PUSAT PERBUKUAN

Departemen Pendidikan Nasional

 Hak Cipta Pada Departemen Pendidikan Nasional
Dilindungi Undang-undang

Praktis Belajar Fisika

untuk Kelas XII
Sekolah Menengah Atas/Madrasah Aliyah

Penulis : Aip Saripudin

Dede Rustiawan K.
Adit Suganda
Penyunting : Firdaus Sukmono
Debby Juwita
Pewajah Isi : Yusuf Sobari
Ilustrator : Yudiana
Pewajah Sampul : Dasiman

530.07
AIP AIP Saripudin
p Praktis Belajar Fisika 3 : untuk Kelas XII Sekolah Menengah Atas /
Madrasah Aliyah Program Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam / penulis, Aip Saripudin,
Dede Rustiawan K, Adit Suganda ; penyunting, Firdaus Sukmono, Debby Juwita
; illustrator, Yudiana. — Jakarta : Pusat Perbukuan ;Departemen Pendidikan
Nasional, 2009.
viii, 260 hlm, : ilus. ; 30 cm.

Bibliografi : hlm. 258

Indeks
ISBN 978-979-068-812-4 (No. Jil Lengkap)
ISBN 978-979-068-815-5

1. Fisika-Studi dan Pengajaran I. Judul II. Dede Rustiawan K

III. Adit Suganda IV. Firdaus Sukmono V. Debby Juwita
VI. Yudiana

Hak Cipta Buku ini dibeli oleh Departemen Pendidikan Nasional

dari Penerbit Visindo Media Persada

Diterbitkan oleh Pusat Perbukuan

Departemen Pendidikan Nasional
Tahun 2009

Diperbanyak oleh ....

ii
 Kata Sambutan
Puji syukur kami panjatkan ke hadirat Allah SWT, berkat rahmat dan
karunia-Nya, Pemerintah, dalam hal ini, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional,
pada tahun 2009, telah membeli hak cipta buku teks pelajaran ini dari penulis/
penerbit untuk disebarluaskan kepada masyarakat melalui situs internet
(website) Jaringan Pendidikan Nasional.
Buku teks pelajaran ini telah dinilai oleh Badan Standar Nasional
Pendidikan dan telah ditetapkan sebagai buku teks pelajaran yang memenuhi
syarat kelayakan untuk digunakan dalam proses pembelajaran melalui
Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan Nasional Nomor 22 Tahun 2007 tanggal 25
Juni 2007.
Kami menyampaikan penghargaan yang setinggi-tingginya kepada para
penulis/penerbit yang telah berkenan mengalihkan hak cipta karyanya
kepada Departemen Pendidikan Nasional untuk digunakan secara luas oleh
para siswa dan guru di seluruh Indonesia.
Buku-buku teks pelajaran yang telah dialihkan hak ciptanya kepada
Departemen Pendidikan Nasional ini, dapat diunduh (down load), digandakan,
dicetak, dialihmediakan, atau difotokopi oleh masyarakat. Namun, untuk
penggandaan yang bersifat komersial harga penjualannya harus memenuhi
ketentuan yang ditetapkan oleh Pemerintah. Diharapkan bahwa buku teks
pelajaran ini akan lebih mudah diakses sehingga siswa dan guru di seluruh
Indonesia maupun sekolah Indonesia yang berada di luar negeri dapat
memanfaatkan sumber belajar ini.
Kami berharap, semua pihak dapat mendukung kebijakan ini. Kepada
para siswa kami ucapkan selamat belajar dan manfaatkanlah buku ini sebaik-
baiknya. Kami menyadari bahwa buku ini masih perlu ditingkatkan mutunya.
Oleh karena itu, saran dan kritik sangat kami harapkan.

Jakarta, Juni 2009

Kepala Pusat Perbukuan

iii
 Kata Pengantar
Sekarang ini, ilmu dan teknologi berkembang dengan pesat. Seiring dengan
perkembangan tersebut, Fisika sebagai bagian dari ilmu dan teknologi ikut
berkembang pula, baik itu teori maupun penerapannya.
Fisika adalah ilmu dasar teknologi. Fakta-fakta kehidupan, seperti gerak,
cahaya, optik, kalor, dan materi lain yang sehari-hari digunakan manusia dipelajari
dalam Fisika.
Oleh karena itu, perlu adanya peningkatan kualitas pendidikan Fisika di
sekolah agar membentuk manusia yang memiliki daya nalar dan daya pikir yang
baik, kreatif, cerdas dalam memecahkan masalah, serta mampu mengomunikasikan
gagasan-gagasannya. Pendidikan Fisika harus dapat membantu Anda me-
nyongsong masa depan dengan lebih baik.
Atas dasar inilah, kami menerbitkan buku Praktis Belajar Fisika ini ke
hadapan Anda, khususnya para siswa Sekolah Menengah Atas. Buku ini
menghadirkan aspek kontekstual bagi Anda dengan mengutamakan pemecahan
masalah sebagai bagian dari pembelajaran untuk memberikan kesempatan
kepada Anda membangun pengetahuan dan mengembangkan potensi diri.
Materi dalam buku ini diharapkan dapat membawa Anda untuk memperoleh
pemahaman tentang ilmu Fisika sebagai proses dan produk. Materi pelajaran
Fisika yang disajikan bertujuan membekali Anda dengan pengetahuan,
pemahaman, dan sejumlah kemampuan untuk memasuki jenjang yang lebih tinggi,
serta mengembangkan ilmu Fisika dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.
Oleh karena itu, mendudukkan Praktis Belajar Fisika hanya sebatas teori di
dalam kelas, akan membuat siswa kurang memahaminya dan menghambat
tercapainya tujuan pembelajaran. Melalui buku Praktis Belajar Fisika ini, Anda
diharapkan dapat menyenangi pelajaran Fisika.
Materi-materi bab di dalam buku ini disesuaikan dengan perkembangan ilmu
dan teknologi terkini. Selain itu, buku ini disajikan dengan bahasa yang mudah
dipahami dan komunikatif sehingga seolah-olah Anda berdialog langsung dengan
penulisnya. Penulisan buku ini diharapkan dapat menjadi salah satu media atau
sarana belajar Fisika.
Kami menyadari bahwa penerbitan buku ini tidak akan terlaksana dengan
baik tanpa dukungan dan bantuan dari berbagai pihak. Untuk itu, dengan hati
yang tulus, kami ucapkan terima kasih atas dukungan dan bantuan yang diberikan.
Semoga buku ini dapat memberi kontribusi bagi perkembangan dan kemajuan
pendidikan di Indonesia.

Jakarta, Mei 2007

Penerbit

iv
 Sekilas Isi Buku
Buku Praktis Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII ini terdiri atas sembilan bab,
yaitu Gelombang dan Sifat-Sifatnya, Gelombang Bunyi dan Cahaya, Elektrostatika,
Induksi Magnet, Induksi Elektromagnetik dan Arus Listrik Bolak-Balik, Teori
Kuantum, Teori dan Model-Model Atom, Teori Relativitas Khusus, serta Fisika Inti
dan Radioaktivitas.
Di setiap awal bab disajikan Advance Organizer dan Soal Pramateri. Advance
Organizer yang dilengkapi dengan Gambar Pembuka Bab berisi contoh-contoh
penerapan atau manfaat dalam kehidupan sehari-hari yang dapat merangsang
keingintahuan Anda tentang materi yang akan dipelajari. Adapun Soal Pramateri
merupakan uji awal pengetahuan umum Anda tentang materi yang akan dipelajari
yang dapat mengembangkan kecakapan personal Anda. Untuk membantu Anda
memahami materi pelajaran, Gambar dan Ilustrasi disajikan secara menarik dan
faktual. Selain itu, disajikan pula tugas Kerjakanlah yang merupakan tugas
sederhana berupa soal dan kegiatan ilmiah yang dapat mengembangkan
kecakapan sosial dan akademik Anda. Ada pula kegiatan Mahir Meneliti dan
Kegiatan Semester yang perlu Anda kerjakan secara mandiri maupun
berkelompok. Kedua kegiatan tersebut dapat menumbuhkan semangat
kewirausahaan, etos kerja, semangat inovasi/kreativitas, daya saing, kecakapan
sosial, dan dapat mengembangkan kecakapan hidup (life skill) Anda.
Di setiap akhir materi pelajaran disajikan Soal Penguasaan Materi sebagai bahan
evaluasi pemahaman Anda tentang materi yang telah dipelajari, ringkasan materi
dalam bentuk Rangkuman dan Peta Konsep. Selain itu, di setiap akhir bab dan akhir
semester disajikan Evaluasi Materi Bab dan Evaluasi Materi Semester. Adapun di
akhir buku terdapat Evaluasi Materi Akhir Tahun menguji pemahaman Anda setelah
mempelajari materi pelajaran selama satu tahun.
Materi pelajaran dalam buku Praktis Belajar Fisika ini juga disertai dengan
materi pengayaan, di antaranya:
1. Jangan Lupa
Disajikan untuk mengingat materi yang telah dipelajari sebelumnya yang dapat
mengembangkan kecakapan personal Anda.
2. Perlu Anda Ketahui
Berisi informasi yang dapat merangsang keingintahuan Anda sehingga
mendorong Anda untuk mencari informasi lebih jauh.
3. Loncatan Kuantum (Quantum Leap)
Pengayaan yang bersifat informatif ini disajikan secara bilingual sehingga
dapat memperdalam ilmu bahasa Inggris Anda sehingga dapat mengem-
bangkan kecakapan personal Anda.
4. Jelajah Fisika
Jelajah Fisika memberikan informasi seputar Fisika termasuk semangat para
tokoh Fisika dalam menemukan/menciptakan karyanya dan teknologi dalam
dunia Fisika yang dapat menumbuhkan semangat kewirausahaan, etos kerja
serta dapat merangsang keingintahuan Anda.
5. Perlu Anda Ketahui
Berisi informasi yang dapat merangsang keingintahuan Anda sehingga
mendorong Anda untuk mencari informasi lebih jauh.
6. Pembahasan Soal SPMB
Pembahasan Soal SPMB membahas soal-soal SPMB yang berkaitan dengan
materi yang Anda pelajari.
7. Solusi Cerdas
Merupakan pembahasan soal UAN yang diberikan dengan menggunakan solusi
secara praktis dan cepat.
Untuk membantu Anda dalam menggunakan buku Praktis Belajar Fisika ini,
pada bagian akhir buku ini disajikan Apendiks, Kamus Fisika, dan Indeks.

v
 Daftar Isi
Kata Sambutan • iii
Sekilas Isi Buku • iv
Kata Pengantar • v
Semester 1
Bab 1
Gelombang dan Sifat-Sifatnya ....................................... 1
A. Istilah-Istilah pada Gelombang ........................................................ 2
B. Gelombang Transversal dan Longitudinal .......................................... 5
C. Gelombang Berjalan ..................................................................... 7
D. Gelombang Stasioner .................................................................. 9
E. Energi dan Intensitas Gelombang ................................................. 12
F. Sifat-Sifat Umum Gelombang ...................................................... 13
Evaluasi Materi Bab 1 ..................................................................... 20

Bab 2
Gelombang Bunyi dan Cahaya ................................... 23
A. Gelombang Bunyi ...................................................................... 24
B. Cahaya sebagai Gelombang ......................................................... 38
Evaluasi Materi Bab 2 ..................................................................... 52

Bab 3
Elektrostatika......................................................... 55
A. Benda Bermuatan Listrik ............................................................ 56
B. Hukum Coulomb ........................................................................ 58
C. Medan Listrik .......................................................................... 62
D. Potensial Listrik ....................................................................... 69
E. Kapasitor ................................................................................ 73
Evaluasi Materi Bab 3 ..................................................................... 81

Bab 4
Induksi Magnet ....................................................... 85
A. Medan Magnet ......................................................................... 86
B. Gaya Magnet ........................................................................... 95
C. Lintasan Partikel Bermuatan dalam Medan Magnet Seragam ............ 100
D. Momen Gaya Magnet dan Motor Listrik ....................................... 103
Evaluasi Materi Bab 4 ................................................................... 108
Kegiatan Semester 1 ............................................................... 111

Bab 5
Induksi Elektromagnetik dan Arus Listrik Bolak-Balik .... 113
A. Induksi Elektromagnetik ............................................................ 114
B. Beberapa Aplikasi Induksi Elektromagnetik .................................... 126
C. Persamaan Arus Listrik Bolak-Balik ............................................ 130
D. Resistor, Induktor, dan Kapasitor dalam Rangkaian Arus Bolak-Balik ... 135
E. Rangkaian AC RLC Seri ............................................................ 138
F. Daya pada Rangkaian AC .......................................................... 142
Evaluasi Materi Bab 5 ................................................................... 147
Evaluasi Materi Semester 1 ..................................................... 151

vi
Semester 2
Bab 6
Teori Kuantum ...................................................... 155
A. Radiasi Benda Hitam ............................................................... 156
B. Efek Fotolistrik dan Teori Foton Einstein ....................................... 161
C. Efek Compton ........................................................................ 164
D. Hipotesis de Broglie ................................................................ 165
Evaluasi Materi Bab 6 ................................................................... 169

Bab 7
Teori dan Model-Model Atom ................................... 173
A. Teori Atom Dalton ................................................................... 174
B. Penemuan Elektron dan Model Atom Thomson ............................... 174
C. Model Atom Rutherford ............................................................ 177
D. Spektrum Atom Hidrogen ......................................................... 178
E. Model Atom Bohr .................................................................... 180
Evaluasi Materi Bab 7 ................................................................... 188

Bab 8
Teori Relativitas Khusus .......................................... 191
A. Teori Relativitas Newton ........................................................... 192
B. Eksperimen Michelson–Morley ................................................... 193
C. Postulat Einstein untuk Teori Relativitas Khusus ........................... 195
D. Kesetaraan Massa dan Energi ................................................... 201
Evaluasi Materi Bab 8 ................................................................... 206

Bab 9
Fisika Inti dan Radioaktivitas ................................... 209
A. Struktur Inti .......................................................................... 210
B. Radioaktivitas ....................................................................... 213
C. Teknologi Nuklir ....................................................................... 220
Evaluasi Materi Bab 9 ................................................................... 226
Kegiatan Semester 2 ............................................................... 229
Evaluasi Materi Semester 2 ..................................................... 231
Evaluasi Materi Akhir Tahun .................................................... 234
Kunci Jawaban ........................................................................ 240
Apendiks ................................................................................. 245
Kamus Fisika ........................................................................... 251
Indeks .................................................................................... 254
Daftar Pustaka ....................................................................... 258

vii
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Pipa Organa Pipa Organa
Terbuka Tertutup
Minimum
Maksimum

terdiri atas
menghasilkan pola
persamaan

Pipa Organa Dawai Efek Doppler Resonansi Interferensi Pelayangan

sumber bunyi di antaranya Bunyi dapat mengalami

membahas

Gelombang
membahas

Cahaya
dapat mengalami

Interferensi Polarisasi Difraksi

pada
oleh

Celah Ganda Lapisan Tipis Celah Tunggal Kisi

Young
menghasilkan menghasilkan pola
menghasilkan pola pola
menghasilkan pola intensitas
yang
melewati Minimum Maksimum
Minimum Maksimum

Minimum Maksimum Minimum Maksimum

Polaroid Analisator

Kaji Diri
Setelah mempelajari bab Gelombang Bunyi dan Cahaya, Anda
dapat mendeskripsikan gejala dan ciri-ciri gelombang bunyi dan
cahaya, serta menerapkan konsep dan prinsip gelombang bunyi
dan cahaya dalam teknologi. Jika Anda belum mampu men-
deskripsikan gejala dan ciri-ciri gelombang bunyi dan cahaya,
serta menerapkan konsep dan prinsip gelombang bunyi dan cahaya
dalam teknologi, Anda belum menguasai materi bab Gelombang
Bunyi dan Cahaya dengan baik. Rumuskan materi yang belum
Anda pahami, lalu cobalah Anda tuliskan kata-kata kunci tanpa
melihat kata kunci yang telah ada dan tuliskan pula rangkuman
serta peta konsep berdasarkan versi Anda. Jika perlu, diskusikan
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 &+8&6
978&0&
Giancoli, Douglas C. 2000. Physics for Scientists & Engineers with Modern Physics, Third Edition. New Jersey:
Prentice Hall.
Halliday, David, Robert Resnick, dan Jearl Walker. 2001. Fundamentals of Physics, Sixth Edition. New
York: John Wiley & Sons.
Hewitt, Paul G. 1998. Conceptual Physics, Eight Edition. New York: Addison Wesley Longman.
Jones, E.R. dan Chiulders, R.L. 1994. Contemporary College Physics, Second Edition. New York: Addison
Wesley Longman.
Tipler, Paul A. 1991. Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Third Edition. New Jersey: Worth Publisher.
Tim Redaksi Dorling Kindersley. 1997. Jendela IPTEK, Cetakan Pertama. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.
Tim Redaksi Pustaka Setia. 2005. Panduan SPMB IPA 2006. Bandung: Pustaka Setia.
Tim Redaksi Usborne Publishing LTD. 2000. Science Encyclopedia. London: Usborne Publishing LTD.
Tim Widya Gamma. 2005. Pemantapan Menghadapi Ujian Nasional (UN) dan Ujian Sekolah (US) SMA IPA
2005/2006. Bandung: Yrama Widya.

Sumber Lain: www.batan.go.id

 ("* )
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 ISBN : 978-979-068-812-4 (No. jil lengkap)
ISBN : 978-979-068-815-5
Buku ini telah dinilai oleh Badan Standar Nasional Pendidikan (BSNP) dan telah
dinyatakan layak sebagai buku teks pelajaran berdasarkan Peraturan Menteri
Pendidikan Nasional Nomor 22 tahun 2007 tanggal 25 Juni 2007 Tentang Penetapan
Buku Teks Pelajaran Yang Memenuhi Syarat Kelayakan Untuk Digunakan Dalam
Proses Pembelajaran.

Harga Eceran Tertinggi: Rp16.693,-