905?@85>
Contoh 7.6
)1.@-4?-:375.1=5>59;83->4185@9.1=>@4@ E!57-4185@905-:33-<>1.-3-53->
501-845?@:38-41:1=35?;?-8>5>?190-:6@3-1:1=3575:1?57=-?-=-?->1?5-<9;817@8
#7#$
7-=1:-4185@9-0-8-4
:1=35?;?-89;817@80-<-?0545?@:301:3-:=@9@>
3->9;:;-?;9570-<@:1:1=35=-?-=-?-<1=9;817@8 0-<-?0545?@:301:3-:
=@9@>
571?-4@5
9;8
! 9;8"
The suns energy is supplied by nuclear
fusion process that starts with the
merging of two protons. However,
protons have a motion to repel each
other because of their electrical
charges and protons of average speed
do not have enough kinetic energy to
overcome the repulsion. Very fast
protons with speed can do so,
however and for that reason the sun
can shine.
G '-
'23#.##/9
"1/1<-?-:1217?52<-=?57183->0545?@:301:3-:91:33@:-7-:
9>
*1:?@7-:<1=.-:05:3-:71/1<-?-:1217?52-:?-=-9;817@89;817@83->450=;31:
'-
Contoh 7.9
Sumber: Fundamentals of Physics, 2001
3 9;80-:3->;7>531: =
$
3 9;8<-0->@4@?1=?1:?@
=
#7#$
" =9>
"1/1<-?-:1217?52>1.-:05:301:3-:-7-=0-=571.-857-:9->>-9;817@8=18-?52:C-
)1/-=-9-?19-?5>05?@85>7-:
"
" =9>
=9>
3 9;8
3 9;8
"
"
=9>
=9>
174 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XI
E-3-=?17-:-::C--?95?@:38-41:1=3575:1?57
0-=5>1?5-<-?;9185@91=-<-7-471/1<-?-:=-?-
=-?-0-=5>1?5-<-?;94185@90-:.1=-<-7-471/1<-?-:
- *1:?@7-:1:1=3575:1?57?;?-83->:1;:?1=>1.@? 1217?52:C-
. 1=-<-7-41:1=3575:1?57=-?-=-?->1?5-<9;83->
! 9;8"
>@-?@<-=?57183-> 9 >
"1/1<-?-:1217?52"
=9>
!57-3->?1=>1.@?.1=-0-0-8-9?-.@:3.1=?17-:-:
-?9-?9G '-?1:?@7-:8-49->>-61:5>
1=-<-7-41:1=3575:1?57=-?-=-?-9;817@83-><-0- 3->?1=>1.@?
>@4@"
Rangkuman
->501-8?50-7-0-05-8-9)@-?@3->0-<-?91958575 :1=350-8-93->-0-8-46@98-4>18@=@41:1=35
>52-?C-:391:017-?5>52-?3->501-8<-0->@4@7-9-= 75:1?57<-=?57183->0-8-9>@-?@=@-:3?1=?@?@<
0-:?17-:-:?1=?1:?@
'1=>-9--:3->501-8
'-0->@4@=1:0-4 "?53-01=-6-?
7;:>?-:-?-@ 1=57@?5:51:1=350-8-9@:?@73->05-?;957
!57-9->>-0-:9;83->501-8?50-7?1?-<<1=>-9--: -
3->501-8.1=@.-491:6-05
71.1.->-:
-?-@
7
01:3-: . '-0->@4@>10-:3 "859-01=-6-?
71.1.->-:
'=5:>5<17@5<-=?5>51:1=3591:3-:33-<.-4B-3->
C-:3.1=-0-050-8-9=@-:3?1=?@?@<91=@<-7-: 7
7@9<@8-:0-=5<-=?57183->C-:391958575?17-:-:
1:1=350-:71/1<-?-:31=-7C-:3>-9-
/ '-0->@4@?5:335 "?@6@4
01=-6-?71.1.->-:
'1=>-9--:3->0-8-9=@-:3?1=?@?@<
"
<
-?-@ 7
7
"1/1<-?-:1217?52<-=?57183->0-<-?0571?-4@5
:1=3575:1?573-> 01:3-:<1=>-9--:
"=9>
!'02**/'4*,#3
919.-4->
7;:>?-:?-
-> ->
$;:;-?;957 5-?;957
Refleksi
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, Anda tentu akan menurutAndasulitdipahami?Cobadiskusikanbersama
mengetahui bahwa gas ideal di alam tidak ada. Anda teman atau guru Fisika Anda.
juga tentu menjadi paham tentang prinsip ekuipartisi Andamenjaditahualasanmengapabalongasdapat
energi, energi kinetik, dan energi dalam gas, serta mengapung merupakan manfaat mempelajari bab ini.
kecepatan efektif dari gerak partikel gas. Dari materi Coba Anda cari manfaat lain mempelajari bab ini.
yang dipelajari pada bab ini, bagian manakah yang
0
9
1
- G F9
. G F
9/ G F
-8-9>@-?@=@-:3-:?1=0-<-? 95853=-93->
9 "!
01:3-:?17-:-:-?9"18-6@-:=-?-=-?-<-=?57183->
?1=>1.@?-0-8-4 9 >!57--?9 %9
=@-:3-:?1=>1.@?-0-8-4
)1.@-4?-.@:33->01:3-:A;8@91?1=?1:?@.1=5>53->
A;8@91
G F
9
501-801:3-:?17-:-:7-=:58-5=-?-=-?-7@-0=-?
- G F
9
.
F 9
/ G
F 9
0 G
F 9
1 G
. " =9>
8-6@9;817@83->05>1.@?" =9>
!57-710-8-9?-.@:3
?1=>1.@?05<;9<-7-:3->>161:5>>145:33-?17-:-::C-
91:6-05>10-:37-:>@4@:C-05.@-??1?-<" :C-=9>
!57->16@98-43->C-:39->>-:C-?1?-<05?17-:<-0- -7-:91:6-05
"
>@4@?1?-<9;817@89;817@8:C--7-: =9>
- 919585751:1=3575:1?5781.54.1>-= "
- 0 =9>
. 919585759;91:?@981.54.1>-=
"=9>
raksa
#7#$-#)1'24#/8##/$'2*,54*/*&'/(#/4'1#4
-8-9>@-?@?-.@:3?1=?@?@<+ )1.@-4?-:375C-:3A;8@91:C-85?1=055>53->450=;31:
?1=0-<-?>161:5>3->501-8!57- gas >145:33-?17-:-::C-91:6-05-?91=-<-7-4
?17-:-:@0-=-8@-= 993 A;8@913-><-0->--??17-:-::C- -?90-:>@4@:C-
A;8@913-> /9 ?1?-<
0-:>@4@:C-
E?1:?@7-:A;8@913->?1=
>1.@?<-0-71-0--::;=9-8 E
993
->;7>531:<-0->@4@E91958575A;8@91 85?1=
0-:?17-:-: G %9
1=-<-7-4A;8@913->
<-0->--??17-:-::C-G % 9 0-:>@4@:C-
E
3 9;8>1.-:C-7 85?1=01:3-:
)@-?@61:5>3->91:19<-?5A;8@91 /9 <-0->@4@
E0-:?17-:-:-?9!57->@4@:C-91:6-05 E -8-9>@-?@?-:375C-:3?1=?@?@<?1=0-<-?3->
0-:?17-:-:91:6-05-?9?1:?@7-:A;8@91-745= :5?=;31: =
>@4@E0-:.1=?17-:-: -?9*1:?@7-:9->>-
3->?1=>1.@? 3->?1=>1.@?
$->>-61:5>>@-?@3->501-8<-0->@4@9@?8-70-:
?17-:-:-0-8-43 /9!57-?17-:-:3->?1=>1.@? )1.@-4?-:375A;8@91:C-85?1=055>53->450=;31:
056-057-:0-:>@4@:C-?@=@:91:6-05 >145:33-?17-:-::C-91:6-05-?91=-<-7-4
?1:?@7-:9->>-61:5>3->?1=>1.@? A;8@913-><-0->--??17-:-::C- -?90-:>@4@:C-
?1?-<
Termodinamika
Hasil yang harus Anda capai:
V1 V2
V Contoh 8.1
3 ,E2DE82C52=2>C:=:?56BD6BDEDEA>6? p(kPa)
Gambar 8.2 82=2>:AB@C6CC6A6BD:
D2>A2<A25282>32B-6?DE<2?EC292H2?85:=2<E<2? A B
250
(a) Usaha yang dilakukan @=6982CA252
oleh sistem adalah
2 AB@C6C
positif (W = pV ).
(b) Usaha yang dilakukan 3 AB@C6C
oleh sistem adalah 4 AB@C6C 52? C
50
negatif (W = –pV ). 5 C6=EBE9AB@C6C D@D2 E D V(L)
= 25 75
=E2C
P
%P
)2<#
52?36BD2?52?682D:7<2B6?22B29
3 .C29252B: <6C2>256?82?=E2C
AB@C6C<6<:B:
O
=E2C
<)2
O
<)2%O%O<#
':=2:*52?<@?CD2?C69:?88252A2D5:<6=E2B<2?52B:A6BC2>22?:?D68B2=
* *=?1
Contoh 8.2
*=? O=?
#25:EC292H2?85:=2<E<2?
@=69C:CD6>A252AB@C6C:C@D6B>2=252=29
*=? O
>
E2>@=82C2B8@?>6>E2:C642B2:C@D6B>2=A252CE9EL52B:F@=E>62G2=
>@=
>6?;25: >
-6?DE<2?EC292H2?85:=2<E<2?82CD6BC63ED#
"7"# >@=$
:<6D29E:
*
>
/@=E>62G2=
/@=E>62<9:B >
Termodinamika 181
# >@=$
Tantangan < $
untuk Anda .C292H2?85:=2<E<2?82CA252AB@C6C:C@D6B>2=52A2D5:9:DE?856?82?&23".""/
9
Menurut Anda, benarkah angin itu
tidak mendinginkan suhu,
melainkan menaikkan suhu di
sekitarnya?
*=?
>
>@=# >@=$ $=?
P
,
)2
$ $
)6BC2>22?<62522?82CA252AB@C6C:C@<9@B:<
, ,
,
600 K
)2
$ , P )2
".#"2D2>A2<329G2A6BE3292?F@=E>6D:52<>6?8
p(Pa)
c. Proses Isobarik
)B@C6C:C@32B:<252=29AB@C6CA6BE3292?<62522?C:CD6>A252D6<2?2?
D6D2A )252
92C:=<2?A6BE3292?D6<2?2?,6CE2:56?82?A6BC2>22?82C:562=,*
*
V(L) D6<2?2?,D6D2A52?
V1 V2 , (=69<2B6?2*52?C6=2=ED6D2A>2<2
Gambar 8.6
Grafik p–V pada tekanan (p) konstan.
<@?CD2?2D2E
O
V (volume) B27:<9E3E?82?2?D2B252?E?DE<AB@C6C:C@32B:<D2>A2<A252
".#"2)252AB@C6C:C@32B:<D6<2?2?82C5:EC292<2?D6D2AC69:?882
A6BE3292?CE9EA25282C2<2?>6?:>3E=<2?A6BE3292?F@=E>682CE?DE<
>6>A6BD292?<2?282BD6<2?2?82CD6D2A
T (suhu) .C292H2?85:=2<E<2?82CA252AB@C6C:C@32B:<252=29C6CE2:56?82?
Gambar 8.7 A6BC2>22?36B:<ED
Grafik V–T pada tekanan (p) konstan. ,O, O
Contoh 8.4
,6;E>=2982C52=2>BE2?8D6BDEDEAF@=E>6?H2=:D6BD6<2?2?2D>52?CE9E?H2
L 2CD6BC63ED5:A2?2C<2?56?82?D6<2?2?D6D2AC69:?882>6?42A2:CE9EL
-6?DE<2?F@=E>682C52?EC292H2?85:=2<E<2?82CD6BC63ED
2D>
,
$ $
$$
=:D6B
2 )6BC2>22?82CA252D6<2?2?D6D2A252=29
$
=:D6B
=:D6B
C69:?882F@=E>682C>6?;25:=:D6B
$
O;@E=6
3 ,O
d. Proses Adiabatik
)B@C6C25:232D:<252=29AB@C6CA6BE3292?<62522?C:CD6>D2?A2 p
252?H2A6BDE<2B2?<2=@B56?82?=:?8<E?82??H22D2ED:52<252<2=@B
H2?85:=6A2C>2EAE?H2?85:D6B:>2@=6982CD6BC63EDC69:?882
proses
B27:<A252".#"2>6?E?;E<<2?329G2A252AB@C6C25:232D:< adiabatik
D6B;25:A6BE3292?CE9ED6<2?2?52?F@=E>6)B@C6C:?:36B52C2B<2?-0)0. proses
+%..+* H2?8 5:DE=:C<2?, <@?CD2? 2D2E isotermik
, p1
p2
,
O
52? D6D2A2D2E V
V1 V2
O
,P )2 >
)6BC2>22?82CA252AB@C6C25:232D:<252=29, ,
>
$65E2BE2C5:A2?8<2D<2? C69:?8825:A6B@=69
>
> >
#25:F@=E>682CC6D6=296<CA2?C:252=29 >
3 82C5:>2>A2D<2?A252D6<2?2?D6D2AC69:?882
F@=E>6?H2>6?;25:5E2A6BD:82<2=:F@=E>6
,E2DE82C:562=H2?8F@=E>62G2=?H2
36B2A2<29CE9E42>AEB2?3292?
5:6<CA2?C:<2?C69:?882F@=E>62<9:B?H2>6?;25:
> A252D6<2?2?D6D2A <)2
C6>E=22D> )2
-6?DE<2?=29EC292H2?85:=2<E<2?@=6982CE?DE< 2 -6?DE<2?=29EC292H2?85:=2<E<2?@=6982C
AB@C6CC6CE2:56?82?5:28B2>,636B:<ED D6BC63ED52B:<62522?2G2=9:?882<62522?2<9:B
p(Pa) 3 ?52:<2?AB@C6C52A2D5:32=:<52B:<62522?2<9:B
p(Pa) B B
<6<62522?2G2=36B2A2<2936C2BEC292H2?8
14 70
60 5:=2<E<2?@=6982C
.?DE<>6>A6B<64:=F@=E>6C63E2982C>6?;25:
10
A A C6D6?829?H2C642B2:C@D6B>2=5:A6B=E<2?EC292 #
V (dm3) 10 V (dm3)
6B2A2<29EC292H2?85:A6B=E<2?E?DE<>6>A6B<64:=
0 200 500 0 200 600 800 F@=E>682CD6BC63ED>6?;25:C6A6BC6AE=E952B:F@=
2 3
p(Pa) E>6
2G2=
,63E29>6C:?82C@=:?>6>:=:<:B2C:@<@>AB6C:H2:DE
B2C:@F@=E>62G2=D6B9252AF@=E>62<9:BC636C2B
50 B #:<2CE9E42>AEB2?3292?32<2BE52B2252=29
L
52?AB@C6C<@>AB6C:36B=2?8CE?
20 A 8C642B225:232D:<
V(dm3) 56?82?
32<2BD6BC63EDA252<@>AB6C:>2<C:>2
0 200 400 600 =
4
B. Hukum I Termodinamika
-29E<29?52D6?D2?8!E<E>"-6B>@5:?2>:<2.?DE<>6?86D29E:?H2
C:>2<=29EB2:2?36B:<ED:?:C642B2C2<C2>2
1. Pengertian Hukum ITermodinamika
!E<E>"D6B>@5:?2>:<2>6?;6=2C<2?9E3E?82?2?D2B2<2=@BH2?8
5:D6B:>22D2E<2=@BH2?85:=6A2C<2?@=69C:CD6><6=:?8<E?82?52?EC292
H2?85:=2<E<2?@=69C:CD6>C6BD2A6BE3292?6?6B8:52=2>H2?85:D:>3E=
<2??H2&:C2=<2?CE2DEC:CD6>>6?6B:>2<2=@B>2<2<2=@BD6BC63EDD:52<
92?H25:8E?2<2?E?DE<>6?8E3296?6B8:52=2>D6D2A:;E825:A2<2:
E?DE<>6=2<E<2?EC292,642B2<6C6=EBE92?6?6B8:D6BC63EDD:52<
O O2D2E O lingkungan
.?DE<=63:9>6>292>:!E<E>"-6B>@5:?2>:<2D6BC63EDA6B92D:<2? 3
".#"2
)6B;2?;:2?D2?52E?DE< 52? A252".#"2 252=29C63282:
36B:<ED
Q W
– –
sistem
lingkungan
2 #:<2C:CD6>>6=2<E<2?EC292?:=2:36BD2?52A@C:D:7
3 #:<2C:CD6>>6?6B:>2EC292?:=2:36BD2?52?682D:7O 4 Q W=0
+
4 #:<2 C:CD6> >6?6B:>2 <2=@B ?:=2:36BD2?52A@C:D:7
sistem
5 #:<2 C:CD6> >6=6A2C <2=@B ?:=2:36BD2?52?682D:7O
?6B8:52=2>CE2DE82C:562=>6BEA2<2?E<EB2?=2?8CE?852B:CE9E lingkungan
52? D6<2?2? )6BE3292? 6?6B8: 52=2> 92?H236B82?DE?8A252 5 Q=0 W
<62522? 2G2= 52? <62522? 2<9:B D:52< 36B82?DE?8 A252 AB@C6C 3282: +
>2?2<62522?C:CD6>36BE329.?DE<82C>@?@2D@>:<56?82?56B2;2D sistem
<63632C2?"A6BE3292?6?6B8:52=2>52A2D5:9:DE?8C63282:36B:<ED
lingkungan
O 'O '
Gambar 8.9
O *O * O Hubungan sistem dan lingkungan.
(a) Sistem menerima kalor sambil
melakukan usaha.
(b) Sistem melepaskan kalor dan
pada sistem dilakukan usaha.
O , O, ,
(c) Sistem menerima kalor, tetapi
3
#
2 ,:CD6>>6?6B:>2<2=@B #52?C:CD6>>6=2<E<2?EC292
#O #O #
&6?EBED!E<E>"-6B>@5:?2>:<2
O
O #>2<25:A6B@=69
3 ,:CD6>>6?6B:>2EC29252B:=:?8<E?82?
#OO
O
# #
-2?52A@C:D:7E?DE<>6?E?;E<<2?329G26?6B8:52=2>C:CD6>36BD2>329
C636C2B #
Termodinamika 185
a. Proses Isotermal
)B@C6C:C@D6B>2=252=29AB@C6CH2?8D:52<>6?82=2>:A6BE3292?
CE9E
C69:?882A6BE3292?6?6B8:52=2>?H2 *
>2<2
.C292=E2BH2?85:=2<E<2?@=6982CH2:DE*=?
A6?6B2A2? !E<E> " -6B>@5:?2>:<2 2<2? >6?892C:=<2?
*=? O
&23".""/9 >6?E?;E<<2?329G2<2=@BH2?85:36B:<2?<6A252
Pembahasan Soal CE2DEC:CD6>C6=EBE9?H25:8E?2<2?E?DE<>6=2<E<2?EC292
Suatu sistem mengalami proses b. Proses Isokhorik
adiabatik. Pada sistem dilakukan usaha
100 J. Jika perubahan energi dalam )B@C6C:C@<9@B:<252=29AB@C6CH2?85:2=2>:@=69C:CD6>D2?A2252?
sistem adalah U dan kalor yang H2
diserap sistem adalah Q, akan berlaku .... A6BE3292?F@=E>6 C69:?882EC292@=69C:CD6>82C252=29
a. U = –1.000 J
b. U = 100 J , )6BE3292?6?6B8:52=2>?H2C6CE2:56?82?A6BC2>22?
c. U = 10 J
d. Q = 0
e. U + Q = – 100 J *)6?6B2A2?!E<E>"-6B>@5:?2>:<2>6?892C:=<2?*0
* O
Soal UMPTN Tahun 1994
Pembahasan:
Hukum I Termodinamika:
Q=U+W
Pada proses adiabatik, tidak ada kalor
yang diterima atau diserap sistem. Jadi,
Q = 0.
Pada sistem dilakukan usaha W = –100 J
Jadi,
.?DE<82C:562= *>2<2 O * O
#25:<2=@BH2?85:36B:<2?<6A252CE2DEC:CD6>A252F@=E>6D6D2A
C6=EBE9?H25:8E?2<2?E?DE<>6?2:<<2?6?6B8:52=2>C:CD6>
c. Proses Isobarik
)252AB@C6C:C@32B:<C:CD6>D:52<>6?82=2>:A6BE3292?36C2BD6<2?2?
Q=U+W ,
0 = U – 100 J 6C2B?H2EC292H2?85:=2<E<2?82C>6>6?E9:A6BC2>22?
U =100 J
, ,O )6?6B2A2? !E<E> " -6B>@5:?2>:<2 A252 AB@C6C
:C@32B:<>6?892C:=<2?
Jawaban: b
, O
d. Proses Adiabatik
)252AB@C6C25:232D:<D:52<D6B;25:A6BDE<2B2?
<2=@B52B:C:CD6><6
=:?8<E?82??H2 )6BE3292?6?6B8:52=2>C6CE2:56?82?A6BC2>22?
Tugas Anda 8.1 *O(=69<2B6?2:DEA6?6B2A2?!E<E>"-6B>@5:?2>:<2
Diskusikanlah bersama teman Anda,
apakah ada proses adiabatik di alam ini? A252AB@C6C25:232D:<>6?892C:=<2?
2D2E
OO * O 2D2E
*O O
2G2=L5:?2:<<2?CE9E?H2>6?;25:LA252
D6<2?2?D6D2A6B2A2<29<2=@BH2?85:A6B=E<2? 1,5
# >@=$ N
U
V (liter)
0,3
)2
,E2DE82CA252D6<2?2?<@?CD2?C636C2BP
5:>2>A2D<2?52B:F@=E>6=:D6B>6?;25:=:D6B2=2> .?DE<<6D:82=:?D2C2?'.#.52?.52=2>
AB@C6CD6BC63ED82C>6=6A2C<2=@B ;@E=6 82>32B9:DE?8=29
2 6B2A2<29EC292H2?85:=2<E<2?@=6982C 2 EC292H2?85:=2<E<2?@=6982C52?
3 6B2A2<29A6BE3292?6?6B8:52=2>?H2 3 A6BA:?5292?<2=@B52=2>AB@C6C
O
"2/04
52?
3 EC292H2?852A2D5:=2<E<2?
&6C:?2B?@D>6?6B:>2<2=@B52B:B6C6BF@:BH2?8
36BCE9ED:?88:L52?>6=6A2C<2??H2A252CE9E ,63E29>6C:?2B?@D>6>:=:<:67:C:6?C:
B6C6BF@:BD:?88: $D6?DE<2?=2936C2B?H2CE9E
#:<2CE9E
B6?529L-6?DE<2?67:C:6?C:>6C:?2B?@DD6BC63ED B6C6BF@:BD:?88:282B67:C:6?C:>6C:?>6?;25:
&6C:?A6?5:?8:?BE2?82?>6?H6B2A<2=@BC636C2B 56?82?2?882A2?CE9EB6C6BF@:BB6?529D:52<
;@E=652=2>G2<DEC6<@?#:<2CE9EBE2?82? >6?82=2>:A6BE3292?
2<2?5:A6BD292?<2?C636C2BLC652?8<2?CE9E
Tokoh
D. Hukum II Termodinamika
!E<E> " -6B>@5:?2>:<2 >6?H2D2<2? D6?D2?8 <6<6<2=2? 6?6B8: H2:DE Nikolaus Otto
6?6B8:D:52<52A2D5:4:AD2<2?2D2E5:>EC?29<2?>6=2:?<2?92?H252A2D5:E329
52B: C2DE 36?DE< 6?6B8: <6 36?DE< 6?6B8: =2:??H2 !E<E> " -6B>@5:?2>:<2
D:52<>6>32D2C:3282:>2?2A6BE3292?6?6B8:D6BC63ED36B=2?8CE?8%2:?92=?H2
56?82?!E<E>""-6B>@5:?2>:<2H2?8>6>:=:<:32D2C2?32D2C2?D6BD6?DE
,63E29>6C:?52A2D36B86B2<5:C6323<2?252?H26?6B8:<2=@BH2?8
5:36B:<2?A252>6C:?D6BC63EDC642B2D6BEC>6?6BECD6D2A:C632=:<?H2D:52<
>E?8<:?6?6B8:86B2<EC29252A2D>6>36B:<2?<2=@BC642B2D6BEC
>6?6BEC)252<6?H2D22??H2D:52<252C63E29>6C:?AE?H2?836<6B;2
>6?H6B2A6?6B8:<2=@B52?>6?8E329C6=EBE9?H2>6?;25:EC292
6B:<ED:?:92=92=H2?836B<2:D2?56?82?!E<E>""-6B>@5:?2>:<2
H2?8>6BEA2<2?<6C:>AE=2?52B:A6?82>2D2?A6?82>2D2?H2?8
5:=2<E<2?@=69&-6*/-"/$, 52?-"53*53
&6?EBED$6=F:?52?)=2?4<D:52<>E?8<:?>6>3E2D>6C:?H2?8 Sumber: Jendela Iptek: Energi, 1997
36<6B;252=2>CE2DEC:<=EC>6?
Pada 1876, seorang warga negara
6B:>2<2=@B52B:C2DEB6C6BF@:B52? Jerman, Nikolaus Otto menjadi orang
>6?8E329C6=EBE9<2=@BD6BC63ED>6?;25:EC292 pertama yang membuat dan menjual
&6?EBED=2EC:ECD:52<>E?8<:?>6>3E2D>6C:?H2?836<6B;252=2> mesin 4 tak yang kemudian menjadi
dasar pembuatan kebanyakan mesin.
C2DEC:<=EC>6?82>3:=<2=@B52B:B6C6BF@:BH2?8>6>:=:<:CE9EB6?529 Ia menamakan mesinnya Silent Otto
52?>6>36B:<2??H2A252B6C6BF@:BH2?8>6>:=:<:CE9ED:?88:D2?A2 karena mesin tersebut mampu
bekerja tanpa menimbulkan
>6>6B=E<2? EC292 52B: =E2B kebisingan. Salah satu ciri mesin 4 tak
&6C:?2B?@DH2?836<6B;25:2?D2B2B6C6BF@:BCE9E
H2?836BCE9E >6?892C:=<2?67:C:6?C:H2?8D:?88: 52?B6C6BF@:Badalah tekanan kompresinya. Jika
bahan bakar berupa gas yang
dimampatkan, akan lebih banyak
energi yang dilepaskan. Gagasan ini
pertama kali dikembangkan oleh
Alphone Beau de Rochas (1815–
1891) yang berkewarganegaraan
Prancis, tetapi justru Otto yang
menyukseskan ide tersebut.
#25:>6?EBED$6=F:?52?)=2?4<D:52<>E?8<:?CE2DE>6C:?92?H2
>6>:=:<:C63E29B6C6BF@:B52?D:52<>E?8<:?C63E29>6C:?>6>:=:<:
67:C:6?C: #:<267:C:6?C: <2=@BH2?85:C6B2A52B:=:?8<E?82??H2
2<2?5:E329C6=EBE9?H2>6?;25:EC292.C292>6C:?C6>242>:?:5:C63ED
>6C:?,-!,!/00))+%(!;6?:C<65E2$6?H2D22??H2D:52<252>6C:?C6A6BD:
:DE G2=2EAE? >2C:9 >6>6?E9: !E<E> " -6B>@5:?2>:<2
Termodinamika 191
&6?EBED=2EC:EC>6C:?C6=2=E>6>6B=E<2?EC292=E2B282B52A2D
>6>:?529<2?<2=@B52B:D6>A2DH2?836BCE9EB6?529<6D6>A2DH2?8
36BCE9ED:?88:&6C:?C6A6BD::?:5:C63ED>6C:?A6?5:?8:?>:C2=?H2=6>2B:
6C 52? A6?5:?8:? BE2?82? 2D2E %-+* %/%+*!-
W
52?>6=6A2C<2?<2=@B 52AE?EC292H2?85:=2<E<2?252=29,:<=EC
>6C:?A6?5:?8:?52A2D5:=:92DA252".#"2
$6D6B2?82?82>32B
T
2 <2=@BH2?85:=6A2C<2?A252CE9ED:?88:
Gambar 8.15 <2=@BH2?85:C6B2AA252CE9EB6?529
Perubahan kerja menjadi kalor. EC292 H2?8 5:=2<E<2? 52B: =E2B
.<EB2?52H2C63E29>6C:?A6?5:?8:?5:?H2D2<2?56?82?<@67:C:6?
52H28E?2,642B2>2D6>2D:C52A2D5:DE=:C<2?C63282:36B:<ED
Tantangan
"7"#
:<6D29E:
untuk Anda O
5:A6B@=69
$
$
$
2C>6=2<E<2?EC292C636C2B 3 EC292D@D2=82C
>>
'6B242(92ECC/-%,(!!)8 8
):?C6D
@=2A6;2=3292?H2?8C2>256?82?;2B:;2B:36B36523652
/+,2/$
-!+)!/!->2CC2;6?:C84>
2 G2DD
3 G2DD
4 G2DD
5 G2DD
6 G2DD
2 P #
#
#
' ! ' '
52?
3 1 1B>C ! B>C '
#:<25:E<EB56?82?A:A2A:D@DA6B36522?D:?88:B2<C2
,63E29A6C2G2DA6?5:?8:?>6>:=:<:<@67:C:6?52H28E?2
5:52=2>>2?@>6D6B252=29 >>-6?DE<2?F@=E>6
C636C2B#:<2D6>A6B2DEBB6C6BF@:BCE9ED:?88:252=29
E52B2H2?8>6?82=:B52=2>G2<DE>6?:D
L9:DE?8=29D6>A6B2DEBB6C6BF@:BCE9EB6?529?H2
2 AEC2D>@>6?82H25:)
3 AEC2D>@>6?82H25:,
Kunci Jawaban
Bab 1 Analisis Gerak Bab 2 Gaya
Tes Kompetensi Awal Tes Kompetensi Awal
2
3 O3O
34O345O
3
.?DE<C6B:
' ' ' '
3
4 3 . '*
3
3
.?DE<A2B2=6=' ' ' ' '
A
4 34 3
'
5 *
=C41>$
1
2
1 4
4 4
1 4
Tes Kompetensi Bab 3 4 5
A. Pilihan Ganda 2 2
3 3 B. Soal Uraian
1 4
2 3 ;7=C
1
2 5 2
5 2 M=CF5BD9;1<;521G18
4
3 1
1 2 =C
4 3
2
5
1
(B14
=
(=
C5;?>
Bab 6 Fluida
B. Soal Uraian Tes Kompetensi Awal
"E;E=*1C31<1B1;5B:1>H145>71>=5>77E>1;1>
=C ( ;?>C5@D5;1>1>894B?CD1D9;
1 %1B5>1D5B41@1DD571>71>@5B=E;11>I1D319
B
2
5 2
1 B14B14
2 3
K
5 3
4 4
2 1
;*1
Tes Kompetensi Subbab B
1 =
(=
2 N (
1
3 N (
2 (=
1
2 (=
*1
4
1
1 =&
) ( 2 4
Tes Kompetensi Subbab C 2 4
4 5
4 2
1 3
1D=
$
1D=
M
2 4
3 3
2 1 Tes Kompetensi Fisika Semester 2
5 5 A. Pilihan Ganda
1 4 1
1
B. Soal Uraian 2
3
3
1
2
(
<9D5B
Bab 8 Termodinamika
Tes Kompetensi Awal B. Soal Uraian
3=
=
$
;7=
!5<1CD5BC52ED41@1D@5318;1B5>1;5D9;1499C919B@1>1C
@5B=E;11>75<1C1;1>=5>71<1=9@5=E191>1;921D
@5BE2181>CE8EH1>7D941;=5B1D1
69C95>C941<1=;19D1>>H145>71>;9>5B:1=5C9>141<18
@5B21>49>71>1>D1B1EC181H1>749<1;E;1>45>71> 1
;5B:1H1>74981C9<;1> 2
2
5
;*1
4
1
5
1
2
3
3
4
$
!1C9451<41@1DD5B:149:9;1D941;D5B41@1D@5B@9>4181>
@1>1C*5B@9>4181>@1>1CD941;1;1>D5B:149:9;1CE8E
D5D1@9C?D5B=1<D5;1>1>D5D1@9C?21B41>F?<E=5
(
3=
1
2
$
=C;5;9B9 M=C;5;1>1>
Tes Kompetensi Subbab D =C
G1DD &
N$
Apendiks
Simbol-Simbol Matematika
@5BE2181>
C1=145>71> JJ >9<1912C?<ED
:E=<18
D941;C1=145>71> M
81=@9BC1=145>71>
41<1=?B45
C521>49>745>71> <9= <9=9D
<529825C1B41B9@141
<529825C1BC1=145>71>
:1E8<529825C1B41B9@141
<5298;539<
=5>45;1D9>?<
D1>
D1>
DEBE>1>D5B8141@
DEBE>1>@1BC91<D5B8141@
<5298;539<C1=145>71>
:1E8<5298;539<41B9@141 9>D57B1<
Rumus Trigonometri
C9> 3?C
D1>
C53
D1> C9> 3?C
3C3 3?C
3?D
C9>
C9> 3?C
3?C
3?C
D1>
3?C 3?C
3?C
C9>
3?C
C9>
3?C
3?C
C9>
<>
1D=
;7
N
E41B1
=9< = '1CC1=?<1BE41B1
'1CC1:5>9CE41B1+,*
=C %535@1D1>CE1B1+,* ;7=
%1<?B4949819BK1D= =C
;$;7
%535@1D1><5@1C
%?>CD1>D1'1D181B9
+E8E41>D5;1>1>CD1>41B+,* N
,5=@5B1DEB ;/= %1<?B@5>7E1@1>19BK1D=
N=9< $1B9 :1B9
*5B9?45
N= *5B35@1D1>7B1F9D1C9
@141
@5B=E;11>
-
N =C
=C
&$ '1CC1
$1B9 :1B9
@1BD9;5<=?<
'1CC15<5;DB?>
'1CC1@B?D?>
'1CC1>5EDB?>
N =C
NM %?>CD1>D1*<1>3; NM$C
$=?<%
N
NM$C
NM;7
5
@
7
N (=
Faktor-Faktor Konversi
!!
%%
;==9< ;7
=9<;=
=H46D
M C<E7
3= C<E7;7
;7N
>=
D18E>3181H13D18E>N=
E'5.
;7=
%% !%
73=
? <26D
'% ;7&
=
=9<
;=
M =
N
=
;=
3=
73=
)
(<24H>5
<2(
<2
;7
3=
!!
"'
*1(=
=
3=
&
M =
71<
3=
6D
'5.
E
;=:1=
=9<:1=
K
!!&
B5F=5>9D
!M,
"!'&(&%$
,!
/=%DE9>39:1=6D
K /=%
DE9>39:1=6D
215
9=@E<C
Indeks
1@85<9?>
25>41D571B
:?E<5
41H1;E41
;1@9<1B9D1C
569C95>C9
B1D1
5>5B79;9>5D9; ;535@1D1>B1D1
;535@1D1>C5C11D
;5<1:E1>B1D1 B1D1
5>5B79@?D5>C91< ;5<1:E1>C5C11D
;5=9B9>71>
71C9451<
;?565C95>B5CD9DEC9
;?>CD1>D17B1F9D1C9E>9F5BC1<
71H1;?>C5BF1D96 =1CC1
71H1C5>DB9@5D1<
"E;E=##,5B=?49>1=9;1
"E;E=%5;5;1<1>>5B79'5;1>9;
=541>7B1F9D1C9
"E;E=%5;5;1<1>'?=5>DE=
"E;E=%5;5;1<1>'?=5>DE=+E4ED
=?=5>9>5BC91
B56B975B1D?B
=?=5>DE=CE4ED
C;1<1B
@1>1C
D571>71>@5B=E;11>
@1BD9;5<
D5;1>1>
*1C31<
@5B35@1D1>1>7E<1B
B1D1
@5B35@1D1>B1D1
D5=@5B1DEB
@5B985<9?>
@5B9?45
@5B;1<91>F5;D?B
,5?B9%9>5D9;!1C
D?BC9
F5;D?B
*5BC1=11>5B>?E<<9
F5;D?B@?C9C9
F5;D?B;535@1D1>B1D1 B1D1
F5;D?B@5B@9>4181>
*B9>C9@*1C31<
F5;D?BC1DE1>
@B?C5C149121D9;
G1DD
@EC1D25B1D