Buku Fisika Kls 10

PUSAT PERBUKUAN
Departemen Pendidikan Nasional

Hak Cipta Pada Departemen Pendidikan Nasional
dilindungi oleh Undang-Undang
Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika

untuk Kelas X Sekolah Menengah Atas/Madrasah Aliyah
Program Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam
Penulis : Dudi Indrajit

Penyunting : Ahmad Fauzi
Pewajah Isi : Neni Yuliati
Ilustrator : S. Riyadi
Pewajah Sampul : A. Purnama
Ukuran Buku : 21 x 29,7 cm
530.07
DUD DUDI Indrajit
m Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika 1 : untuk Kelas X Sekolah Menengah Atas/
Madrasah Aliyah Program Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam / penulis, Dudi Indrajit
; penyunting, Ahmad Fauzi; illustrator, S. Riyadi. — Jakarta : Pusat Perbukuan,
Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, 2009.
vi, 226 hlm, : ilus. ; 30 cm
Bibliografi : hlm. 226

Indeks
ISBN 978-979-068-816-2 (No. Jilid Lengkap)
ISBN 978-979-068-817-9
1. Fisika-Studi dan Pengajaran I. Judul

II. Ahmad Fauzi III S. Riyadi
Hak Cipta Buku ini dibeli oleh Departemen Pendidikan Nasional

dari Penerbit Setia Purna Inves, PT
Diterbitkan oleh Pusat Perbukuan

Departemen Pendidikan Nasional
Tahun 2009
Diperbanyak oleh ....
ii
Kata Sambutan
Puji syukur kami panjatkan ke hadirat Allah SWT, berkat rahmat
dan karunia-Nya, Pemerintah, dalam hal ini, Departemen
Pendidikan Nasional, pada tahun 2009, telah membeli hak cipta
buku teks pelajaran ini dari penulis/penerbit untuk disebarluaskan
kepada masyarakat melalui situs internet (website) Jaringan
Pendidikan Nasional.
Buku teks pelajaran ini telah dinilai oleh Badan Standar
Nasional Pendidikan dan telah ditetapkan sebagai buku teks
pelajaran yang memenuhi syarat kelayakan untuk digunakan
dalam proses pembelajaran melalui Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan
Nasional Nomor 22 Tahun 2007 tanggal 25 Juni 2007.
Kami menyampaikan penghargaan yang setinggi-tingginya
kepada para penulis/penerbit yang telah berkenan mengalihkan
hak cipta karyanya kepada Departemen Pendidikan Nasional
untuk digunakan secara luas oleh para siswa dan guru di seluruh
Indonesia.
Buku-buku teks pelajaran yang telah dialihkan hak ciptanya
kepada Departemen Pendidikan Nasional ini, dapat diunduh
(down load), digandakan, dicetak, dialihmediakan, atau difotokopi
oleh masyarakat. Namun, untuk penggandaan yang bersifat
komersial harga penjualannya harus memenuhi ketentuan yang
ditetapkan oleh Pemerintah. Diharapkan bahwa buku teks
pelajaran ini akan lebih mudah diakses sehingga siswa dan guru
di seluruh Indonesia maupun sekolah Indonesia yang berada di
luar negeri dapat memanfaatkan sumber belajar ini.
Kami berharap, semua pihak dapat mendukung kebijakan ini.
Kepada para siswa kami ucapkan selamat belajar dan
manfaatkanlah buku ini sebaik-baiknya. Kami menyadari bahwa
buku ini masih perlu ditingkatkan mutunya. Oleh karena itu, saran
dan kritik sangat kami harapkan.
Jakarta, Juni 2009

Kepala Pusat Perbukuan
iii
Kata Pengantar
Fisika adalah salah satu rumpun ilmu sains yang mempelajari alam semesta.
Ruang lingkup ilmu Fisika sangat luas, mulai dari atom yang berdimensi
nanometer hingga jagat raya yang berdimensi tahunan cahaya. Dalam
kehidupan sehari-hari, banyak ditemukan aplikasi ilmu Fisika, baik berupa
fenomena-fenomena di alam atau rekayasa teknologi. Oleh karena itu, Fisika
memiliki tingkat urgensitas yang tinggi karena merupakan dasar untuk
penguasaan teknologi di masa depan.
Sesuai dengan misi penerbit untuk memberikan kontribusi yang nyata bagi
kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan maka penulis dan penerbit merealisasikan tanggung
jawab tersebut dengan menyediakan buku bahan ajar Fisika yang berkualitas,
sesuai dengan tuntutan kurikulum yang berlaku saat ini.
Buku ini disusun dengan mengutamakan pendekatan secara inkuiri
(eksperimen) dan disajikan secara sistematis, komunikatif, dan integratif, serta
adanya keruntutan rangkaian (bab dengan subbab, antarsubbab dalam bab,
antaralenia dalam subbab). Sebelum mempelajari materi, sebaiknya Anda
terlebih dahulu membaca bagian Advanced Organizer yang terdapat pada
halaman awal setiap bab agar Anda dapat mengetahui isi bab secara umum.
Pada awal setiap bab, disajikan pula Tes Kompetensi Awal sebagai evaluasi
materi prasyarat untuk mempelajari bab yang bersangkutan.
Di akhir setiap bab, terdapat Rangkuman, Peta Konsep, dan Refleksi yang
bertujuan lebih meningkatkan pemahaman Anda tentang materi yang telah
dipelajari dengan memunculkan umpan balik untuk evaluasi diri. Buku ini di-
lengkapi juga dengan beberapa materi, tugas, dan soal pengayaan, di antaranya
Informasi untuk Anda (Information for You), Tantangan untuk Anda, Mari
Mencari Tahu, Tugas Anda, Pembahasan Soal, dan Tokoh yang dapat
memperluas pengetahuan materi Fisika yang sedang dipelajari.
Untuk menguji pemahaman Anda terhadap materi yang telah dipelajari
diberikan Tes Kompentensi Subbab pada setiap akhir subbab, Tes Kompetensi
Bab pada setiap akhir bab, dan Tes Kompetensi Fisika Semester pada setiap
akhir semester. Selain itu, pada akhir buku juga diberikan Tes Kompetensi Akhir
untuk menguji pemahaman materi Fisika selama satu tahun ajaran. Semua tes
kompetensi tersebut merupakan sarana mengevaluasi pemahaman dan
melatih kemampuan menerapkan konsep/prinsip Fisika yang berkaitan dengan
materi yang telah dipelajari. Adapun Kunci Jawaban (nomor ganjil) kami sajikan
untuk memudahkan Anda dalam mengevaluasi hasil jawaban.
Untuk menumbuhkan daya kreativitas, kemampuan psikomotorik, dan cara
berpikir ilmiah, kami sajikan Aktivitas Fisika dan Proyek Semester yang
menuntut peran aktif Anda dalam melakukan kegiatan tersebut.
Demikianlah persembahan kami untuk dunia pendidikan.
Bandung, Mei 2007
Penerbit
iv
Panduan untuk Pembaca
Materi-materi pembelajaran pada buku ini berdasarkan kurikulum yang berlaku saat ini dan disajikan secara
sistematis, komunikatif, dan integratif. Di setiap awal bab, dilengkapi gambar pembuka pelajaran, bertujuan
memberikan gambaran materi pembelajaran yang akan dibahas, dan mengajarkan siswa konsep berpikir kontekstual
sekaligus merangsang cara berpikir kontekstual. Selain itu, buku ini juga ditata dengan format yang menarik dan
didukung dengan foto dan ilustrasi yang representatif. Penggunaan bahasa yang sederhana, sesuai dengan tingkatan
kognitif siswa sehingga membuat pembaca lebih mudah memahaminya.
Buku Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk SMA Kelas X ini terdiri atas sembilan bab, yaitu Pengukuran dan
Besaran, Vektor, Gerak Lurus, Gerak Melingkar, Dinamika Gerak, Cahaya dan Optika, Kalor, Listrik Dinamis, dan
Gelombang Elektromagnetik. Untuk lebih jelasnya, perhatikan petunjuk untuk pembaca berikut.
(1) Judul Bab, disesuaikan dengan tema materi dalam bab.
(2) Hasil yang harus Anda capai, tujuan umum yang harus Anda
capai pada bab yang Anda pelajari.
4
(3) Setelah mempelajari bab ini, Anda harus mampu,
kemampuan yang harus Anda kuasai setelah mempelajari bab.
(4) Gambar Pembuka Bab, disajikan untuk mengetahui contoh 18
1 manfaat dari materi yang akan dipelajari.
2 (5) Advanced Organizer, uraian singkat tentang isi bab untuk 19
menumbuhkan motivasi belajar dan mengarahkan Anda agar lebih
3 fokus terhadap isi bab.
(6) Tes Kompetensi Awal, merupakan soal prasyarat yang harus 20
5 Anda pahami sebelum memasuki materi pembelajaran.
(7) Materi Pembelajaran, disajikan secara sistematis, komunikatif,
integratif, dan sesuai dengan perkembangan ilmu dan teknologi
terkini (up to date).
6 (8) Gambar dan Ilustrasi, sesuai dengan materi dalam bab yang
21
disajikan secara proporsional dan harmonis.
(9) Contoh Soal, berisi contoh dan penyelesaian soal.
(10) Tugas Anda, berisi tugas atau latihan soal yang berkaitan 22
7 dengan materi tersebut.
(11) Pembahasan Soal, berisi contoh soal yang berasal dari
Ebtanas, UAN, UMPTN, atau SPMB.
8 23
(12) Mari Mencari Tahu, tugas mencari informasi yang bertujuan
menumbuhkan rasa ingin tahu dan mendorong siswa untuk
mencari informasi lebih jauh.
(13) Aktivitas Fisika, kegiatan yang dilakukan secara berkelompok
untuk mengembangkan kecakapan hidup Anda.
(14) Ingatlah, catatan atau hal-hal penting yang perlu Anda ketahui.
9 (15) Informasi untuk Anda (Information for You), berisi
10 pengayaan mengenai informasi dan aplikasi materi, disajikan
dalam 2 bahasa (bilingual).
12 (16) Tantangan untuk Anda, berisi soal-soal yang disajikan 24
dengan tingkat kesulitan lebih tinggi.
(17) Kata Kunci
(18) Tokoh, berisi tokoh Fisika penggagas ide baru dan pekerja
11 13 keras sehingga akan menumbuhkan semangat inovatif/kreatif,
etos kerja, dan mengembangkan kecakapan hidup Anda.
(19) Tes Kompetensi Subbab, berisi soal-soal untuk mengevaluasi
penguasaan materi subbab.
(20) Rangkuman
(21) Peta Konsep
14 (22) Refleksi, sebagai umpan balik bagi siswa setelah
mempelajari materi di akhir pembelajaran tiap bab. 25
(23) Tes Kompetensi Bab, berisi soal-soal untuk mengevaluasi
15 penguasaan materi bab.
(24) Proyek Semester, kegiatan percobaan untuk meningkatkan
pemahaman konsep Fisika dan memotivasi Anda untuk menggali
16 informasi, memanfaatkan informasi, dan menyelesaikan masalah.
26
(25) Tes Kompetensi Fisika Semester, berisi soal-soal untuk
mengevaluasi penguasaan materi selama satu semester.
17
(26) Tes Kompetensi Akhir, berisi soal-soal untuk mengevaluasi
penguasaan materi selama satu tahun ajaran.
v
Daftar Isi
Kata Sambutna • iii
Kata Pengantar • iv
Panduan untuk Pembaca • v
Bab 1
Pengukuran dan Besaran • 1
A. Pengukuran • 2
B. Angka Penting • 10
C. Besaran dan Satuan • 17
Rangkuman • 27
Peta Konsep • 28
Refleksi • 28
Tes Kompetensi Bab 1 • 29
Bab 2
Vektor • 31 Bab 4
A. Vektor • 32 Gerak Melingkar • 69
B. Perkalian Vektor • 39 A. Gerak Melingkar Beraturan • 70
Rangkuman • 41 B. Percepatan Sentripetal • 73
Peta Konsep • 42 C. Aplikasi Gerak Melingkar • 75
Refleksi • 42 D. Gerak Melingkar
Tes Kompetensi Bab 2 • 43 Berubah Beraturan • 76
Rangkuman • 78
Peta Konsep • 79
Refleksi • 79
Bab 3
Gerak Lurus • 45
A. Gerak, Jarak, dan Perpindahan • 46
B. Kelajuan dan Kecepatan • 48
C. Percepatan • 52 Bab 5
D. Gerak Lurus Beraturan (GLB) • 55 Dinamika Gerak • 83
E. Gerak Lurus Berubah Beraturan
(GLBB) • 57 A. Gaya Memengaruhi
Rangkuman • 65 Gerak Benda • 84
Peta Konsep • 66 B. Penerapan Hukum Newton • 91
Refleksi • 66 Rangkuman • 100
Tes Kompetensi Bab 3 • 67 Peta Konsep • 100
Refleksi • 100
Proyek Semester 1 • 104
Tes Kompetensi Fisika Semester 1 • 105
vi
Bab 6
Cahaya dan Optika • 107
A. Cahaya • 108
B. Pemantulan Cahaya • 109
C. Pembiasan Cahaya • 117
D. Alat-Alat Optik • 130
Rangkuman • 143
Bab 8
Peta Konsep • 144 Listrik Dinamis • 169
Refleksi • 144 A. Arus Listrik dan Muatan • 170
Tes Kompetensi Bab 6 • 145 B. Hukum Ohm dan Hambatan • 172
C. Rangkaian Seri dan Paralel • 178
D. Hukum II Kirchhoff • 186
E. Sumber Arus Searah dari Proses
Kimiawi • 189
F. Tegangan Listrik Searah dan Bolak-
Balik • 191
Bab 7 Rangkuman • 197
Kalor • 147 Peta Konsep • 198
Refleksi • 198
A. Kalor • 148
B. Perpindahan Kalor • 160
Rangkuman • 165
Peta Konsep • 166
Refleksi • 166
Bab 9
Gelombang
Elektromagnetik • 201
A. Spektrum Gelombang
B. Jenis-Jenis Gelombang
Rangkuman • 207
Peta Konsep • 207
Refleksi • 207
Proyek Semester 2 • 209
Tes Kompetensi Fisika Semester 2 • 210
Tes Kompetensi Akhir • 212

Kunci Jawaban • 216
Apendiks • 220
Senarai • 223
Indeks • 224
Daftar Pustaka • 226
vii
Bab
1
Sumber: Young Scientist, 1994
Melalui pengukuran, para peneliti dapat mengetahui bahwa lebah

mampu melihat dengan jelas benda yang ada di permukaan Bumi
dari ketinggian 1.600 m.
Pengukuran
dan Besaran
Hasil yang harus Anda capai:
menerapkan konsep besaran Fisika dan pengukurannya.
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, Anda harus mampu:
mengukur besaran Fisika (massa, panjang, dan waktu).
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1
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Sumber: Dokumentasi Penerbit
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Mengukur panjang remote AC dengan
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mistar. Berapa panjang remote AC
tersebut?
2 Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas X

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a. Alat Ukur Panjang
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pengukuran yang dilakukan
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pengukuran yang dilakukan
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lebih dari sekali dengan
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GW`f^[dS` ZSd[^ bW`Yf]fcS` bS`¥S`Y dWTfSZ Tf]f bSVS 7GRHGV '%) Sumber: Dokumentasi Penerbit
_W`YS`Vf`Y Sce[ TSZhS bS`¥S`Y Tf]f V[ SèScS +-%-) U_ VS` +-%.) U_% Gambar 1.3
¥S_[`S` S]fcSd[ bW`Yf]fcS` bS`¥S`Y Tf]f [`[ V[ef^[d +-%-) +-%.) U_'
Mengukur panjang buku
dengan mistar.
Pengukuran dan Besaran 3

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pengukur garis kedalaman
tengah dalam suatu benda
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benda Sumber: Dokumentasi Penerbit
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Gambar 1.4
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benda rahang skala utama
selubung luar
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Sumber: faq.f650.com, 2002
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Gambar 1.5
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Aktivitas Fisika 1.1
Tugas Anda 1.1
Mengukur Massa Benda Berkunjunglah ke perwakilan
Tujuan Percobaan daerah Badan Metrologi di kota
Siswa dapat melakukan pengukuran dengan menerapkan prinsip kesetimbangan. Anda. Tanyakan bagaimana
Alat-Alat Percobaan penerapan alat-alat ukur massa
(neraca). Diskusikan dengan teman
1. Mistar kayu 3. Plastisin
Anda mengenai proses Fisika yang
2. Silinder plastik 4. Paku (7 cm) 20 buah dilakukannya. Hasilnya laporkan
Langkah-Langkah Percobaan pada guru.
1. Susun alat seperti gambar berikut ini.
tumpuan 20 cm mistar kayu
20 cm
silinder
plastisin
meja
2. Letakkan lima paku 20 cm di sebelah kiri tumpuan, dan letakkan dua buah
paku lainnya dengan jarak yang sama disebelah kanan tumpuan. Amati
apa yang terjadi?
3. Geserkan paku tersebut hingga keadaan setimbang.
4. Lakukan langkah 3 dengan menggunakan jumlah paku yang berbeda.
Tuliskan data pada tabel berikut.
Jumlah paku pada lengan Jumlah paku pada lengan Jarak paku terhadap
kiri neraca (jumlah tetap) kanan neraca tumpuan
5 paku 2 paku ....
5 paku 3 paku ....
5 paku 4 paku ....
5 paku 5 paku ....
5. Kesimpulan apa yang Anda peroleh dari kegiatan ini? Dapatkah Anda menye-
butkan pengertian operasional dari mengukur massa suatu benda?
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c. Alat Ukur Waktu
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Sumber: Phywe.
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Gambar 1.6
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Neraca Ohaus merupakan salah satu
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instrumen pengukuran massa.
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¥S_' AScf_ [`[ TWcYWcS] dSef d]S^S dWe[Sb dSef ¥S_' GSVS f_f_`jS% ¥S_
Sumber: Tempo, 2002
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Gambar 1.7
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Sumber: Science in Focus (Physics), 2002
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Gambar 1.8
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d. Alat Ukur Kuat Arus Listrik
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Sumber: Science in Focus (Physics), 2002 TWdSc VSc[ -) _8' :ScS _W_TSUS d]S^S S_bWcW_WeWc SVS^SZ dWTSYS[ TWc[]fe'
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Gambar 1.9
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Contoh 1.1
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mencantumkan angka sesuai
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H
!R "*p+#
angka yang dioperasikan.
R* # R+ #$$$# R H
R 6 E6* 6
E
H H
;S^S_ W]dbWc[_W` =[d[]S% eWcVSbSe VfS ¥W`[d d[_bS`YS` "VWg[Sd[

deS`VSc#% jS[ef VWg[Sd[ deS`VSc fèf] bW`Yf]fcS` ef`YYS^ VS` VWg[Sd[
deS`VSc fèf] bW`Yf]fcS` TWcf^S`Y' GSVS bW`Yf]fcS` ef`YYS^% d[_bS`YS`
SVS^SZ `[^S[ ]We[VS]bSde[S` S^Se f]fc`jS% dWVS`Y]S` bSVS bW`Yf]fcS`
TWcf^S`Y dWe[Sb VSeS V[f]fc TWc]S^[&]S^[ VS` V[S_T[^ cSeS&cSeS`jS' ;Wg[Sd[
deS`VSc fèf] bW`Yf]fcS` TWcf^S`Y SVS^SZ dWTSYS[ TWc[]fe'
%!R C U R"+
5( C "*p,#
H U*
;Wg[Sd[ deS`VSc fèf] bW`Yf]fcS` TWcf^S`Y VSbSe ¥fYS V[ef^[d]S`

dWTSYS[ TWc[]fe'
!" R C U R #+
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H" H U *#
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H HU *
IWUScS deSe[de[]% ^SbacS` ZSd[^ W]dbWc[_W` VSbSe V[ef^[d]S` _W`¥SV[
R ( R T 5R "*p-#
SeSf

! RC !" RC U R #
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H H " H U %#
;W`YS` _W_WcZSe[]S` ZSd[^ bW`Yf]fcS` dWUScS W_b[c[d% V[]WeSZf[ TSZhS

`[^S[ ]We[VS]bSde[S` TWcf^S`Y ¥SfZ ^WT[Z ]WU[^ VSc[bSVS bW`Yf]fcS` ef`YYS^'
Tugas Anda 1.2 Contoh 1.2

Rancanglah sebuah percobaan
GSVS bW`Yf]fcS` V[S_WeWc cSè[`Y ]Sjf "R# VW`YS` ¥S`Y]S daca`Y V[bWca^WZ `[^S[&`[^S[3
,%.) U_4 ,%-2 U_4 ,%.* U_4 ,%-1 U_4 VS` ,%.+ U_' ?[ef`Y^SZ Wde[_Sd[ eWcTS[] bW`Yf]fcS`
untuk mengetahui massa jenis
cSè[`Y ]Sjf eWcdWTfe% dWe[Sb VSeS _WcfbS]S` ZSd[^ TWTWcSbS ]S^[ W]dbWc[_W`'
sebuah benda. Lakukan beberapa
kali pengukuran dan laporkan
hasilnya beserta nilai
ketidakpastiannya. Lakukanlah 4GXG 8GWNQ @KVMNXYSLGS
tugas ini secara berkelompok.
;K$* 1N !1N ] 1"(
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! RC p R ! )%))*
+
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6 )%)* "V[Tf^Se]S`#
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4 ( R T 5R 6 ",%.) o )%)*#
BWeWèfS` `[^S[ ]We[VS]bSde[S` fèf] cf_fd bWc]S^[S`

Kèf] P 6 9 : _S]S
#P #N #O
6 $ "*p/#
P N O
Kèf] P 6 ; 9H _S]S
#P #N "*p0#
6` $
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fèf] ) 6 > & _S]S
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fèf] 7 6 J s F s N _S]S ( # # '
7 J F N

Contoh 1.3
IWTfSZ ]aeS] ]acW] Sb[ bS`¥S`Y`jS *)%+ U_% ^WTSc`jS ,%* U_% VS` e[`YY[`jS *%- U_
V[f]fc VW`YS` _[deSc VW`YS` ]We[VS]bSde[S` )%). U_' JWèf]S` ga^f_W ]aeS] VS`
]We[VS]bSde[S``jS'
:G[GH0
GS`¥S`Y 6 *)%+ U_ "e[YS S`Y]S bWè[`Y#
^WTSc 6 ,%* U_ "VfS S`Y]S bWè[`Y#
e[`YY[ 6 *%- U_ "VfS S`Y]S bWè[`Y#
GW`f^[dS` ga^f_W ]aeS] ]acW] Sb[ ZScfd VfS S`Y]S bWè[`Y dWdfS[ VW`YS` S`Y]S
bWè[`Y jS`Y eWc]WU[^% jS[ef ^WTSc VS` e[`YY[ ]aeS]'
7 6 J s F s N 6 *)%+ U_ s ,%* U_ s *%- U_ 6 --%+0 U_, V[ef^[d
7 6 -- U_,
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0,05 0,05 0,05
V p l t 10,2 3,1 1, 4
#V 6 ")%)21 $ )%)*/, $ )%),.0# s -- 6 )%)/*1 s -- 6 +%0*2 U_,
ASV[% ZSd[^ bWcZ[ef`YS` ga^f_W ]aeS] ]acW] Sb[ V[^Sbac]S` dWTSYS[ 7 6 "-- % +%0# U_,
V[ef^[d VW`YS` + S`Y]S bWè[`Y'
4. Aspek-Aspek Pengukuran
GW`Yf]fcS` _WcfbS]S` TSY[S` bWè[`Y VSc[ dWTfSZ bcadWd W]dbWc[_W`'

a. Kesalahan dalam Pengukuran
<]dbWc[_W` jS`Y TS[] SVS^SZ W]dbWc[_W` jS`Y _W_[^[][ ]WdS^SZS` "?LLIL#

dW]WU[^ _f`Y][`' -LLIL SVS^SZ ]WdS^SZS` jS`Y eWc¥SV[ ]We[]S _W^S]f]S`
]WY[SeS` W]dbWc[_W`' BWdS^SZS` VS^S_ _W^S]f]S` bW`Yf]fcS` SVS^SZ
dWdfSef jS`Y e[VS] VSbSe V[Z[`VSc[' GSVS f_f_`jS% ]We[]S _W^S]f]S`
bW`Yf]fcS` TWcf^S`Y dfSef TWdScS`% ZSd[^ jS`Y V[VSbSe]S` TWcTWVS
hS^Sfbf` S^Se f]fc jS`Y V[Yf`S]S` dS_S'
'" ;KWGQGMGS WNWXKRGXNW !"'./%)#/'$#( !--+-."
BWdS^SZS` d[deW_Se[d VSbSe V[dWTST]S` a^WZ ]WdS^SZS` VS^S_ bW`WcSS`
"]S^[TcSd[# [`decf_W` f]fc% ]WdS^SZS` S][TSe bW`YScfZ UfSUS ^[`Y]f`YS`%
Tantangan
SeSf S^Se e[VS] VSbSe TW]Wc¥S dWUScS ]a`d[deW` dWZ[`YYS ZSd[^ bW`Yf]fcS`
untuk Anda
e[VS] dS_S VW`YS` `[^S[ jS`Y eWcef^[d VS^S_ ^[eWcSefc bW_TS`V[`Y'
Sebutkan contoh-contoh
BWdS^SZS` d[deW_Se[d VSbSe _W`¥SV[ dS`YSe cf_[e% 8`VS ZS`jS VSbSe

kesalahan dalam pengukuran yang
termasuk kesalahan sistematis dan
_W_bWc]WU[^ ]WdS^SZS` eWcdWTfe VW`YS` bW`Yf]fcS` dWTS[] _f`Y][`'
kesalahan acak.
:ScS bS^[`Y _fVSZ fèf] _W`YfcS`Y[ ]WdS^SZS` d[deW_Se[d SVS^SZ

_W`YZ[`VSc[ bW`jWTST`jS dWUScS ]WdW^fcfZS`% jS[ef VW`YS` _W`jfdf`
[`decf_W` bW`Yf]fcS` dWUScS TW`Sc VS` _W`YZ[`VSc[ dWTS`jS] _f`Y&
][` ]WdS^SZS` S][TSe bW`YScfZ XS]eac ^[`Y]f`YS`'
(" ;KWGQGMGS GIGP
BWdS^SZS` SUS] VSbSe eWc¥SV[ ]We[]S d[deW_Se[]S bWcUaTSS` dfVSZ
V[bW`fZ[ dWUScS TW`Sc' 9[SdS`jS ]WdS^SZS` SUS] eWc¥SV[ ]ScW`S S^Se jS`Y
]fcS`Y dW`d[e[X% SVS`jS YS`YYfS` ^fSc% bcadWd deSe[de[]S bWcZ[ef`YS`% SeSf
?LLIL bSVS aT¥W] bW`Yf]fcS`' D[dS^`jS% bWc_f]SS` ]SdSc VSc[ dfSef dS_bW^
VSbSe _W_TfSe bW`Yf]fcS` ]WeWTS^S` dWTfSZ TW`VS TWcTWVS VSc[ dfSef
e[e[] VW`YS` e[e[] ^S[`% SeSf ^[`Y]f`YS` eW_bSe 8`VS _W^S]f]S`
Kata Kunci
bW`Yf]fcS` dWbWce[ e[_Tf^`jS YWeScS` a^WZ dWTfSZ _Wd[` jS`Y dWVS`Y • pengukuran
TWcabWcSd[ VSbSe _W`jWTST]S` ]WdS^SZS` SUS]' Kèf] _W`YZ[`VSc[
• ketidakpastian
bW`YScfZ ]WdS^SZS` SUS] bSVS ]Sdfd dWbWce[ [ef _S]S dW_S][` TS`jS]
• ketelitian alat
V[^S]f]S` bW`Yf]fcS` dW_S][` TS[] ZSd[^`jS' BWdS^SZS` SUS] [`[ VSbSe

• skala utama
• skala nonius

V[bWc][cS]S` TWdSc`jS _W^S^f[ S`S^[d[d deSe[de[]S% jS[ef VW`YS` _W_bWcTS`jS]
SeSf _W`Yf^S`Y&f^S`Y bW`Yf]fcS` VW`YS` _W`YfTSZ TWcTSYS[ bScS_WeWc
bSVS bWcUaTSS` eWcdWTfe'
BWeWbSeS` SeSf S]fcSd[ _W`jSeS]S` ]WVW]SeS` ZSd[^ bW`Yf]fcS`

b. Presisi dan Akurasi
S^Se 8 S^Se 9 VW`YS` ZSd[^ dWTW`Sc`jS% hS^Sfbf` `[^S[ jS`Y dWTW`Sc`jS VS^S_ ^[eWcSefc
_WcfbS]S` bW`VW]SeS` jS`Y V[S`YYSb TW`Sc'
GWcZSe[]S` 7GRHGV '%'& !G" D[dS^`jS% V[^S]f]S` bW`Yf]fcS` dfSef
TWdScS` VSc[ dWTfSZ aT¥W] _W`YYf`S]S` VfS ¥W`[d S^Se% jS[ef S^Se 8 VS`
S^Se 9' R) SVS^SZ `[^S[ dWTW`Sc`jS TWdScS` TW`VS eWcdWTfe' ;SeS ZSd[^
R) bW`Yf]fcS` _W`YYf`S]S` S^Se 8 ^WT[Z _W`VW]Se[ `[^S[ dWTW`Sc`jS "R)#
(a)
VSc[bSVS bW`Yf]fcS` _W`YYf`S]S` S^Se 9' ;SbSe V[]SeS]S` TSZhS S^Se
&* 8 _W_[^[][ S]fcSd[ ^WT[Z TS[] VSc[bSVS S^Se 9' GW`Yf]fcS` V[]SeS]S`
S]fcSe ¥[]S _W_[^[][ ]WdS^SZS` jS`Y ]WU[^'
GcWd[d[ _WcfbS]S` bcadWd bW`Yf]fcS` jS`Y _W_[^[][ ]WdS^SZS` SUS]
dW]WU[^ _f`Y][`' 7GRHGV '%'& !H" _WcfbS]S` dWTScS` VSeS VSc[
&)
bW`Yf]fcS` TWcf^S`Y dfSef TWdScS` VSc[ dWTfSZ aT¥W] _W`YYf`S]S` VfS

¥W`[d S^Se% jS[ef S^Se 8 VS` S^Se 9' & ) _WcfbS]S` dWTScS` VSeS VSc[ bW`Yf]fc&
R) S` _W`YYf`S]S` S^Se 8 VS` & * _WcfbS]S` dWTScS` VSeS VSc[ bW`Yf]fcS`
_W`YYf`S]S` S^Se 9' ;Sc[ YS_TSc eWcdWTfe% eWc^[ZSe TSZhS dWTScS` VSeS
ZSd[^ bW`Yf]fcS` VW`YS` S^Se 8 ^WT[Z ]WU[^ VSc[bSVS dWTScS` VSeS ZSd[^
(b)
bW`Yf]fcS` VW`YS` S^Se 9' ;W`YS` VW_[][S`% & ) ^WT[Z ]WU[^ VSc[bSVS & * '
Gambar 1.10
;SbSe V[]SeS]S` TSZhS S^Se 8 ^WT[Z bcWd[d[ VSc[bSVS S^Se 9'

(a) Alat A lebih akurat daripada alat B.
(b) Alat A lebih presisi daripada alat B
Tes Kompetensi Subbab A

;KVOGPGSQGM JGQGR HYPY QGXNMGS%
*' IWTfe]S` ¥W`[d&¥W`[d S^Se f]fc' 9WdScS` =[d[]S SbS jS`Y T'
V[f]fc a^WZ S^Se eWcdWTfe7
20
+' JWèf]S` TSUSS` jS`Y V[ef`¥f]]S` a^WZ ¥S`Y]S daca`Y

15
0 1 2
bSVS YS_TSc TWc[]fe'

10
5
S'
0
45
0 1 2 4
-' <_bSe TfSZ cWd[deac V[ZfTf`Y]S` dWUScS dWc[% `[^S[ dWe[Sb

cm
cWd[deac ZSd[^ bW`Yf]fcS` TWcefcfe&efcfe SVS^SZ "*-%, $

0 5 10
)%*# " 4 "-%+. $ )%)*# " 4 "+-%*). $ )%))*# " 4 ",+%-. $

T' )%)*# " ' JWèf]S` ZS_TSeS` eaeS^ VW`YS`
5
]We[VS]bSde[S``jS'
U' .' ?Sd[^ bW`Yf]fcS` TWcf^S`Y eWTS^ ]WceSd ]Scea` _W`Y&
5
8 cm 9 cm
Yf`S]S` _[]ca_WeWc eWcUSeSe bSVS eSTW^ TWc[]fe'
,' JWèf]S` TSUSS` jS`Y V[ef`¥f]]S` a^WZ _[]ca_WeWc ;K$' ' ( ) * + ,

5
dW]cfb bSVS YS_TSc TWc[]fe' RC "__# ,%-. ,%-0 ,%-, ,%-+ ,%-- ,%-/
S'
JWèf]S`^SZ ZSd[^ bW`Yf]fcS` eWTS^ ]WceSd eWcdWTfe
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
TWc[]fe ]We[VS]bSde[S``jS'
30
25
B. Angka Penting
)HAE; J?HNCHA SVS^SZ M?GO; ;HAE; S;HA >CJ?LIF?B >;LC B;MCF J?HAOEOL;H'
8`Y]S bWè[`Y eWcV[c[ SeSd S`Y]S bSde[ VS` S`Y]S eS]d[cS` "S`Y]S jS`Y
V[cSYf]S`# dWdfS[ VW`YS` e[`Y]Se ]WeW^[e[S` S^Se f]fc jS`Y V[Yf`S]S`'

BWe[]S 8`VS _W`Yf]fc bS`¥S`Y dWTfSZ TW`VS _W`YYf`S]S` _[deSc TWc&
d]S^S _[^[_WeWc% 8`VS ZScfd _W_TSUS d]S^S dS_bS[ _[^[_WeWc eWcVW]Se'
BW_fV[S`% bS`¥S`Y d[dS V[eS]d[c dWTSYS[ dWeW`YSZ TSY[S` VS` dSef _[^^[_WeWc'
D[dS^`jS% bS`¥S`Y TW`VS jS`Y 8`VS f]fc V[ef`¥f]]S` dWbWce[ bSVS
7GRHGV '%''' GSVS YS_TSc eWcdWTfe% eS_bS] TSZhS f¥f`Y TW`VS eWc^WeS]
V[ SèScS S`Y]S *.%- U_ VS` *.%. U_' Df`Y][`% 8`VS S]S` _W`jSeS]S`
TSZhS bS`¥S`Y TW`VS jS`Y _W`VW]Se[ ]WTW`ScS` SVS^SZ *.%-. U_' 8`Y]S
Gambar 1.11
eWcS]Z[c% jS]`[ S`Y]S . SVS^SZ S`Y]S bWc][cSS` "eS]d[cS`# ]ScW`S S`Y]S

Mistar merupakan alat ukur panjang
yang memiliki angka pasti dan angka
[`[ e[VS] eWcTSUS bSVS d]S^S _[deSc' ;W`YS` VW_[][S`% S`Y]S bWè[`Y ZSd[^
tafsiran.
bW`Yf]fcS` bS`¥S`Y TW`VS eWcdWTfe jS`Y 8`VS ^S]f]S` [ef eWcV[c[ SeSd
W_bSe S`Y]S bWè[`Y'
1. Aturan-Aturan Angka Penting

Kèf] _W`Wèf]S` S`Y]S bWè[`Y% V[Yf`S]S` SefS` dWTSYS[ TWc[]fe'
S' IW_fS S`Y]S Tf]S` à^ SVS^SZ S`Y]S bWè[`Y'
:aèaZ3
*.,%+ Y _W`YS`Vf`Y W_bSe S`Y]S bWè[`Y4
*/%0 U_ _W`YS`Vf`Y e[YS S`Y]S bWè[`Y'
T' IW_fS S`Y]S à^ jS`Y eWc^WeS] V[ SèScS S`Y]S Tf]S` à^ SVS^SZ
S`Y]S bWè[`Y
:aèaZ3
+)%,. ]Y _W`YS`Vf`Y W_bSe S`Y]S bWè[`Y4
,+/%)- __ _W`YS`Vf`Y ^[_S S`Y]S bWè[`Y'
U' 8`Y]S à^ V[ dWTW^SZ ]S`S` S`Y]S Tf]S` à^ eWc_Sdf] S`Y]S bWè[`Y%
]WUfS^[ V[TWc[ eS`VS YSc[d TShSZ bSVS S`Y]S jS`Y V[cSYf]S`'
:aèaZ3
+.%))) ]Y _W`YS`Vf`Y ^[_S S`Y]S bWè[`Y4
+.%))) ]Y _W`YS`Vf`Y W_bSe S`Y]S bWè[`Y'
V' A[]S S`Y]S jS`Y V[TWc[ YSc[d TShSZ _WcfbS]S` S`Y]S eS]d[cS` SeSf
S`Y]S jS`Y V[cSYf]S`% S`Y]S [`[ _WcfbS]S` S`Y]S bWè[`Y
:aèaZ3
-./0 U_% S`Y]S / V[cSYf]S` dWZ[`YYS ZS`jS _W`YS`Vf`Y e[YS S`Y]S bWè[`Y4
-)))0 __% S`Y]S à^ ]We[YS bWceS_S V[cSYf]S` dWZ[`YYS ZS`jS
_W`YS`Vf`Y e[YS S`Y]S bWè[`Y'
W' 8`Y]S à^ jS`Y eWc^WeS] V[ dWTW^SZ ][c[ S`Y]S Tf]S` à^% TS[] jS`Y eWc^WeS]
V[ dWTW^SZ ][c[ _Sfbf` V[ dWTW^SZ ]S`S` ]a_S VWd[_S^% Tf]S` S`Y]S bWè[`Y
:aèaZ3
)%.,2 Y _W`YS`Vf`Y e[YS S`Y]S bWè[`Y4
)%)),0 ]Y _W`YS`Vf`Y VfS S`Y]S bWè[`Y'
2. Operasi-Operasi dalam Angka Penting

;S^S_ SefcS` TWcZ[ef`Y VW`YS` S`Y]S bWè[`Y% jS`Y ZScfd V[[`YSe
SVS^SZ ¥f_^SZ S`Y]S bWè[`Y ZSd[^ bWcZ[ef`YS` e[VS] _f`Y][` _W^WT[Z[
¥f_^SZ S`Y]S bWè[`Y bSVS ZSd[^ bW`Yf]fcS`'
GSVS abWcSd[ bW`¥f_^SZS` SeSf bW`YfcS`YS` T[^S`YS`&T[^S`YS` VW`YS`

a. Operasi Penjumlahan dan Pengurangan dengan Angka Penting
TWcbWVa_S` bSVS SefcS` S`Y]S bWè[`Y% ZSd[^ abWcSd[ bW`¥f_^SZS` SeSf

bW`YfcS`YS` [ef ZS`jS Ta^WZ _W`YS`Vf`Y dSef S`Y]S jS`Y V[cSYf]S`'
'" ?UKVGWN UKSOYRQGMGS
*' ,02%+*/ S`Y]S / V[cSYf]S`
+-%0,1 $ S`Y]S 1 V[cSYf]S`
-),%2.- S`Y]S - "dSef S`Y]S eWcS]Z[c# V[cSYf]S` dWZ[`YYS bW&
`f^[dS``jS _W`¥SV[ -),%2.'

+' ,.%.0+ S`Y]S + V[cSYf]S`
Ingatlah +%+/+/ $ S`Y]S / V[cSYf]S`
,0%1,-/ S`Y]S - VS` / V[cSYf]S` dWZ[`YYS ZSd[^ bW`¥f_^SZS` V[ef^[d
,0%1,. V[dWdfS[]S` VW`YS` SefcS` bW_Tf^SeS`'
Aturan pembulatan bilangan dalam
,' ,1.%/*0 S`Y]S 0 V[cSYf]S`

Fisika.
*,%+ $ S`Y]S + V[cSYf]S`

1. Angka lebih kecil daripada 5
dibulatkan ke bawah.
,21%1*0 eWcVSbSe VfS S`Y]S TWcYSc[d TShSZ% jS[ef S`Y]S 1 VS` 0

2. Angka lebih besar daripada 5
dWZ[`YYS ZSd[^ bW`¥f_^SZS` V[ef^[d ,21%1+'

dibulatkan ke atas.
3. Angka 5 dibulatkan ke atas jika
sebelum angka 5 adalah angka
(" ?UKVGWN UKSLYVGSLGS
*' ,02%+*/ S`Y]S / V[cSYf]S`
ganjil dan dibulatkan ke bawah
jika sebelum angka 5 adalah
+-%0,1 p S`Y]S 1 V[cSYf]S`

angka genap.
,.-%-01 S`Y]S 1 V[cSYf]S` dWZ[`YYS ZSd[^ bW`YfcS`YS` VSbSe

V[ef^[d ,.-%-0''
+' ,.%.0+ S`Y]S + V[cSYf]S`
+%+/+/ p S`Y]S / V[cSYf]S`
,,%,)2- eWcVSbSe VfS S`Y]S V[cSYf]S`% jS[ef S`Y]S 2 VS` -
dWZ[`YYS ZSd[^ bW`YfcS`YS` V[ef^[d ,,%,)2 dfbSjS eWcVSbSe
dSef S`Y]S jS`Y V[cSYf]S`'
,' ,1.%/*0 S`Y]S 0 V[cSYf]S`
*,%+ p S`Y]S + V[cSYf]S`
,0+%-*0 eWcVSbSe VfS S`Y]S V[cSYf]S`% jS[ef S`Y]S - VS` 0'
GW`f^[dS``jS _W`¥SV[ ,0+%-+ "V[dWdfS[]S` VW`YS` SefcS`
bW_Tf^SeS`#'
GSVS abWcSd[ bWc]S^[S` SeSf bW_TSY[S`% ¥f_^SZ bW`f^[dS` S`Y]S

b. Operasi Perkalian dan Pembagian dengan Angka Penting
Tantangan bWè[`Y V[dWdfS[]S` VW`YS` ¥f_^SZ VWcWeS` S`Y]S bWè[`Y jS`Y bS^[`Y
untuk Anda dWV[][e' D[dS^`jS% ¥[]S VWcWeS` T[^S`YS` bWceS_S _W`YS`Vf`Y . S`Y]S
bWè[`Y VS` VWcWeS` T[^S`YS` jS`Y ]WVfS _W`YS`Vf`Y , S`Y]S bWè[`Y%
ZSd[^ bWc]S^[S` SeSf bW_TSY[S``jS ZS`jS Ta^WZ _W`YS`Vf`Y e[YS S`Y]S
Tulislah hasil-hasil operasi
bWè[`Y% dWdfS[ VW`YS` ¥f_^SZ S`Y]S bWè[`Y jS`Y bS^[`Y dWV[][e'

matematika berikut mengikuti
aturan angka penting.
a. 34,01 × 3,10
'" ?UKVGWN UKVPGQNGS
*' +%)- _W`YS`Vf`Y e[YS S`Y]S bWè[`Y
b. 25,75 : 5,5
c.
,%. s _W`YS`Vf`Y VfS S`Y]S bWè[`Y
48
d. 13,75 × 2
0%*-) ?Sd[^ bWc]S^[S` ZS`jS Ta^WZ _W`YS`Vf`Y VfS S`Y]S bW`&

e[`Y dWdfS[ VW`YS` VWcWeS` S`Y]S jS`Y bS^[`Y dWV[][e dW&
Z[`YYS ZSd[^ bWc]S^[S` 0%*-) V[ef^[d 0%*'
+' ,-%+,* _W`YS`Vf`Y ^[_S S`Y]S bWè[`Y
)%+.) s _W`YS`Vf`Y e[YS S`Y]S bWè[`Y
1%..00.) GW`f^[dS` ZSd[^ bWc]S^[S` ZS`jS Ta^WZ _W`YS`Vf`Y e[YS
S`Y]S bWè[`Y dWZ[`YYS ZSd[^ bWc]S^[S` 1%..00.) V[ef^[d
1%./ "e[YS S`Y]S bWè[`Y#'
(" ?UKVGWN UKRHGLNGS
*' /%01+. _W`YS`Vf`Y ^[_S S`Y]S bWè[`Y
+%. 3 _W`YS`Vf`Y VfS S`Y]S bWè[`Y
+%0*, ?Sd[^ bW_TSY[S` ZS`jS Ta^WZ _W`YS`Vf`Y VfS S`Y]S
bWè[`Y dWZ[`YYS ZSd[^ bW_TSY[S` +%0*, V[ef^[d +%0'
+' -/%.,+ _W`YS`Vf`Y ^[_S S`Y]S bWè[`Y
+)) 3 _W`YS`Vf`Y dSef S`Y]S bWè[`Y
)%+,+/ ZSd[^ bW_TSY[S` V[ef^[d VW`YS` dSef S`Y]S bWè[`Y% jS[ef )%+'

GW`f^[dS` ZSd[^ VS` bW`Sc[]S` S]Sc V[dWdfS[]S` VW`YS` ¥f_^SZ S`Y]S
c. Operasi Penarikan Akar dengan Aturan Angka Penting
Ingatlah
bWè[`Y jS`Y eWc]S`Vf`Y bSVS T[^S`YS` jS`Y V[eSc[] S]Sc`jS'
*' -/ 6 /%01+,4 ZSd[^ S]Sc ZS`jS V[ef^[d VW`YS` VfS T[^S`YS`% jS[ef
• Penulisan 4,56 + 0,03427 adalah
/%1 "VfS S`Y]S bWè[`Y#'

salah, seharusnya 4,56 + 0,03.
• Penulisan 8 + 0,4 adalah salah,
+' ++. 6 *.4 ZSd[^ S]Sc V[ef^[d VW`YS` e[YS S`Y]S bWè[`Y% jS[ef *.%)
seharusnya
"e[YS S`Y]S bWè[`Y#'

8,0 + 0,4.
• Penulisan W = (0,000005 +
0,000004) kg tidak salah, tetapi
janggal. Sebaiknya, penulisannya
GWc]S^[S` SeSf bW_TSY[S` SèScS T[^S`YS` bWè[`Y VS` T[^S`YS` W]dS]
d. Perkalian antara Bilangan Penting dan Bilangan Eksak
diubah menjadi W = (5 + 2) × 10-6
_W`YZSd[^]S` S`Y]S bWè[`Y jS`Y dWdfS[ VW`YS` ¥f_^SZ T[^S`YS` bSVS

kg atau W = (5 + 2) mg.
S`Y]S bWè[`Y'
D[dS^`jS% _SddS dWTfSZ TSef *+%. ]Y VS` _SddS *. TfSZ TSef SVS^SZ
*+%. "e[YS S`Y]S bWè[`Y#
*. s
*10%. ?Sd[^ bWc]S^[S` T[^S`YS` bWè[`Y VW`YS` T[^S`YS` W]dS]
VSbSe V[ef^[d *11 ]Y "e[YS S`Y]S bWè[`Y#'
3. Aturan Penulisan Notasi Ilmiah

IWc[`Y]S^[% 8`VS _W_bWca^WZ ZSd[^ VS` bWcZ[ef`YS` TWcfbS VWcWeS`
T[^S`YS` jS`Y Uf]fb bS`¥S`Y dWZ[`YYS _W`jf^[e]S` bW`f^[dS` T[^S`YS`
Pembahasan Soal
eWcdWTfe' Kèf] _W_bWc_fVSZ bW`f^[dS` VS` _W`Y[`YSe ]a`gWcd[ dSefS`& Pelat tipis diukur dengan jangka
dSefS` VS^S_ I@% V[Yf`S]S` T[^S`YS` dWbf^fZ TWcbS`Y]Se' 9Wèf]
sorong panjangnya 5, 63 cm dan
bW`f^[dS` dWbWce[ [`[ V[`S_S]S` àeSd[ [^_[SZ' ;S^S_ àeSd[ [^_[SZ% S`Y]S&
lebar 0,80 cm. Luas pelat tersebut
S`Y]S ZSd[^ bW`Yf]fcS` V[`jSeS]S` VW`YS` ; s *)H VW`YS` * 5 S 5 *)

menurut aturan penulisan angka
penting adalah ....
VS` H SVS^SZ T[^S`YS` Tf^Se' 9WTWcSbS UaèaZ UScS bW`f^[dS` àeSd[ [^_[SZ
a. 4,5 cm3
VSbSe V[^[ZSe bSVS CGHKQ '%('

b. 4,50 cm3
c. 4, 504 cm3
CGHKQ '%( d. 4,5040 cm3
:ScS GW`f^[dS` 9[^S`YS` VW`YS` EaeSd[ @^_[SZ

e. 5 cm3
8GWNQ @KSLYPYVGS >TXGWN 9QRNGM

Ebtanas, 1990
Pembahasan
0.)')))'))) _ 0%. s *)1 _

Diketahui:
,/2')))'))) ]Y ,%/2 s *)1 ]Y

p = 5,63 cm $ 3 angka penting
)%)))-./+ Y -%./+ s *)p- Y

= 0,80 cm $ 2 angka penting
)%)),+))) d ,%+))) s *)p, d

A = p × = 5,63 cm × 0,80 cm
A = 4,5040 cm3
,/'2+.' -)) ]Y ,%/2+.- s *)0 ]Y Sesuai aturan perkalian angka
penting maka jawaban yang
diharuskan adalah sebanyak 2 angka
4. Penulisan Angka Penting Hasil Eksperimen penting. Jadi, jawaban yang benar
;[ VS^S_ W]dbWc[_W`% bW`Yf]fcS` bS`¥S`Y dWTfSZ bW`d[^ VW`YS` _[deSc

adalah 4,5 cm3.
TWcTWVS ZSd[^`jS ¥[]S _W`YYf`S]S` ¥S`Y]S daca`Y' ?S^ [`[ V[dWTST]S` `[^S[
Jawaban: a
]We[VS]bSde[S` _[deSc )%). U_% dWVS`Y]S` ¥S`Y]S daca`Y )%)). U_'

9S`jS]`jS S`Y]S bWè[`Y V[ TW^S]S`Y ]a_S bSVS bW`f^[dS` ]We[VS]bSde[S`
bW`Yf]fcS` e[VS] Ta^WZ _W^WT[Z[ bWca^WZS` ZSd[^`jS' D[dS^`jS% `[^S[ jS`Y
V[bWca^WZ ]WVfS S^Se f]fc eWcdWTfe VSbSe V[^[ZSe bSVS CGHKQ '%)'
CGHKQ '%)
GW`f^[dS` ?Sd[^ GW`Yf]fcS` D[deSc VS` AS`Y]S Iaca`Y
1QGX DPYV @GSOGSL
D[deSc "/%*. $ )%).# U_
AS`Y]S daca`Y "/%*.+) $ )%))+.# U_
GS`¥S`Y dWTfSZ bW`d[^ jS`Y V[f]fc VW`YS` _[deSc SVS^SZ 6 "/%*.

$ )%).# U_' GS`¥S`Y dWTfSZ bW`d[^ V[f]fc VW`YS` ¥S`Y]S daca`Y

6 "/%*.+) $ )%))+.# U_' GW`Yf]fcS` VW`YS` _[deSc VSbSe 8`VS
^Sbac]S` dWTS`jS] e[YS S`Y]S bWè[`Y% VS` bW`Yf]fcS` VW`YS` ¥S`Y]S
Ingatlah
daca`Y VSbSe 8`VS ^Sbac]S` dWTS`jS] ^[_S S`Y]S bWè[`Y' 8ce[`jS%
bW`f^[dS` ¥f_^SZ S`Y]S bWè[`Y ZSd[^ bW`Yf]fcS` TWcYSèf`Y ]WbSVS
Semakin tinggi akurasi pengukuran,
`[^S[ ]We[VS]bSde[S` S^Se f]fc jS`Y V[Yf`S]S`' IW_S][` e[`YY[ ]WeW^[e[S`

semakin banyak angka penting yang
bW`Yf]fcS`% dW_S][` TS`jS] S`Y]S bWè[`Y jS`Y V[^Sbac]S`'

dilaporkan.
5. Pengolahan Data Hasil Pengukuran

IWTSY[S` `[^S[ TWdScS` =[d[]S e[VS] VSbSe V[f]fc dWUScS ^S`Ydf`Y'
E[^S[ TWdScS`&TWdScS` [`[ T[SdS V[dWTfe ]a`deSèS SeSf eWeSbS` f_f_'
9WdScS`&TWdScS` eWcdWTfe V[bWca^WZ _W^S^f[ bW`Ya^SZS` VSeS ZSd[^
bW`Yf]fcS`' DS`XSSe ^S[` bW_SZS_S` bW`Ya^SZS` VSeS jS`Y V[bWca^WZ
VSc[ dW¥f_^SZ W]dbWc[_W` =[d[]S SVS^SZ fèf] _W_Wc[]dS bWcdS_SS`
Zf]f_ =[d[]S jS`Y dWUScS [^_[SZ eW^SZ eWcTf]e[ ]WTW`ScS``jS'
GSVS TSY[S` [`[% 8`VS S]S` _W`YWeSZf[ TSYS[_S`S _W`Ya^SZ VSeS

a. Menentukan Massa Jenis Kayu
ZSd[^ bW`Yf]fcS` fèf] _W`Wèf]S` _SddS ¥W`[d ]Sjf' ;W`YS` ]SeS ^S[`%
ef¥fS` W]dbWc[_W``jS SVS^SZ _W`YWeSZf[ _SddS ¥W`[d ]Sjf'
;[ IDG% 8`VS eW^SZ _W`YWeSZf[ TSZhS bWcTS`V[`YS` _SddS "G# eWc&
ZSVSb ga^f_W "7# dfSef kSe SVS^SZ ]a`deS`' E[^S[ bWcTS`V[`YS` [`[ V[dWTfe
_SddS ¥W`[d " ( #' IWUScS _SeW_Se[d% VSbSe V[ef^[d]S` dWTSYS[ TWc[]fe'
G
( # "*p/#
7
;SbSe V[]SeS]S` TSZhS _SddS ¥W`[d SVS^SZ _SddS dfSef kSe dWe[Sb
dSefS` ga^f_W' Kèf] _W`YWeSZf[ _SddS ¥W`[d dfSef kSe% V[^S]f]S` bW`Yf]fc&
S`' Kèf] _W`YZ[ef`Y _SddS ¥W`[d ]Sjf% 8`VS _W_Wc^f]S` VSeS _SddS
]Sjf VS` ga^f_W ]Sjf fèf] TWcTSYS[ f]fcS` ]Sjf' JWèf dS¥S% ]Sjf&
]Sjf eWcdWTfe ZScfd dW¥W`[d' 9Wc[]fe SVS^SZ UaèaZ VSeS ZSd[^ bW`Yf]fcS`
_SddS VS` ga^f_W ]Sjf dW¥W`[d VS^S_ TWcTSYS[ f]fcS`'
Tabel 1.4
Data Hasil Pengukuran Massa dan Volume Kayu
>T ETQYRK !R)" =GWWG !PL"

*' .-+ -2)%)))
+' /,) .,*%*+-
,' /2, 0)/% ,*-
-' 1-) 0,2% /,,
.' 2-. 1/.%)))
A[]S VSeS bSVS CGHKQ '%* V[YS_TSc]S` VS^S_ TWèf] YcSX[]% V[bWca^WZ
YcSX[] TWc[]fe' m (kg)
Gambar 1.12
Grafik hubungan antara
massa dan volume kayu.
9SYS[_S`S 8`VS _W`YZ[ef`Y _SddS ¥W`[d ]Sjf VSc[ VSeS jS`Y SVS7
V (m3)
Kèf] _WÙSbS[ ef¥fS` eWcdWTfe% 8`VS S]S` V[bWc]W`S^]S` VW`YS` dS^SZ

dSef _WeaVW% jS[ef _WeaVW ]fSVcSe eWc]WU[^ "F?;MN MKO;L?#' GWcZSe[]S`
@KVWGRGGS !'],"' GWcdS_SS` eWcdWTfe VSbSe V[ef^[d VS^S_ TWèf] TWc[]fe'
G6 (7 "*p0#
@KVWGRGGS !']-" [VWè[] VW`YS` bWcdS_SS` TWc[]fe'
S 6 <R $ ; "*p1#
GWcdS_SS` [`[ _WcfbS]S` bWcdS_SS` YSc[d ^fcfd' ;W`YS` VW_[][S`%

8`VS VSbSe _W`YWeSZf[ _SddS ¥W`[d "G# ]Sjf ¥[]S 8`VS _W_[^[][ bWcdS_SS`
YSc[d ^fcfd VSc[ VSeS jS`Y SVS' GWcZSe[]S` ]W_TS^[ 7GRHGV '%'(' A[]S bSVS
YcSX[] eWcdWTfe V[eS_TSZ]S` YSc[d ^fcfd jS`Y V[S`YYSb _WhS][^[ VSeS
jS`Y SVS% V[bWca^WZ YS_TSc TWc[]fe'
m (kg)
Gambar 1.13
Grafik hubungan massa dan volume
kayu dengan pendekatan fungsi garis
lurus.
8VSbf` fèf] _W_bWca^WZ bWcdS_SS` YSc[d ^fcfd eWcdWTfe%

V (m3)
V[Yf`S]S` _WeaVW F?;MN MKO;L?'

S 6 <R $ ;
VW`YS` S SVS^SZ gSc[STW^ eWc[]Se% R gSc[STW^ TWTSd% < YcSV[W`% VS` ; SVS^SZ
]a`deSèS' E[^S[ ; VS` < V[cf_fd]S` dWTSYS[ TWc[]fe'
H ! R C S C p - ! R C . - ! SC .
H ) H +) H +
C #* *C #* , *C #* ,
<# +
H ! R C+ p - ! R C .
H ) H +
C#*
"*p2#
*C #* ,
H ! SC p < ! R C
H H
;# C #* C #*
A[]S CGHKQ '%* V[ef^[d]S` ]W_TS^[ fèf] _W`YZ[ef`Y ; VS` <% S]S`
V[bWca^WZ eSTW^ TWc[]fe'
Tabel 1.5
Data Hasil Pengukuran Massa dan Volume Kayu Sejenis
>T ETQYRK !1" =GWWG !2" 1N 2N Kata Kunci

*' .-+ -2)%))) +/.'.1)%))) +2,'0/-
• angka penting
+' /,) .,*%*+- ,,-'/)1%*+) ,2/'2))

• angka diragukan
,' /2, 0)/% ,*- -12'-0.% 01- -1)'+-2

• notasi ilmiah
• metode least square
-' 1-) 0,2% /,, /+*'+2*% -,* 0).'/))
.' 2-. 1/.%))) 1*0'-+.%))) 12,')+.
H6. ! RC 6,'/.) ! SC6 ,,,+%)0* ! RCSC6 +'.+1',1)%,,. ! RC 6 +'0/2'.,1
+

H ! R C S C p - ! R C . - ! SC .
H ) H +) H +
n
C #* *C #* , *C #* ,
<# +
H ! R C+ p - ! R C .
H ) H +
C#* *C #* ,
."+'.+1',1)% ,,.# p ",'/.)#",',,+%)0*#

<#
."+'0/2'.,1# p "*,',++'.))#
< 6 )%2*-
p <! R C
H H
!S
n
C
;# C #* C #*
H
",',,+%)0*# p ")%2*-#",'/.)#
;#
.
; 6 p)%1)/
;W`YS` VW_[][S`% V[bWca^WZ bWcdS_SS` TWc[]fe'

S 6 <R $ ;
S 6 )%2*-R p)%1)/
GWcdS_SS` eWcdWTfe _WcfbS]S` bWcdS_SS` YSc[d ^fcfd VSc[ VSeS ZSd[^
bW`Yf]fcS`' A[]S bWcdS_SS` YSc[d ^fcfd [`[ V[YS_TSc]S` VS^S_ TWèf]
YcSX[] V[bWca^WZ YS_TSc TWc[]fe'
m (kg)
y = 914x – 0,806
Gambar 1.14
Persamaan garis lurus dari grafik
hubungan massa dan volume kayu.
GWcdS_SS` YSc[d ^fcfd eWcdWTfe _W_[^[][ YcSV[W` )%2*-' JW^SZ V[TSZSd dW&
V (m3)
TW^f_`jS TSZhS _SddS ¥W`[d " ( # _WcfbS]S` YcSV[W` VSc[ bWcdS_SS` G 6 ( 7$

;W`YS` VW_[][S`% _SddS ¥W`[d ]Sjf eWcdWTfe SVS^SZ )%2*- ]Y(_,'
Tes Kompetensi Subbab B

*' JWèf]S` TS`jS]`jS S`Y]S bWè[`Y bSVS T[^S`YS` S' +0,%*2 _ p -*%*- _
TWc[]fe' T' -.%/,1 _ p ,%+ _
S' +*%,- Y V' )%))/+ ]Y U' *.%./0 _ p ,%-,+ _
T' ,)%),+ Y W' ,.'))) _ -' JWèf]S` ZSd[^ abWcSd[ bWc]S^[S` VS` bW_TSY[S`
U' /+%))* Y TWc[]fe [`[ VS^S_ S`Y]S bWè[`Y'
+' Af_^SZ]S` T[^S`YS`&T[^S`YS` TWc[]fe _W`YYf`S]S` S' -+,%. U_ s ,%- U_
SefcS` S`Y]S bWè[`Y' T' +1%+-, _ s )%*.) _
S' ,+.%,/ Y $ ,%*+ Y U' -%. _ s /%+1 _ s ^)%,+. _
T' -+%./* ]Y $ ,%0/ ]Y V' //0%1 _ 3 +%- _
U' +,*%^- U_ $ *,%+/ U_ W' +,%+/* _ 3 *.) _
,' BfcS`Y]S` T[^S`YS`&T[^S`YS` TWc[]fe _W`YYf`S]S` .' ?[ef`Y VS` `jSeS]S` VS^S_ S`Y]S bWè[`Y'
SefcS` S`Y]S bWè[`Y' S' "+%- _#+ U' ",%-/ _#+
T' ",%+) _# +
V' ".%)* _#+

/' Jf^[d]S` S`Y]S&S`Y]S TWc[]fe VW`YS` T[^S`YS` dWbf^fZ U' )%))01 ]_
TWcbS`Y]Se "àeSd[ [^_[SZ# V' *'0.) ]Y
S' ,-')))'))) _ W' *%))),. ]Y
T' )%)))-+. ]Y X' )%))))-.) _
C. Besaran dan Satuan

DW`fcfe ;KQZNS% dWacS`Y X[d[]ShS`% r¥[]S 8`VS VSbSe _W`Yf]fc dWYS^S
dWdfSef jS`Y 8`VS T[UScS]S` VS` 8`VS _W`jSeS]S``jS VW`YS` S`Y]S&
S`Y]S% TWcSce[ 8`VS _W`YWeSZf[ dWYS^S jS`Y 8`VS T[UScS]S`r' 8VS VfS
]Wâ_ba] TWdScS` jS`Y S]S` 8`VS bW^S¥Sc[ VS^S_ TST [`[% jS[ef TWdScS`
ba]a] VS` TWdScS` efcf`S`' JWcVSbSe ef¥fZ TWdScS` ba]a] jS`Y V[]W`S^'
;Sc[ ]Wef¥fZ TWdScS` ba]a] [`[% VSbSe V[efcf`]S` TWdScS`&TWdScS` efcf`S`'
1. Besaran Pokok
JW^SZ V[dWTfe]S` TSZhS dWdfSef jS`Y VSbSe V[eWèf]S` TWdSc`jS
VW`YS` S`Y]S V[dWTfe TWdScS`' :aèaZ`jS% bS`¥S`Y ^SbS`YS` dWbS]Ta^S
**) _% eW_bWcSefc dfSef cfS`YS` ,)m:% VS` ]fSe Scfd jS`Y _W`YS^[c . 8'
;W_[][S` ¥fYS ZS^`jS VW`YS` _SddS% hS]ef% VS` ¥f_^SZ kSe' IWe[Sb
TWdScS` jS`Y VSbSe V[f]fc _W_[^[][ dSefS`' ISefS` _SddS V[ SèScS`jS
Ingatlah
YcS_% a`d% ]Y% VS` ea`' 8VSbf` dSefS` bS`¥S`Y% jS[ef __% U_% V_% [Ù[%
_WeWc% ZSdeS% SeSf VWbS' Kèf] _W_bWc_fVSZ bW_S]S[S` dSefS`% V[bWc^f]S`
Setiap besaran Fisika memiliki satuan
d[deW_ TS]f jS`Y VSbSe V[Yf`S]S` dWUScS [èWc`Sd[a`S^' I[deW_ dSefS` jS`Y
tersendiri, seperti pada Tabel 1.6.
eW^SZ f_f_ V[Yf`S]S` V[ SèScS`jS SVS^SZ d[deW_ @`YYc[d "UYd SeSf U_&
Ketika besaran ini digunakan dalam
perhitungan maka sebaiknya satuan
YcS_&dW]a`# VS` d[deW_ dSefS` @èWc`Sd[a`S^ "I@#% jS`Y ¥fYS T[dS V[dWTfe
dioperasikan juga untuk meyakinkan
d[deW_ dSefS` _]d "_WeWc&][âYcS_&dW]a`#' JWcVSbSe ef¥fZ TWdScS` ba]a]

bahwa satuan besaran yang dicari
jS`Y eW^SZ V[eWeSb]S` _W`fcfe d[deW_ [èWc`Sd[a`S^' IWUScS ^W`Y]Sb% TWdScS`&

sesuai dengan yang seharusnya.
TWdScS` eWcdWTfe VSbSe V[^[ZSe bSVS CGHKQ '%,'

CGHKQ '%,
9WdScS` Ga]a] VS^S_ I@
>T% >GRG 2KWGVGS @TPTP >GRG BGXYGS !B9" <GRHGSL BGXYGS
*' GS`¥S`Y _WeWc _
+' DSddS ][âYcS_ ]Y
,' MS]ef dW]a` d
-' BfSe Scfd ^[dec[] S_bWcW 8
.' IfZf ]W^g[` B
/' @èW`d[eSd USZSjS ]S`VW^S UV
0' Af_^SZ kSe _a^ _a^
IW^S[` ef¥fZ TWdScS` ba]a] dWbWce[ bSVS CGHKQ '%,% dWTW`Sc`jS SVS
Sumber: Fundamental s of Physics, 2001
VfS TWdScS` ba]a] eS_TSZS`% jS[ef dfVfe VSeSc VW`YS` dSefS` cSV[S`
"cSV# VS` dfVfe cfS`Y VW`YS` dSefS` deWcSV[S` "Ic#'
2. Satuan
ISefS` deS`VSc SVS^SZ dSefS` VSc[ TWdScS`&TWdScS` jS`Y V[dWbS]Se[
dWUScS f_f_ SeSfbf` dWUScS [èWc`Sd[a`S^'
9WdScS` bS`¥S`Y VS^S_ I@ _W_[^[][ dSefS` _WeWc' GSVS ShS^`jS%

a. Standar Satuan Panjang
deS`VSc bS`¥S`Y [èWc`Sd[a`S^ SVS^SZ dWTfSZ TSeS`Y jS`Y eWcTfSe VSc[

US_bfcS` b^Se[`S VS` [c[V[f_ jS`Y V[dWTfe VW`YS` _WeWc deS`VSc' DWeWc

deS`VSc [`[ V[d[_bS` V[ IWgcWd% VW]Se ]aeS GSc[d% GcSÙ[d' ISef _WeWc V[VWX[`[d[&
Ingatlah ]S` dWTSYS[ ¥ScS] SèScS VfS YacWdS` jS`Y eWcVSbSe bSVS _WeWc deS`VSc
bSVS dfZf )m: dWZ[`YYS ¥[]S V[f]fc VW`YS` _WeWc deS`VSc% ¥ScS] SèScS
Jari-jari rata-rata Bumi, yaitu sekitar BfefT KeScS VS` ]W ]ZSef^[de[hS _W^S^f[ ]aeS GSc[d dW¥SfZ *) ¥feS _WeWc'
8VS TWTWcSbS ]W^W_SZS` VS^S_ bW`YYf`SS` _WeWc deS`VSc eWcdWTfe%
6 × 106 m. Ini hampir dua kali jari-jari
V[ SèScS`jS dWTSYS[ TWc[]fe'

1
Mars, tetapi lebih kecil daripada
*# 9SeS`Y b^Se[`S [c[V[f_ _fVSZ V[bW`YScfZ[ eW_bWcSefc eWcfeS_S V[
10
`WYScS jS`Y _W_[^[][ []^[_ TWcfTSZ&fTSZ dWZ[`YYS S]S` _W`YS^S_[

jari-jari Yupiter.
bW_fS[S` SeSf bW`jfdfeS` bS`¥S`Y'

+# IWTSYS[ deS`VSc bc[_Wc% ¥[]S _W`YS^S_[ ]WcfdS]S` df]Sc V[TfSe f^S`Y'
,# BWeW^[e[S` bW`Yf]fcS``jS e[VS] dWdfS[ VW`YS` ]W_S¥fS` eW]àâY['
;Sc[ TWTWcSbS ]W^W_SZS` eWcdWTfe% V[TfefZ]S` _WeWc deS`VSc TScf
jS`Y _W`YYf`S]S` bS`¥S`Y YWâ_TS`Y USZSjS VSc[ kSe jS`Y _fVSZ
V[]WeSZf[ VW`YS` UWbSe VS` eW^[e[' GSVS *2/)% V[eWeSb]S` TSZhS _WeWc
deS`VSc dS_S VW`YS` *'/.)'0/,%0, ]S^[ bS`¥S`Y YWâ_TS`Y d[`Sc ¥[`YYS
jS`Y V[bSÙSc]S` a^WZ Sea_&Sea_ Bcjbea`&1/ "Bc&1/# V[ VS^S_ cfS`Y
ZS_bS' ;W`YS` ]W_S¥fS` eW]àâY[% _WeWc deS`VSc _W`YS^S_[ bWcfTSZS`
]W_TS^[' 9WcVSdSc]S` +IH@?L?H=? /?H?L;F >?M 3IC>M ?N 1?;MOL?M ]W&*0 bSVS
*21, V[bfefd]S` TSZhS dSef _WeWc SVS^SZ bS`¥S`Y ¥ScS] eW_bfZ USZSjS
VS^S_ cfS`Y ZS_bS VS^S_ dW^S`Y hS]ef *(+22'02+'-.1 dW]a` VW`YS` bcWV[]d[
TSZhS ]WUWbSeS` USZSjS VS^S_ cfS`Y ZS_bS SVS^SZ eWeSb dWTWdSc
+22'02+'-.1 _(d' @`[ _WcfbS]S` _WeWc deS`VSc jS`Y V[Yf`S]S` Z[`YYS ][`['
Manfaat Satuan Standar

Tujuan Percobaan
Mengetahui manfaat satuan standar.
Alat-Alat Percobaan
Mistar
Langkah-Langkah Percobaan
1. Ukurlah panjang meja di kelas Anda menggunakan tangan (jengkal). Berapa
jengkalkah panjang meja?
2. Mintalah teman Anda untuk mengukur meja yang sama. Berapakah hasilnya?
Apakah hasil pengukuran Anda dan teman Anda sama?
3. Sekarang, cobalah Anda dan teman Anda mengukur meja tersebut dengan
mistar. Apakah hasil pengukurannya sama ketika Anda dan teman Anda
menggunakan jengkal?
4. Dari kegiatan tersebut, dapatkah Anda menjelaskan manfaat satuan standar?
DSddS dfSef TW`VS _W`jSeS]S` ¥f_^SZ _SeWc[ jS`Y eWc]S`Vf`Y VS^S_

b. Standar Satuan Massa
TW`VS eWcdWTfe' ISefS` _SddS deS`VSc VS^S_ I@ SVS^SZ ][âYcS_ "]Y#' DSddS
deS`VSc V[eWeSb]S` VSc[ dWTfSZ d[^[`VWc b^Se[`f_&[c[V[f_ jS`Y V[d[_bS`
V[ 0HN?LH;NCIH;F *OL?;O I@ 8?CABNM ;H> 1?;MOL?M >C 5?PL?M% GcSÙ[d' Kèf]
_W_bWceSZS`]S``jS VSc[ bW`YScfZ ^[`Y]f`YS`% TW`VS eWcdWTfe V[d[_bS`
V[ VS^S_ cfS`Y gS]f_ dWbWce[ bSVS 7GRHGV '%'+'
IeS`VSc dSefS` hS]ef VS^S_ I@ SVS^SZ dW]a` SeSf VWe[] VS`

c. Standar Satuan Waktu
Sumber: Physics for Scientist &
V[^S_TS`Y]S` VW`YS` M' 8hS^`jS% VSdSc bW`WeSbS` dSefS` hS]ef SVS^SZ

Engineers, 2000
bWcbfeScS` 9f_[ eWcZSVSb bacad`jS' ES_f`% eWc`jSeS bWcbfeScS` 9f_[

Gambar 1.15
Standar satuan massa

eWcZSVSb bacad`jS dW^S^f TWcfTSZ' BW_fV[S`% dSefS` hS]ef V[bfefd]S`
TWcVSdSc]S` ZSc[ _SeSZSc[ cSeS&cSeS' 9WcVSdSc]S` ]WeWèfS` [`[% dSef dW]a`
V[VWX[`[d[]S` dWTSYS[ TWc[]fe'
*
* dW]a` 6 ZSc[ _SeSZSc[ cSeS&cSeS
1/'-))
IWeW^SZ V[^S]f]S` bW`YS_SeS` jS`Y ^WT[Z eW^[e[% V[]WeSZf[ TSZhS
dSef ZSc[ cSeS&cSeS DSeSZSc[ VSc[ eSZf` ]W eSZf` e[VS] dS_S' IeS`VSc [`[
_W`YS^S_[ bWcfTSZS` bSVS *2./ VS` V[^S]f]S` bW`WeSbS` f^S`Y VSc[
VWX[`[d[ dW]a` deS`VSc'
*
* dW]a` 6 s ^S_S`jS eSZf` *2))
,*'../'2+.%20-0
Kèf] bW`Yf]fcS` hS]ef jS`Y ^WT[Z eW^[e[% bSVS *2/0 V[eWeSb]S` deS`VSc
hS]ef jS`Y TScf' ISef dW]a` V[VWX[`[d[]S` dWTSYS[ dW^S`Y hS]ef jS`Y
V[TfefZ]S` a^WZ Sea_ UWd[f_&*,, fèf] _W^S]f]S` YWeScS` cSV[Sd[ dWTS`jS]
2'*2+'/,*'00) ]S^[' IeS`VSc dSefS` hS]ef [`[ _W_[^[][ ]WeW^[e[S` jS`Y dS`YSe
e[`YY[% jS[ef ]W_f`Y][`S` ]WdS^SZS` hS]ef`jS ZS`jS * d VS^S_ .)) eSZf`'
IeS`VSc dfZf _W_[^[][ VfS e[e[] eWeSb% jS[ef e[e[] eWeSb SeSd VS` e[e[]
d. Standar Satuan Suhu
Tokoh
eWeSb TShSZ' J[e[] eWeSb SeSd SVS^SZ dfZf S[c jS`Y dWVS`Y _W`V[V[Z bSVS
dfZf *))m: VW`YS` eW]S`S` fVScS ^fSc dWTWdSc * Se_adXWc SeSf 0/ U_?Y'
J[e[] eWeSb TShSZ SVS^SZ e[e[] ^WTfc Wd _fc`[ bSVS dfZf )m:' ASV[% deS`VSc
dSefS` dfZf V[eWeSb]S` TWcVSdSc]S` e[e[] ^WTfc Wd VS` e[e[] V[V[Z S[c
William Thomson
jS`Y V[dWTfe VW`YS` deS`VSc dfZf UWÛ[fd a^WZ dWacS`Y SZ^[ 8decaà_[
Kelvin
IhWV[S% 1SJVKGW 3KQWNYW "*0)*p*0--#'

(1824–1907)
GSVS *2.-% V[dW^W`YYScS]S` ]a`YcWd a^WZ bWcZ[_bf`S` X[d[]ShS`

[èWc`Sd[a`S^ jS`Y _W`YZSd[^]S` deS`VSc fèf] dSefS` dfZf SVS^SZ VS^S_
BW^g[` "B#' GSVS eW]S`S` fVScS ^fSc * Se_% eW^SZ V[eWeSb]S` TSZhS dfZf
e[e[] ^WTfc Wd SVS^SZ +0,%*. B VS` dfZf e[e[] V[V[Z S[c SVS^SZ ,0,%*. B'
ISefS` BW^g[` V[Yf`S]S` fèf] _W`YZac_Se[ dWacS`Y SZ^[ =[d[]S @`YYc[d%
FNQQNGR CMTRWTS ;KQZNS "*1+-p*2)0#'
;Sc[ ZSd[^ bW`Yf]fcS`% ]SVS`Y&]SVS`Y V[bWca^WZ S`Y]S&S`Y]S jS`Y

e. Awalan untuk Satuan SI
dS`YSe TWdSc SeSf dS`YSe ]WU[^ dWZ[`YS fèf] _W_bWc_fVSZ bW`f^[dS``jS

V[Yf`S]S` ShS^S` VW`YS` T[^S`YS` dWbf^fZ TWcbS`Y]Se "*)H#' D[dS^`jS%
dSef ¥feS _WeWc dS_S VW`YS` dSef _WYS_WeWc "*)/ _#' ;SeS ^WT[Z ^W`Y]Sb
VSbSe V[^[ZSe bSVS CGHKQ '%-'
Sumber: www.allbiographies. com
CGHKQ '%-
William Thomson Kelvin (1824–
GW_S]S[S` 8hS^S`&8hS^S` bSVS ISefS` GS`¥S`Y VS^S_ I@

1907), seorang matematikawan
dan fisikawan yang dilahirkan di
1[GQGS BNRHTQ ;KQNUGXGS 3TSXTM Belfast, Irlandia Utara, kerajaan
b[]a b *(*')))')))')))'))) SeSf *)p*+ b[]a_WeWc "b_#

Inggris. Dia kuliah di Glasglow
`Sà_WeWc "`_#
Cambridge, kemudian menjadi
`Sà ` *(*')))')))'))) SeSf *)p2 profesor di bidang ilmu alam di
_[]ca & *(*')))'))) SeSf *)p/ _[]ca_WeWc " &m #
Glasglow pada 1946. Dia
_[^[ _ *(*'))) SeSf *)p, _[^[_WeWc "__#

merancang berbagai perangkat
UWè[ U *(*)) SeSf *)p+ UWè[_WeWc "U_#

pengukuran listrik, di antaranya
VWd[_WeWc "V_#
alat pengukuran kedalaman air
VWd[ V *(*) SeSf *)p* dengan gelombang radio dan
eWcS J *')))')))')))'))) SeSf *)*+ eWcS_WeWc "J_#
kompas. Pada ilmu alam murni, ia
Y[YS > *')))')))'))) SeSf *)2 Y[YS_WeWc ">_#

membawa penelitiannya tentang
_WYS D *')))'))) SeSf *)/ _WYS_WeWc "D_#

termodinamika, membantu
][â_WeWc "]_#
mengembangkan Hukum
][â ] *'))) SeSf *), Konservasi Energi, dan skala suhu
ZW]ea Z *)) SeSf *)+ ZW]ea_WeWc "Z_#
absolut (namanya diabadikan
VW]S VS *) SeSf *)* VW]S_WeWc "VS_#

sebagai skala kelvin).

9WcVSdSc]S` SefcS` [`[% ][âYcS_ _WcfbS]S` ]W^[bSeS` *'))) VSc[ * Y'
;W_[][S` ¥fYS ]a`gWcd[ dSefS`&dSefS` ^S[``jS% _[dS^`jS VW]SYcS_ _WcfbS&
Informasi
]S` ]W^[bSeS` dWbf^fZ VSc[ * Y'
untuk Anda
Dalam pembahasan cahaya,

3. Besaran Turunan
9WdScS` efcf`S` SVS^SZ TWdScS` jS`Y V[efcf`]S` VSc[ TWdScS` ba]a]%
biasanya satuan yang diterapkan
adalah angstrom (Å), 1 Å = 10–10 m.
_[dS^`jS ^fSd% ga^f_W% ]WUWbSeS`% bWcUWbSeS`% YSjS% _SddS ¥W`[d% VS`

Panjang gelombang cahaya tampak
W`WcY[' ISefS` TWdScS` efcf`S` eWcdWTfe TWcSdS^ VSc[ dSefS` TWdScS` ba]a]'
berada pada rentang 4.000 Å
GWcZSe[]S` UaèaZ TWdScS` efcf`S` TWc[]fe'

sampai 7.500 Å.
Information for You S' ISefS` ]WUWbSeS` dS_S VW`YS` dSefS` bWcb[`VSZS` V[TSY[ dSefS`
dW^S`Y hS]ef'
dSefS` bWcb[`VSZS`
When referring to light, usually the
ISefS` ]WUWbSeS` 6
length unit is using angstrom (Å),
dSefS` hS]ef
1 Å=10–10 m. The visible light falls in
the wavelength range 4.000 Å to
_WeWc
7.500 Å.
6 6 m/s
dW]a`
Sumber: Physics, 1980
ASV[% dSefS` I@ fèf] ]WUWbSeS` SVS^SZ _(d'

T' ISefS` ga^f_W TSâ] dS_S VW`YS` dSefS` bS`¥S`Y s dSefS` ^WTSc s dSefS`
e[`YY['
ISefS` ga^f_W 6 _WeWc s _WeWc s _WeWc
6 _WeWc,'
U' ISefS` _SddS ¥W`[d dS_S VW`YS` dSefS` _SddS V[TSY[ dSefS` ga^f_W'
7)89)3 2)77)
ISefS` _SddS ¥W`[d 6
7)89)3 :4192,
0.14-6)2
6
2,8,6 &
6 0-" 2 &
ASV[% dSefS` I@ fèf] _SddS ¥W`[d SVS^SZ ]Y(_,'
CGHKQ '%.
9WdScS` Jfcf`S` VS^S_ I@
Tantangan >GRG 2KWGVGS <GRHGSL
>T% >GRG BGXYGS
untuk Anda CYVYSGS BGXYGS
*' BWUWbSeS` _WeWc(dW]a` _(d
+' GWcUWbSeS` _WeWc(dW]a`+ _(d+
Perhatikan Tabel 1.8. Buktikan
bahwa satuan joule sama dengan
kgm2/s2.
,' >SjS ][âYcS_ _WeWc(dW]a`+ ]Y_(d+
-' CfSd _WeWc+ _+
.' La^f_W _WeWc, _,
/' DSddS ¥W`[d ][âYcS_(_, ]Y(_,
0' JW]S`S` ][âYcS_(_WeWc dW]a`+ ]Y(_d+
1' KdSZS ][âYcS_ _WeWc+(dW]a`+ ]Y_+(d+
GWc^f 8`VS ]WeSZf[% dW^S[` dSefS` I@% SVS dSefS`&dSefS` e[VS] TS]f'
;S^S_ ]WZ[VfbS` dWZSc[&ZSc[% dSefS` e[VS] TS]f [`[ dWc[`Y V[Yf`S]S`'
;S^S_ _W`jW^WdS[]S` TWTWcSbS bWcdaS^S`% 8`VS bWc^f _W_SZS_[
]a`gWcd[ VSc[ dSef d[deW_ dSefS` ]W d[deW_ dSefS` ^S[`' IWbWce[ bSVS CGHKQ '%/
"]a`gWcd[ dSefS`# dW`YS¥S V[dS¥[]S` fèf] _W_fVSZ]S` 8`VS _W`YfTSZ
dSefS` ]W VS^S_ dSefS` I[deW_ @èWc`Sd[a`S^ "I@#'

CGHKQ '%/
Ba`gWcd[ ISefS`
2KWGVGS ;TSZKVWN BGXYGS
GS`¥S`Y * [` 6 +%.- U_
* U_ 6 )%,2- [`
* Xe 6 ,)%. U_
*_ 6 ,%+1 Xe
* ]_ 6 )%/+* _[^
* jScV "jV# 6 , Xe 6 ,/ [`
La^f_W * ^[eWc 6 .-%/ [`,
* _, 6 ,.%,* Xe,
CS¥f * _[^(Z 6 *%/)2 ]_(Z 6 )%--0 _(d
* ]_(Z 6 )%/+* _[^(Z
IfVfe * cSV[S` "cSV# 6 .0%,m Ingatlah
*m 6 )%)*0-. cSV
>SjS * ^T 6 -%-. E
*E 6 *). Vj`W 6 )%++. ^T
Satuan dikali dan dibagi seperti
simbol-simbol aljabar biasa. Hal ini
<`WcY[ *A 6 *)0 WcY 6 )%0,1 Xe^T memudahkan Anda untuk
* ]]S^ 6 -%*1 s *), A
mengoperasikan besaran dari satuan
* WL 6 *%/)+ s *)p*2 A
ke satuan lain. Misalnya,
* ]MZ 6,%/) s *)/ A ) 0, 621 mil +
;SjS * Zb 6 0-/ M "hSee#

4 km = " km - . = 2,484 mil
* 1 km ,
Sumber: Fundamentals of Physics, 2001
Contoh 1.4
BWUWbSeS` dWacS`Y bW_TS^Sb dWbWVS +) _(d' ?[ef`Y ]WUWbSeS``jS VS^S_ ]_(¥S_'
:G[GH0
JW^SZ V[]WeSZf[ TSZhS
*
* _ 6 *)p, ]_ VS` * d 6 ¥S_
,'/))
;W`YS` VW_[][S`% V[bWca^WZ
+)s*)&, ]_
+) _(d 6 6 0+ ]_(¥S_
*
¥S_
,'/))
Contoh 1.5
D[dS^]S`% ]WUWbSeS` dWacS`Y bW^Sc[ dS_S VW`YS` +-%2 _[^(¥S_' ?[ef`Y^SZ ]WUWbSeS``jS
VS^S_ _(d'
:G[GH0
;Sc[ eSTW^ ]a`gWcd[ V[]WeSZf[3
* ]_ 6 )%/+* _[^
* ¥S_ 6 ,'/)) d
;W`YS` VW_[][S`%
* ) *
]_ +-% 2 - s*'))) _ .
+
_[^ )%/+* )%/+*
+-% 2 6 +-% 2 6 **%*- _(d 6 * ,
¥S_ ,'/)) d ,'/)) d
_[^
ASV[% +-%2 6 **%*- _(d
¥S_

4. Dimensi
;[ VS^S_ =[d[]S% bW`f^[dS` dSefS` dWTfSZ TWdScS` _W_WYS`Y bWcS`S`
bWè[`Y VS^S_ _W_SZS_[ Sce[ X[d[d TWdScS` eWcdWTfe' 8VS TWTWcSbS TWdScS`
=[d[]S jS`Y _W_[^[][ ^WT[Z VSc[ dSef dSefS`' BSVS`Y&]SVS`Y% 8`VS dWV[][e
]Wdf^[eS` _W_TSjS`Y]S` Sce[ X[d[d TWdScS` eWcdWTfe ]ScW`S bW`f^[dS``jS
_W`YYf`S]S` dSefS` jS`Y TWcTWVS' Kèf] [ef% TWdScS`&TWdScS` eWcdWTfe
V[efcf`]S` VSc[ TWdScS` ba]a]'
;[_W`d[ dfSef TWdScS` _W`f`¥f]]S` UScS TWdScS` eWcdWTfe eWcdfdf`

a. Dimensi Besaran Pokok
a^WZ TWdScS`&TWdScS` ba]a]`jS' ;[_W`d[ TWdScS` efcf`S` V[bWca^WZ

VW`YS` UScS _W`¥STSc]S` V[_W`d[ TWdScS` ba]a]' ;[_W`d[ TWdScS` ba]a]
V[`jSeS]S` VW`YS` ZfcfX eWceWèf VS` V[TWc[ ]fcf`Y bWcdWY[' ;[_W`d[
TWdScS` ba]a] VSbSe V[^[ZSe bSVS CGHKQ '%'&'
CGHKQ '%'&
;[_W`d[ 9WdScS` Ga]a]
>T% >GRG 2KWGVGS @TPTP <GRHGSL 4NRKSWN
*' GS`¥S`Y QCR

+' DSddS QDR
,' MS]ef QJR
-' BfSe Scfd ^[dec[] Q@R
.' IfZf Q' R
/' @èW`d[eSd QAR
0' Af_^SZ kSe QER
b. Dimensi Besaran Turunan

9Wc[]fe SVS^SZ TWTWcSbS UaèaZ bW`WèfS` V[_W`d[ VSc[ TWdScS`
Tantangan efcf`S`'
bWcb[`VSZS`
S' BWUWbSeS` 6
untuk Anda
Tentukan dimensi dari besaran hS]ef
+.2,37. 5)3/)3-
energi.
;[_W`d[ ]WUWbSeS` 6
+.2,37. ;)089
QCR
6 6 QCRQJRp*
QJR
;W`YS` VSdSc bW_[][cS` jS`Y dS_S% V[bWca^WZ V[_W`d[&V[_W`d[
dWTSYS[ TWc[]fe'
T' La^f_W 6 bS`¥S`Y s ^WTSc s e[`YY[
;[_W`d[ ga^f_W 6 QCRQCRQCR 6 QCR,
0,*,5)8)3
U' GWcUWbSeS` 6
;)089
+.2,37. 0,*,5)8)3
;[_W`d[ bWcUWbSeS` 6
+.2,37. ;)089
QCRQJRp*
6 6 QCRQJRp+
QJR

V' >SjS 6 _SddS s bWcUWbSeS`
;[_W`d[ YSjS 6 V[_W`d[ _SddS s V[_W`d[ bWcUWbSeS`
6 QDR s QCRQJRp+
6 QDRQCRQJRp+
CGHKQ '%''
9WTWcSbS ;[_W`d[ 9WdScS` Jfcf`S`
>T% >GRG 2KWGVGS CYVYSGS 4NRKSWN
BWUWbSeS` QCRQJRp*
GWcUWbSeS` QCRQJRp+
1.
>SjS QDRQCRQJRp+
2.
CfSd QCRp+
3.
La^f_W QCRp,
4.
DSddS ¥W`[d QDRQCRp,

5.
JW]S`S` QDRQCRp*QJRp+
6.
KdSZS QDRQCR+QJRp+
7.
8.
BSVS`Y&]SVS`Y% 8`VS _W`¥f_bS[ ]WcSYfS` VS^S_ _W`jW^WdS[]S`

c. Analisis Dimensional untuk Mencocokkan Satuan
bWcdaS^S` jS`Y _W`YYf`S]S` cf_fd' GW`YYf`SS` cf_fd fèf] _W`jW^WdS[&

Tugas Anda 1.3
]S` daS^&daS^ WcSe ]S[eS``jS VW`YS` TWdScS` VS` dSefS`' GW_TSZSdS` Perhatikan Tabel 1.11. Tabel
eWèS`Y ]WdWeScSS` V[_W`d[ SèScS TWdScS`&TWdScS` jS`Y TWcTWVS

tersebut memperlihatkan beberapa
V[ZScSb]S` VSbSe _W_TSèf VS` _W_bWc_fVSZ bW_SZS_S` V[_W`d[

besaran turunan dan dimensinya.
TWdScS` efcf`S` jS`Y TWcTWVS' GW`YYf`SS` S`S^[d[d V[_W`d[a`S^ SèScS

Buktikan bahwa dimensi dari
besaran luas, massa jenis, tekanan,
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dan usaha pada Tabel 1.11 adalah
*# DW`Yf`Y]Sb]S` ]WdWeScSS` SèScS VfS TWdScS` jS`Y eS_bS] TWcTWVS'

benar.
IWTSYS[ UaèaZ% S]S` V[bWc[]dS ]WdWeScSS` SèScS W`WcY[ ][`We[] VS` fdSZS'
*
<`WcY[ ][`We[]% -E 6 GP +'
+
KdSZS% 8 6 . M $
;[_W`d[ fdSZS V[efcf`]S` dWTSYS[ TWc[]fe'
8 6 YSjS s bWcb[`VSZS`
;[_W`d[ 8 6 DSddS s bWcUWbSeS` s bWcb[`VSZS`
6 QDRQCRQJRp+QCR
6 QDRQCR+QJRp+
JWc`jSeS% TWdScS` W`WcY[ ][`We[] VS` TWdScS` fdSZS _W_[^[][ V[_W`d[
jS`Y dS_S% jS[ef QDRQCR+QJRp+' ;SbSe V[d[_bf^]S` TSZhS fdSZS VS`
W`WcY[ ][`We[] _WcfbS]S` TWdScS` jS`Y dS_S'
+# DW`Wèf]S` eWbSe SeSf e[VS]`jS dfSef bWcdS_SS`'
AScS] 6 ]WUWbSeS` s dW^S`Y hS]ef
M 6 PN
QCR 6 QCRQJRp*QJR
QCR 6 QCR
;Sc[ bWcdS_SS` eWcdWTfe% cfSd ][c[ dS_S VW`YS` cfSd ]S`S` dWZ[`YYS
bWcdS_SS` M 6 P N SVS^SZ TW`Sc'
5. Macam-Macam Ukuran pada Berbagai Objek Alam

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^W`Y]f`Y _W`f`¥f]]S` U[c[ ]ZSd Tfcf`Y [`['
Gambar 1.16
Burung hantu memangsa tikus.
DSddS Tfcf`Y ZSèf% dWbWce[ bSVS 7GRHGV '%',% bSVS f_f_`jS

Sumber: oklwmouse
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a. Ukuran Massa Benda
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Informasi e[VS] VS` N?GH?CG TWcSce[ _W_aea`Y' ASV[% Sea_ad TWcSce[ e[VS] VSbSe
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^SY[ _W`¥SV[ TSY[S` jS`Y ^WT[Z ]WU[^#' DW_Sdf][ STSV ]W&+)% dWUScS
untuk Anda
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Mengukur panjang, massa, ataupun
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suhu setiap hari Anda lakukan. Jika
Anda melakukan kegiatan jual beli,
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pastikan agar timbangan atau
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ukuran panjang sesuai dengan
*
yang diharapkan. Kalau perlu,
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tanyakan apakah alat ukur yang
*'1+0
digunakan sudah ditera atau
8`VS VSbSe _W_bWc][cS]S` _SddS dWTfSZ KO;LEM jS`Y ¥SfZ ^WT[Z c[`YS`
dikalibrasikan. Jangan sampai Anda
VSc[bSVS _SddS bcaea` VS` W^W]eca`' 9S`V[`Y]S` VW`YS` _SddS efTfZ

menjadi pelaku ataupun korban
penipuan.
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^S`Ydf`Y V[]WeSZf[ TSZhS eWcVSbSe W_bSe ¥feS ec[^[f` Sea_ jS`Y SVS V[
VS^S_ efTfZ _S`fd[S'
Information for You
;W`YS` _W_bW^S¥Sc[ bcadWd T[aâY[d _S]Z^f] Z[Vfb% 8`VS VSbSe

Measurement is an activity that we
_W_bWc][cS]S` _SddS dWTfSZ ;E8 ",?IRSLC<IHO=F?C> )=C>#% SdS_ `f]^WSe

can meet everyday. Everyday we
can measure length, mass, or even
[`[ TWcTWèf] cSèS[ bS`¥S`Y TWcb[^[` jS`Y _WcfbS]S` eW_bSe bW`j[_bS`&

temperature. If you do trading, make
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sure that the weight or length
]f^[e bSVS _S`fd[S'

instruments are well. If necessary,
ask him whether the instrument has
IWacS`Y [^_fhS` ]a_bfeWc VSc[ 8_Wc[]S% <KTSGVJ% =% 1JQKRGS

calibrated. Don’t let you be the
_W^S]f]S` bW`W^[e[S` jS`Y T[dS _W`YZSd[^]S` ;E8 d[èWe[] fèf]

deception actors or victims.

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b. Ukuran Panjang
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ef_TfZS`% _f^S[ VSc[ ef_TfZS` TWcf]fcS` ]WU[^% dWbWce[ ^f_fe Z[`YYS
ef_TfZS` TWcf]fcS` TWdSc% dWbWce[ TWc[`Y[`'
;[ BS^[Xac`[S% 8_Wc[]S IWc[]Se% eWcVSbSe baZa` jS`Y V[S_WeWc TSeS`Y&
`jS *) _ VS` e[`YY[`jS *)) _ ^WT[Z' GaZa` [`[ VSbSe Z[Vfb Z[`YYS ,')))
eSZf` ^WT[Z' :aTS 8`VS TS`V[`Y]S` VW`YS` bS`¥S`Y ^SbS`YS` dWbS]Ta^S%
ZS_b[c dS_S% Tf]S`7
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^WT[Z TWdSc VSc[bSVS V[S_WeWc Sea_ eWc]WU[^ jS[ef *)p*) _ "dWV[][e ^WT[Z
TWdSc VSc[ V[S_WeWc Sea_ ZW^[f_#'
GSVS eSZf` +))*% dWacS`Y [^_fhS` VSc[ MW[k_S` @`de[efe aX IU[WÙW% Informasi
5MYJ BMGUNVT _W`VSbSe]S` bSeW` SeSd ]a_bfeWc ;E8 jS`Y V[TfSe`jS' untuk Anda
Ba_bfeWc ;E8&`jS dWeScS VW`YS` V[S_WeWc * eWeWd S[c' Ba_bfeWc dfbWc
_[`[ [`[ _W_[^[][ ]WUWbSeS` *))'))) ]S^[ ^WT[Z UWbSe VSc[bSVS ]a_bfeWc
]a`gW`d[a`S^ eWcUS`YY[Z dSSe [`['
Kamis, 24 Agustus 2006, Uni
Astronomi Internasional (IAU)
9SYS[_S`S VW`YS` V[S_WeWc TW`VS b^S`We dS_bS[ YS^S]d[ jS`Y

akhirnya menetapkan secara voting:
$ Planet-planet: Merkurius sampai
_WcfbS]S` ]f_bf^S` bf^Sf T[èS`Y V[ ¥SYSV cSjS7 JSTW^ TWc[]fe Neptunus
_W_bWc^[ZSe]S` VSeS b^S`We&b^S`We VS^S_ eSeS dfcjS'
$ Planet kerdil: Pluto dan objek
lain yang bidang orbitnya dipakai
CGHKQ '%'(
bersama-sama serta bukan
;SeS G^S`We&G^S`We VS^S_ I[deW_ JSeS IfcjS

menjadi satelit objek lain.
$ Benda kecil tata surya: Seluruh
objek lainnya yang mengorbit
7GVNW =GWWG @KVNTJK @KVNTJK :GVGP AGXG$AGXG PK Matahari.
>GRG =GXGMGVN !OYXG PR"
CKSLGM !PR" !'&()PL" ATXGWN AKZTQYWN
DWc]fc[fd -'100 .1%/. ZSc[ )%+- eSZf` .0%2

Information for You
,%,
LW`fd *+'*)- -1%0 +-,%)) ZSc[ )%/+ eSZf` *)1
Thursday, August 24 th 2006, the
9f_[ *+'0./ .2%0 *%)) ZSc[ *%)) eSZf` *.)

International Astronomy Union (IAU)
finally appointed by voting:
DScd /'02- /%- *%), ZSc[ *%11 eSZf` ++1
$ Planets: Mercury to Neptune
$ Small planets: Pluto and other
Ofb[eWc *-+'21- *1'211 )%-* ZSc[ **%1/ eSZf` 001 circular objects that its plane orbit
ISefc`fd *+)'.,/ .'/1. )%-- ZSc[ +2%-+ eSZf` *'-+2
used together and wasn’t a
1,%0. eSZf`
satellites of other object.
KcS`fd .*'**1 1// )%/. ZSc[ +'10. $ Little objects of solar system:
EWbef`fd -2'.+1 *')+1 )%00 ZSc[ */,%0+ eSZf` -'.)-

all other objects that orbit to the
sun.
Sumber: Koran Tempo, 28 Agustus 2006
Sumber: Planetary Sytem, 1996

CGHKQ '%')
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Sumber: Planetary Sytem, 1996
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Perhatikan kembali Tabel 1.12, data
V[ eWb[`jS% jS[ef dW][eSc ,)'))) eSZf` USZSjS VSc[ bfdSe YS^S]d[' ;W`YS`
perbandingan antarplanet Anda
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dapat mengamati dari pemanfaatan
penetapan waktu suatu fenomena
DSeSZSc[ _W`Y[eSc[ bfdSe YS^S]d[ TWcTWèf] ^[`Y]ScS`% V[bWc][cS]S`

alam di antaranya adalah periode
V[TfefZ]S` hS]ef dW^S_S +-) ¥feS eSZf` TSY[ DSeSZSc[ fèf] _W`Y[eSc[
rotasi dan revolusi anggota tata surya.
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c. Ukuran Waktu
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• Sistem Satuan Internasional
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• besaran pokok
• besaran turunan
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• dimensi
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• atom
• proton
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• neutron
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• elektron
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Tes Kompetensi Subbab C

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Peta Konsep
BWdS^SZS` BWdS^SZS`
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Refleksi
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, tentu Anda mem- Dalam mempelajari materi pada bab ini, apakah
peroleh manfaat, di antaranya Anda mengetahui Anda menemukan kesulitan memahami materi tersebut?
manfaat pengukuran dan cara menuliskan laporan dari Jika ada, coba diskusikan dengan teman atau guru Anda.
suatu pengukuran. Sebutkan manfaat lain yang dirasa- Selain itu, materi apa dari bab ini yang paling Anda sukai,
kan setelah Anda mempelajari bab ini. serta bagian mana yang kurang Anda sukai?

Tes Kompetensi Bab 1
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0 3 5 6 7
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Bab
2
Sumber: Dasar-Dasar Foto Jurnalistik, 2003
Besaran yang memiliki besar dan arah disebut besaran vektor.

Kecepatan merupakan salah satu besaran vektor.
Vektor
menerapkan konsep besaran Fisika dan pengukurannya.
melakukan penjumlahan vektor.
9JUJV ;R[RTJ$ KN[JZJW MRKNMJTJW VNWSJMR KN[JZJW ^NT¥XZ MJW KN[JZJW A. Vektor
[TJUJZ& AJTWJ [NK]JQ VXKRU aJWP VNUJS] TN JZJQ [NUJ¥JW MNWPJW TNUJS]JW
.( TV'SJV KNZKNMJ MNWPJW VXKRU aJWP VNUJS] MNWPJW TNUJS]JW [JVJ B. Perkalian Vektor
¥N¥JYR JZJQWaJ TN ]¥JZJ& 9JYJ¥TJQ 6WMJ VNWaNK]¥TJW YNZKNMJJW MJW
YNZ[JVJJW TNM]J PNZJT VXKRU ¥NZ[NK]¥5
?XW[NY ^NT¥XZ MRYNZU]TJW MJUJV ;R[RTJ JPJZ YNWPNZ¥RJW OR[R[ []J¥]
KN[JZJW VNWSJMR SNUJ[& FNUJRW TNLNYJ¥JW$ KN[JZJW JYJ aJWP ¥NZVJ[]T
KN[JZJW ^NT¥XZ5
DJMJ KJK RWR$ 6WMJ JTJW VNVYNUJSJZR ^NT¥XZ& DNUJSJZRUJQ MNWPJW
[JT[JVJ TJZNWJ KJK RWR VNZ]YJTJW MJ[JZ KJPR YNWMJUJVJW TXW[NY%TXW[NY
;R[RTJ KNZRT]¥WaJ&
31
Tes Kompetensi Awal
=C@CIQJ JCJMCI?G?NF HLKOCM RCHPLN# HCNG?H?KI?E OL?I$OL?I @CNFHQP B?I?J @QHQ I?PFE?K%
)& 6YJ aJWP 6WMJ TN¥JQ]R ¥NW¥JWP ^NT¥XZ5 ,& ANW]Z]¥ 6WMJ$ TXW[NY ;R[RTJ JYJ [JSJ aJWP KNZ%
*& ANW]Z]¥ 6WMJ$ JYJ VJWOJJ¥ 6WMJ VNVYNUJSJZR ^NT¥XZ5 Q]K]WPJW MNWPJW ^NT¥XZ5
+& HW¥]T KN[JZJW%KN[JZJW [TJUJZ$ MJYJ¥ MRUJT]TJW XYNZJ[R% -& 7NZRUJQ [NK]JQ LXW¥XQ TJ[][ aJWP MJYJ¥ MR[NUN[JRTJW
XYNZJ[R VJ¥NVJ¥RTJ$ [NYNZ¥R YNWS]VUJQJW$ YNWP]ZJWPJW$ MNWPJW TXW[NY ^NT¥XZ&
MJW YNZTJURJW& 6YJTJQ KN[JZJW ^NT¥XZ MJYJ¥
MRXYNZJ[RTJW [NYNZ¥R KN[JZJW [TJUJZ5
A. Vektor
6WMJ ¥NUJQ VNVYNUJSJZR ^NT¥XZ TN¥RTJ MR FAD& HW¥]T UNKRQ VN%
VJQJVRWaJ$ UJT]TJW TNPRJ¥JW KNZRT]¥&
Vektor Resultan
Tujuan Percobaan
Siswa dapat memahami vektor dan vektor resultan
Alat-Alat Percobaan
1. Penggaris 3. Pensil warna
2. Kertas
1. Buatlah denah sekolah Anda pada kertas berpetak (buat agar ukuran skala-
nya sesuai dengan perbandingan yang tepat pada kertas tersebut).
2. Dengan menggunakan pensil warna, gambarkan arah panah pada lintasan
yang Anda lalui dari gerbang utama sekolah menuju ke kelas Anda.
3. Dengan cara yang sama seperti pada langkah 2, gambarkan lintasan yang
Anda tempuh dari kelas menuju perpustakaan sekolah.
4. Berapakah panjang lintasan keduanya? Ke mana arahnya?
5. Buatlah garis lurus dari gerbang sekolah ke kelas Anda, kemudian dari kelas
Anda ke perpustakaan dan dari gerbang sekolah ke perpustakaan. Berapakah
panjang lintasannya? Ke mana saja arahnya?
7NZMJ[JZTJW 1HPFRFP?O 6FOFH? (%'$ 6WMJ MJYJ¥ VNVJQJVR KJQ_J

JMJ KN[JZJW ;R[RTJ aJWP WRUJRWaJ [NVJTRW KNZJZ¥R SRTJ MRWaJ¥JTJW Y]UJ
JZJQ MJZR KN[JZJW ¥NZ[NK]¥& 7N[JZJW ¥NZ[NK]¥ MRWJVJTJW KN[JZJW ^NT¥XZ&
1. Besaran Skalar dan Besaran Vektor

GNUJQ MRKJQJ[ [NKNU]VWaJ$ KN[JZJW JMJUJQ [N[]J¥] aJWP KN[JZWaJ MJYJ¥
MR]T]Z MJW MRWaJ¥JTJW MNWPJW JWPTJ& FNUJRW MJYJ¥ MRWaJ¥JTJW MNWPJW
JWPTJ MJW VNVRURTR WRUJR$ JMJ KN[JZJW%KN[JZJW aJWP S]PJ VNVRURTR JZJQ
¥NZ¥NW¥]& FNLJZJ PJZR[ KN[JZ$ KN[JZJW MRTNUXVYXTTJW VNWSJMR M]J TNUXVYXT$
aJR¥] KN[JZJW [TJUJZ MJW KN[JZJW ^NT¥XZ&
7N[JZJW [TJUJZ JMJUJQ KN[JZJW aJWP QJWaJ VNVRURTR WRUJR !KN[JZ" [JSJ
!¥RMJT VNVRURTR JZJQ"& 8XW¥XQ KN[JZJW [TJUJZ$ aJR¥] YJWSJWP$ VJ[[J$ _JT¥]$
Tugas Anda 2.1 ^XU]VN$ TNUJS]JW$ VJ[[J SNWR[$ MJaJ$ NWNZPR$ MJW []Q]&
7N[JZJW ^NT¥XZ KNZKNMJ MNWPJW KN[JZJW [TJUJZ& 6PJZ UNKRQ VNVJQJVR
KN[JZJW ^NT¥XZ$ JVKRUUJQ [NK]JQ KJ¥] KJ¥J& 6YJ aJWP 6WMJ ZJ[JTJW5
Anda telah mengetahui
GJWPJW 6WMJ VNZJ[J KNZJ¥ ]W¥]T VNVYNZ¥JQJWTJW KJ¥] R¥]$ [NJTJW%

pengertian besaran vektor.
Bagaimana dengan besaran skalar?
Diskusikan dengan teman Anda JTJW KJ¥] VNWJZRT ¥JWPJW 6WMJ TN KJ_JQ& FNTJZJWP$ LXKJ 6WMJ UNYJ[TJW
KJ¥] ¥NZ[NK]¥ MJW KRJZTJW SJ¥]Q& ?N VJWJ JZJQ SJ¥]QWaJ KJ¥]5 6WMJ
tentang pengertian besaran skalar.
JTJW VNWSJ_JK KJQ_J KJ¥] SJ¥]Q MNWPJW TNLNYJ¥JW ¥NZ¥NW¥] TN KJ_JQ&

Sebutkan contoh-contoh yang
termasuk besaran skalar dan
contoh-contoh yang termasuk 7J¥] VNVRURTR PJaJ KNZJ¥ aJWP JZJQWaJ TN KJ_JQ& >JMR$ PJaJ KNZJ¥ MJW
TNLNYJ¥JW JMJUJQ KN[JZJW ^NT¥XZ TJZNWJ PJaJ MJW TNLNYJ¥JW VNVRURTR
besaran vektor.

KN[JZJW MJW JZJQ& >JMR$ KN[JZJW ^NT¥XZ JMJUJQ KN[JZJW aJWP VNVRURTR (a)
KN[JZ !WRUJR" MJW S]PJ JZJQ& 8XW¥XQ KN[JZJW ^NT¥XZ MR JW¥JZJWaJ TN%
LNYJ¥JW$ YNZLNYJ¥JW$ PJaJ$ VXVNW¥]V$ MJW YNZYRWMJQJW&
40 N arah kanan
(b)
a. Menggambarkan Vektor
FNK]JQ ^NT¥XZ MRPJVKJZTJW MNWPJW [NK]JQ JWJT YJWJQ aJWP ¥NZMRZR
50 N arah kiri
J¥J[ YJWPTJU ^NT¥XZ$ YJWSJWP ^NT¥XZ$ MJW JZJQ ^NT¥XZ& 6ZJQ JWJT YJWJQ RWR
Gambar 2.1
Panjang vektor a adalah 40 N dan
VNW]WS]TTJW WRUJR J¥J] QJZPJ ^NT¥XZ ¥NZ[NK]¥& FNVJTRW YJWSJWP PJVKJZ vektor b adalah 50 N. Satu satuan skala
[NK]JQ ^NT¥XZ$ [NVJTRW KN[JZ WRUJR ^NT¥XZ ¥NZ[NK]¥& 6PJZ UNKRQ SNUJ[$
pada vektor a dab b besarnya 10 N.
YNZQJ¥RTJW 7?J@?N (%' MJW 7?J@?N (%( KNZRT]¥& arah

vektor
pangkal
b. Penulisan Notasi Besaran Vektor vektor
BX¥J[R KN[JZJW ^NT¥XZ MJYJ¥ KNZ]YJ Q]Z]O TJYR¥JU J¥J] Q]Z]O TNLRU& panjang
HW¥]T ¥]UR[JW ¥JWPJW$ WX¥J[R

! ¥NZ[NK]¥ KNZ]YJ Q]Z]O aJWP MRKNZR ¥JWMJ
vektor
YJWJQ MR J¥J[WaJ$ VR[JUWaJ A J¥J] a & HW¥]T ¥]UR[JW LN¥JT$ WX¥J[R ¥NZ[NK]¥
Gambar 2.2
Sebuah vektor
KRJ[JWaJ MRLN¥JT ¥NKJU$ VR[JUWaJ 1 MJW ?&
BRUJR ^NT¥XZ ]W¥]T ¥]UR[JW LN¥JT MRWaJ¥JTJW MNWPJW Q]Z]O ¥RYR[ VR% A
ZRWP$ VR[JUWaJ '& ]W¥]T ¥]UR[JW ¥JWPJW$ WRUJR ^NT¥XZ MRWaJ¥JTJW MNWPJW
Q]Z]O ¥JWYJ ¥JWMJ YJWJQ$ VR[JUWaJ 6&
B
9]J ^NT¥XZ MR[NK]¥ [JVJ KN[JZ SRTJ KN[JZ MJW JZJQWaJ [JVJ& DNZQJ¥RTJW D
7?J@?N (%)& INT¥XZ 1 [JVJ MNWPJW ^NT¥XZ 2 TJZNWJ TNM]J ^NT¥XZ VNVRURTR C
KN[JZ MJW JZJQ aJWP [JVJ$ [NMJWPTJW ^NT¥XZ 1 MJW ^NT¥XZ 4 KNZKNMJ
TJZNWJ TNM]J ^NT¥XZ ¥NZ[NK]¥ VNVRURTR JZJQ aJWP KNZKNMJ& INT¥XZ 3 MR[NK]¥
Gambar 2.3
UJ_JW MJZR ^NT¥XZ 2 TJZNWJ KN[JZWaJ [JVJ$ ¥N¥JYR JZJQWaJ KNZUJ_JWJW&

Contoh beberapa vektor, vektor
A = vektor B.
2. Penjumlahan dan Selisih Vektor

a. Penjumlahan Vektor
9]J ^NT¥XZ J¥J] UNKRQ MJYJ¥ MRS]VUJQTJW J¥J] MRT]ZJWPTJW& =J[RU
B
YNWS]VUJQJW J¥J] YNWP]ZJWPJW MR[NK]¥ ZN[]U¥JW ^NT¥XZ& HW¥]T VNWP%

QR¥]WP ZN[]U¥JW ^NT¥XZ aJWP KNZKNMJ YJMJ [J¥] KRMJWP MJYJ¥ MRP]WJTJW
M]J VN¥XMN$ aJR¥] VN¥XMN SJSJZPNWSJWP MJW VN¥XMN YXURPXW& C
'" :CKGQJI?E?K RCHPLN BCKD?K JCPLBC G?G?NDCKG?KD

9]J K]JQ ^NT¥XZ J¥J] UNKRQ MJYJ¥ MRS]VUJQTJW MNWPJW VNU]TR[ A
[NK]JQ SJSJZPNWSJWP MNWPJW TNM]J ^NT¥XZ ¥NZ[NK]¥ [NKJPJR [R[R%[R[RWaJ&
O
6MJY]W ZN[]U¥JWWaJ MRYNZXUNQ MJZR MRJPXWJU SJSJZPNWSJWP$ aJR¥] ¥R¥RT

R=D+C
YJWPTJUWaJ [JVJ MNWPJW TNM]J ¥R¥RT YJWPTJU ^NT¥XZ ¥NZ[NK]¥& DNZQJ¥RTJW

7?J@?N (%* MJW 7?J@?N (%+&
B D=A+B
B B
C
R
A
O
O A O Gambar 2.5
A
Resultan tiga buah vektor, yaitu
Gambar 2.4 R = A + B + C yangdiperoleh
R adalah vektor resultan dari vektor A dan B dengan metode jajargenjang.
(" :CKGQJI?E?K RCHPLN BCKD?K JCPLBC MLIFDLK !OCDF @?KU?H"

EN[]U¥JW MJZR YNWS]VUJQJW M]J ^NT¥XZ J¥J] UNKRQ MRYNZXUNQ MNWPJW
VNVRWMJQTJW YJWPTJU ^NT¥XZ aJWP [J¥] TN ]S]WP ^NT¥XZ aJWP UJRW$
MNVRTRJW [N¥NZ][WaJ& 6MJY]W ^NT¥XZ QJ[RU YNWS]VUJQJW !ZN[]U¥JW" MR%
YNZXUNQ MNWPJW VNWPQ]K]WPTJW YJWPTJU ^NT¥XZ YNZ¥JVJ TN ]S]WP ^NT¥XZ
¥NZJTQRZ& DNZQJ¥RTJW 7?J@?N (%, MJW 7?J@?N (%-&
Vektor 33
Q Q V2 V4
V3
V3
V5
R
V1 V6
V6 V2
P O V4 R
O P
Gambar 2.6 V5 V1
Resultan dua buah vektor R = P + Q
Gambar 2.7
dilukis dengan metode poligon.
Resultan enam buah vektor R = V1 + V2 + V3 + V4 + V5 + V6
b dilukis dengan metode poligon.
b. Selisih Vektor
AN¥XMN aJWP MRP]WJTJW MJUJV VNU]TR[ [NUR[RQ M]J ^NT¥XZ [JVJ MNWPJW
VN¥XMN aJWP MRP]WJTJW ]W¥]T YNWS]VUJQJW ^NT¥XZ& FNUR[RQ M]J K]JQ ^NT¥XZ
? MJW @ MJYJ¥ MR¥]UR[ A 4 ? d @$ J¥J] ZN[]U¥JW ^NT¥XZ ? MJW ^NT¥XZ d@
O
a
JMJUJQ A 4 ? # !d@"& HW¥]T VNU]TR[ ^NT¥XZ A 4 ? # !d@"$ YNZ¥JVJ ^NT¥XZ
O ? MRU]TR[$ [NUJWS]¥WaJ ^NT¥XZ d@& 8JZJWaJ [JVJ [NYNZ¥R VNU]TR[ YNWS]VUJQJW
^NT¥XZ !YNZQJ¥RTJW ^NT¥XZ d@ VNZ]YJTJW ^NT¥XZ @ MNWPJW JZJQ KNZUJ_JWJW"&
a
6MJY]W ^NT¥XZ " JMJUJQ ^NT¥XZ aJWP VNWPQ]K]WPTJW YJWPTJU ^NT¥XZ ?

b
c= c
TN ]S]WP ^NT¥XZ d@& DNZQJ¥RTJW 7?J@?N (%.&
a–
b
Gambar 2.8 3. Rumus untuk Menentukan Besar dan Arah Resultan Dua
Resultan selisih vektor c = a – b. Buah Vektor
EN[]U¥JW M]J K]JQ ^NT¥XZ MJYJ¥ MRLJZR MNWPJW VNWPP]WJTJW Z]V][&
L M DNZQJ¥RTJW 7?J@?N (%/&
ANW]Z]¥ J¥]ZJW LX[RW][$ MJZR [NPR¥RPJ C?A MRYNZXUNQ YNZ[JVJJW
CA* 4 C?* # ?A* d *C? ?A LX[ !)0( d $ "
CA* 4 C?* # ?A* d *C? ?A!dLX[ $ "
V2 R
CA* 4 C?* # ?A* # *C? ?A LX[ $

$1
CUNQ TJZNWJ CA [JVJ MNWPJW <$ C? [JVJ MNWPJW >)$ MJW C@ [JVJ
180 – $
$ $2
O MNWPJW >* VJTJ YNZ[JVJJW ¥NZ[NK]¥ VNWSJMR
+* 4 -)* # -** # * -) -* LX[ $
V1 K
Gambar 2.9
Resultan dua vektor
+ # -)* " -** " *-)-* LX[ $ !*d)"
b
MNWPJW $ JMJUJQ []M]¥ JYR¥ aJWP MRKNW¥]T JW¥JZJ ^NT¥XZ >' MJW ^NT¥XZ >(&
6ZJQ ZN[]U¥JW ^NT¥XZ MJYJ¥ MR¥NW¥]TJW VNWPP]WJTJW J¥]ZJW [RW][ [NKJPJR
KNZRT]¥&
+ -) -*
# # !*d*"
a
[RW $ [RW $) [RW $ *
O
b R >RTJ M]J K]JQ ^NT¥XZ JW¥JZJ ^NT¥XZ aJWP [J¥] !>)" MJW ^NT¥XZ aJWP
UJRW !>*" [JURWP ¥NPJT U]Z][$ ^NT¥XZ ZN[]U¥JWWaJ MJYJ¥ MR[NUN[JRTJW MNWPJW
MJURU *C?4.3;=.>& DNZQJ¥RTJW 7?J@?N (%'&&
7N[JZWaJ ^NT¥XZ ZN[]U¥JW < JMJUJQ
+ 4 . * " /* !*d+"
O a
Gambar 2.10
Dua buah vektor saling tegak lurus. Contoh 2.1
9]J K]JQ ^NT¥XZ PJaJ 6) MJW 6* VJ[RWP%VJ[RWP KN[JZWaJ , B MJW - B MJW VNVRURTR
¥R¥RT YJWPTJU KNZRVYR¥& =R¥]WPUJQ WRUJR MJW JZJQ ZN[]U¥JW ^NT¥XZ RWR SRTJ []M]¥ JYR¥
JW¥JZJ TNM]J ^NT¥XZ ¥NZ[NK]¥ JMJUJQ .(b&

8?S?@0
9RTN¥JQ]R2 Ingatlah
)' 4 , B3 )( 4 - B3 $ 4 .(b F2 R
J& 9NWPJW VNWPP]WJTJW :CNO?J??K !(W'"
B
$ c %
+ 4 ))* #)** #*)) )* LX[ $

%
A $
4 , ! # - ! #* , ! - ! LX[ .(b
* * F1 a
b
).#*-#*( ! 4
&
4 .) B
C
K& 6ZJQ ZN[]U¥JW ¥NZQJMJY 6' MR¥NW¥]TJW MNWPJW YNZ[JVJJW KNZRT]¥&
+ )
Pada segitiga ABC berlaku:
# % • Aturan sinus:
[RW$ [RW% =
#
>
#
?
)% - sin $ sin % sin &

sin % 4 [RW$ 4 [RW .(X 4 ($--,,
+ .)
• Aturan cosinus:
a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos $
% 4 ++$./b b2 = a2 + c2 – 2ac cos %
c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos &
>JMR$ WRUJR ^NT¥XZ JMJUJQ .) B MNWPJW JZJQ ++$./b ¥NZQJMJY ^NT¥XZ 6'&
Contoh 2.2 Tantangan

9]J ^NT¥XZ VNVRURTR ¥R¥RT YJWPTJU KNZRVYR¥& BRUJR [N¥RJY ^NT¥XZ JMJUJQ + [J¥]JW MJW
untuk Anda
, [J¥]JW& =R¥]WP WRUJR MJW JZJQ ZN[]U¥JW TNM]J ^NT¥XZ R¥] SRTJ []M]¥ JYR¥WaJ 1(b& Dua vektor kecepatan v1 dan v2
8?S?@0
masing-masing besarnya 3 m/s dan
9RTN¥JQ]R2
8 m/s. Kedua vektor memiliki titik
pangkal yang sama. Tentukan
#) 4 + [J¥]JW3 #* 4 , [J¥]JW3 $ 4 1(b resultan kedua vektor itu, jika sudut
R yang mengapit kedua vektor adalah
J& +4 A)* # A** # *A) A* LX[ $
v2
120°.
$
+! # , ! # * +! , ! LX[ 1(b
%
4
* *
v1
4 1 #). # *, (! 4 *- # ( 4 *- 4 - [J¥]JW
K& 6ZJQ ZN[]U¥JW < ¥NZQJMJY R) MR¥NW¥]TJW MNWPJW YNZ[JVJJW
+ A*
4
[RW $ [RW %
A*
[RW % 4 [RW $ 4 [RW 1(b 4 ($0
4
+ 5
% 4 -+b
>JMR$ WRUJR ZN[]U¥JW ^NT¥XZ JMJUJQ - [J¥]JW MJW JZJQWaJ -+b ¥NZQJMJY R)&
y
4. Menguraikan Vektor
FNK]JQ ^NT¥XZ MJYJ¥ MR]ZJRTJW TN MJUJV TXVYXWNW%TXVYXWNWWaJ&
9R [RWR$ QJWaJ MRKJQJ[ [NK]JQ ^NT¥XZ aJWP MR]ZJRTJW TN MJUJV TXVYXWNW%
TXVYXWNWWaJ aJWP [JURWP ¥NPJT U]Z][$ aJR¥] YJMJ []VK]%B MJW []VK]%C& Fy F
INT¥XZ%^NT¥XZ ¥NZ[NK]¥ MRWJVJTJW ^NT¥XZ TXVYXWNW ¥NPJT MJZR ^NT¥XZ
aJWP KNZ[JWPT]¥JW& $
AR[JUWaJ$ [NK]JQ ^NT¥XZ 6 [NYNZ¥R YJMJ 7?J@?N (%'' MJYJ¥ MR]ZJRTJW x
TN MJUJV TXVYXWNW aJWP [JURWP ¥NPJT U]Z][$ aJR¥] VJ[RWP%VJ[RWP )$ MJW

O Fx
)%& 6MJY]W )$ JMJUJQ TXVYXWNW 6 YJMJ []VK]%B MJW )% JMJUJQ TXVYXWNW Gambar 2.11
6 YJMJ []VK]%C& INT¥XZ 6 VNVKNW¥]T []M]¥ $ ¥NZQJMJY []VK]%B YX[R¥RO$& Vektor F diuraikan menjadi
7N[JZ )$ MJW )% MRYNZXUNQ MNWPJW YNZ[JVJJW [NKJPJR KNZRT]¥&

komponen-komponennya pada
sumbu-x dan sumbu-y, yaitu Fx dan Fy.
Vektor 35
)$ 4 ) LX[ $ 3 )% 4 ) [RW $
[NQRWPPJ )& )B% " )C% !*d,"
6ZJQ ^NT¥XZ MJYJ¥ MRYNZXUNQ MNWPJW YNZ[JVJJW

)C
¥JW $ 4 !*d-"
)B
Contoh 2.3
FNK]JQ ^NT¥XZ PJaJ 6 WRUJRWaJ *( B MJW VNVKNW¥]T []M]¥ +(b ¥NZQJMJY []VK]%B YX[R¥RO&
GNW¥]TJW WRUJR TXVYXWNW%TXVYXWNW ^NT¥XZ PJaJ 6 R¥] ¥NZQJMJY []VK]%B MJW []VK]%C&
8?S?@0
9RTN¥JQ]R2
) 4 *( B $ 4 +(b
()
)T 4 ) LX[ $ 4 !*( B" LX[ +(b 4 !*( B" , + - 4 )( + B
*
)* +
)
)% 4 ) [RW $ 4 !*( B" [RW +(b 4 !*( B" (, *- 4 )( B
) *+
>JMR$ )$ 4 )( + B MJW )% 4 )( B&
Contoh 2.4
FNK]JQ ^NT¥XZ 6 MNWPJW YJWSJWP +( [J¥]JW$ VNVKNW¥]T []M]¥ *)(b ¥NZQJMJY []VK]#B
YX[R¥RO& GNW¥]TJW TXVYXWNW%TXVYXWNW ^NT¥XZ 6 ¥NZQJMJY []VK]%B MJW []VK]%C&
8?S?@0
Tantangan 9RTN¥JQ]R2
) 4 +( [J¥]JW3 $ 4 *)(b
untuk Anda )B 4 ) LX[ $ 4 ) LX[ *)(b )C 4 ) [RW $ 4 ) [RW *)(b
Tentukan besar komponen x dan y 4 !+(" !LX[ !d+(b"" 4 !+( [J¥]JW"![RW !d+(b""
( ) * ( )*
4 !+(" , d + - 4 d)- + [J¥]JW 4 !+( [J¥]JW" , d - 4 d)- [J¥]JW
dari sebuah vektor perpindahan
30 m dengan sudut *# + . ) * + ) *+
5. Menjumlahkan Vektor dengan Cara Analisis

HW¥]T VNWNW¥]TJW ZN[]U¥JW KNKNZJYJ ^NT¥XZ$ MJYJ¥ MRP]WJTJW LJZJ
JWJUR[R[& 9NWPJW LJZJ RWR$ [JWPJ¥ V]WPTRW MRYNZXUNQ ZN[]U¥JW ^NT¥XZ aJWP
UNKRQ ¥NUR¥R SRTJ MRKJWMRWPTJW MNWPJW VNWPP]WJTJW VN¥XMN YXURPXW&
@JWPTJQ%UJWPTJQ aJWP QJZ][ MRYNZQJ¥RTJW JMJUJQ YNWP]ZJRJW ¥NZUNKRQ
MJQ]U] TXVYXWNW ^NT¥XZ MJUJV []VK]%B !- B " MJW []VK]%C !- a"&
FNUJWS]¥WaJ$ TXVYXWNW%TXVYXWNW ^NT¥XZ ¥NZQJMJY []VK]%B MRS]VUJQTJW$
aJR¥] + B # " -B MJW TXVYXWNW%TXVYXWNW ^NT¥XZ ¥NZQJMJY []VK]%C
MRS]VUJQTJW$ aJR¥] +C # " -C &
BRUJR ZN[]U¥JW MJYJ¥ MRQR¥]WP MNWPJW YNZ[JVJJW
+4 + B * # +C *
JZJQ ZN[]U¥JW + ¥NZQJMJY []VK]%B MJYJ¥ MR¥NW¥]TJW MNWPJW YNZ[JVJJW
+C
¥JW $ 4
+B

Contoh 2.5 Tugas Anda 2.2
:VYJ¥ K]JQ ^NT¥XZ ¥R¥RT YJWPTJUWaJ KNZRVYR¥$ KN[JZWaJ VJ[RWP%VJ[RWP *($ *,$ *($ MJW Perhatikan operasi vektor berikut.
)* [J¥]JW& ?NNVYJ¥ ^NT¥XZ RWR VNVKNW¥]T []M]¥ ¥NZQJMJY []VK]%B VJ[RWP%VJ[RWP (b$ V = V1 + V2
.(b$ )*(b$ MJW *,(b& =R¥]WPUJQ WRUJR MJW JZJQ ZN[]U¥JWWaJ&

Apakah V selamanya harus lebih
besar daripada V1 dan V2?
8?S?@0
V2 Diskusikan dengan teman Anda.
9RTN¥JQ]R2
V2y
V3
-' 4 *( [J¥]JW$ $ 4 (b V3y

-( 4 *, [J¥]JW$ $ 4 .(b
-) 4 *( [J¥]JW$ $ 4 )*(b
-* 4 )* [J¥]JW$ $ 4 *,(b 120°
7N[JZ ¥RJY%¥RJY TXVYXWNW V3x V4x

60°
^NT¥XZ MRQR¥]WP& 240°
V2x V1
I)B 4 I) LX[ (b 4 !*("!)" 4 *( [J¥]JW

I)C 4 I) [RW (b 4 !*("!(" 4 (
()*
V4y
I*B 4 I% LX[ .(b 4 *, , - 4 )* [J¥]JW
V4
) *+
() 4 -)C # -*C # -+C # -,C
I*C 4 I* [RW .(b 4 *, , +-
* C
)* + 4 ( # )* + # !d)( + " # !d. + "
4 )* 3 [J¥]JW
( )* 4 d, + [J¥]JW
I+B 4 I+ LX[ )*(b 4 *( , d -
) *+ 7N[JZ ZN[]U¥JW MRYNZXUNQ MNWPJW YNZ[JVJJW
4 d)( [J¥]JW
!
*
() + 4 + B * # + C * 4 ).* # d, +
I+C 4 I+ [RW )*(b 4 *( , +-
*
)* + 4 +(, 4 )/$, [J¥]JW
4 d)( + [J¥]JW
( )*
Rx
I,B 4 I, LX[ *,(b 4 )* , d -
) *+
–23,41°
4 d . [J¥]JW
Ry
()
I,C 4 I, [RW *,(b 4 )* , +-
*
)* + 6ZJQ ZN[]U¥JW MRYNZXUNQ MNWPJW YNZ[JVJJW
4 d. + [J¥]JW + d, +
¥JW ' 4 % 4 4 ($,+
+$ ).
4 -)B # -*B # -+B # -,B
' 4 d*+$ ,)b
B
4 *( # )* # !d)(" # !d."
4 ). [J¥]JW >JMR$ WRUJR ZN[]U¥JW )/$, [J¥]JW MJW JZJQWaJ
VNVKNW¥]T []M]¥ *+$,)b ¥NZQJMJY []VK]%B&
6. Vektor Satuan y
FNK]JQ ^NT¥XZ aJWP ¥NZUN¥JT MR MJUJV Z]JWP ¥RPJ MRVNW[R VNVRURTR j

TXVYXWNW%TXVYXWNW ¥NZQJMJY []VK]%B$ []VK]%C" MJW []VK]%D& INT¥XZ
[J¥]JW R aJWP KN[JZWaJ ) [J¥]JW$ JZJQWaJ [NSJSJZ MNWPJW []VK]%B YX[R¥RO&
F
INT¥XZ [J¥]JW S MJW ^NT¥XZ [J¥]JW 7 VJ[RWP%VJ[RWP JZJQWaJ [NSJSJZ x x

¥NZQJMJY []VK]%C MJW []VK]%D YX[R¥RO& DNZQJ¥RTJW 7?J@?N (%'( aJWP i
VNU]TR[TJW [R[¥NV TXXZMRWJ¥ TJZ¥N[RJW + MRVNW[R& k
FNK]JQ ^NT¥XZ 6 ¥NZUN¥JT YJMJ Z]JWP$ UJU] MRYZXaNT[RTJW VNWSJMR
z
y
TXVYXWNW%TXVYXWNW ^NT¥XZ )B$ )C$ MJW )D& FNLJZJ VJ¥NVJ¥R[& INT¥XZ 6
Gambar 2.12
YJMJ 7?J@?N (%'( MJYJ¥ MRWaJ¥JTJW [NKJPJR YNWS]VUJQJW MJZR ¥RPJ K]JQ
Vektor F dan vektor satuannya dalam
koordinat kartesian tiga dimensi
^NT¥XZ$ aJR¥]
6 4 )B F # )C G # )D H !*d."
7N[JZ ^NT¥XZ 6 MJYJ¥ MRQR¥]WP MNWPJW VNWNW¥]TJW TXVYXWNW%

TXVYXWNW ^NT¥XZ aJWP [JURWP ¥NPJT U]Z][ [J¥] [JVJ UJRW VNUJU]R YNZ[JVJJW
Vektor 37
)& )B * !)C* !)D * !*d/"
9JUJV JWJUR[R[ ^NT¥XZ [J¥]JW$ SRTJ M]J K]JQ ^NT¥XZ [JVJ$ KN[JZ
TXVYXWNW%TXVYXWNWWaJ S]PJ QJZ][ [JVJ& AR[JUWaJ$
'B F # 'C G # 'D H 4 (B F # (C G # (D H
7N[JZ ZN[]U¥JW YNWS]VUJQJW MJW YNWP]ZJWPJW ^NT¥XZ ¥NZ[NK]¥ MJYJ¥
MRWaJ¥JTJW MNWPJW J¥]ZJW [NKJPJR KNZRT]¥&
' # ( 4 !'B # (B"F # !'C # (C"G # !'D # (D"H
' d ( 4 !'B d (B"F #!'C d (C"G # !'D d (D"H
Contoh 2.6
9RTN¥JQ]R M]J K]JQ ^NT¥XZ KNZRT]¥&
1 4 +F d .G # *H
2 4 F # +G d -H
GNW¥]TJW2
J& 1 # 2 MJW 1 d 2 K& 7N[JZ ^NT¥XZ 1 # 2 MJW 1 d 2
8?S?@0
J& EN[]U¥JW YNWS]VUJQJW MJW YNWP]ZJWPJW
1 # 24 !+F d .G # *H" # !F # +G d -H"
4 !+ # )" F # !d. # +" G # !* d -"H
4 ,F d +G d +H
1 d 2 4 !+F d .G # *H" d !F # +G d -H"
Kata Kunci 4 !+ d )" F # !d. d +" G # !* # -"H
• besaran skalar 4 *R d 1G #/H
• besaran vektor K& 7N[JZ ^NT¥XZ 1 # 2 MJW ^NT¥XZ 1 d 2
• metode jajargenjang
• metode poligon '#(4 ,* #!d+"* #!d+"* 4 +, [J¥]JW
• vektor resultan
• cara analisis
'd(4 ** #!d1"* #/* 4 )+, [J¥]JW
• vektor satuan

9CNG?H?KI?E B?I?J @QHQ I?PFE?K%
)& 9RTN¥JQ]R NVYJ¥ K]JQ ^NT¥XZ KNZRT]¥& ,& GNW¥]TJW KN[JZ TXVYXWNW B MJW C MJZR [NK]JQ ^NT¥XZ
? 4 +F d *G A 4 ,F d -G YNZYRWMJQJW +( V MJW VNVKNW¥]T []M]¥ )*(b ¥NZQJMJY
@ 4 *F d ,G B 4 *F d G []VK]%B&
<]WJTJW VN¥XMN YXURPXW ]W¥]T VNU]TR[ ^NT¥XZ%^NT¥XZ -& 9]J ^NT¥XZ PJaJ 6' MJW 6( VJ[RWP%VJ[RWP KN[JZWaJ + B
KNZRT]¥& MJW , B MJW KNTNZSJ YJMJ []J¥] KNWMJ MNWPJW ¥R¥RT
J& ? # @ M& @ d B ¥JWPTJY KNZRVYR¥& >RTJ []M]¥ JYR¥ JW¥JZJ TNM]J ^NT¥XZ
K& ? # A N& ? d A R¥] .(b$ ¥NW¥]TJW KN[JZ MJW JZJQ ZN[]U¥JW ^NT¥XZ
L& ? # @ # B O& ? d @ ¥NZQJMJY ^NT¥XZ PJaJ 6'&
.& 9]J K]JQ ^NT¥XZ YJMJ KRMJWP BC VJ[RWP%VJ[RWP KN[JZWaJ
*& 9RTN¥JQ]R ^NT¥XZ R & @]TR[UJQ ^NT¥XZ%^NT¥XZ
*( [J¥]JW MJW VNVKNW¥]T []M]¥ VJ[RWP%VJ[RWP )/(b
KNZRT]¥&
MJW -(b ¥NZQJMJY []VK]%B$ QR¥]WP KN[JZ ZN[]U¥JWWaJ&
J& d R L& d * R
/& 9]J K]JQ ^NT¥XZ VJ[RWP%VJ[RWP KN[JZWaJ + MJW , [J¥]JW&
K& * R M& )$- R
G]UR[TJW KJQ_J MJZR TNM]J ^NT¥XZ ¥NZ[NK]¥ MJYJ¥
+& GNW¥]TJW KN[JZ MJW JZJQ ^NT¥XZ$ [NZ¥J PJVKJZTJW SRTJ
VNWPQJ[RUTJW ^NT¥XZ ZN[]U¥JW [NKN[JZ / [J¥]JW$ ) [J¥]JW$
TXVYXWNWWaJ [NKJPJR KNZRT]¥&
MJW - [J¥]JW$ ¥N¥JYR ¥RMJT V]WPTRW 0 [J¥]JW&
J& AB& , LV MJW AC 4 . LV
0& FNK]JQ VXKRU KNZPNZJT [NSJ]Q , TV TN ¥RV]Z$ . TV TN
K& AB & . B MJW AC 4 d0 B
[NUJ¥JW$ , TV TN KJZJ¥$ MJW ), TV TN ]¥JZJ& =R¥]WP KN[JZ
ZN[]U¥JW MJZR ^NT¥XZ YNZYRWMJQJW ¥NZ[NK]¥&

1& HZJRTJW ^NT¥XZ KNZRT]¥ ¥NZQJMJY TXVYXWNW%TXVYXWNW )(& GRPJ K]JQ ^NT¥XZ ?$ @$ MJW A ¥NZUN¥JT YJMJ [J¥] KRMJWP MJW
B MJW C !LJ¥J¥JW2 []M]¥ MR]T]Z MJZR []VK]%`"& VNVRURTR ¥R¥RT ¥JWPTJY aJWP [JVJ& 7N[JZ ^NT¥XZ RWR KNZ¥]Z]¥%
J& I) 4 - [J¥]JW3 $ 4 -+b ¥]Z]¥ JMJUJQ +$*$ MJW , [J¥]JW& 7NZJYJTJQ []M]¥ JYR¥ JW¥JZJ
K& I* 4 *(( [J¥]JW 3 $ 4 ))(b ^NT¥XZ ? MJW @ JPJZ S]VUJQ TNM]J ^NT¥XZ RWR [JVJ MNWPJW
KN[JZ ^NT¥XZ A&
B. Perkalian Vektor
DJMJ F]KKJK 6$ 6WMJ ¥NUJQ VNVYNUJSJZR YNWS]VUJQJW ^NT¥XZ& FNUJRW
XYNZJ[R YNWS]VUJQJW$ XYNZJ[R YNZTJURJW S]PJ MJYJ¥ MR¥NZJYTJW YJMJ ^NT¥XZ&
DNZTJURJW ^NT¥XZ ¥RMJT [JVJ MNWPJW YNZTJURJW KRUJWPJW KRJ[J& DJMJ []KKJK
RWR$ 6WMJ JTJW VNVYNUJSJZR M]J SNWR[ YNZTJURJW ^NT¥XZ ¥NZ[NK]¥$ aJR¥]
YNZTJURJW ¥R¥RT ^NT¥XZ MJW YNZTJURJW [RUJWP ^NT¥XZ&
1. Perkalian Titik Vektor

DNZTJURJW ¥R¥RT JW¥JZJ M]J ^NT¥XZ 1 MJW ^NT¥XZ 2 VNZ]YJTJW /2>.=.: >7.8.=
C.:3 /2>.=:C. >.9. 12:3.: 4.>58 7.85 721@. A27?;= ?2=4.1.< 0;>5:@> >@1@? .<5?:C.& A
DNZQJ¥RTJW 7?J@?N (%')& ' JMJUJQ []M]¥ JYR¥ JW¥JZJ M]J ^NT¥XZ&
1 & 2 4 ' ( LX[ '
'
'( LX[ ' 4 (' LX[ ' VJTJ 1 & 2 4 2 & 1& DNZTJURJW ¥R¥RT M]J ^NT¥XZ B
MR[NK]¥ S]PJ [NKJPJR YNZTJURJW [TJUJZ& A cos '
HW¥]T VNV]MJQTJW YNZQR¥]WPJW YNZTJURJW ¥R¥RT M]J ^NT¥XZ$ YNZU] Gambar 2.13
MRYJQJVR [ROJ¥%[ROJ¥ YNZTJURJW ¥R¥RT [N[JVJ ^NT¥XZ& DNZTJURJW ¥R¥RT JW¥JZJ
Perkalian dua vektor merupakan
M]J ^NT¥XZ [J¥]JW JTJW KNZWRUJR [J¥] SRTJ TNM]J ^NT¥XZ ¥NZ[NK]¥ [NSNWR[
proyeksi vektor pertama ke vektor
kedua.
MJW KNZWRUJR WXU SRTJ TNM]J ^NT¥XZ ¥NZ[NK]¥ ¥RMJT [NSNWR[&
F & F 4 G & G 4 H & H 4 !)" !)" LX[ (b 4 )
F & G 4 F & H 4 G & H 4 !)" !)" LX[ 1(b 4 (
F]M]¥ JW¥JZJ ^NT¥XZ [J¥]JW F MJW F JMJUJQ (b VJTJ !5"!5" LX[ (b 4 )$ Ingatlah
[NMJWPTJW []M]¥ JW¥JZJ ^NTXZ [J¥]JW F MJW G JMJUJQ 1(b VJTJ !5" !6" LX[ 1(b
4 (& ?N¥NW¥]JW RWR VNVNW]QR [ROJ¥ YNZTJURJW ¥R¥RT [N[JVJ ^NT¥XZ& FNLJZJ
VJ¥NVJ¥R[$ YNZTJURJW ¥R¥RT ^NT¥XZ 1 MJW 2 MJYJ¥ MRYNZXUNQ [NKJPJR KNZRT]¥
' adalah sudut yang besarnya
selalu antara
1 & 2 4 !'BF # 'C G # 'D H" & !(BF # (C G # (D H"$ VJTJ 0 dan 180° 0 ! ' ! 180$ ! .
1 & 2 4 'B(B # 'C(C # 'D(D !*d/"
Contoh 2.7
GNW¥]TJW QJ[RU YNZTJURJW ¥R¥RT JW¥JZJ M]J ^NT¥XZ [J¥]JW 1 4 *F # +G # -H MJW
2 4 ,F # *G d H&
8?S?@0
1 & 24 'B(B # 'C(C # 'D(D & !*"!," ! !+"!*" ! !-"!d)"
Tantangan
untuk Anda
40#.d-41
Hasil perkalian titik antara vektor x
dan vektor y adalah 2,55. Kedua
2. Perkalian Silang Vektor vektor tersebut, yaitu x = i + j dan
*2=7.85.: >58.:3 1@. /@.4 A27?;= 1 e 2 92:34.>587.: A27?;= C.:3 .=.4#

y = 2j + 3k. Hitunglah sudut yang
dibentuk oleh kedua vektor
:C. ?23.7 8@=@> /51.:3 C.:3 15/2:?@7 ;824 1@. /@.4 A27?;= ?2=>2/@?" 1.: tersebut.
/2>.=:C. >.9. 12:3.: 4.>58 7.85 721@. A27?;= 12:3.: >5:@> >@1@? .<5?:C.$
Vektor 39
C DNZQJ¥RTJW 7?J@?N (%'*& $ JMJUJQ []M]¥ JYR¥ aJWP ¥NZUN¥JT MR
JW¥JZJ ^NT¥XZ 1 MJW ^NT¥XZ 2$ [NMJWPTJW ^NT¥XZ 1 MJW ^NT¥XZ 2 ¥NZUN¥JT
YJMJ [J¥] KRMJWP& DNZTJURJW [RUJWP 1 e 2 JMJUJQ
341e2
&!& & '( [RW $ &
6ZJQ ^NT¥XZ 3 JMJUJQ [N[]JR MNWPJW J¥]ZJW ¥JWPJW TJWJW MR VJWJ
]S]WP ^NT¥XZ 1 VNW]S] ]S]WP ^NT¥XZ 2 [NJZJQ MNWPJW URYJ¥JW TNNVYJ¥
O $ B
SJZR TN¥RTJ JZJQ SNVYXU VNW]WS]TTJW JZJQ 1 e 2&

A DJMJ YNZTJURJW [RUJWP ^NT¥XZ$ ¥RMJT KNZUJT] [ROJ¥ TXV]¥J¥RO [NQRWPPJ
1 e 2 2 e 1& 6TJW ¥N¥JYR$ KNZUJT] [ROJ¥ JW¥R%TXV]¥J¥RO$ aJR¥]
1 e 2 4 d2 e 1& HW¥]T VNWNW¥]TJW WRUJR ZN[]U¥JW ^NT¥XZ MJW
YNZ[JVJJW YNZTJURJW ^NT¥XZ$ MJYJ¥ MRP]WJTJW [ROJ¥%[ROJ¥ YNZTJURJW [RUJWP
Gambar 2.14
[N[JVJ [J¥]JW$ JW¥JZJ UJRW2

Perkalian silang vektor A
dan vektor B.
)& YNZTJURJW [RUJWP JW¥JZJ M]J ^NT¥XZ [J¥]JW aJWP [JVJ KN[JZ MJW [NJZJQ
KNZWRUJR WXU3
*& YNZTJURJW JW¥JZJ M]J ^NT¥XZ [J¥]JW aJWP KNZKNMJ JTJW KNZWRUJR YX[R¥RO
SRTJ [NJZJQ SJZ]V SJV$ [NKJURTWaJ JTJW KNZWRUJR WNPJ¥RO SRTJ JZJQWaJ
Ingatlah KNZUJ_JWJW MNWPJW JZJQ SJZ]V SJV&
Untuk menyatakan nilai suatu k

besaran vektor, selain dapat
FeF4( Fe G4H G e F 4 dH
ditandai dengan cetak miring,
dapat juga dituliskan dengan tanda j
mutlak i
GeG4( GeH4F F e H 4 dG
1 #' HeH4( HeF4G H e G 4 dF
6WMJ MJYJ¥ VNWPP]WJTJW [ROJ¥ YNZTJURJW [RUJWP ]W¥]T VNWNW¥]TJW
KN[JZ YNZTJURJW [RUJWP [N[JVJ ^NT¥XZ [J¥]JW VNUJU]R []M]¥ 0 ! ' ! 180$&
)& >RTJ TNM]J ^NT¥XZ [JURWP ¥NPJT U]Z][ VJTJ ' 4 1(b$ F e G 4 H
*& >RTJ TNM]J ^NT¥XZ [JVJ MJW [NPJZR[ VJTJ ' 4 ($ F e F 4 (
Contoh 2.8
9RTN¥JQ]R ^NT¥XZ ?# @$ MJW A [NYNZ¥R YJMJ PJVKJZ KNZRT]¥&
7N[JZ ^NT¥XZ%^NT¥XZ ¥NZ[NK]¥ VJ[RWP%VJ[RWP +$ ,$ MJW - $
[J¥]JW& GNW¥]TJWUJQ2
J& ? % @3 L& @ % A3 N& ? e A3 c
K& ? % A3 M& ? e @3 O& @ e A3
b
8?S?@0 % &
J& ? % @ 4 . / LX[ & 4 !+"!," !(" 4 ( a
+
K& ? % A 4 . 0 LX[ !)0(b d % " 4 . 0 !dLX[ % " 4 !+"!-" ! d " 4 d1
-
,
L& @ % A 4 / 0 LX[ !)0(b d $ " 4 / 0 !dLX[ $ " 4 !,"!-" ! d " 4 d).
-
M& ? e @ 4 . / [RW & 4 !+"!," ) 4 )*
,
N& ? e A 4 . 0 [RW % 4 !+"!-" 4 )*
-
+
O& @ e A 4 / 0 [RW $ 4 !,"!-" 4 )*
-

8JZJ UJRW aJWP UNKRQ [NMNZQJWJ ]W¥]T VNWPRWPJ¥ Z]V][ YNZTJURJW
[RUJWP M]J ^NT¥XZ 1 MJW 2$ aJR¥] VNWPP]WJTJW VN¥XMN MN¥NZVRWJW&
HW¥]T MN¥NZVRWJW VJ¥ZRT[ + e +$ MJYJ¥ MRP]WJTJW VN¥XMN KNZRT]¥&
– – –
i j k i j
A B= Ax Ay Az Ax Ay
Bx By Bz Bx By
+ + +
1 e 2 4 F 'C(D ! G 'D(B ! H 'B(C E H 'C(B E F 'D(C E G 'B(D

4 !'C(D E 'D(C" F # !'D(BB E 'B(D" G #!'B(C E 'C(B" H
Mari Mencari Tahu Kata Kunci

• perkalian titik vektor
9JUJV ;R[RTJ$ KJWaJT TXW[NY aJWP NZJ¥ TJR¥JWWaJ MNWPJW YNZTJURJW ^NT¥XZ ¥R¥RT • perkalian silang vektor
MJW [RUJWP& 8JZRUJQ TXW[NY%TXW[NY ;R[RTJ JYJ [JSJ aJWP VNVNZU]TJW YNVJQJVJW
• sudut apit
YNZTJURJW ^NT¥XZ&
• komutatif
• metode determinan

9CNG?H?KI?E B?I?J @QHQ I?PFE?K%
)& GNW¥]TJW QJ[RU YNZTJURJW ¥R¥RT JW¥JZJ M]J ^NT¥XZ [J¥]JW ,& 9RTN¥JQ]R ^NT¥XZ KNZRT]¥&
1 4 F # *G # +H MJW 2 4 +F # *G d H J& T 4 *F # +G
*& =R¥]WPUJQ QJ[RU YNZTJURJW [RUJWP JW¥JZJ M]J ^NT¥XZ K& U 4 +F # *G
KNZRT]¥& L& V 4 F # G # H
J" 1 4 !*F # H" MJW 2 4 !,F # -G" =R¥]WPUJQ2
K" 6) 4 F # G # H MJW 6* 4 +F # G # *H J& T & T3
+& 9RTN¥JQ]R + K]JQ ^NT¥XZ K& !T # U" V3
? 4 ,F #+G d H L& T e T
@ 4 dF d *G # +H M& !T # U" e V
A 4 +F d* G d +H -& 7JPJRVJWJ LJZJ VNWPN¥JQ]R KJQ_J M]J K]JQ ^NT¥XZ
=R¥]WPUJQ KN[JZ ^NT¥XZ N MJW []M]¥ JW¥JZJ ^NT¥XZ%^NT¥XZ [JURWP ¥NPJT U]Z][5 <]WJTJW YNZTJURJW [RUJWP ^NT¥XZ
¥NZ[NK]¥ MNWPJW []VK]%D$ SRTJ N 4 *? # @ d A& =R¥]WP ]W¥]T VNVK]T¥RTJWWaJ&
S]PJ []M]¥ JW¥JZJ ^NT¥XZ ? MJW @&
Rangkuman
)& 7N[JZJW ^NT¥XZ JMJUJQ KN[JZJW aJWP VNVRURTR KN[JZ ,& DNWS]VUJQJW [NUR[RQ ^NT¥XZ MJYJ¥ VNWPP]WJTJW
MJW JZJQ& 8XW¥XQWaJ$ TNLNYJ¥JW$ PJaJ$ YNZLNYJ¥JW$ VN¥XMN SJSJZPNWSJWP$ YXURPXW$ MJW VN¥XMN JWJUR[R[&
MJW YNZYRWMJQJW& -& FNK]JQ ^NT¥XZ 6 MJYJ¥ MR]ZJRTJW TN MJUJV
*& 7N[JZJW [TJUJZ JMJUJQ KN[JZJW aJWP VNVRURTR KN[JZ TXVYXWNWWaJ$ VR[JUWaJ )B MJW ) C YJMJ KRMJWP
MJW ¥RMJT KNZJZJQ& 8XW¥XQWaJ$ YJWSJWP$ []Q]$ SJZJT$ TXXZMRWJ¥ TJZ¥N[RJW& )B JMJUJQ TXVYXWNW ^NT¥XZ 6
MJW VJ[[J& YJMJ []VK]%B MJW )C JMJUJQ TXVYXWNW ^NT¥XZ 6 YJMJ
+& INT¥XZ MJYJ¥ MRS]VUJQTJW$ MRT]ZJWPTJW$ MJW []VK]%C&
MRTJURTJW MNWPJW ^NT¥XZ UJRW&
Vektor 41
Peta Konsep
E]V][ 8X[RW][
MRQR¥]WP VNWPP]WJTJW
INT¥XZ ?XVYXWNW 7N[JZ MJW 6ZJQ INT¥XZ FJ¥]JW
VNVRURTR
>CHPLN
XYNZJ[R VJ¥NVJ¥RTJWaJ
DNWS]VUJQJW DNWP]ZJWPJW DNZTJURJW

jenisnya
VN¥XMNWaJ
DNZTJURJW GR¥RT DNZTJURJW FRUJWP
c AN¥XMN >JSJZPNWSJWP
c AN¥XMN DXURPXW
c AN¥XMN 6WJUR[R[
Refleksi
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, tentu Anda telah mempelajari bab ini? Apakah Anda mendapat kesulitan
memperoleh pengetahuan baru, di antaranya adalah dalam memahami materi pada bab ini? Jika ada,
Anda dapat melakukan penjumlahan vektor. diskusikan kesulitan tersebut dengan teman Anda atau
Pengetahuan apalagi yang Anda peroleh setelah tanyakan kepada guru.

1% :FIFEI?E O?I?E O?PQ G?S?@?K U?KD M?IFKD PCM?P B?K HCNG?H?KI?E M?B? @QHQ I?PFE?K%
)& DNZWaJ¥JJW aJWP KNWJZ ¥NW¥JWP KN[JZJW ^NT¥XZ MJW KN[JZJW /& 9]J K]JQ ^NT¥XZ 4 MJW 5 MRS]VUJQTJW& >RTJ KN[JZ
[TJUJZ JMJUJQ &&&& ^NT¥XZ 4 MJW 5 VJ[RWP%VJ[RWP , [J¥]JW MJW - [J¥]JW
J& [JVJ%[JVJ VNVRURTR KN[JZ MJW JZJQ [NZ¥J []M]¥ JYR¥WaJ .(b$ ^NT¥XZ ZN[]U¥JW MJZR
K& [JVJ%[JVJ VNVRURTR KN[JZ [JSJ YNWS]VUJQJW ¥NZ[NK]¥ JMJUJQ &&& [J¥]JW&
L& KN[JZJW [TJUJZ VNVRURTR KN[JZ MJW JZJQ$ [NMJWPTJW J& ,) M& /)
KN[JZJW ^NT¥XZ VNVRURTR JZJQ [JSJ K& N&
-) 0)
M& KN[JZJW ^NT¥XZ VNVRURTR KN[JZ [JSJ$ [NMJWPTJW
KN[JZJW [TJUJZ VNVRURTR JZJQ [JSJ L& .)
N& KN[JZJW ^NT¥XZ VNVRURTR KN[JZ MJW JZJQ$ [NMJWPTJW 0& FNK]JQ KNWMJ MRKNZR + K]JQ PJaJ& 7N[JZ MJW JZJQ [N¥RJY
KN[JZJW [TJUJZ VNVRURTR KN[JZ [JSJ PJaJ MRPJVKJZTJW [NKJPJR KNZRT]¥&
*& 7N[JZJW aJWP VNZ]YJTJW KN[JZJW ^NT¥XZ JMJUJQ &&&& 1N
J& []Q] M& ^XU]VN
K& ¥JQJWJW SNWR[ N& ][JQJ 60b
L& TN¥RWPPRJW 2N
+& AN¥XMN aJWP K]TJW VN¥XMN ]W¥]T VNWS]VUJQTJW M]J
K]JQ ^NT¥XZ J¥J] UNKRQ JMJUJQ &&&&
J& VN¥XMN SJSJZPNWSJWP M& VN¥XMN URWPTJZJW 4N
K& VN¥XMN YXURPXW N& VN¥XMN [NPR KJWaJT 7N[JZWaJ ZN[]U¥JW PJaJ aJWP KNTNZSJ YJMJ KNWMJ
L& VN¥XMN JWJUR[R[ ¥NZ[NK]¥ JMJUJQ &&&&
,& DNZQJ¥RTJW PJVKJZ KNZRT]¥ J& ) M& *
K& * N& -
L&
R
B +
1& DNZQJ¥RTJW PJVKJZ KNZRT]¥&
AN¥XMN aJWP MRP]WJTJW ]W¥]T VNWS]VUJQTJW ^NT¥XZ
A
1 MJW 2 JMJUJQ &&&& 2 R

J& VN¥XMN SJSJZPNWSJWP
60°
3
K& VN¥XMN JWJUR[R[
L& VN¥XMN YXURPXW 7N[JZWaJ ^NT¥XZ < JMJUJQ &&&&
M& VN¥XMN YNZ[NPR J& )/ M& *(
N& VN¥XMN URWPTJZJW K& )0 N& *)
-& DNZQJ¥RTJW PJVKJZ KNZRT]¥& L& )1
c )(& INT¥XZ ? KN[JZWaJ , [J¥]JW MJW VNVKNW¥]T []M]¥ .(b
¥NZQJMJY []VK]%B YX[R¥RO& INT¥XZ @ KN[JZWaJ * [J¥]JW
d MJW VNVKNW¥]T []M]¥ d)*(b ¥NZQJMJY []VK]%B YX[R¥RO&
7N[JZWaJ ^NT¥XZ ? MRT]ZJWPR ^NT¥XZ @ JMJUJQ &&&&
b J& * M& 0
a K& , N& )(
DNZ[JVJJW aJWP KNWJZ MJZR PJVKJZ ¥NZ[NK]¥ JMJUJQ &&&& L& .
J& ? 4 @ # A # B M& B 4 ? # @# A ))& FNK]JQ ^NT¥XZ = MRYZXaNT[RTJW ¥NZQJMJY []VK]%B
K& @ 4 A # B # ? N& ? # @ 4 A # B KNZWRUJR . [J¥]JW MJW ¥NZQJMJY []VK]%C KNZWRUJR 0 [J¥]JW&
L& A 4 B # ? # @ 7N[JZWaJ ^NT¥XZ , ¥NZ[NK]¥ JMJUJQ &&&&
.& 9RTN¥JQ]R M]J K]JQ ^NT¥XZ2 J& 0 M& ))
1 4 +F d .G # *H K& 1 N& )*
2 4 F # +G d -H L& )(
DNWS]VUJQJW ^NT¥XZ 1 MJW ^NT¥XZ 2 JMJUJQ &&&& )*& INT¥XZ T KN[JZWaJ + [J¥]JW MJW VNVKNW¥]T []M]¥ ,-°
J& +F # +G # *H terhadap sumbu-x YX[R¥RO& 6MJY]W ^NT¥XZ U KN[JZWaJ +
K& F d .G d -H [J¥]JW MJW KNZJZJQ d,-b ¥NZQJMJY []VK]%B YX[R¥RO& >RTJ
L& ,F d +G d+H TNM]J ^NT¥XZ ¥NZ[NK]¥ MRS]VUJQTJW$ []M]¥ aJWP
M& *F d 1G # /H MRKNW¥]T ZN[]U¥JW ^NT¥XZ ¥NZ[NK]¥ ¥NZQJMJY []VK]%B
N& ,F d 1G d +H YX[R¥RO JMJUJQ &&&&
J& d+(b M& ,-b
K& (b N& .(b
L& +(b
Vektor 43
)+& FNK]JQ ^NT¥XZ PJaJ 6 WRUJRWaJ - B MJW VNVKNW¥]T )/& 9RTN¥JQ]R ^NT¥XZ T 4 G # H MJW ^NT¥XZ U 4 F # G&
[]M]¥ ,-b ¥NZQJMJY []VK]%B YX[R¥RO& BRUJR TXVYXWNW% INT¥XZ V VNZ]YJTJW ^NT¥XZ QJ[RU YNZTJURJW JW¥JZJ
TXVYXWNW ^NT¥XZ PJaJ 6 ¥NZQJMJY []VK]%B MJW []VK]% ^NT¥XZ T MJW ^NT¥XZ U& 7N[JZWaJ ^NT¥XZ V JMJUJQ &&&&
C JMJUJQ &&&& J& ) M& *
- - K& * N& -
J& * B MJW *B
* * L& +
K& - * B MJW - * B )0& 9JZR YNZWaJ¥JJW%YNZWaJ¥JJW KNZRT]¥$ YNZWaJ¥JJW aJWP
L& - + B MJW - + B KNWJZ JMJUJQ &&&&
J& YNWS]VUJQJW * K]JQ ^NT¥XZ JTJW VNWPQJ[RUTJW
M& - + B MJW - B [NK]JQ TXW[¥JW¥J
N& - B MJW - + B K& YNWS]VUJQJW * K]JQ ^NT¥XZ JTJW VNWPQJ[RUTJW
),& DNZQJ¥RTJW PJVKJZ KNZRT]¥& [NK]JQ ^NT¥XZ aJWP WRUJRWaJK [NUJU] UNKRQ KN[JZ
x MJZRYJMJ ^NT¥XZ YNZ¥JVJ
L& YNZTJURJW [RUJWP M]J K]JQ ^NT¥XZ VNWPQJ[RUTJW
F=2N
30b
TXW[¥JW¥J
60b
M& YNZTJURJW ¥R¥RT M]J K]JQ ^NT¥XZ VNWPQJ[RUTJW
[NK]JQ ^NT¥XZ
F]YJaJ KNWMJ ¥N¥JY MRJV$ KN[JZ PJaJ T JMJUJQ &&&& N& YNZTJURJW ¥R¥RT M]J K]JQ ^NT¥XZ VNWPQJ[RUTJW
J& * M& , [NK]JQ TXW[¥JW¥J
)1& 1 4 F # +G # -H MJW 2 4 +F # G # -H VJTJ
K& * * N& * - 1 & 2 4 &&&&
L& * + J& */ M& +(
)-& 9RTN¥JQ]R * K]JQ ^NT¥XZ [NKJPJR KNZRT]¥& K& *0 N& ,(
1 4 *F # +G L& *1
2 4 ,F # .G # 0H *(& 9RTN¥JQ]R + K]JQ ^NT¥XZ2
INT¥XZ 3 VNZ]YJTJW ^NT¥XZ QJ[RU YNWS]VUJQJW MR ^NT¥XZ 1 4 F # G # *H
1 MJW ^NT¥XZ 2& 7N[JZ ^NT¥XZ 3 JMJUJQ &&&& 2 4 +F # G # H
J& )/0 M& )0) 3 4 +F # *G # H
BRUJR !1 e 2"& 3 JMJUJQ &&&&
K& )/1 N& )0* J& ) M& ,
L& )0( K& * N& -
).& 9RTN¥JQ]R * K]JQ ^NT¥XZ [NKJPJR KNZRT]¥& L& +
:4F#G#H
; 4 *F # G #+H
DNZTJURJW [RUJWP JW¥JZJ ^NT¥XZ : MJW ^NT¥XZ ; JMJUJQ &&&&
J& *F d G d H M& *F d G #H
K& *F # G # H N& F d *G #H
L& *F # G d H
2% 8?S?@I?E MCNP?KU??K @CNFHQP BCKD?K PCM?P%
)& 7NZRUJQ LXW¥XQ KN[JZJW ;R[RTJ aJWP ¥NZVJ[]T KN[JZJW .& @RVJ K]JQ PJaJ ¥NZ[][]W [NYNZ¥R YJMJ PJVKJZ KNZRT]¥&
^NT¥XZ MJW KN[JZJW [TJUJZ& F1 = 30 N
*& <JVKJZUJQ [NK]JQ ^NT¥XZ aJWP KN[JZWaJ . [J¥]JW MJW y
F2 = 40 N
VNVKNW¥]T []M]¥ ,-b ¥NZQJMJY []VK]%C WNPJ¥RO !d"&
F3 = 60 N
+& 9RTN¥JQ]R []M]¥ JW¥JZJ M]J K]JQ ^NT¥XZ 1 MJW 2 JMJUJQ 30° 30° x
,-b& >RTJ ZN[]U¥JW YNWS]VUJQJW TNM]J ^NT¥XZ ¥NZ[NK]¥ 30°
JMJUJQ )( [J¥]JW MJW ^NT¥XZ 1 WRUJRWaJ + [J¥]JW$
QR¥]WPUJQ KN[JZWaJ ^NT¥XZ 2&
F4 = 10 N
,& FN[NXZJWP VNWaNKNZJWPR []WPJR aJWP UNKJZ VNWP% F5 = 90 N
P]WJTJW [JVYJW MNWPJW TNLNYJ¥JW *( TV'SJV TN JZJQ GNW¥]TJWUJQ2
[NUJ¥JW& >RTJ TNLNYJ¥JW JZ][ []WPJR )( TV'SJV TN KJZJ¥$ J& QJZPJ ZN[]U¥JW MJZR PJaJ%PJaJ R¥]3
QR¥]WP ZN[]U¥JW TNLNYJ¥JW MJW JZJQ [JVYJW ¥NZ[NK]¥& K& JZJQ ZN[]U¥JW ¥NZQJMJY []VK]%B YX[R¥RO&
-& =R¥]WPUJQ WRUJR MJW JZJQ ZN[]U¥JW MJZR ¥RPJ ^NT¥XZ KNZRT]¥&
: 4 )( [J¥]JW3 $1 4 +(b3 ; 4 - [J¥]JW3 $ 2 4 ,-b
< 4 / [J¥]JW3 $3 4 .(b
$ 4 []M]¥ aJWP MRKNW¥]T MNWPJW []VK]%B YX[R¥RO&

Bab
3
Sumber: www.google-images.com
Pengaturan kecepatan yang tepat pada sebuah kereta api akan

mengefektifkan waktu tempuh yang diharapkan.
Gerak Lurus
menerapkan konsep dan prinsip dasar kinematika dan dinamika benda titik.
menganalisis besaran Fisika pada gerak dengan kecepatan dan percepatan

konstan
FR^[NUXNU 7[QN OR]R^TVN[ ZR[TTa[NXN[ NYN` `^N[_]¥^`N_V XR^R`N A. Gerak, Jarak, dan
N]V6 HR_aNVXNU cNXà XROR^N[TXN`N[ QN[ XRQN`N[TN[ XR^R`N N]V `R^_ROa` Perpindahan
QR[TN[ WNQcNY[eN6
AR^R`N N]V ZRâ]NXN[ NYN` `^N[_]¥^`N_V eN[T YV[`N_N[ TR^NX[eN ^RYN`VS B. Kelajuan dan
Yaâ_& 7TN^ QN]N` OR^TR^NX QN^V _Nà _`N_Va[ XR _`N_Va[ YNV[[eN QR[TN[ Kecepatan
`R]N` cNXà$ QV N[`N^N[eN ZN_V[V_ UNâ_ ZRZ]RÛVà[TXN[ ]RâONUN[
XRYNWaN[ TR^NX XR^R`N N]V eN[T QVXRZaQVXN[[eN _R`VN] cNXà& C. Percepatan
HNYNU _Nà ]R^_NV[TN[ [RTN^N%[RTN^N ZNWa QV OVQN[T `^N[_]¥^`N_V D. Gerak Lurus
NQNYNU ZR[PV]`NXN[ `RX[¥Y¥TV XR^R`N N]V eN[T [eNZN[ QN[ OR^XRPR]N`N[
Beraturan
`V[TTV NTN^ QN]N` ZR[TRSRX`VSXN[ cNXà& INUaXNU 7[QN$ ONTNVZN[N
UaOa[TN[ N[`N^N XRPR]N`N[$ cNXà$ ]RâONUN[ XRPR]N`N[$ QN[ WN^NX E. Gerak Lurus
`RZ]aU6 J[àX ZR[WNcNO[eN$ 7[QN UNâ_ ZRZ]RYNWN^V ONO V[V QR[TN[ Berubah
_NX_NZN&
Beraturan
45
Tes Kompetensi Awal
:><>DLE E>EH>D;B;IA CGFJ>H 5>I;C 8LILJ# C>IB;C;FD;@ JG;D$JG;D <>IACLK =;D;E <LCL D;KA@;F%
)& 7]NXNU ]RÔRQNN[ N[`N^N WN^NX QN[ ]R^]V[QNUN[6 -& @VXN 7[QN ZR[WNàUXN[ _ROaNU O¥YN QN[ _RYRZON^ XR^`N_
*& 7]N eN[T QVZNX_aQ QR[TN[ XRPR]N`N[6 QN^V XR`V[TTVN[ eN[T _NZN _RPN^N OR^_NZNN[ QN[
+& 7]N eN[T QVZNX_aQ QR[TN[ XRYNWaN[6 ZR[TNONVXN[ TR_RXN[ aQN^N$ XRQaN OR[QN NXN[ `VON
,& 7]N eN[T 7[QN XR`NUaV `R[`N[T TR^NX Yaâ_ OR^Nà^N[ QV `N[NU _RPN^N OR^_NZN%_NZN& HRàWaXNU 7[QN QR[TN[
QN[ TR^NX Yaâ_ ORâONU OR^Nà^N[6 ]R^[eN`NN[ `R^_ROa`6 ARZaXNXN[ NYN_N[[eN&
A. Gerak, Jarak, dan Perpindahan

AR`VXN 7[QN OR^WNYN[ QN^V _aNà `RZ]N` XR `RZ]N` YNV[$ OR^N^`V 7[QN
ZRYNXaXN[ ]R^]V[QNUN[& :RZVXVN[ WaTN TR^NX OR[QN%OR[QN N`Na]a[ URcN[$
_R]R^`V VXN[$ Oaâ[T$ _R]RQN$ XR^R`N N]V$ QN[ ]R_NcN` `RÔN[T ZRâ]NXN[ OR%
OR^N]N P¥[`¥U TR^NX QNYNZ XRUVQa]N[ _RUN^V%UN^V& @NQV$ _aNà OR[QN QVXN`N%
XN[ OR^TR^NX WVXN OR[QN `R^_ROa` ZR[TNYNZV ]RâONUN[ XRQaQaXN[ `R^%
UNQN] NPaN[ `R^`R[à& CV_NY[eN$ _ROaNU ]R_NcN` _RQN[T `RÔN[T ZR[V[TTNYXN[
YN[QN_N[& BN[QN_N[ ZNa]a[ ]R_NcN` QN]N` QVWNQVXN[ _RONTNV `V`VX NPaN[&
@VXN YN[QN_N[ QVWNQVXN[ _RONTNV NPaN[$ ]R_NcN` QVXN`NXN[ `RYNU
Sumber: www.portalbrasil.com OR^TR^NX `RÛNQN] YN[QN_N[ XN^R[N XRQaQaXN[ ]R_NcN` `RÛNQN] YN[QN_N[
Gambar 3.1 _R`VN] cNXà _RYNYa ORâONU$ eNVà _RZNXV[ WNaU QN^V YN[QN_N[& 7XN[
Pesawat bergerak terhadap `R`N]V$ WVXN ]R_NcN` QVWNQVXN[ NPaN[ `RÛNQN] ]VY¥` eN[T ZR[TRZaQV%
landasan. Dapatkah pesawat
XN[[eN$ ]VY¥` QVXN`NXN[ `VQNX OR^TR^NX XN^R[N XRQaQaXN[ ]VY¥` `RÛNQN]
]R_NcN` eN[T QVXRZaQVXN[ _R`VN] cNXà `VQNX ORâONU& IV`VX%`V`VX eN[T
tersebut dikatakan diam?
QVYNYaV ]R_NcN` QV_ROa` YV[`N_N[& BV[`N_N[ ]R_NcN` _R^V[T `R^YVUN` QN^V

N_N] eN[T QV`V[TTNYXN[[eN&
@NQV$ WVXN _aNà OR[QN ORâONU XRQaQaXN[[eN QNYNZ _RYN[T cNXà
`R^`R[à `RÛNQN] `V`VX NPaN[$ OR[QN `R^_ROa` QVXN`NXN[ _RQN[T OR^TR^NX&
HaNà OR[QN QV_ROa` OR^TR^NX Yaâ_ WVXN YV[`N_N[[eN ORâ]N TN^V_ Yaâ_& ?YZa
eN[T ZRZ]RYNWN^V TR^NX `N[]N ZRZRÛN`VXN[ ]R[eRONO[eN QV_ROa` XV[RZN`VXN$
_RQN[TXN[ VYZa eN[T ZRZ]RYNWN^V TR^NX QR[TN[ ZRZRÛN`VXN[ N`Na
ZRYVON`XN[ TNeN _RONTNV ]R[eRONO OR[QN OR^]V[QNU QV_ROa` QV[NZVXN&
@N^NX NQNYNU ]N[WN[T YV[`N_N[ eN[T QV`RZ]aU ¥YRU _aNà OR[QN QNYNZ
_RYN[T cNXà `R^`R[à& :NYNZ VYZa <V_VXN$ WN^NX QN[ ]N[WN[T YV[`N_N[
ZRZVYVXV ]R[TR^`VN[ eN[T _NZN& FN[WN[T YV[`N_N[ QN[ WN^NX XRQaN[eN
ZRâ]NXN[ OR_N^N[ _XNYN^$ eNVà OR_N^N[ eN[T UN[eN ZRZVYVXV OR_N^ _NWN&
HRONTNV P¥[`¥U$ 7[QN OR^N[TXN` QN^V âZNU XR _RX¥YNU& FNQN YV[`N_N[
eN[T _NZN$ WN^NX eN[T QV`RZ]aU QN^V âZNU XR _RX¥YNU XR`VXN 7[QN
OR^N[TXN` NQNYNU _NZN QR[TN[ WN^NX eN[T QV`RZ]aU QN^V _RX¥YNU XR âZNU
XR`VXN 7[QN ]aYN[T& EYRU XN^R[N WN^NX `VQNX ZRZVYVXV N^NU$ WN^NX _RYNYa
OR^[VYNV ]¥_V`VS& :NYNZ UNY V[V$ WN^NX `R^ZN_aX OR_N^N[ _XNYN^&
FR^]V[QNUN[ NQNYNU ]RâONUN[ XRQaQaXN[ _aNà OR[QN _R`RYNU
OR^TR^NX _RYNZN _RYN[T cNXà `R^`R[à& FR^]V[QNUN[ ZRâ]NXN[ OR_N^N[
bRX`¥^ _RUV[TTN _RYNV[ ZRZVYVXV OR_N^ WaTN ZRZVYVXV N^NU& EYRU XN^R[N
Và$ ]R^]V[QNUN[ QN]N` ORÛN^TN ]¥_V`VS N`Na [RTN`VS&
1. Perpindahan Sepanjang Sumbu-x

FNQN 5;E<;I )%($ _R¥^N[T ]R[TR[QN^N _R]RQN OR^TR^NX _R]N[WN[T
_aZOa%A ]¥_V`VS QR[TN[ ]¥_V_V NcNY QV `V`VX 7 !`V`VX k, Z"& HR`RYNU _NZ]NV
QV 9 !`V`VX #, Z"$ ]R[TR[QN^N _R]RQN Và ORÛR[`V&

kedudukan awal bergerak ke arah x positif kedudukan akhir
A B C
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
Gambar 3.2
posisi awal (x1) posisi akhir (x2) Perpindahan sepanjang sumbu-x
positif.
F¥_V_V NcNY QV `V`VX 7 !]NQN `V`VX A)4 k, Z" QN[ ]¥_V_V NXUV^ QV `V`VX 9 !]NQN
`V`VX A* 4 #, Z"& FR^]V[QNUN[ "" QN^V `V`VX 7 XR 9 ZRYRcN`V `V`VX 8 NQNYNU
"" 4 "* k ")
4 #, Z k !k, Z" 4 0 Z
:N]N` QVXN`NXN[ ONUcN ]R[TR[QN^N _R]RQN `RYNU OR^]V[QNU QN^V `V`VX
7 XR `V`VX 9 !XR XN[N[" _RWNaU 0 Z& @N^NX eN[T QV`RZ]aU _R]RQN QN^V
Ingatlah
`V`VX 7 XR `V`VX 9 NQNYNU 0 Z&
FR^]V[QNUN[ _R]N[WN[T _aZOa%A [RTN`VS _RYNYa ZRZVYVXV N^NU XR XV^V$
Perpindahan merupakan besaran
vektor, dan jarak merupakan besaran
_R]R^`V QVà[WaXXN[ ]NQN 5;E<;I )%)& skalar.
kedudukan akhir kedudukan awal

bergerak ke arah x negatif
A B C
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
Gambar 3.3
posisi akhir (x2) posisi awal (x1) Perpindahan sepanjang sumbu-x
negatif.
F¥_V_V NcNY _R]RQN QV `V`VX 9 !`V`VX #, Z"$ XRZaQVN[ ZRYa[Pa^ QN[ OR^%
UR[`V QV `V`VX 7 !`V`VX k, Z"& FR^]V[QNUN[ "" QN^V `V`VX 9 XR `V`VX 7 QR[TN[
ZRYRcN`V `V`VX 8 NQNYNU
"" 4 "* k ")
4 k, Z k !#, Z" 4 k0Z
:N]N` QVXN`NXN[ ONUcN ]R[TR[QN^N _R]RQN `RYNU OR^]V[QNU QN^V `V`VX
9 XR `V`VX 7 !XR XV^V" _RWNaU 0 Z& @N^NX eN[T QV`RZ]aU _R]RQN QN^V `V`VX Tantangan
9 XR `V`VX 7 NQNYNU 0 Z&
:N^V ]R[WRYN_N[ `R^_ROa`$ QN]N` QV_VZ]aYXN[ UNY%UNY _RONTNV OR^VXa`&
untuk Anda
N& @N^NX ZRâ]NXN[ ]N[WN[T YV[`N_N[ TR^NX _ROaNU OR[QN eN[T `VQNX Sebutkan peristiwa-peristiwa di
ZRZVYVXV N^NU QN[ _RYNYa OR^`N[QN ]¥_V`VS&

sekitar Anda yang melibatkan
konsep perpindahan dan jarak.
O& FR^]V[QNUN[ UN[eN QV`R[àXN[ ¥YRU XRQaQaXN[ NcNY QN[ XRQaQaXN[
NXUV^ OR[QN&
P& FR^]V[QNUN[ QN]N` OR^`N[QN !#" N`Na [RTN`VS !k" OR^TN[à[T ]NQN
N^NU ]R^]V[QNUN[ Và&
Contoh 3.1
FRÛN`VXN[ TNZON^ QV _NZ]V[T&
HR_R¥^N[T OR^WNYN[ QN^V `V`VX 7 ZR[aWa `V`VX 8&
ARZaQVN[$ VN XRZONYV XR `RZ]N` _RZaYN$ eNVà `V`VX
arah gerak
7& IR[àXN[YNU2
N& WN^NX !_" eN[T QV`RZ]aU ¥^N[T Và3 A B
O& ]R^]V[QNUN[ "" ¥^N[T `R^_ROa`&
(m)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Gerak Lurus 47
6;N;<0
N& < 4 78 # 87 4 *( Z # *( Z 4 ,( Z
@NQV$ WN^NX eN[T QV`RZ]aU ¥^N[T `R^_ROa` NQNYNU ,( Z&
O& "" 4 12 # 21
OR_N^[eN NQNYNU
"" 4 *( Z # !k *( Z" 4 ( Z
@NQV$ ¥^N[T `R^_ROa` `VQNX ZR[TNYNZV ]R^]V[QNUN[ ]¥_V_V&
Kata Kunci Contoh 3.2

• jarak HROaNU O¥YN `R[V_ QN^V XRQaQaXN[ NcNY QV `V`VX 7 ZR[TTRYV[QV[T _R]N[WN[T YV[`N_N[
• perpindahan UV[TTN XR `V`VX 8 eN[T OR^WN^NX . Z$ XRZaQVN[ WNàU QN^V XR`V[TTVN[ 0 Z _NZ]NV QV `V`VX
9 QN[ ORÛR[`V$ _R]R^`V ]NQN TNZON^ OR^VXa`&
IR[àXN[YNU2
N& WN^NX !<" eN[T QV`RZ]aU O¥YN3 6m
O& OR_N^ ]R^]V[QNUN[ O¥YN&
6;N;<0 A
N& < 4 )* # *+
B
4.Z#0Z
4 ), Z
@NQV$ WN^NX eN[T QV`RZ]aU O¥YN _R]N[WN[T 8m
YV[`N_N[ 789 NQNYNU ), Z& "x
O& "O 4 12 # 23
"O 4 )** # *+*
4 (6)2 " (8)2 4 )( Z
C
@NQV$ ]R^]V[QNUN[ O¥YN QN^V NcNY$ QV `V`VX 7$ _NZ]NV
XRQaQaXN[ NXUV^ QV `V`VX 9 NQNYNU )( Z&

7>IB;C;FD;@ =;D;E <LCL D;KA@;F%
)& @RYN_XN[ ]RÔRQNN[ N[`N^N WN^NX QN[ ]R^]V[QNUN[& +& BN]N[TN[ _R]NXO¥YN ORâXa^N[ ]N[WN[T )(( Z QN[
*& ;Z]N` ¥^N[T _V_cN OR^WNYN[ QV YV[`N_N[ _R]R^`V ]NQN YRON^ .( Z& HRORYaZ OR^ZNV[ O¥YN$ GaYYV ZRYNXaXN[
TNZON^ OR^VXa`& ]RZN[N_N[ QR[TN[ OR^YN^V ZR[TV`N^V YN]N[TN[
_RON[eNX + ]a`N^N[& >Và[T WN^NX QN[ ]R^]V[QNUN[
eN[T `RYNU QV`RZ]aU[eN&
,& HRRX¥^ XN`NX ZaYN%ZaYN OR^NQN ]NQN X¥¥^QV[N` !k+$ )" Z$
IR[àXN[ ]R^]V[QNUN[ _R`VN] _V_cN WVXN2 XRZaQVN[ ZRY¥Z]N` UV[TTN ]¥_V_V[eN ZRZVYVXV X¥¥^QV[N`
N& ?_XN[QN^ OR^WNYN[ QN^V 7 XR :3 !*$)+" Z& IR[àXN[ WN^NX QN[ ]R^]V[QNUN[ XN`NX
O& @¥X¥ OR^WNYN[ QN^V 9 XR 73 `R^_ROa`&
P& DRYYV OR^WNYN[ QN^V ; XR 93
Q& DR[R[T OR^WNYN[ QN^V 8 XR ;&
B. Kelajuan dan Kecepatan

HR^V[T `R^WNQV XRXRYVâN[ QNYNZ ZRZNUNZV ]R[TR^`VN[ XRPR]N`N[ QN[
XRYNWaN[& :NYNZ VYZa <V_VXN$ XRPR]N`N[ QN[ XRYNWaN[ ZRZVYVXV ZNX[N ORÔRQN&
AN`N lXRYNWaN[m QNYNZ ONUN_N ?[TT^V_ NQNYNU <:110$ _RQN[TXN[
XRPR]N`N[ NQNYNU ?169/4=B& ARPR]N`N[ _RYNYa ORÛaOa[TN[ QR[TN[ ]R^%
]V[QNUN[& EYRU XN^R[N ]R^]V[QNUN[ ZRâ]NXN[ OR_N^N[ bRX`¥^$ XRPR]N`N[
QN]N` OR^[VYNV ]¥_V`VS N`Na [RTN`VS$ OR^TN[à[T ]NQN N^NU ]R^]V[QNUN[&

8NTNVZN[N QR[TN[ XRYNWaN[6 ARYNWaN[ `VQNX ORÛaOa[TN[ QR[TN[
]R^]V[QNUN[$ ZRYNV[XN[ ORÛaOa[TN[ QR[TN[ WN^NX& HNYNU _Nà NYN` eN[T
QVTa[NXN[ a[àX ZR[TaXa^ XRYNWaN[ NQNYNU <:110971=1; ]NQN XR[QN^NN[
OR^Z¥`¥^$ _R]R^`V 5;E<;I )%*& ,:110971=1; ZR[a[WaXXN[ XRYNWaN[ Z¥%
`¥^ ]NQN _aNà cNXà& EYRU XN^R[N WN^NX ZRâ]NXN[ OR_N^N[ _XNYN^ ZNXN$
XRYNWaN[ ZRâ]NXN[ OR_N^N[ _XNYN^&
1. Kelajuan Rata-Rata (Besar Kecepatan Rata-Rata)

FNQN aZaZ[eN$ _ROaNU XR[QN^NN[ eN[T _RQN[T OR^TR^NX ZR[TNYNZV
XRYNWaN[ eN[T ORÔRQN _R`VN] _NN`& >NY V[V OR^TN[à[T ]NQN `V[TXN`
XRZNPR`N[ QV WNYN[ ^NeN& 7[QN NXN[ ZR^N_N [eNZN[ XR`VXN [NVX XR[%
QN^NN[ QV WNYN[ ORON_ UNZON`N[& 8N[QV[TXN[ XR`VXN 7[QN [NVX
Gambar 3.4
XR[QN^NN[ QV QNYNZ X¥`N eN[T _RZ]V` QN[ ^NZNV& @NYN[ _RZ]V` QN[ ^NZNV
Alat ukur kelajuan (speedometer)
pada sepeda motor.
ZR[eRONOXN[ XRYNWaN[ XR[QN^NN[ `R^TN[TTa& ANQN[T%XNQN[T$ XRYNWaN[
XR[QN^N[ `V[TTV$ ^R[QNU$ ONUXN[ ORÛR[`V ZV_NY[eN _NN` `RÛNYN[T ]V[à
YV[`N_N[ XR^R`N N]V&
CV_NY[eN$ QNYNZ ]R^WNYN[N[ `R^_ROa`$ 7[QN ZR[RZ]aU WN^NX )*( XZ
QNYNZ cNXà * WNZ ZNXN XRYNWaN[ ^N`N%^N`N[eN NQNYNU
WN^NX `RZ]aU )*( XZ
ARYNWaN[ ^N`N%^N`N 4 4 4 .( XZ'WNZ
cNXà `RZ]aU * WNZ
ARYNWaN[ ^N`N%^N`N NQNYNU WN^NX `¥`NY eN[T QV`RZ]aU _R`VN] _RYN[T cNXà
`R^`R[à& @VXN XRYNWaN[ ^N`N%^N`N QVYNZON[TXN[ QR[TN[ ? $ WN^NX eN[T
QV`RZ]aU QVYNZON[TXN[ QR[TN[ <$ QN[ cNXà `RZ]aU =$ _RPN^N ZN`RZN`V_
Jarak (s)
]R^_NZNN[[eN QN]N` QVàYV_

< Benda B
?( !+k)"
=
ARYNWaN[ ^N`N%^N`N `R^ZN_aX OR_N^N[ _XNYN^ XN^R[N `VQNX OR^TN[à[T
]NQN N^NU ]R^]V[QNUN[ QN^V _ROaNU OR[QN QN[ UN[eN OR^TN[à[T ]NQN
Benda A
WN^NX eN[T QV`RZ]aU[eN&

5;E<;I )%+ NQNYNU T^NSVX WN^NX `RÛNQN] cNXà !< k =" QaN OR[QN
Waktu( t)
eN[T OR^TR^NX QR[TN[ XRPR]N`N[ X¥[_`N[&

Gambar 3.5
:R[TN[ ZRYVUN` XRZV^V[TN[ TN^V_$ 7[QN QN]N` ZR[R[àXN[ ONUcN

Grafik jarak s terhadap waktu t
dari benda A dan benda B.
OR[QN 8 YROVU PR]N` QN^V]NQN OR[QN 7&
Mari Mencari Tahu

ANQN[T%XNQN[T$ 7[QN _aYV` ZRZONeN[TXN[ XRPR]N`N[ _ROaNU OR[QN eN[T OR^TR^NX&
8aN`YNU QNS`N^ eN[T `R^QV^V N`N_ ZV[VZNY )( OR[QN eN[T OR^TR^NX _R^`N àYV_XN[ XR%
PR]N`N[[eN& HRONTNV P¥[`¥U$ XRPR]N`N[ Z¥OVY QV WNYN[ `¥Y QN]N` ZR[PN]NV 0( XZ'WNZ&
Contoh 3.3
HR¥^N[T N`YR` OR^YN^V ZR[RZ]aU WN^NX -&((( Z& LNXà eN[T QVOaàUXN[[eN -( ZR[V`&
8R^N]N XRYNWaN[ ^N`N%^N`N N`YR` `R^_ROa`6
6;N;<0
:VXR`NUaV2
< 4 -&((( Z3 = 4 -( ZR[V`&
< -&((( Z
?( ( 4 )(( Z'ZR[V` 4 )$/ Z'_
= -( ZR[V`
Gerak Lurus 49
:N^V UN_VY ]RÛVà[TN[$ QV]R^¥YRU YNWa ^N`N%^N`N N`YR` NQNYNU )$/ Z'_& >NY V[V `VQNX OR^N^`V
ONUcN N`YR` `R^_ROa` _RYNZN OR^YN^V _RYNYa ZRZVYVXV XRYNWaN[ _ROR_N^ )$/ Z'_&
Contoh 3.4
7fVfNU ]R^TV XR _RX¥YNU ZR[TR[QN^NV _R]RQN QR[TN[ XRYNWaN[ `R`N] *( Z'_ _RYNZN - _
]R^`NZN& BVZN ORYN_ _RX¥[ OR^VXa`[eN$ XRYNWaN[ _R]RQN[eN )( Z'_ UV[TTN `VON QV _RX¥YNU&
IR[àXN[YNU2
N& WN^NX eN[T QV`RZ]aU 7fVfNU QN^V âZNU XR _RX¥YNU3
O& OR_N^ XRPR]N`N[ ^N`N%^N`N _RYNZN ]R^WNYN[N[&
6;N;<0
:VXR`NUaV2
?) 4 *( Z'_ 3 =) 4 - _
Tantangan ?* 4 )( Z'_ 3 =* 4 )- _
untuk Anda N& @N^NX eN[T QV`RZ]aU _RYNZN _RYN[T cNXà =) QN[ =*2
<)4 ?) =) 4 !*( Z'_"!- _" 4 )(( Z
Dengan mengendarai mobil, <*4 ?* =* 4 !)( Z'_"!)- _" 4 )-( Z
@N^NX QN^V âZNU XR _RX¥YNU 4 <) # <* 4 )(( # )-( 4 *-( Z
Melisa menempuh jarak sejauh
z km dengan kecepatan
x km/jam. Jika Melisa pulang @NQV$ WN^NX eN[T QV`RZ]aU _RYNZN _RYN[T cNXà =) QN[ =* NQNYNU *-( Z
<) # <* )(( Z #)-( Z
kembali dengan menempuh jarak
yang sama dengan kecepatan y O& ?4 4 4 )*$- Z'_
km/jam, berapakah kecepatan =) # =* - < # )- <
pulang dan pergi Melisa? @NQV$ XRYNWaN[ ^N`N%^N`N _RYNZN ]R^WNYN[N[ NQNYNU )*$- Z'_&
2. Kelajuan Sesaat (Besar Kecepatan Sesaat)

ARYNWaN[ ^N`N%^N`N ORÔRQN QR[TN[ XRYNWaN[ _R_NN`& ARYNWaN[ ^N`N%^N`N
_ROaNU OR[QN `VQNX QVYVUN` QN^V XRQaQaXN[ OR[QN `R^_ROa` OR^NQN$ `R`N]V
QV`V[WNa QN^V _RYaâU ]R^WNYN[N[ OR[QN `R^_ROa` QNYNZ _RYN[T cNXà `R^`R[à&
ARYNWaN[ _R_NN` OR^TN[à[T ]NQN XRQaQaXN[ OR[QN _NN` Và&
CV_NY[eN$ QNYNZ ]R^WNYN[N[ 8N[WN^ZN_V[kCN^`N]a^N$ XRYNWaN[ _ROaNU
Oa_ _R]N[WN[T YV[`N_N[ `VQNX _RYNYa _NZN& FNQN _NN` ZRYNYaV WNYN[ ^NeN$
XRYNWaN[ Oa_ QN]N` ZRYROVUV .( XZ'WNZ& AR`VXN ZR[aWa àWaN[ !UR[QNX
ORÛR[`V"$ Oa_ OR^TR^NX QR[TN[ XRYNWaN[ eN[T YROVU XRPVY& 8NUXN[$ _NN`
V_`V^NUN`$ XRYNWaN[ Oa_ `R^_ROa` _NZN QR[TN[ [¥Y& ARYNWaN[ _R_NN` _ROaNU
XR[QN^NN[ QN]N` QVYVUN` ]NQN <:110971=1; _NN` Và& FRâONUN[ WNâZ
ZR[PR^ZV[XN[ ]RâONUN[ XRYNWaN[ QN^V _ROaNU OR[QN&
J[àX ZR[TR`NUaV XRYNWaN[ XR[QN^NN[ ]NQN _aNà _NN`$ QVTa[NXN[
[VYNV YVZV` QN^V XRYNWaN[ ^N`N%^N`N ]NQN _RYN[T cNXà eN[T _N[TN` XRPVY$
eNVà ZR[QRXN`V [¥Y&
? 4 lim !+k*"
"s
"t $0 "t
3. Kecepatan Rata-Rata
ARPR]N`N[ ^N`N%^N`N _aNà OR[QN OR^TN[à[T ]NQN OR_N^ QN[ N^NU
]R^]V[QNUN[ _R^`N _RYN[T cNXà eN[T QVOaàUXN[& HROaNU XR[QN^NN[
eN[T OR^TR^NX XR ON^N` N`Na XR `VZa^ QR[TN[ XRYNWaN[ eN[T _NZN `VQNX
OR^N^`V ZRZVYVXV XRPR]N`N[ eN[T _NZN ]aYN XN^R[N XRPR]N`N[ _N[TN`
OR^TN[à[T ]NQN N^NU ]R^]V[QNUN[& @NQV$ XRPR]N`N[ XR[QN^NN[ ]NQN
P¥[`¥U `R^_ROa` ORÔRQN XN^R[N N^NU ]R^]V[QNUN[[eN ORÔRQN&
EYRU XN^R[N ]R^]V[QNUN[ ZRâ]NXN[ OR_N^N[ bRX`¥^$ XRPR]N`N[ ^N`N%
^N`N WaTN `R^ZN_aX OR_N^N[ bRX`¥^& FR^_NZNN[[eN NQNYNU _RONTNV OR^VXa`&
]R^]V[QNUN[
ARPR]N`N[ ^N`N%^N`N 4
_RYN[T cNXà

"O Tantangan
M# !+k+"
"= untuk Anda
AR`R^N[TN[2
"O 4 ]R^]V[QNUN[ !Z" Seekor semut berjalan di lintasan
"= 4 _RYN[T cNXà !_"

lurus yang dianggap sebagai
sumbu-x.
M 4 XRPR]N`N[ ^N`N%^N`N !Z'_" Persamaan perpindahan semut
pada sumbu-x adalah
x = 4t2 + 10t – 2, dengan x dalam
Contoh 3.5 mm dan t dalam sekon.
Hitung kecepatan rata-rata semut
IRaXa OR^YN^V _R]N[WN[T YV[`N_N[ _R]R^`V tersebut pada selang waktu antara
]NQN TNZON^ OR^VXa`& t = 1s dan t = 2 s.
HR`RYNU OR^YN^V * _$ XRQaQaXN[ IRaXa

NQNYNU A ) 4 . Z$ QN[ _R`RYNU )( _
XRQaQaXN[[eN ZR[WNQV A* 4 k. Z&
>Và[TYNU ]R^]V[QNUN[ "" QN[ XRPR]N`N[ ^N`N%^N`N YN^V IRaXa&
6;N;<0
N& "" 4 "* k ") 4 !k. Z" k !. Z" 4 k)* Z
@NQV$ ]R^]V[QNUN[ eN[T QVPN]NV IRaXa NQNYNU k)* Z& Kata Kunci
" C "&
O& !4 ' 4 (#6 m) # (6 m) 4 k)$- Z'_ • speed
= ' C =& 10 s # 2 s • velocity
@NQV$ XRPR]N`N[ ^N`N%^N`N YN^V IRaXa NQNYNU k)$- Z'_& • kelajuan rata-rata
Mari Mencari Tahu

FNQN 3GFKG@ )%+$ ]R^]V[QNUN[ QN[ XRPR]N`N[ ^N`N%^N`N OR^[VYNV [RTN`VS !k"&
:V_Xa_VXN[ QR[TN[ `RZN[ 7[QN ZNX[N `N[QN `R^_ROa`& Kedudukan (y)
"y
4. Kecepatan Sesaat
HROaNU OR[QN eN[T OR^TR^NX QR[TN[ XRPR]N`N[ `R`N] _aYV` QVWaZ]NV
XN^R[N ]NQN aZaZ[eN XRPR]N`N[ TR^NX OR[QN _RYNYa ORâONU& ARPR]N`N[
"t
_R_NN` NQNYNU XRPR]N`N[ TR^NX _ROaNU OR[QN QV _aNà `V`VX ]NQN YV[`N_N[[eN
]NQN _NN` `R^`R[à& J[àX ZR[TR`NUaV XRPR]N`N[ _R_NN` _ROaNU OR[QN eN[T
OR^TR^NX$ ]RÛN`VXN[ T^NSVX XRQaQaXN[ `RÛNQN] cNXà !5;E<;I )%,"& @VXN Waktu (t)
]R^]V[QNUN[ XRQaQaXN[ _ROaNU OR[QN QNYNZ _RYN[T cNXà eN[T _N[TN`
XRPVY$ eNVà "t $ XRPR]N`N[ _R_NN` ]N^`VXRY NQNYNU _RONTNV OR^VXa`&
Gambar 3.6
Grafik kecepatan sesaat
"B !+k,"
? # YVZ
"= $( "=

)& HV^RTN^ OR^YN^V ZR[RZ]aU WN^NX ) ]a`N^N[ _R]N[WN[T +& HRRX¥^ XRYV[PV OR^WNYN[ _R]N[WN[T TN^V_ Yaâ_ QR[TN[
)&.(( Z QNYNZ cNXà )1* _& IR[àXN[ XRYNWaN[ ^N`N% ]R^_NZNN[ A 4 ,=* k .= k - QR[TN[ ^N`N%^N`N d QNYNZ Z
]R^_NZNN[
^N`N QN[ XRPR]N`N[ ^N`N%^N`N HV^RTN^& QN[ ` QNYNZ _& >Và[T XRPR]N`N[ ^N`N%^N`N XRYV[PV ]NQN
*& MN_^VY OR^TR^NX _R]N[WN[T _aZOa%A& HR`RYNU OR^TR^NX _RYN[T cNXà2
_RYNZN =) 4 , _$ XRQaQaXN[ ]N^`VXRY A) 4 *( Z& N& N[`N^N = 4 ) _ QN[ = 4 * _3
HR`RYNU OR^TR^NX _RYNZN = * 4 . _$ XRQaQaXN[ O& N[`N^N = 4 + _ QN[ = 4 , _&
]N^`VXRY A * 4 . Z& >Và[T ]R^]V[QNUN[ QN[
XRPR]N`N[ ^N`N%^N`N ]NQN _RYN[T cNXà `R^_ROa`&
Gerak Lurus 51
C. Percepatan
CN_VU V[TN`XNU 7[QN ]R[TR^`VN[ ]R^PR]N`N[6 BNXaXN[ XRTVN`N[
OR^VXa` V[V&
Percepatan Benda Jatuh Bebas
Tujuan Percobaan
Memahami gerak benda yang mengalami percepatan.
Alat-Alat Percobaan
1. Pewaktu ketik (ticker timer)
2. Pita pewaktu ketik
3. Benda (bola, penghapus papan tulis, atau bolpoin)
1. Susun alat seperti pada gambar berikut .
2. Nyalakan pewaktu ketik.

3. Lepaskan benda agar terjatuh menuju lantai. Upayakan agar pita tidak
terhambat pewaktu ketik
4. Bagaimana jejak pewaktu ketik pada pita? Apa yang menyebabkan benda jatuh?
5. Kesimpulan apa yang Anda peroleh dari percobaan tersebut?
8R^QN_N^XN[ 1CKAMAK;J 4AJAC; )%'$ QN]N` 7[QN NZN`V ONUcN ]NQN

_R`VN] _RYN[T cNXà eN[T _NZN `R^QN]N` ]RâONUN[ WN^NX eN[T QV`RZ]aU&
9¥[`¥U UN_VY ^RXNZN[ ]RcNXà XR`VX QN]N` QVYVUN` ]NQN 5;E<;I )%-&
(a)
5;E<;I )%-!;" ZR[a[WaXXN[ TR^NXN[ ]RcNXà XR`VX eN[T `R`N] N`Na

(b) OR^TR^NX QR[TN[ XRPR]N`N[ `R`N]& 5;E<;I )%-!<" ZR[a[WaXXN[ TR^NX
Gambar 3.7
eN[T ZR[TNYNZV ]RâONUN[ XRPR]N`N[ N`Na ]R^PR]N`N[&
FR^PR]N`N[ QN]N` ORÛN^TN ]¥_V`VS N`Na [RTN`VS& FR^PR]N`N[ eN[T OR^%
Hasil ketikan pada pewaktu ketik:
(a) untuk gerak lurus beraturan
(kecepatan tetap); UN^TN [RTN`VS QV_ROa` :1;6-7.-=-8$ ZV_NY[eN ]NQN TR^NX bR^`VXNY XR N`N_
QN[ ]NQN ]R[TR^RZN[ Z¥OVY eN[T _RQN[T OR^TR^NX& FR^PR]N`N[ !-//161;-$
(b) untuk gerak lurus berubah
=498 4 " _RPN^N ZN`RZN`V_ QN]N` QVàYV_ QR[TN[ ]R^_NZNN[ OR^VXa`&

beraturan (percepatan tetap).
]RâONUN[ XRPR]N`N[
FR^PR]N`N[ 4
_RYN[T cNXà
"?
-# !+k-"
"=
AR`R^N[TN[2
4 ]R^PR]N`N[ !Z'_*"
"? 4 XRPR]N`N[ !Z'_"
"t 4 _RYN[T cNXà !_"
1. Percepatan Rata-Rata
FR^PR]N`N[ ^N`N%^N`N NQNYNU UN_VY ONTV ]RâONUN[ XRPR]N`N[ QR[TN[
]RâONUN[ cNXà&
]RâONUN[ XRPR]N`N[
FR^PR]N`N[ ^N`N%^N`N 4
_RYN[T cNXà

"? troli
-= !+k." tali
"=
AR`R^N[TN[2
"? 4 ]RâONUN[ XRPR]N`N[
- 4 ]R^PR]N`N[ ^N`N%^N`N
"t 4 _RYN[T cNXà
beban
J[àX ZRYVUN` ]R^PR]N`N[ _ROaNU OR[QN$ QN]N` QVTa[NXN[ _ROaNU w
`^¥YV eN[T QVUaOa[TXN[ ¥YRU `NYV QR[TN[ ORON[ @ ZRYNYaV _ROaNU XN`^¥Y
Gambar 3.8
`R`N]& FRÛN`VXN[ 5;E<;I )%.& 8NTNVZN[N TR^NX `^¥YV WVXN ORON[

Troli dihubungkan dengan beban
melalui tali.
QVYR]N_XN[6
I^¥YV `R^YR`NX QV N`N_ OVQN[T QN`N^ YVPV[ QR[TN[ ]¥_V_V NcNY QNYNZ
XRNQNN[ QVNZ& HR`RYNU ORON[ QVYR]N_XN[$ ORON[ @ NXN[ ZR[N^VX `^¥YV
ZRYNYaV `NYV _RPN^N ]R^YNUN[& =NeN `N^VX `NYV ZR[eRONOXN[ XR^R`N ZaYNV
OR^TR^NX QN[ _RZNXV[ YNZN _RZNXV[ PR]N`& :NYNZ UNY V[V$ `R^WNQV
]RâONUN[ XRPR]N`N[ _R`VN] _RYN[T cNXà `R^`R[à _RPN^N OR^Nà^N[&
FRâONUN[ XRPR]N`N[ QVONTV _RYN[T cNXà QV_ROa` ]R^PR]N`N[&
>aOa[TN[ N[`N^N ]RâONUN[ XRPR]N`N[ `RÛNQN] ]RâONUN[ cNXà Kecepatan v (m/s)
_RPN^N T^NSV_ ORâ]N TN^V_ Yaâ_ !YV[RN^"$ _R]R^`V ]NQN 5;E<;I )%/% =NZON^
`R^_ROa` ZRZ]R^YVUN`XN[ T^NSVX XRPR]N`N[ `RÛNQN] cNXà QN^V `^¥YV eN[T v3 C
OR^TR^NX& CaYN%ZaYN$ `^¥YV QVNZ !? 4 ("& ARZaQVN[$ OR^TR^NX QR[TN[
XRPR]N`N[ eN[T ORâONU _RV^V[T cNXà& FRÛN`VXN[ 5;E<;I )%/& AR`VXN v2 B
=)$ `^¥YV QNYNZ XRNQNN[ QVNZ& HR`RYNU OR^TR^NX _RYNZN !=* k =)"_$ OR_N^
XRPR]N`N[ `^¥YV ZR[WNQV ?*& HRYNZN _RYN[T cNXà `R^_ROa`$ OR_N^ XRPR]N`N[
`RYNU ORâONU QN^V ?) XR ?*& EYRU XN^R[N OR_N^ XRPR]N`N[ ?* YROVU OR_N^
QN^V]NQN ?)$ `^¥YV OR^TR^NX QV]R^PR]N`& AR`VXN =+$ XRPR]N`N[ `^¥YV ZR[WNQV
v1 A
O t1 t2 t3
?+& :N^V TNZON^$ `R^YVUN` ONUcN _RYNZN ]R^TR^NXN[[eN QN^V 7 XR 8$
Waktu (s)
Gambar 3.9
XRZaQVN[ XR 9$ OR_N^ XRPR]N`N[ `^¥YV `Râ_ ZR[V[TXN`& =^NSVX `R^_ROa` Kecepatan sesaat sebagai fungsi waktu.
ORâ]N TN^V_ Yaâ_& 8R[àX T^NSVX _R]R^`V V[V OR^ZNX[N ONUcN ]RâONUN[
OR_N^ XRPR]N`N[ ! "? " `^¥YV _RYNZN _RYN[T cNXà ! "t " NQNYNU X¥[_`N[&
IRYNU QV_ROa`XN[ ONUcN ]R^PR]N`N[ !;"ZRâ]NXN[ ]RâONUN[ XRPR]N`N[
! "? " ]NQN _R`VN] _RYN[T cNXà ! "t "& HRPN^N ZN`RZN`V_$ QN]N` QVàYV_XN[
_RONTNV OR^VXa`&
! `! ! k !2
4 2 14 3 !+k/"
= * k =) = + k =*
AR`R^N[TN[2
4 ]R^PR]N`N[ ^N`N%^N`N !Z'_*"
!) 4 XRPR]N`N[ ]NQN =) !Z'_"
!* 4 XRPR]N`N[ ]NQN =* !Z'_"
Contoh 3.6
HR¥^N[T ]R[TR[QN^N _R]RQN ]NQN QR`VX ]R^`NZN ZRZVYVXV XRPR]N`N[ )( Z'_ QN[ ]NQN
QR`VX XRQaN XRPR]N`N[[eN ORâONU ZR[WNQV * Z'_& IR[àXN[ ]R^PR]N`N[ ^N`N%^N`N
_R]RQN Và&
6;N;<0
:VXR`NUaV2
= ) 4 ) _3 ?) 4 )( Z'_3
= ) 4 * _3 ?* 4 * Z'_&
FR^PR]N`N[ ^N`N%^N`N QV]R^¥YRU QR[TN[ ZR[TTa[NXN[ 9>IJ;E;;F !)Q-"&
? #?
a# 2 1 4 4 k0 Z'_*
2 m/s # 10 m/s
t2 # t1 2 s # 1s
Gerak Lurus 53
Kecepatan @NQV$ ]R^PR]N`N[ ^N`N%^N`N _R]RQN `R^_ROa` NQNYNU k0 Z'_*& FR^PR]N`N[ ORÛN^TN
[RTN`VS !k"$ N^`V[eN _R]RQN `R^_ROa` ZR[TNYNZV TR^NX QV]R^YNZON`&
B
"v 2. Percepatan Sesaat

A
FR^PR]N`N[ _R_NN` ORÛaOa[TN[ QR[TN[ OR_N^ QN[ N^NU XRPR]N`N[
_R_NN`& FR^PR]N`N[ NQNYNU UN_VY ONTV ]RâONUN[ XRPR]N`N[ QR[TN[
"t ]RâONUN[ cNXà& EYRU XN^R[N XRPR]N`N[ ZRâ]NXN[ OR_N^N[ bRX`¥^$
]R^PR]N`N[ _R_NN` WaTN `R^ZN_aX OR_N^N[ bRX`¥^&
J[àX ZR[TUVà[T OR_N^ ]R^PR]N`N[ _R_NN` !-" TR^NX _aNà OR[QN$
QVOaàUXN[ cNXà eN[T _N[TN` _V[TXN`$ eNVà [VYNV "t ZR[QRXN`V [¥Y& HRPN^N
ZN`RZN`V_$ ]R^_NZNN[ ]R^PR]N`N[ _R_NN` !-" ZRZVYVXV ]R[NYN^N[ eN[T _NZN
Waktu (t)
QR[TN[ XRPR]N`N[ _R_NN` eN[T QN]N` QVàYV_ _RONTNV OR^VXa`&

Gambar 3.10
Grafik kecepatan terhadap waktu.
"?
- # YVZ !+k0"
"t $ 0 "=
AR`R^N[TN[2
- 4 ]R^PR]N`N[ _R_NN` !Z'_*"
"? 4 ]RâONUN[ XRPR]N`N[ !Z'_"
"t 4 _RYN[T cNXà !_"
3. Besar Percepatan
Kata Kunci
FR[TR^`VN[ OR_N^ ]R^PR]N`N[ `VQNX _NZN QR[TN[ ]R^PR]N`N[& FR^PR]N`N[
QN^V _ROaNU OR[QN eN[T OR^TR^NX ZRZVYVXV OR_N^ QN[ N^NU& EYRU XN^R[N
• ticker timer
Và$ ]R^PR]N`N[ `R^ZN_aX OR_N^N[ bRX`¥^$ _RQN[TXN[ OR_N^ ]R^PR]N`N[ UN[eN

• percepatan
• perlambatan
OR^TN[à[T ]NQN ]RâONUN[ YNWa OR[QN eN[T OR^TR^NX QVONTV QR[TN[
]RâONUN[ cNXà QN[ `VQNX OR^TN[à[T ]NQN N^NU& EYRU XN^R[N Và$ [VYNV
OR_N^ ]R^PR]N`N[ _ROaNU OR[QN eN[T OR^TR^NX _RYNYa ORÛN^TN ]¥_V`VS !#"&
A 8R_N^ ]R^PR]N`N[ _ROaNU OR[QN eN[T OR^TR^NX QN]N` QVâZa_XN[
_RONTNV OR^VXa`&
]RâONUN[ OR_N^ XRPR]N`N[
8R_N^ ]R^PR]N`N[ 4 !+k1"
_RYN[T cNXà
v = 60 km/jam
B
J[àX ZRZORQNXN[ N[`N^N OR_N^ ]R^PR]N`N[ QN[ ]R^PR]N`N[ _ROaNU
OR[QN eN[T OR^TR^NX$ ]RÛN`VXN[ 5;E<;I )%''& C¥OVY 7 OR^TR^NX QR[TN[
XRPR]N`N[ .( XZ'WNZ !OR^TR^NX XR XN[N["$ _RQN[TXN[ Z¥OVY 8 OR^TR^NX
QR[TN[ XRPR]N`N[ k.( XZ'WNZ !OR^TR^NX XR XV^V"& ARPR]N`N[ XRQaN Z¥OVY
v = –60 km/jam
`R^_ROa` ORÔRQN XN^R[N N^NU TR^NX[eN ORÔRQN$ `R`N]V OR_N^ XRPR]N`N[

Gambar 3.11
XRQaN Z¥OVY Và _NZN$ eNVà .( XZ'WNZ&

Perlajuan berbeda
dengan percepatan.

)& @RYN_XN[ eN[T QVZNX_aQ QR[TN[2 P& ]R^PR]N`N[ _R_NN`3
N& XRPR]N`N[3 Q& ]R^YNWaN[&
O& XRYNWaN[3 +& HROaNU Oa_ OR^TR^NX QR[TN[ XRYNWaN[ /* XZ'WNZ$ `VON%
P& XRYNWaN[ ^N`N%^N`N3 `VON
`VONQV
QV^RZ
^RZUV[TTN
UV[TTNORÛR[`V
ORÛR[`VQNYNZ
QNYNZ cNXà
cNXà)()(
_& 8R^N]NXNU
_& 8R^N]N%
Q& XRYNWaN[ _R_NN`3 ]R^PR]N`N[ Oa_ !QNYNZ
XNU ]R^PR]N`N[ Z'_*"Z'_*"
Oa_ !QNYNZ
R& XRPR]N`N[ ^N`N%^N`N& ,& HROaNU
HROaNU]N^`VXRY
]N^`VXRYOR^TR^NX _R]N[WN[T
OR^TR^NX _R]N[WN[T _aZOa%A& FNQNFNQN
_aZOa%A& NcNY
*& @RYN_XN[ ]R[TR^`VN[2 TR^NX$ XRQaQaXN[
NcNY TR^NX$ XRQaQaXN[ OR[QN QV AQV) A4) 4, ,Z&
OR[QN Z&;Z]N`
;Z]N` ZR[V`
N& ]R^PR]N`N[3 XRZaQVN[$ ]N^`VXRY OR^NQN QV A* 4 k. Z& 8R^N]NXNU
O& ]R^PR]N`N[ ^N`N%^N`N3 XRPR]N`N[ ^N`N%^N`N ]N^`VXRY Và6

-& IR[àXN[ XRPR]N`N[ ^N`N%^N`N _ROaNU OR[QN eN[T
OR^TR^NX QN^V ]¥_V_V 7 XR ]¥_V_V 8 QN^V T^NSVX OR^VXa`&
x(m)
32 B
18 A
t(s)
0 2 9
D. Gerak Lurus Beraturan (GLB)

:NYNZ XRUVQa]N[ _RUN^V%UN^V$ WN^N[T QVWaZ]NV OR[QN eN[T OR^TR^NX
OR^Nà^N[ XN^R[N ]NQN aZaZ[eN TR^NX QN^V _ROaNU OR[QN QVNcNYV QR[TN[
]R^PR]N`N[ QN[ QVNXUV^V QR[TN[ ]R^YNZON`N[& >NY V[V `R^WNQV XN^R[N NQN
UNZON`N[%UNZON`N[& HRONTNV P¥[`¥U$ UNZON`N[ eN[T `R^WNQV QV WNYN[ ^NeN
eN[T QV_RONOXN[ XR[QN^NN[ eN[T `VQNX _RVZON[T QR[TN[ YaN_ WNYN[&
<R[¥ZR[N `R^_ROa` ZR[eRONOXN[ TR^NX XR[QN^NN[ NXN[ _RYNYa ORâONU&
@NQV$ TR^NX Yaâ_ OR^Nà^N[ ZRâ]NXN[ XRNQNN[ VQRNY eN[T WN^N[T
QVWaZ]NV& 7XN[ `R`N]V$ OROR^N]N P¥[`¥U ]R[QRXN`N[ TR^NX Yaâ_ OR^Nà^N[
QN]N` QVa[TXN]XN[$ ZV_NY[eN TR^NX Z¥OVY QV WNYN[ `¥Y QR[TN[ XRPR]N`N[
`R`N] QN[ TR^NX ]R_NcN` `RÔN[T ]NQN XR`V[TTVN[ `R^`R[à& 9¥[`¥U
`R^_ROa` UN[eN `R^WNQV QNYNZ _RYN[T cNXà `R^`R[à& @VXN QNYNZ _RYN[T
cNXà eN[T _NZN ]R_NcN` `RÔN[T ZR[RZ]aU WN^NX eN[T _NZN$ TR^NX
]R_NcN` Và QV_ROa` TR^NX Yaâ_ OR^Nà^N[&
v (m/s)
>aOa[TN[ N[`N^N [VYNV ]R^]V[QNUN[ !<" QN[ [VYNV XRPR]N`N[ ? QV[eN%

`NXN[ QR[TN[ ]R^_NZNN[
< 4 ?= !+k)("
s = vt
@VXN ]NQN TR^NX Yaâ_ OR^Nà^N[ QVOaN`XN[ T^NSVX UaOa[TN[ XRPR]N`N[ t (s)
`RÛNQN] cNXà !? k ="$ WN^NX `RZ]aU OR[QN QN]N` QV[eN`NXN[ _RONTNV YaN_
Gambar 3.12
Grafik kecepatan terhadap waktu
QV ONcNU T^NSVX XRPR]N`N[$ _R]R^`V QVà[WaXXN[ ]NQN 5;E<;I )%'(& pada gerak lurus beraturan.
:N^V 9>IJ;E;;F !)Q'&"$ QV]R^¥YRU T^NSVX ]R^]V[QNUN[ `RÛNQN]
cNXà !< k ="$ _R]R^`V ]NQN 5;E<;I )%')& ARZV^V[TN[ T^NSVX ZR[a[% s (m)
WaXXN[ [VYNV XRPR]N`N[ _ROaNU OR[QN& :N^V T^NSVX `R^_ROa`$ _aQa` % 2
YROVU OR_N^ QN^V]NQN _aQa` %1 & >NY V[V OR^N^`V ONUcN$ ?* YROVU OR_N^ v2
QN^V]NQN ?)& >aOa[TN[ N[`N^N _aQa` QN[ OR_N^ XRPR]N`N[ QN]N` QVàYV_XN[
_RONTNV OR^VXa`&
<
v1
`N[ % ( (?
%2
= %1
t (s)
@NQV$ _RZNXV[ OR_N^ _aQa` eN[T QVOR[àX N[`N^N OR_N^ XRPR]N`N[ OR[QN Gambar 3.13
QR[TN[ cNXà =$ _RZNXV[ OR_N^ ]aYN XRPR]N`N[ TR^NX Yaâ_ OR^Nà^N[ `R^% Grafik jarak terhadap waktu
_ROa`&
Contoh 3.7
=NZON^ OR^VXa` ZR[a[WaXXN[ T^NSVX !? k ="
v (m/s)
_ROaNU OR[QN eN[T OR^TR^NX Yaâ_ OR^Nà^N[& 12
N& 8R^N]NXNU OR_N^ XRPR]N`N[ OR[QN6

O& 8R^N]NXNU OR_N^[eN ]R^]V[QNUN[ OR[QN s
_R`RYNU OR^TR^NX - _6
t (s)
1 2 3 4 5 6
Gerak Lurus 55
Tantangan 6;N;<0
N& =^NSVX ZRZ¥`¥[T _aZOa%B ]NQN `V`VX )*& @NQV$ XRPR]N`N[ OR[QN )* Z'_&
untuk Anda O& FR^]V[QNUN[ OR[QN 4 YaN_ OVQN[T N^_V^N[
Gambar berikut menunjukkan < 4 ?=
grafik (s – t) dari sebuah benda yang 4 !)* Z'_"!- _"
bergerak lurus beraturan. 4 .( Z
s (m)
180
Contoh 3.8
% ) t (s) :aN OaNU Z¥OVY OR^TR^NX QV YV[`N_N[ Yaâ_ QR[TN[ N^NU OR^YNcN[N[& C¥OVY ]R^`NZN
o OR^TR^NX QN^V XV^V QR[TN[ XRPR]N`N[ +( XZ'WNZ& HR]aYaU ZR[V` XRZaQVN[$ Z¥OVY
XRQaN OR^TR^NX QN^V XN[N[ QR[TN[ XRPR]N`N[ .( XZ'WNZ& @VXN WN^NX N[`N^N XRQaN
15
Tentukan:
a. kecepatan gerak benda; Z¥OVY Và ZaYN%ZaYN *+ XZ$ XN]N[ XRQaN Z¥OVY Và NXN[ OR^`RZa6
b. besarnya perpindahan benda
setelah bergerak selama 10 s. 6;N;<0
:VXR`NUaV2
?) 4 +( XZ'WNZ 4 ($- XZ'ZR[V`
?* 4 .( XZ'WNZ 4 ) XZ'ZR[V`
CV_NY[eN$ XRQaN Z¥OVY OR^`RZa QV 9& C¥OVY ) `RYNU OR^TR^NX _RYNZN = ZR[V`$ _RQN[TXN[
Z¥OVY * `RYNU OR^TR^NX _RYNZN != k )(" ZR[V`$ ZN_V[T%ZN_V[T `RYNU ZR[RZ]aU WN^NX
<) 4 ?)=)
4 !($- XZ'ZR[V`" != ZR[V`"
4 ($-= XZ3
<* 4 ?*=*
4 !)"XZ'ZR[V` != k )(" ZR[V`
4 != k )(" XZ&
Tantangan
untuk Anda
Jarak kota Banda Aceh ke kota
Medan adalah 360 km. Sebuah
HeN^N` XRQaN Z¥OVY OR^`RZa NQNYNU
mobil bergerak dari kota Banda
<)# <* 4 0
Aceh ke kota Medan dengan
kecepatan rata-rata 20 km/jam.
Satu jam kemudian, mobil lain ($- = # != k )(" 4 *+ XZ
bergerak dari kota Medan ke kota )$- = 4 ++
= 4 ** ZR[V` N`Na = k)( 4 )* ZR[V`&
Banda Aceh dengan kecepatan
20 km/30 menit. Setelah berapa
kilometerkah dari kota Medan @NQV$ XRQaN Z¥OVY OR^`RZa _R`RYNU Z¥OVY ) OR^TR^NX _RYNZN ** ZR[V` QN[ Z¥OVY *
kedua mobil itu bertemu? OR^TR^NX _RYNZN )* ZR[V`&
Tes Kompetensi Subbab D

)& HROaNU _R]RQN Z¥`¥^ OR^TR^NX QR[TN[ XRPR]N`N[ )(0 >Và[TYNU WN^NX eN[T QV`RZ]aU _R`RYNU OR^TR^NX _RYNZN
XZ'WNZ& 8R^N]N ZR`R^ ]R^]V[QNUN[ _R]RQN Z¥`¥^ ,$- WNZ&
`R^_ROa` _R`RYNU )*( QR`VX6 +& =NZON^ OR^VXa` ZRZ]R^YVUN`XN[ T^NSVX ]R^WNYN[N[
8NX^V XR _RX¥YNU QR[TN[ XRYNWaN[ `R`N]&
*& =NZON^ OR^VXa` ZRZ]R^YVUN`XN[ T^NSVX QN^V _ROaNU
XR[QN^NN[ eN[T OR^TR^NX QR[TN[ XRPR]N`N[ `R`N]&
v (m/s)
v (m/s)
60 s
40
20 t (sekon)
12
t (menit) @VXN YaN_ QNR^NU eN[T QVN^_V^ *,( Z$ OR^N]N XRYNWaN[
90 180 270 8NX^V `R^_ROa`6

,& =NZON^ OR^VXa` ZRZ]R^YVUN`XN[ T^NSVX ]R^WNYN[N[ IR[àXN[2
_ROaNU Z¥OVY eN[T OR^TR^NX Yaâ_ OR^Nà^N[& N& XRPR]N`N[ Z¥OVY3
s (m) O& ]R^]V[QNUN[ Z¥OVY _R`RYNU OR^TR^NX _RYNZN + _&
-& :aN ]RZONYN] _R]RQN OR^TR^NX QV YV[`N_N[ Yaâ_&
FRZONYN] ]R^`NZN OR^TR^NX QN^V 7 QR[TN[ XRYNWaN[ .(
XZ'WNZ& HR]aYaU ZR[V` XRZaQVN[$ ]RZONYN] XRQaN
24
OR^TR^NX QN^V 8 QR[TN[ XRYNWaN[ ,( XZ'WNZ& @VXN WN^NX

78 4 +. XZ$ XN]N[ QN[ QV ZN[N XRQaN ]RZONYN] Và
OR^`RZa6
%
t (s)
6
E. Gerak Lurus Berubah Beraturan (GLBB)

:NYNZ XRUVQa]N[ _RUN^V%UN^V$ ON[eNX QVWaZ]NV OROR^N]N P¥[`¥U TR^NX v (m/s)
Yaâ_ ORâONU OR^Nà^N[$ ONUXN[ 7[QN QN]N` ZR[TNZN`V[eN QR[TN[ ZaQNU&
7ZOVY _ROaNU O¥YN$ XRZaQVN[ YRZ]N^XN[ O¥YN Và bR^`VXNY XR N`N_& HRYNZN vt
OR^TR^NX bR^`VXNY XR N`N_$ O¥YN ZR[TNYNZV ]R^YNZON`N[ _RPN^N OR^Nà^N[
ZR[aâ` _RYN[T cNXà `R^`R[à& FNQN `V`VX `R^`V[TTV$ OR_N^ XRPR]N`N[[eN
"v
[¥Y& FNQN _NN` O¥YN XRZONYV WNàU XR `N[NU$ OR_N^ XRPR]N`N[[eN OR^`NZONU
v0
_RPN^N OR^Nà^N[ ZR[aâ` _RYN[T cNXà `R^`R[à& @NQV$ 21;-5 6>;>< .1;>.-3
s
.1;-=>;-8 NQNYNU 21;-5 0182-8 648=-<-8 6>;>< 0-8 :1;/1:-=-8 =1=-:& t (s)
5;E<;I )%'* ZR[a[WaXXN[ T^NSVX _ROaNU OR[QN eN[T OR^TR^NX Yaâ_ "t
ORâONU OR^Nà^N[ QN^V XRNQNN[ NcNY ?(& HR`RYNU = _RX¥[$ OR_N^ XRPR]N`N[
OR[QN Và ORâONU ZR[WNQV ?=& :N^V ]R^_NZNN[ ]R^PR]N`N[ QV]R^¥YRU
Gambar 3.14
Grafik v – t pada gerak lurus
"?
berubah beraturan.
-# !+k))"
=
IRYNU 7[QN XR`NUaV ONUcN "? 4 ?= k ?( QN[ "= 4 = k =( 4 = _RUV[TTN
? C ?(
9>IJ;E;;F !)Q''" ZR[WNQV - ( = N`Na -= 4 ?= k ?(&
=
@NQV$
?= 4 ?( # -= !+k)*"
AR`R^N[TN[2
?= 4 OR_N^ XRPR]N`N[ ]NQN = _RX¥[ !Z'_"
?( 4 OR_N^ XRPR]N`N[ NcNY !Z'_"
- 4 OR_N^ ]R^PR]N`N[ !Z'_*"
= 4 cNXà !_"
:N^V 5;E<;I )%'*$ QN]N` QV_VZ]aYXN[ ONUcN OR_N^[eN ]R^]V[QNUN[
eN[T QVPN]NV ¥YRU OR[QN _NZN QR[TN[ YaN_ OVQN[T Xa^bN eN[T QVN^_V^ !OR[àX
`^N]R_VaZ"$ eN[T QVON`N_V ¥YRU Xa^bN QN[ _aZOa = _RUV[TTN QN]N`
QVâZa_XN[ _RONTNV OR^VXa`&
@N^NX eN[T QV`RZ]aU !<" 4 YaN_ OVQN[T N^_V^N[ !`^N]R_VaZ"
< 4 YaN_ `^N]R_VaZ
) ) )
< 4 !?( # ?=" = 4 g!?( # !?( # -="h = 4 !* ?( # -=" =
* * *
) *
< 4 ?(= # -= !+k)+"
*
Gerak Lurus 57
s (m) AR`R^N[TN[2
< 4 WN^NX `RZ]aU !Z"3 = 4 cNXà !_"
?( 4 OR_N^ XRPR]N`N[ NcNY !Z'_"3 - 4 OR_N^ ]R^PR]N`N[ !Z'_*"
FR^_NZNN[ WN^NX `RZ]aU !<" _ROaNU OR[QN eN[T OR^TR^NX Yaâ_
OR^Nà^N[ ZRâ]NXN[ Sa[T_V XaNQ^N` QN^V cNXà !="& @VXN QVOaN` T^NSVX
t (s) UaOa[TN[ !<" `RÛNQN] !="$ NXN[ QV]R^¥YRU T^NSVX ORâ]N ]N^NO¥YN _R]R^`V
(a) ]NQN 5;E<;I )%'+&
:NYNZ ZR[eRYR_NVXN[ _¥NY$ XNQN[T%XNQN[T 7[QN ZR[WaZ]NV _¥NY
s (m) QR[TN[ bN^VNORY = eN[T `VQNX QVXR`NUaV& J[àX UNY V[V$ QVTa[NXN[ âZa_
]R^_NZNN[ =B88 QR[TN[ ZR[TRYVZV[N_V bN^VNORY = `R^_ROa`& 9>IJ;E;;F
!)Q'(" QN[ 9>IJ;E;;F !)Q')" QN]N` QVTNOa[T a[àX ZRZOR[àX _aNà
]R^_NZNN[ `N[]N bN^VNORY =&
?= 4 ?( # -= !+k),"
t (s)
(b) ?= C ?(
=(
-
Gambar 3.15
Grafik s – t dari DVYNV = QVZN_aXXN[ XR QNYNZ 9>IJ;E;;F !)Q')" _RUV[TTN QV]R^¥YRU
) *
(a) percepatan a > 0
< 4 ?( = # - =
(b) percepatan a < 0
*
& ?= # ?( ( ) & ?= # ?( (
*
4 ?( * + " -*
' - ) * ' - )
+
?( ?= # ?( * ) & ?= * # *?( ?= " ?( * (

4 " -*
- * ' -*
+
)
*? ? # *?( *
? # *?( ?= " ?(
* *
4 ( = " =
Tantangan *- *-
untuk Anda
Sebutkan contoh-contoh gerak
? = * # ?( *
<4 N`Na *-< 4 ?=* k ?(* !+k)-"
yang termasuk GLB dan GLBB,
*-
masing-masing tiga buah.
@VXN ]R^PR]N`N[ ]NQN TR^NX Yaâ_ ORâONU OR^Nà^N[ ORÛN^TN [RTN`VS$

TR^NX Và QV_ROa` WaTN TR^NX Yaâ_ QV]R^YNZON` OR^Nà^N[& :NYNZ XRUVQa]N[
_RUN^V%UN^V$ WN^N[T QVWaZ]NV TR^NX _RZNPNZ Và$ `R`N]V QNYNZ ]R[QRXN`N[%
[eN$ 7[QN QN]N` ZR[TNZOVY P¥[`¥U TR^NX bR^`VXNY XR N`N_&
FR^_NZNN[ TR^NX QV]R^YNZON` OR^Nà^N[ QN]N` QVàYV_ _RONTNV OR^VXa`&
?= 4 ?( k -= !+k)."
v (m/s)
) *
v0 < 4 ?( = k -= !+k)/"
*
0
t (s) ?=* 4 ?(* k *-< !+k)0"
=^NSVX XRPR]N`N[ `RÛNQN] cNXà ]NQN TR^NX Yaâ_ QV]R^YNZON`

Gambar 3.16
OR^Nà^N[ QN]N` QVYVUN` ]NQN 5;E<;I )%',&

Grafik v – t gerak lurus
diperlambat beraturan.

Contoh 3.9 Pembahasan Soal
HROaNU O¥YN ZaYN%ZaYN QNYNZ XRNQNN[ QVNZ$ XRZaQVN[ ]NQN O¥YN `R^_ROa` QVOR^VXN[ Sebuah mobil bergerak dengan
]R^PR]N`N[ + Z'_*& IR[àXN[YNU2 kelajuan 10 m/s. Tiba-tiba mobil
N& XRPR]N`N[ O¥YN _R`RYNU OR^TR^NX * _$ tersebut direm sehingga
O& WN^NX eN[T QV`RZ]aU O¥YN _RYNZN * _&

mengalami perlambatan 5 m/s. Jarak
yang ditempuh mobil sampai
6;N;<0 berhenti adalah ....
:VXR`NUaV2
A. 10 m D. 25 m
- 4 + Z'_3 = 4 * _
B. 15 m E. 30 m
C. 20 m
N& ?= 4 ?( # -= 4 ( # !+ Z'_"!* Z'_" 4 . Z'_
@NQV$ _R`RYNU * _$ XRPR]N`N[ O¥YN NQNYNU . Z'_&
UMPTN, 1999
)
Pembahasan
)
O& < 4 ?( = # - ` * 4 ( # !+ Z'_*"!* _"* 4 . Z
Diketahui:
* *
v0= 10 m/s
@NQV$ _RYNZN * _$ WN^NX eN[T QV`RZ]aU O¥YN NQNYNU . Z&

a = 5 m/s2
Mobil direm hingga berhenti,
berarti
vt = 0
vt2 = v02 – 2 a s
Contoh 3.10 10 m/s ! # 0 !

2 2
!
s =
HROaNU `âX _RQN[T OR^TR^NX$ XRZaQVN[ QV^RZ _RUV[TTN XRYNWaN[[eN OR^Xa^N[T _RPN^N
2
2 5 m/s
OR^Nà^N[ QN^V -, XZ'WNZ ZR[WNQV )0 XZ'WNZ _R]N[WN[T YV[`N_N[ -( Z& 100 m2 /s2
N& >Và[TYNU ]R^YNZON`N[ eN[T QVNYNZV `âX&
s =
2 5 m/s2 !
O& 8R^N]N WNaU `âX OR^TR^NX _NZ]NV ORÛR[`V _RWNX ]R[TR^RZN[6 = 10 m
6;N;<0 Jadi, jarak yang ditempuh mobil
:VXR`NUaV2
sampai berhenti adalah 10 m.
?= 4 )0 XZ'WNZ 4 - Z'_
Jawaban: a
? ( 4 -, XZ'WNZ 4 )- Z'_
< 4 -( Z
N& J[àX ZR[TUVà[T ]R^YNZON`N[ O& J[àX ZR[TUVà[T WN^NX eN[T QV%
eN[T QVNYNZV `âX$ QVTa[NXN[ `RZ]aU `âX QN^V ZaYNV ]R[TR^RZN[
9>IJ;E;;F !)Q'+"& _NZ]NV `âX ORÛR[`V$ QVTa[NXN[ 9>I$
*-< 4 ?=* k ?(* J;E;;F !)Q'+"& FNQN XN_a_ V[V$ ?= 4 (
?* k ?(* !`âX ORÛR[`V"&
- 4 = *-< 4 ?=* k ?(*
*<
?=* k ?(*
- m/s ! k )- m/s !
* *
- 4 < 4
*-
* -( m !
( * k )- Z ' _ !
*
*- m ' s * k **- m * ' s *

*
< 4
- 4 * k* Z !
)(( m
k **- Z * ' _*
k *(( m * ' s * < 4
- 4 k , Z * ' _*
)(( m
- 4 k* Z'_ * !`N[QN [RTN`VS < 4 -.$*- Z
ZR[a[WaXXN[ ONUcN `âX
ZR[TNYNZV ]R^YNZON`N["&
1. Gerak Jatuh Bebas

=R^NX WNàU ORON_ NQNYNU TR^NX _ROaNU OR[QN eN[T WNàU QN^V
XR`V[TTVN[ `R^`R[à `N[]N XRPR]N`N[ NcNY& 9¥[`¥U$ OaNU Qa^VN[ WNàU
QN^V ]¥U¥[[eN& 7XN[ YROVU _RZ]a^[N WVXN TR^NX WNàU ORON_ `N[]N
QV]R[TNâUV TNeN TR_RXN[ aQN^N& 7^`V[eN$ `VQNX NQN TNeN YaN^ eN[T
ZR[Q¥^¥[T N`Na ZR[TUNZON` TR^NX WNàU _ROaNU OR[QN& 9¥[`¥U TR^NX
WNàU ORON_ eN[T QV]R[TNâUV TNeN N]a[T QN[ TR_RXN[ aQN^N QV]R^YVUN`%
XN[ ]NQN 5;E<;I )%'-& =NeN N]a[T QN[ TNeN TR_RXN[ aQN^N ORXR^WN
Gerak Lurus 59
]NQN ]N^N_a` a[àX ZR[TUV[QN^V TR^NX WNàU ORON_ VQRNY& @NQV$ TR^NX
WNàU ORON_ QN]N` QVQRSV[V_VXN[ _RONTNV TR^NX WNàU `N[]N XRPR]N`N[ NcNY
QN^V XR`V[TTVN[ `R^`R[à QN[ UN[eN QV]R[TNâUV TNeN T^NbV`N_V OaZV&
=R^NX WNàU _RPN^N VQRNY QN]N` QV]NUNZV QR[TN[ ZR[TNZN`V OR[QN
eN[T QVWNàUXN[ QNYNZ âN[T UNZ]N aQN^N _RUV[TTN `VQNX NQN ]R[TNâU
TNeN N]a[T QN[ TR_RXN[ aQN^N& =R^NX WNàU QNYNZ âN[T UNZ]N aQN^N
ZRZOaX`VXN[ ONUcN OR[QN WNàU `VQNX QV`R[àXN[ ¥YRU OR[àX QN[
ZN__N[eN& FR^P¥ONN[ V[V `RYNU QVYNXaXN[ ¥YRU 5;DAD>G 5;DAD>A&
FRÛN`VXN[ 5;E<;I )%'.!;"& :V QNYNZ `NOa[T OR^V_V aQN^N$ _RURYNV
Gambar 3.17
Sekelompok penerjun membentuk
pola diamond. OaYa NeNZ QN[ _ROaNU ONà QN^V ]¥_V_V eN[T _NZN QVWNàUXN[ _RPN^N
OR^_NZNN[& IR^YVUN` ONUcN ONà YROVU QaYa ZR[eR[àU QN_N^ `NOa[T
QN^V]NQN OaYa NeNZ& AR`R^YNZON`N[ OaYa NeNZ QV_RONOXN[ TNeN TR_RXN[
aQN^N QN[ TNeN N]a[T eN[T ORXR^WN ]NQN ]R^ZaXNN[ OVQN[T OaYa NeNZ
YROVU OR_N^ QN^V]NQN ONà _RUV[TTN ONà WNàU XR QN_N^ `NOa[T QR[TN[
XRPR]N`N[ YROVU `V[TTV&
FNQN 5;E<;I )%'.!<"$ _RURYNV OaYa NeNZ QN[ _ROaNU ONà eN[T _NZN
QVWNàUXN[ QNYNZ `NOa[T UNZ]N aQN^N& IR^[eN`N$ OaYa NeNZ QN[ ONà
(a) (b) ZR[eR[àU QN_N^ `NOa[T ]NQN _NN` eN[T OR^_NZNN[& :N^V XRQaN ]R^P¥ONN[
Gambar 3.18 `R^_ROa`$ QN]N` QV_VZ]aYXN[ ONUcN OR_N^[eN TR^NX WNàU ORON_ _R`VN]
(a) Bulu ayam dan batu dijatuhkan di _RYN[T cNXà QV]R[TNâUV ¥YRU ]R^PR]N`N[ T^NbV`N_V !2"&
dalam tabung berisi udara.
@VXN _ROaNU OR[QN WNàU ORON_ QR[TN[ XRPR]N`N[ NcNY ? (4 ($
]R^_NZNN[ XRPR]N`N[ OR[QN `R^_ROa` NQNYNU _RONTNV OR^VXa`&
(b) Bulu ayam dan batu dijatuhkan di
dalam tabung hampa udara.
?= 4 ?( # -=
?= 4 ( # 2=
?= 4 2= !+k)1"
@N^NX bR^`VXNY XR ONcNU eN[T QV`RZ]aU OR[QN _R`RYNU = _RX¥[ QV%
[eN`NXN[ QR[TN[ ]R^_NZNN[ OR^VXa`&
)
< 4 ?( = # N =*
*
)
< 4 ( # 2 =*
*
) *
<4 2= !+k*("
*
AR`R^N[TN[2
? 4 OR_N^[eN XRPR]N`N[ OR[QN ]NQN = _RX¥[ !Z'_"
< 4 WN^NX eN[T QV`RZ]aU OR[QN _RYNZN = _RX¥[ !Z"
= 4 cNXà `RZ]aU !_"
9;=; 5;E<;I )%'/$ _ROaNU OR[QN WNàU ORON_ QN^V XR`V[TTVN[ 39
ZR`R^ QV N`N_ `N[NU& J[àX _NZ]NV QV ]R^ZaXNN[ `N[NU$ OR[QN `R^_ROa` ZRZ%
v s
OaàUXN[ cNXà `RZ]aU = _RX¥[& :R[TN[ QRZVXVN[$ QN^V 9>IJ;E;;F

!)Q(&" QVàâ[XN[ ]R^_NZNN[ _RONTNV OR^VXa`&
h0
ht
3= 4 3( k <
AR`VXN OR[QN ZR[PN]NV `N[NU$ 3= 4 ( ZNXN
% 4 3( k <
3( 4 <
Gambar 3.19
)
Sebuah benda dijatuhkan dari 3( 4 2=*
ketinggian h. *

*3% Informasi
=4 !+k*)"
2
untuk Anda
AR`R^N[TN[2
3 4 XR`V[TTVN[ OR[QN ZaYN%ZaYN !Z"
2 4 ]R^PR]N`N[ T^NbV`N_V !Z'_*"
BNWa OR[QN _NN` ZR[eR[àU `N[NU NQNYNU
?8 4 ?( # -=
4 ( # 2 * *3 +
& (
* 2 + Konon, Galileo menjatuhkan
' ) benda-benda yang beratnya
?8 4 *23 !+k**" berbeda-beda dari puncak Menara
Condong Pisa, kemudian
membandingkan gerak jatuhnya.
7^NU XRPR]N`N[ OR[QN ]NQN TR^NX WNàU ORON_ _RYNYa ZR[aWa ]a_N` 8aZV& Galileo menemukan bahwa benda-
benda yang beratnya berbeda-beda
tersebut, ketika dilepaskan pada
Contoh 3.11 saat yang sama, jatuh benda
bersamaan dan mengenai tanah
HROaNU ZN[TTN WNàU ORON_ QN^V ]¥U¥[[eN& IV[TTV ]¥U¥[ ZN[TTN `R^_ROa` NQNYNU *( pada saat yang sama.
Z& @VXN ]R^PR]N`N[ T^NbV`N_V QV `RZ]N` Và 2 4 )( Z'_*$ `R[àXN[2
N& cNXà eN[T QV]R^YaXN[ a[àX _NZ]NV QV `N[NU3
Information for You
O& XRPR]N`N[ _NN` `VON QV `N[NU&
6;N;<0 Galileo is said to have dropped
:VXR`NUaV2
objects of various weight from the
top of the Leading Tower of Pisa and
3 4 *( Z compared their falls. He found that
2 4 )( Z'_* objects of various weights, when
)
released at the same time, fall
N& 3 4 2=* @NQV$ cNXà a[àX _NZ]NV QV `N[NU
together and hit the ground at the
*
NQNYNU * _&
same time.
*3 Sumber: Conceptual Physics, 1998
=* 4 O& ?= 4 2=
2 4 !)( Z'_*"!* _"
*3 * *( Z ! 4 *( Z'_
= 4 #
2 )( Z'_* @NQV$ XRPR]N`N[ _NN` `VON QV `N[NU
*( Z'_&
4 , _* ( ' <
Contoh 3.12
9RPR] `R^Wa[ ORON_ QN^V XR`V[TTVN[ -( Z QV N`N_ X¥YNZ& 8R^N]N XR`V[TTVN[ 9RPR] QN^V
]R^ZaXNN[ X¥YNZ _R`RYNU * _6
6;N;<0
:VXR`NUaV2
2 4 )( Z'_*
3( 4 -( Z
J[àX ZR[TR`NUaV XR`V[TTVN[ ]¥_V_V 9RPR] QN^V ]R^ZaXNN[ X¥YNZ$ QVTa[NXN[
)
9>IJ;E;;F !)Q')" eNVà < 4 ?( = # -=*&
*
FNQN XN_a_ V[V$ < OaXN[ XR`V[TTVN[ 9RPR] QN^V ]R^ZaXNN[ NV^$ `R`N]V WN^NX eN[T `RYNU v s
QV`RZ]aU 9RPR] XR`VXN WNàU ORON_ _RYNZN *_& FRÛN`VXN[ TNZON^ OR^VXa`&
h0
)
< 4 ?% = # 2=*
*
) ht
< 4 ( # !)( Z'_*" !*_"*
*
< 4 *( Z air kolam
Gerak Lurus 61
IV[TTV 9RPR] QN^V ]R^ZaXNN[ !3" NQNYNU
3= 4 39 k <
3= 4 -( Z k '% Z
3= 4+( Z
@NQV$ XR`V[TTVN[ 9RPR] `R^_ROa` QN^V X¥YNZ _R`RYNU * _ NQNYNU +( Z&
2. Gerak Vertikal ke Atas

HROaNU O¥YN QVYRZ]N^XN[ bR^`VXNY XR N`N_ _R]R^`V ]NQN 5;E<;I )%(&&
HRYNZN ]R^WNYN[N[ QV _R]N[WN[T YV[`N_N[ Yaâ_[eN$ O¥YN `R^_ROa` _RYNYa
ZR[TNYNZV ]R^PR]N`N[ T^NbV`N_V 8aZV eN[T N^NU[eN XR ONcNU& =R^NX
bR^`VXNY XR N`N_ ZNa]a[ TR^NX bR^`VXNY XR ONcNU ZRZVYVXV ]R^PR]N`N[
T^NbV`N_V eN[T _NZN OR_N^&
=R^NX bR^`VXNY XR N`N_ ORâ]N TR^NX QV]R^YNZON`$ XN^R[N _RZNXV[
XR N`N_ XRPR]N`N[[eN _RZNXV[ OR^Xa^N[T& FNQN XR`V[TTVN[ ZNX_VZaZ$
XRPR]N`N[ O¥YN ZR[WNQV [¥Y !?= 4 ("& FNQN XRNQNN[ Và$ O¥YN ORÛR[`V
_R_NN`$ YNYa WNàU ORON_ XR ONcNU& GaZa_ eN[T QVTa[NXN[ ]NQN TR^NX
Yaâ_ OR^YNXa WaTN a[àX TR^NX bR^`VXNY XR N`N_ QN[ TR^NX WNàU ORON_&
FNQN TR^NX bR^`VXNY XR N`N_$ OR^YNXa ]R^_NZNN[ OR^VXa`&
?= 4 ?( k 2= !+k*+"
3 4 ?(= k 2= !+k*,"
1 *
2
Gambar 3.20
Gerak vertikal ke atas merupakan ?=* 4 ?(* k *23 !+k*-"
gerak diperlambat.
AR`R^N[TN[2
3 4 XR`V[TTVN[ OR[QN QN^V XRQaQaXN[ NcNY !Z"
?( 4 XRPR]N`N[ NcNY !Z'_"
2 4 ]R^PR]N`N[ T^NbV`N_V !Z'_*"
?` 4 XRPR]N`N[ ]NQN = _RX¥[ !Z'_"
HROaNU OR[QN eN[T QVYRZ]N^XN[ bR^`VXNY XR N`N_$ YNYa WNàU QN[ XRZONYV
XR `V`VX _RZaYN ZRZVYVXV WN^NX `RZ]aU eN[T _NZN QR[TN[ ]N[WN[T YV[`N_N[
eN[T QVYNYaV OR[QN _RYNZN OR^TR^NX& 7XN[ `R`N]V$ OR[QN `VQNX ZRZVYVXV
UN^TN ]R^]V[QNUN[ N`Na OR_N^ ]R^]V[QNUN[[eN _NZN QR[TN[ [¥Y&
5;E<;I )%(' ZRZ]R^YVUN`XN[ T^NSVX UaOa[TN[ XRPR]N`N[ `RÛNQN]
cNXà QN^V _ROaNU OR[QN eN[T OR^TR^NX bR^`VXNY XR N`N_$ YNYa WNàU XRZONYV
XR `V`VX _RZaYN& IV`VX ONYVX ZR[a[WaXXN[ ONUcN XRPR]N`N[ OR[QN QV
]a[PNX YV[`N_N[ TR^NX NQNYNU [¥Y&
LNXà eN[T QVOaàUXN[ _R]N[WN[T YV[`N_N[ NQNYNU _RONTNV OR^VXa`&
v (m/s)
3 4 ?(= k 2=
1 *
2
um
( 4 ?(= k 2=*
im
1
in
m
2
ik
2?0
tit
=.96-5$.-645 4
0
t(s)
!+k*."
Gambar 3.21 2
IRYNU QV_ROa`XN[ ONUcN TR^NX bR^`VXNY XR N`N_ ZRâ]NXN[ TR^NX
Grafik v – t dari benda yang
dilemparkan ke atas, lalu jatuh
kembali ke titik semula. QV]R^YNZON`& >NY V[V QV_RONOXN[ NQN[eN TNeN `N^VX OaZV `RÛNQN] OR[QN

eN[T OR^YNcN[N[ N^NU QR[TN[ N^NU ]R^TR^NXN[ OR[QN& FNQN _aNà _NN`$ Pembahasan Soal
XRPR]N`N[ OR[QN eN[T OR^TR^NX bR^`VXNY XR N`N_ NXN[ _NZN QR[TN[ [¥Y&
FNQN _NN` Và$ QVXN`NXN[ ONUcN OR[QN `RYNU ZR[PN]NV XR`V[TTVN[ ZNX_VZaZ&
Pada waktu bersamaan, dua buah
bola dilempar ke atas dengan
8NTNVZN[N ZR[TUVà[T XR`V[TTVN[ ZNX_VZaZ OR[QN eN[T OR^TR^NX kelajuan masing-masing v1 = 10 m/s
bR^`VXNY XR N`N_6 (bola I) dan v2 = 20 m/s (bola II). Jarak
FRÛN`VXN[ 9>IJ;E;;F !)$()" eN[T QVàYV_XN[ XRZONYV _RONTNV OR^VXa`&

antara kedua bola pada saat bola I
mencapai titik tertinggi adalah ....
?= 4 ?% k 2= a. 30 m
EYRU XN^R[N ]NQN XR`V[TTVN[ ZNX_VZaZ XRPR]N`N[ OR[QN _NZN QR[TN[
b. 25 m
[¥Y ZNXN
c. 20 m
?= 4 ?% k 2=
d. 15 m
e. 10 m
( 4 ?% k 2= UMPTN, 1997
Pembahasan
?0 Tinggi maksimum bola I:
=(
2 v 12 10 m/s !
2
FR^_NZNN[ `R^_ROa` ZRâ]NXN[ cNXà eN[T QV]R^YaXN[ OR[QN a[àX !

h1maks = =
2 g 2 10 m/s2
ZR[PN]NV XR`V[TTVN[ ZNX_VZaZ& :N]N` QVYVUN` WaTN ONUcN cNXà V[V =5m
ZRâ]NXN[ _R`R[TNU XNYV = O¥YNX ONYVX 9>IJ;E;;F !)$(,"& Waktu yang diperlukan bola I untuk
@VXN ]R^_NZNN[ V[V QV_aO_`Và_VXN[ XR QNYNZ 9>IJ;E;;F !)$(*"$ NXN[

mencapai tinggi maksimum adalah
QV]R^¥YRU XR`V[TTVN[ ZNX_VZaZ !3ZNX_" eN[T QN]N` QVPN]NV OR[QN&

v1 10 m/s
t1 = =
g 10 m/s2
) *
3ZNX_ 4 ?(= k 2=
Ketinggian bola II pada saat
*
t1 = 1 s adalah
& ?% (
*
) & ?% (
1
h2 = v2t1 – gt1
3ZNX_ 4 ?( * + k 2 * +
2
' 2 ) * ' 2 )
1
= (20 m/s)(1s) – (10 m/s2) (1s)2
2
?% * ) ?%
*
= 20 m – 5 m = 15 m
3ZNX_ 4 k
Jarak bola II dengan bola I adalah
2 * 2 "h = h2– h1
= 15 m – 5 m = 10 m
?% *
3ZNX_ 4 !+k*/"
Jawaban: e
*2
AR`R^N[TN[2
3ZNX_ 4 `V[TTV ZNX_VZaZ !Z"
?( 4 XRPR]N`N[ NcNY !Z'_"
2 4 ]R^PR]N`N[ T^NbV`N_V !Z'_*"
Contoh 3.13
HROaNU O¥YN QVYRZ]N^XN[ bR^`VXNY QR[TN[ XRPR]N`N[ NcNY *( Z'_& @VXN ]R^PR]N`N[
T^NbV`N_V )( Z'_*$ UVà[TYNU2
N& cNXà eN[T QVOaàUXN[ _NZ]NV QV `V`VX `R^`V[TTV&
O& `V[TTV ZNX_VZaZ eN[T QVPN]NV O¥YN&
6;N;<0
:VXR`NUaV2
? ( 4 *( Z'_3 ?= 4 (&
2 4 )( Z'_*3
N& J[àX ZR[TUVà[T cNXà eN[T QVOaàUXN[ O¥YN a[àX _NZ]NV QV `V`VX `R^`V[TTV$
QVTa[NXN[ 9>IJ;E;;F !)Q()"&
?= 4 ?( k 2=
?( C ?=
= 4
2
*( Z'_ ! C (
= 4 4*_
)( Z'_
= 4*_
@NQV$ cNXà eN[T QV]R^YaXN[ O¥YN a[àX _NZ]NV QV `V`VX `R^`V[TTV NQNYNU * _&
Gerak Lurus 63
Pembahasan Soal O& IV[TTV ZNX_VZaZ eN[T QVPN]NV QN]N` QV_RYR_NVXN[ QR[TN[ QaN PN^N
3;I; '0
3ZNX_ 4 ?(= k 2=
Benda a dan B masing-masing 1 *
massanya mA dan mB. Pada saat 2
4 !*( Z'_"!*_" k !)( Z'_*"!* _"*
bersamaan, dilepaskan dari 1
ketinggian yang sama. Jika waktu
4 ,( Z k *( Z 4 *( Z
2
untuk sampai di tanah masing-
masing tA dan tB, pernyataan yang 3;I; (0
?*
benar adalah ....
a. tA > tB, jika mA > mB
3ZNX_ 4 (
b. tA < tB, jika mA < mB *2
c. tA ! tB, tidak dipengaruhi massa
4 4 *( Z
(20 m/s)2
!
d. tA > tB, jika mA < mB
2 10 m/s2
@NQV$ `V[TTV ZNX_VZaZ eN[T QVPN]NV O¥YN NQNYNU *( Z&
e. tA < tB, jika mA > mB
UMPTN , 1997
Pembahasan
Persamaan umum gerak jatuh bebas
adalah
1
Contoh 3.14
:N^V ]R^ZaXNN[ `N[NU$ _ROaNU OR[QN OR^TR^NX bR^`VXNY XR N`N_ QR[TN[ XRPR]N`N[
y= gt2
2
sehingga NcNY +( Z'_ !2 4 )( Z'_*"&
N& 8R^N]N QR`VX OR[QN XRZONYV XR `N[NU6
O& 8R^N]N `V[TTV ZNX_VZaZ eN[T QVPN]NV OR[QN6
2y
y=
g
Dari persamaan tersebut, jelas P& 8R^N]N XRPR]N`N[ QN[ `V[TTV OR[QN _R`RYNU * _6
bahwa waktu yang diperlukan Q& 8R^N]N XRPR]N`N[ QN[ `V[TTV OR[QN _R`RYNU , _6
benda untuk sampai di tanah tidak 6;N;<0
'? 2 30 m/s !
dipengaruhi oeh massa, tetapi hanya
bergantung pada ketinggian N& =787 4 ( 4 4._
dengan menganggap gesekan udara 2 10 m/s2
diabaikan. 8R[QN XRZONYV XR `N[NU QNYNZ . _&
?*
O& 3ZNX_ 4 ( 4
Jawaban: c (30 m/s)2
*2 2 10 m/s2 ! 4 ,- Z
IV[TTV ZNX_VZaZ eN[T QVPN]NV OR[QN NQNYNU ,- Z&
P& ?= 4 ?( k 2 =
4 !+( Z'_" k !)( Z'_*"! * _" 4 )( Z'_
ARPR]N`N[ OR[QN _R`RYNU * _ NQNYNU )( Z'_&
3 4 ?( = k 2=
1 *
2
4 !+( Z'_"!* _" k !)( Z'_*"!*"* 4 ,( Z
1
IV[TTV OR[QN _R`RYNU * _ NQNYNU ,( Z&

2
Q& ?= 4 ?( k 2 =
4 !+( Z'_" k !)( Z'_*"! , _ 4 k)( Z'_
ARPR]N`N[ OR[QN _R`RYNU , _ NQNYNU k)( Z'_&
3 4 ?( = k 2=
1 *
2
4 !+( Z'_"!, _" k !)( Z'_*"!, _"* 4 ,( Z
1
@NQV$ `V[TTV OR[QN _R`RYNU , _ NQNYNU ,( Z&

2
:N^V WNcNON[ P QN[ WNcNON[ Q QN]N` QV_VZ]aYXN[ ONUcN ]NQN QR`VX XR%* QN[ XR%,$
XR`V[TTVN[ ZNa]a[ OR_N^ XRPR]N`N[ OR[QN _NZN& 7XN[ `R`N]V$ ]NQN QR`VX XR%, OR[QN
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Refleksi
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, tentu Anda memperoleh manakah dari materi bab ini yang Anda anggap sulit?
manfaat, di antaranya Anda mengetahui besaran- Diskusikan dengan teman Anda atau tanyakan kepada
besaran yang terdapat pada sebuah benda yang guru Anda materi yang Anda anggap sulit tersebut.
sedang bergerak. Ceritakan di depan kelas manfaat Lengkapilah rangkuman jika Anda menganggap ada
yang Anda peroleh setelah mempelajari bab ini. Bagian materi yang belum terangkum.

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ZR[WNQV )( Z'_$ _R]N[WN[T WN^NX -(( Z& 8R^N]N WNaU HR`RYNU - QR`VX$ ]RYaâ ZR[TR[NV X¥`NX& IR[àXN[YNU2
YNTV XR^R`N N]V OR^TR^NX _NZ]NV ORÛR[`V QN[ OR^N]N N& XRPR]N`N[ NcNY OR[QN ]RYaâ3
YNZN cNXà eN[T QV]R^YaXN[ a[àX ZR[TUR[`VXN[[eN6 O& XRPR]N`N[ X¥`NX _NN` QVàZOaX ]RYaâ&

Bab
4
Sumber: CD Image
Roller coaster, pada kecepatan tertentu di lintasan yang menghadap

ke tanah penumpangnya tidak terjatuh.
Gerak Melingkar
menganalisis besaran Fisika pada gerak melingkar dengan laju konstan.
DO[XKRUKR 7XNK WOVSRK] UO[O]K V^XM^[ !6411.6 ,4+78.6"6 AOXQKZK Y[KXQ

A. Gerak Melingkar
aKXQ XKSU UO[O]K V^XM^[ ]SNKU ]O[ZOX]KV UOV^K[ UO]SUK UO[O]K V^XM^[
LO[QO[KU ZKNK [OV aKXQ WOVSXQUK[6 Beraturan
<O[KU LOXNK%LOXNK aKXQ VSX]K¥KXXaK LO[^ZK VSXQUK[KX NS¥OL^] QO[KU B. Percepatan
WOVSXQUK[& GOL^KR LOXNK NSUK]KUKX WOVKUÛKX QO[KU WOVSXQUK[ LO[K]^[KX
Sentripetal
TSUK VSX]K¥KXXaK LO[^ZK VSXQUK[KX NKX UOVKT^KX LOXNK ]O[¥OL^] UYX¥]KX&
<O[KU WOVSXQUK[ ¥O[SXQ NST^WZKS NKVKW UORSN^ZKX ¥ORK[S%RK[S$ C. Aplikasi Gerak
KX]K[K VKSX QO[KU ZOX]SV [YNK ¥OZONK aKXQ ¥ONKXQ LO[Z^]K[$ QO[KUKX UO[O]K Melingkar
V^XM^[ WOXQS]K[S VSX]K¥KX [OV aKXQ LO[LOX]Û VSXQUK[KX$ ¥KWZKS QO[KUKX
LOXNK%LOXNK aKXQ [OVK]SP LO¥K[$ aKS]^ QO[KUKX ZVKXO]%ZVKXO] WOXQS]K[S D. Gerak Melingkar
AK]KRK[S WOVKV^S VSX]K¥KXXaK K]K^ Y[LS]XaK& Berubah
7ZKUKR QO[KU WOVSXQUK[ S]^6 7NKUKR R^L^XQKX KX]K[K QO[KU V^[^¥ Beraturan
aKXQ ]OVKR 7XNK ZOVKTK[S NKX QO[KU WOVSXQUK[6 >SUK 7XNK SXQSX WOXQO%
]KR^S TK`KLKX K]K¥ ZO[]KXaKKX%ZO[]KXaKKX ]O[¥OL^]$ ZOVKTK[S LKL SXS NOXQKX
LKSU&
69
Tes Kompetensi Awal
7=:=CKD D=DG=C9A9H@ BFEI=G 2=H9B 5=C@E>B9H# B=HA9B9EC9? IF9C$IF9C :=H@BKJ <9C9D :KBK C9J@?9E%
)& 7ZK aKXQ 7XNK UO]KR^S ]OX]KXQ QO[KU WOVSXQUK[6 ,& DKNK QO[KU V^[^¥$ NSUOXKV ZO[MOZK]KX& 7NKZ^X ZKNK QO[KU
*& 7ZKUKR aKXQ NSWKU¥^N NOXQKX P[OUÔX¥S$ ZO[SYNO$ WOVSXQUK[ NSUOXKV ZO[MOZK]KX ¥^N^]& 7ZKUKR ZO[LONKKX
NKX VKT^ VSXOK[6 KX]K[K N^K S¥]SVKR ]O[¥OL^]6
+& DKNK QO[KU WOVSXQUK[$ NSUOXKV ¥K]^KX [ZW$ KZK aKXQ -& GOL^]UKX LOXNK%LOXNK NS ¥OUS]K[ 7XNK aKXQ WO[^ZK%
7XNK UO]KR^S ]OX]KXQ ¥K]^KX ]O[¥OL^]6 UKX MYX]YR QO[KU WOVSXQUK[6
A. Gerak Melingkar Beraturan

7ZKUKR aKXQ NSWKU¥^N NOXQKX QO[KU WOVSXQUK[ LO[K]^[KX6 7QK[
7XNK WOWKRKWSXaK$ VKUÛKX UOQSK]KX LO[SU^]&

Gerak Melingkar
Tujuan Percobaan
Mengamati keadaan benda yang bergerak melingkar.
Alat-Alat Percobaan
1. Kaleng cat bekas
2. Tali secukupnya
3. Air
1. Isilah kaleng bekas cat dengan air sampai kaleng cat terisi setengah.
2. Ikatlah tali pada pegangan kaleng tersebut.
3. Putar kaleng cat yang berisi air dengan tali sebagai pengikatnya dan tangan
sebagai poros putaran, seperti diperlihatkan pada gambar.
4. Amati keadaan air dalam kaleng cat. Mengapa air tidak tumpah? Atau
mengapa air tumpah?
DO[RK]SUKX 29D:9H )%&& GOL^KR ZK[]SUOV LO[QO[KU ZKNK VSX]K¥KX ¥O%

v2 ZKXTKXQ L^¥^[ VSXQUK[KX aKXQ LO[TK[S%TK[S (& GKK] LO[KNK NS ]S]SU 7$ ZK[]SUOV
O WOWSVSUS UOMOZK]KX :)& ?OW^NSKX$ ZK[]SUOV LO[QO[KU RSXQQK LO[KNK NS
R
]S]SU 8 NOXQKX UOMOZK]KX :*& ?OVKT^KX ZK[]SUOV NS ]S]SU 7 NKX NS ]S]SU 8
B
¥KWK LO¥K[XaK$ ]O]KZS UOMOZK]KXXaK ]SNKU ¥KWK& =KV SXS NS¥OLKLUKX
UOMOZK]KX WO[^ZKUKX LO¥K[KX _OU]Y[&
R
!s
DKNK 29D:9H )%&$ ]O[VSRK] LKR`K K[KR UOMOZK]KX ZK[]SUOV NS ZY¥S¥S
7 LO[LONK NOXQKX K[KR UOMOZK]KX ZK[]SUOV UO]SUK LO[KNK NS ZY¥S¥S 8&
v1
A
Gambar 4.1
>KNS$ `KVK^Z^X XSVKS :) ¥KWK LO¥K[XaK NOXQKX XSVKS :*$ ]O]KZS K[KR UOMOZK]KX
ZK[]SUOV NS ¥O]SKZ ]S]SU ZKNK VSX]K¥KXXaK ]SNKU ¥KWK&
Uraian sebuah vektor
perpindahan.
1. Laju Linear
B GOL^KR ZK[]SUOV aKXQ LO[QO[KU WOVSXQUK[ ¥OZO[]S ZKNK 29D:9H )%'
WOXOWZ^R VSX]K¥KX ¥OZKXTKXQ UOVSVSXQ VSXQUK[KX * ( NOXQKX UOVKT^KX
v v
]O]KZ :$ NKX `KU]^ ]OWZ^R )& JKU]^ aKXQ NSZO[VÛKX ZK[]SUOV ^X]Û
WOXOWZ^R ¥K]^ UKVS Z^]K[KX NS¥OL^] ZO[SYNO K]K^ `KU]^ Z^]K[$ NSLO[S
VKWLKXQ )$ NKX LKXaKUXaK Z^]K[KX aKXQ NSVKUÛKX ZK[]SUOV NKVKW ¥K]^
A
¥OUYX NS¥OL^] P[OUÔX¥S$ NSLO[S VKWLKXQ /& =^L^XQKX KX]K[K ZO[SYNO NKX
R
O
&
P[OUÔX¥S WOWOX^RS ZO[¥KWKKX
) )
(+ 6H6I % + !,d)"
Gambar 4.2 ) /
46?I A>C:6F E6FH>@:A G:86F6 B6H:B6H>G 9>HIA>G G:76<6> 7:F>@IH%
Gerak melingkar dari sebuah
partikel.

E6C?6C< A>CH6G6C
A6?I A>C:6F + Ingatlah
K6@HI H:BEI=
.6A6B G6HI E:F>D9:# E6FH>@:A B:C:BEI= GI9IH G:7:G6F ( % .:C<6C Arah kecepatan linear pada setiap
9:B>@>6C# A6?I A>C:6FCL6 696A6= titik selalu menyinggung lingkaran
dan arahnya selalu berubah.
* R !,d*"
1+
)
-:G6F6C % 96E6H 9><6CH> 9:C<6C ;F:@I:CG> ( G:=>C<<6 E:FG6B66CCL6 B:C?69>
1 + ( #( !,d+"
3:H:F6C<6C)
1 + A6?I A>C:6F !B&G"* % + E:F>D9: !G"
# + ?6F>$?6F> A>CH6G6C !B"* ( + ;F:@I:CG> !0M"
Contoh 4.1 Tokoh

9KVKW `KU]^ *( ¥$ ¥OL^KR LOXNK aKXQ LO[QO[KU WOVSXQUK[ LO[K]^[KX NKZK] WOVKUÛKX
, UKVS VSXQUK[KX ZOX^R& HOX]ÛKX ZO[SYNO NKX P[OUÔX¥S QO[KU LOXNK ]O[¥OL^]&
39M9:.
Johannes Kepler
`KU]^ aKXQ NSL^]^RUKX *( ¥ (1571–1630)
) 5 5 5 -¥
T^WVKR VSXQUK[KX ZOX^R ,
;[OUÔX¥S NSRS]^XQ WOXQQ^XKUKX 6=HI9D99E !)O&"&
) )
/ 5 5 5 ($ * =b
) -¥
>KNS$ ZO[SYNOXaK KNKVKR - ¥ NKX P[OUÔX¥S KNKVKR ($* =b&
Contoh 4.2
GOL^KR LK]^ NSSUK] NOXQKX ¥O^]K¥ ]KVS$ UOW^NSKX NSZ^]K[ ¥ORSXQQK LO[QO[KU WOVSXQUK[
Sumber: Jendela IPTEK, "Gerak dan Gaya"
) Johannes Kepler lahir di Weil

LO[K]^[KX NOXQKX TK[S%TK[S VSXQUK[KX * W& 8K]^ WOVKUÛKX UKVS Z^]K[KX ¥O]SKZ
*
(dekat Stutgart), Jerman. Ia
NO]SUXaK& 8O[KZKUKR VKT^ VSXOK[ LK]^ ]O[¥OL^]6
alumnus Universitas Tübingen dan
pernah bekerja di sekolah
39M9:.
)
Lutheran di Graz, Austria. Setelah
9SUO]KR^S2 ( 5 * W NKX / 5 UKVS
itu, ia bergabung dengan sebuah
* asosiasi bersama seorang
IX]Û WOXQRS]^XQ ZO[SYNO$ NSQ^XKUKX 6=HI9D99E !)O&" astronom terkenal, Tyco Brahe.
Kemudian, Kepler menjadi asisten
) 5 5*¥
1 Brahe di Praha, Republik Ceko.
f Hasil karyanya adalah hukum gerak
* ( !*" !+$)," !* W"

planet, yang kemudian digunakan
: 5 5 5 .$ *0 W'¥ oleh Newton untuk merumuskan
) !* ¥" hukum gravitasinya. Salah satu
>KNS$ VKT^ VSXOK[ LK]^ ]O[¥OL^] KNKVKR .$*0 W'¥&

hukum tersebut adalah orbit
planet berbentuk elips. Pada saat
itu, para astronom percaya bahwa
orbit sebuah planet berbentuk
lingkaran. Kepercayaan ini telah
2. Kecepatan Sudut (Kecepatan Anguler) berlangsung selama 2.000 tahun.
DO[RK]SUKX UOWLKVS 29D:9H )%'& GOL^KR ZK[]SUOV LO[QO[KU WOVSXQUK[ Namun, berdasarkan perhitungan
LO[K]^[KX NOXQKX ¥^N^] ]OWZ^R % NKVKW ¥OVKXQ `KU]^ !t & <O[KU ZK[%
Kepler ketika melakukan
]SUOV ZKNK ¥OVKXQ `KU]^ aKXQ ¥KWK KUKX WOXOWZ^R LO¥K[ ¥^N^] aKXQ
observasi terhadap penelitian
yang dilakukan oleh Brahe untuk
¥KWK ¥ORSXQQK ZO[¥KWKKX UOMOZK]KX ¥^N^] NKZK] NS]^VS¥ orbit planet Mars, bentuk orbitnya
7:G6F GI9IH H:BEI=

tidak berbentuk lingkaran
UOMOZK]KX ¥^N^] 5 melainkan berbentuk elips.
K6@HI H:BEI=
Gerak Melingkar 71
Informasi 9KVKW ¥K]^ ZO[SYNO$ ZK[]SUOV WOXOWZ^R ¥^N^] ¥OLO¥K[ ( & 9OXQKX
untuk Anda NOWSUSKX$ UOMOZK]KX ¥^N^]XaK KNKVKR
*
&! !,d,"
)
Penggunaan variabel kecepatan
sudut dan kecepatan linear di
antaranya adalah mengenai ?O]O[KXQKX2
hubungan roda-roda bergerigi.
Roda-roda bergerigi dihubungkan
& 5 UOMOZK]KX ¥^N^] ![KN'¥"
untuk mempercepat, ) 5 ZO[SYNO !¥"
memperlambat, atau membalik
IX]Û ¥K]^ Z^]K[KX K]K^ ¥K]^ ZO[SYNO !)"$ LO¥K[ ¥^N^] aKXQ NS]OWZ^R
KNKVKR 2 [KNSKX K]K^ +.(c& 9OXQKX NOWSUSKX$
putaran roda. Di antaranya adalah
1. Susunan seporos:
&1 = &2 2 2 [KNSKX 5 +.(c
v v r2 1
[KNSKX 5 )0(c
)0(
=
) [KNSKX 5 5 -/$+*c
r r r1
?OMOZK]KX ¥^N^] NKZK] NS]^VS¥ NKVKW Z^]K[KX'WOXS]$ LSK¥K NS¥OL^] ,52$

2. Susunan bersinggungan: K[]SXaK ,<,1. 5.6 20398. K]K^ NKVKW ,57 !,<,1. 5.6 7.,43-"& 9KVKW WO%
v1 = v2 XaOVO¥KSUKX ¥YKV$ UKNKXQ%UKNKXQ 7XNK WOXOWÛKX ZO[¥OZ¥S aKXQ UOVS[^$
& 1 r1 = & 2 r2 2 WS¥KVXaK ZOXQO[]SKX NK[S P[OUÔX¥S ¥^N^]& 7[]S P[OUÔX¥S ¥^N^] NS ¥SXS LÛKX
1
LKXaKUXaK Z^]K[KX aKXQ NS]OWZ^R ¥O]SKZ ¥K]^KX `KU]^$ ]O]KZS LO¥K[
r1
r2
UOMOZK]KX ¥^N^] ¥O]SKZ ¥K]^KX `KU]^& @OLSR W^NKR TSUK 7XNK WOVSRK]
¥K]^KXXaK$ aKS]^ [KN'¥&
3. Susunan terhubung sabuk: 3. Hubungan Laju Linear dan Kecepatan Sudut

v1 = v2
=^L^XQKX KX]K[K VKT^ VSXOK[ NKX UOMOZK]KX ¥^N^] !KXQ^VO[" NSZO[YVOR
NOXQKX WOXQQKL^XQUKX 6=HI9D99E !)O'" NKX 6=HI9D99E !)O)" ¥ORSXQQK
& 1 r1 = & 2 r2 2
r2
NSZO[YVOR
r1
* ( *
:% NKX & !
1 ) )
9K[S UON^K ZO[¥KWKKX ]O[¥OL^]$ NSZO[YVOR
Information for You
Uses of angular and linear velocity : 5 &( !,d-"
?O]O[KXQKX2
variable is about gear connection.
: 5 UOMOZK]KX VSXOK[ !W'¥"

Gears connected to quicken, to
slowing down or returning. There is:
1. One axis formation
& 5 UOMOZK]KX ¥^N^] ![KN'¥"
( 5 TK[S%TK[S !W"
2. Contact formation
3. Incircuit belt formation.
DO[RK]SUKX 6=HI9D99E !)O*"& 9K[S ZO[¥KWKKX ]O[¥OL^] NKZK]
NSUK]KUKX LKR`K ^X]Û UOMOZK]KX ¥^N^] & ]O[]OX]^$ UOMOZK]KX VSXOK[
: NSZOXQK[^RS YVOR TK[KU ]O[RKNKZ Z^¥K] Z^]K[KX !("&
29D:9H )%( WO[^ZKUKX ¥UOWK ¥OL^KR ZS[SXQKX aKXQ ¥ONKXQ LO[%
vA1
t2 = t + !t Z^]K[& G^WL^ Z^]K[XaK ]O[VO]KU NS ]S]SU Z^¥K] ZS[SXQKX C& DS[SXQKX ]O[¥OL^]
¥ONKXQ LO[Z^]K[ NKXQKX UOMOZK]KX ¥^N^] aKXQ UYX¥]KX& 7[]SXaK$ ¥O]SKZ
A1 vA0
BB1
B1 ¥OVKXQ `KU]^ aKXQ ¥KWK$ ]S]SU 7 K]K^ ]S]SU 8 WOXOWZ^R ¥^N^] Z^]K[KX
& aKXQ ¥KWK& HS]SU 7( NKX 8( WO[^ZKUKX ]S]SU%]S]SU aKXQ ]O[VO]KU ZKNK
ZS[SXQKX ]O[¥OL^] ¥ONOWSUSKX ¥ORSXQQK C8( 4 C7(& 9OXQKX UK]K VKSX$
%
O B0 t1 = t A 0
]S]SU 7( WOWSVSUS VSX]K¥KX VSXQUK[KX aKXQ TK[S%TK[SXaK VOLSR LO¥K[ NK[SZKNK
TK[S%TK[S VSX]K¥KX ]S]SU 8(& 8O¥K[ UOMOZK]KX VSXOK[ ¥OL^KR ]S]SU ZKNK ZS[SXQKX
aKXQ ¥ONKXQ LO[Y]K¥S NSZOXQK[^RS YVOR TK[KU ]S]SU ]O[¥OL^] NK[S ]S]SU Z^¥K]&
9K[S 29D:9H )%($ NKZK] NS¥SWZ^VUKX LKR`K UOMOZK]KX VSXOK[ ]S]SU 7(
Gambar 4.3 VOLSR LO¥K[ NK[SZKNK UOMOZK]KX VSXOK[ ]S]SU 8(& GOWKUSX NOUK] ¥OL^KR
]S]SU NK[S Z^¥K] Z^]K[KX$ ¥OWKUSX UOMSV UOMOZK]KX VSXOK[XaK& 7NKZ^X
Kecepatan linear dipengaruhi oleh
UOMOZK]KX ¥^N^] ]S]SU 7( ¥KWK NOXQKX UOMOZK]KX ¥^N^] ]S]SU 8(&

jarak benda terhadap pusat putaran
pada kecepatan sudut tertentu.

Contoh 4.3 Kata Kunci
GOL^KR LOXNK LO[QO[KU WOVSXQUK[ NOXQKX UOMOZK]KX *,( [ZW ![Y]K¥S ZO[ WOXS]"& • laju linear
=S]^XQVKR2 • kecepatan sesaat
K& ZO[SYNO Z^]K[XaK3
L& UOMOZK]KX ¥^N^]3
M& VKT^ VSXOK[ TSUK TK[S%TK[S [YNK ¥OZONK *( MW&
39M9:.
*,( [ZW 5 *,( Z^]K[KX'WOXS] 5 , Z^]K[KX'¥ # / 5 , =b
K& DO[SYNO !)" KNKVKR UOLKVSUKX NK[S P[OUÔX¥S&
) )
)5 5 5 ($*- ¥
/ , =b
L& ?OMOZK]KX ¥^N^] ! & " NSRS]^XQ NOXQKX WOXQQ^XKUKX 6=HI9D99E !)O)"&
& 52 f
5 2 !, =b" 5 8 [KN'¥
M& >K[S%TK[S !(" 5 *( MW 5 ($* W
@KT^ VSXOK[ !:" NSRS]^XQ WOXQQ^XKUKX 6=HI9D99E !)O*"&
: 5 &R
5 ! 8 "!($* W" 5 1,6 W'¥
>KNS$ ZO[SYNO Z^]K[KXXaK ($*- ¥$ UOMOZK]KX ¥^N^]XaK 8 [KN'¥$ NKX VKT^ VSXOK[XaK
KNKVKR )$. W'¥&

4=HA9B9EC9? <9C9D :KBK C9J@?9E%
)& IX]Û WOXQS]K[S VSX]K¥KX VSXQUK[KX ¥OLKXaKU +( UKVS +& :N^K[N^¥ WOXQS]K[S VSX]K¥KX WOVSXQUK[ NOXQKX
Z^]K[KX$ ¥OL^KR LOXNK WOWO[VÛKX `KU]^ +. WOXS]& WOXQOXNK[KS ¥OZONK WY]Y[ aKXQ [KNS^¥XaK +(( W
8O[KZK ZO[SYNO NKX P[OUÔX¥S QO[KUKX LOXNK ]O[¥OL^]6 NOXQKX UOVKT^KX /* UW'TKW& =S]^XQ UOMOZK]KX ¥^N^]
*& GOL^KR [YNK ]^[LSX ZOWLKXQUS] VS¥][SU WOWSVSUS QK[S¥ ¥OZONK WY]Y[ ]O[¥OL^] NKVKW [KN'¥&
]OXQKR + W$ NKX LO[Z^]K[ ZKNK .( [ZW& 8O[KZKUKR2 ,& >OVK¥UKX ZOXQO[]SKX UOMOZK]KX VSXOK[ NKX UOMOZK]KX
K& P[OUÔX¥SXaK3 ¥^N^]&
L& ZO[SYNOXaK3 -& GOL^KR LK]^ NSSUK] NOXQKX ]KVS$ UOW^NSKX NSZ^]K[UKX&
M& UOMOZK]KX ¥^N^]XaK3 >SUK ZKXTKXQ ]KVS ) WO]O[ NKX `KU]^ aKXQ NSL^]^RUKX
N& VKT^ VSXOK[ ZKNK ZSXQQS[ [YNK6 ^X]Û WOVKUÛKX ¥K]^ Z^]K[KX KNKVKR ) ¥OUYX$
LO[KZKUKR UOMOZK]KX VSXOK[ LK]^ ]O[¥OL^]6
B. Percepatan Sentripetal
GOL^KR LOXNK aKXQ WOVKUÛKX QO[KU WOVSXQUK[ LO[K]^[KX WOWSVSUS
ZO[MOZK]KX aKXQ K[KRXaK WOX^T^ ]S]SU Z^¥K] VSXQUK[KX& DO[MOZK]KX SXS
NS¥OL^] ZO[MOZK]KX ¥OX][SZO]KV& DKNK QO[KU V^[^¥ LO[K]^[KX$ K[KR UOMOZK]KX
LOXNK ]O]KZ ¥ORSXQQK _OU]Y[ UOMOZK]KXXaK T^QK ]O]KZ& DKNK QO[KU
v2
WOVSXQUK[ LO[K]^[KX$ ZO[MOZK]KX aKXQ NSWSVSUS LO[P^XQ¥S WOXQ^LKR K[KR N

QO[KU$ NK[S QO[KU V^[^¥ WOXTKNS QO[KU WOVSXQUK[ LO[K]^[KX& CVOR ¥OLKL
!v
!v = v2 – v1 L
S]^$ ZO[MOZK]KX ZKNK QO[KU WOVSXQUK[ ¥OVKV^ WOX^T^ UO Z^¥K] aKXQ NS¥OL^] –v1
ZO[MOZK]KX ¥OX][SZO]KV K]K^ ZO[MOZK]KX [KNSKV NKX NSLO[S VKWLKXQ +75&
S
O M !s
DKNK QO[KU WOVSXQUK[$ K[KR UOMOZK]KX VSXOK[ ZKNK ¥O]SKZ ]S]SU ¥OVKV^ R v1
WOXaSXQQ^XQ VSXQUK[KX NKX K[KRXaK ¥OVKV^ LO[^LKR& DO[^LKRKX _OU]Y[
UOMOZK]KX SXS NS¥OLKLUKX KNKXaK ZO[MOZK]KX ¥OX][SZO]KV&
K
DKNK 29D:9H )%)$ TSUK UOMOZK]KX LOXNK ZKNK ]S]SU ? NKX @ LO[]^[^]%
–v1
]^[^] :) NKX :* WKUK LONK UOMOZK]KX !: 5 :* d :)& GOQS]SQK @AB ¥OLKXQ^X

Gambar 4.4
NOXQKX ¥OQS]SQK C?@ ¥ORSXQQK KUKX NSZO[YVOR ZO[LKXNSXQKX LO[SU^]&

Arah kecepatan linear pada
gerak melingkar.
Gerak Melingkar 73
@A 2 ( 5 @B 2 !s
Ingatlah
: 2 ( 5 !: 2 !s
!: : :
Percepatan pada gerak melingkar GOVKXT^]XaK$ KUKX NSZO[YVOR ZO[¥KWKKX ! K]K^ !: ! !7
selalu menuju ke pusat lingkaran. !7 ( (
!: : !7
¥ORSXQQK ZO[MOZK]KX [K]K%[K]K WOXTKNS a ! ! & IX]Û ¥OVKXQ
!8 ( !t
`KU]^ !t WOXNOUK]S XYV$ ]S]SU ? RKWZS[ LO[SWZS] NOXQKX ]S]SU @ ¥O%
!:
RSXQQK !: WOXNOUK]S XYV& 7NKZ^X ]SNKU ¥KWK NOXQKX ]KU RSXQQK
!t
]O]KZS WOWSVSUS RK[QK aKXQ NS¥OL^] ZO[MOZK]KX ¥O¥KK] !+" aKXQ LO¥K[XaK
NS]^VS¥UKX ¥OLKQKS LO[SU^]&
' !: ) :' !7 )
+ 5 !VSW
t #0 + !8 , 5
VSW , 3
( * ((+ !t # 0 !8 *
CVOR UK[OXK$ VSW !7 ! : WKUK ZO[MOZK]KX ¥O¥KK] !+" NKZK]

!t #0 !8
NS]^VS¥UKX ¥OLKQKS LO[SU^]&
:2
+5 !,d."
(
Tantangan 8O¥K[ ZO[MOZK]KX ¥OX][SZO]KV ZKNK QO[KU WOVSXQUK[ LO[K]^[KX ¥OVKV^

untuk Anda ]O]KZ NS ¥O]SKZ ]S]SU NKX K[KRXaK ¥OVKV^ WOX^T^ UO Z^¥K] VSXQUK[KX& DO[MOZK]KX
Dapatkah suatu benda ¥OX][SZO]KV SXS LO[LKXNSXQ V^[^¥ NOXQKX U^KN[K] UOVKT^KX VSXOK[ LOXNK& CVOR
dipercepat jika kelajuannya UK[OXK UOVKT^KX VSXOK[ ¥OLKXNSXQ NOXQKX UOVKT^KX KXQ^VO[$ LO¥K[
konstan? ZO[MOZK]KX ¥OX][SZO]KV T^QK WO[^ZKUKX P^XQ¥S U^KN[K] ]O[RKNKZ UOVKT^KX
KXQ^VO[XaK&
:* !& ("*
+75 5 5 5 &* ( !,d/"
( (
>SUK & ZKNK 6=HI9D99E !)O)" NS¥^L¥]S]^¥SUKX UO 6=HI9D99E !)O,"$

6=HI9D99E !)O," NKZK] NS]^VS¥UKX ¥OLKQKS LO[SU^]&
'* ) ,
2 *
+75 5 & * ( 5 + (% * (
( ) * )
,
+75 5 , *
/* (
Tugas Anda 4.1 )
CVOR UK[OXK / 5 $ ZO[¥KWKKX ]O[¥OL^] NKZK] NS]^VS¥ ¥OLKQKS LO[SU^]&
)
1
2
+75 5 , *
/* ( !,d0"
r1 ?O]O[KXQKX2
r2 + 75 5 LO¥K[ ZO[MOZK]KX ¥OX][SZO]KV !W'¥*"
Dua buah roda dihubungkan seperti : 5 LO¥K[ UOMOZK]KX VSXOK[ !W'¥"
pada gambar. Jari-jari roda pertama ( 5 TK[S%TK[S VSX]K¥KX !W"
5 cm jari-jari roda kedua 10 cm.
Berapakah kecepatan roda 2 jika
/ 5 P[OUÔX¥S !=b"
kecepatan sudut roda pertama
adalah 200 rpm?

Contoh 4.4
GOL^KR ZS[SXQKX RS]KW ¥ONKXQ LO[Z^]K[ NOXQKX UOMOZK]KX ¥^N^] +( [ZW& 8O[KZKUKR
ZO[MOZK]KX ¥OL^KR ]S]SU Z^]SR aKXQ LO[KNK - MW NK[S Z^¥K] ZS[SXQKX ]O[¥OL^]6
39M9:.
9SUO]KR^S2 & 5 +( [ZW3 ( 5 - MW 5 - e )(d* W
+(
+( [ZW 5 +( Z^]K[KX'WOXS] 5 Z^]K[KX'¥ 5 ($- Z^]K[KX'¥
.(
>KNS$ P[OUÔX¥S Z^]K[KX ZS[SXQKX ]O[¥OL^] KNKVKR
/ 5 ($- =b
TK[S%TK[S ( 5 - e )(d* W
DO[MOZK]KX ¥OX][SZO]KV NKZK] NSRS]^XQ NOXQKX 6=HI9D99E !)O-"& Kata Kunci
+ 75 5 , 2 / 2 ( 5 , 2 !($- =b"* !- e )(d* W" 5 ($,1 W'¥* • kecepatan sentripetal
>KNS$ ZO[MOZK]KXXaK KNKVKR ($,1 W'¥*& • kecepatan sesaat

)& GOL^KR USZK¥ KXQSX LO[NSKWO]O[ ,( MW LO[Z^]K[ ZKNK ,& GOL^KR LOXNK LO[QO[KU WOVSXQUK[ NOXQKX ZO[MOZK]KX
)&*(( [ZW& 8O[KZK ZO[MOZK]KX ¥OX][SZO]KV aKXQ NSKVKWS ¥OX][SZO]KV *( W'¥*& 8OXNK ]O[¥OL^] LO[QO[KU - MW
^T^XQ%^T^XQ USZK¥6 NK[S Z^¥K] VSXQUK[KX& >SUK TK[KU LOXNK WOXTKNS * UKVS
*& GOL^KR LK]^ NSSUK] NOXQKX ]KVS aKXQ ZKXTKXQXaK ) W& ¥OW^VK$ RS]^XQVKR ZO[MOZK]KX ¥OX][SZO]KVXaK&
9KVKW +( NO]SU$ LK]^ WOVKUÛKX ,( Z^]K[KX& -& GOL^KR LOXNK LO[QO[KU WOVSXQUK[& 9KVKW `KU]^
=S]^XQVKR ZO[MOZK]KX ¥OX][SZO]KV LK]^ ]O[¥OL^]& * ¥OUYX$ LOXNK ]O[¥OL^] ]OVKR WOVKUÛKX . Z^]K[KX&
+& GOL^KR ZS[SXQKX NOXQKX TK[S%TK[S - MW NSZ^]K[ NOXQKX 8O[KZKUKR TK[KU LOXNK ]O[¥OL^] ]O[RKNKZ Z^¥K]
UOMOZK]KX ¥^N^] *( [KN'¥& HOX]ÛKX ZO[MOZK]KX VSXQUK[KX TSUK ZO[MOZK]KX ¥OX][SZO]KVXaK )- W'¥*6
¥OX][SZO]KV ¥OL^KR ]S]SU LO[WK¥¥K * Q aKXQ LO[KNK NS
ZSXQQS[ ZS[SXQKX ]O[¥OL^]&
C. Aplikasi Gerak Melingkar

1. Gerak Melingkar pada Bidang Vertikal
.> .IC>6 /6CH6G># 56B6C 1BE>6C 26L6 ,C8DA 26@6FH6# H:F96E6H G:?IBA6=
E:FB6>C6C L6C< B:C<<IC6@6C EF>CG>E <:F6@ B:A>C<@6F E696 7>96C< J:FH>@6A# Kata Kunci
6CH6F6 A6>C $2*,) !-&0 !@DF6$@DF6" 96C #-++'. "-&/0'. !@:F:H6 AIC8IF"% • arah radial
DO[RK]SUKX 29D:9H )%*& DKNK UO[O]K V^XM^[$ ^¥KRK aKXQ NSLO[SUKX • gaya sentripetal
]O[RKNKZ UO[O]K V^XM^[ NK[S WO¥SX& :XO[QS USXO]SU ¥OLOV^W VSX]K¥KX
WOVSXQUK[ RK[^¥ WOXQRK¥SVUKX UOMOZK]KX WSXSW^W aKXQ NKZK] WOXKRKX
ZOX^WZKXQ ¥ORSXQQK ]SNKU TK]^R UO]SUK UO[O]K LO[KNK NS K]K¥ VSX]K¥KX&
8O[LONK NOXQKX USXMS[ [KU¥K¥K$ UY[K%UY[K ]SNKU WOVKUÛKX QO[KU
¥K]^ VSXQUK[KX ZOX^R$ ]O]KZS QO[KU WOVSXQUK[ WKU¥SW^WXaK RKXaK
¥O]OXQKR VSXQUK[KX UOW^NSKX LYVKU%LKVSU ¥OZO[]S ¥OL^KR LKXN^V& 9S
VSX]K¥KX ]O[LK`KRXaK$ ]O[NKZK] ¥^K]^ LKX aKXQ WOXNY[YXQ UY[K%UY[K KQK[
NKZK] ¥OVKV^ LO[Ka^X NOXQKX ¥OWZ^[XK&
(a) (b)
Gambar 4.5
a. Kereta luncur (roller coaster)
Sumber: CD Image b. Swing boat (kora-kora)
Gerak Melingkar 75
2. Gerak Melingkar pada Arah Horizontal
7XNK WK¥SR SXQK] NOXQKX ZO[MYLKKX aKXQ NSVKUÛKX ZKNK /BJ@L@J9I
1@I@B9 )%&6 GO¥^XQQ^RXaK$ QO[KUKX aKXQ WOXO[KZUKX Z[SX¥SZ aKXQ ¥KWK
NKZK] 7XNK VSRK] ZKNK ¥UKVK aKXQ VOLSR LO¥K[$ WS¥KVXaK ZKNK ZO[WKSXKX
YX]KXQ%KX]SXQ& DO[RK]SUKX 29D:9H )%+& >SUK 7XNK ¥ONKXQ WOX^XQQKXQS
ZO[WKSXKX SXS$ 7XNK KUKX WO[K¥KUKX ¥OYVKR%YVKR ¥ONKXQ LO[QO[KU
NSZO[MOZK] WOXSXQQKVUKX ZY[Y¥ Z^]K[KX&
IX]Û WOXaONO[RKXKUKX ZO[¥YKVKX$ WS¥KVXaK YX]KXQ%KX]SXQ ]O[¥OL^]
Gambar 4.6
Gerak penumpang pada permainan ¥ONKXQ LO[QO[KU LO[VK`KXKX K[KR TK[^W TKW NOXQKX UOVKT^KX VSXOK[ ¥O¥KK]
aKXQ ]O]KZ$ ¥OZO[]S NSZO[VSRK]UKX ZKNK 29D:9H )%,& 7XNK aKXQ ¥ONKXQ
ontang-anting.
v WOXKSUS YX]KXQ%KX]SXQ WOXQRKNKZ UO K[KR V^K[ VSX]K¥KX WOVSXQUK[$

UOMOZK]KX ¥O¥KK] ZKNK ]S]SU S]^ KNKVKR WOXaSXQQ^XQ VSXQUK[KX& >SUK ]SNKU
KNK aKXQ WOXK[SU 7XNK !]KVS"$ 7XNK KUKX LO[QO[KU ]O[LKXQ WOXSXQQKVUKX
asp
percepatan semu VSX]K¥KX YX]KXQ%KX]SXQ& GOLOXK[XaK$ 7XNK ¥ONKXQ LO[QO[KU NSZO[MOZK]
WOX^T^ UO K[KR Z^¥K] VSXQUK[KX&
yang dirasakan
penumpang
Gambar 4.7
Diagram vektor gerak penumpang

)& >OVK¥UKXVKR WOXQKZK ZOX^WZKXQ 6411.6 ,4+78.6 ]SNKU +& H^VS¥UKXVKR KZVSUK¥S QO[KU WOVSXQUK[ VKSXXaK NS ¥OUS]K[
TK]^R UO]SUK ¥ONKXQ LO[QO[KU WOWLOX]Û VSXQUK[KX& 7XNK&
*& ?O]SUK XKSU ZO[WKSXKX YX]KXQ%KX]SXQ$ WOXQKZK 7XNK
WO[K¥K ¥OKUKX%KUKX ]O[VOWZK[ NKX NSZO[MOZK] WOX^T^
UO V^K[ VSX]K¥KX YX]KXQ%KX]SXQ6
D. Gerak Melingkar Berubah Beraturan

7WK]SVKR ¥OL^KR ZOX]SV ZKNK [YNK ¥OZONK& AS¥KVXaK$ ZOX]SV ¥OZONK 7XNK
t=t
B
t=0 ¥ONKXQ LO[Z^]K[ W^VKS NK[S - Z^]K[KX'WOXS] WOXTKNS )(( Z^]K[KX'WOXS]$
K[]SXaK ZOX]SV [YNK ]O[¥OL^] WOXQKVKWS ZO[^LKRKX UOMOZK]KX ¥^N^] ! & "&
A
8O¥K[XaK ZO[^LKRKX UOMOZK]KX ¥^N^] ZKNK ¥O]SKZ ]S]SU KNKVKR ]O]KZ& GKWK
!%
%2
%1 NOXQKX QO[KU V^[^¥ LO[^LKR LO[K]^[KX$ ZO[MOZK]KX NSNOPSXS¥SUKX ¥OLKQKS
ZO[LKXNSXQKX KX]K[K ZO[^LKRKX UOMOZK]KX NKX ¥OVKXQ `KU]^ ]O[TKNSXaK
Gambar 4.8 ZO[^LKRKX ]O[¥OL^]&
ZO[^LKRKX UOMOZK]KX
DO[MOZK]KX 5
Sebuah titik berpindah dari A
¥OVKXQ `KU]^
menuju B.
9KVKW QO[KU WOVSXQUK[ LO[^LKR LO[K]^[KX$ ZO[MOZK]KX ¥^N^]XaK UYX¥]KX$

NKZK] NS]^VS¥ R^L^XQKX ¥OLKQKS LO[SU^]&
!,d1"
& " &0
$! K]K^ $ ! 8
!&
!8 8 " 80
7XNK UO]KR^S LKR`K !& ! &t " &0 NKX 8 5 8 d 8( 5 8
WKUK ZO[¥KWKKXXaK WOXTKNS $ ! K]K^

&8 " &0
8
&8 ! &0 $ 8 !,d)("
DO[ZSXNKRKX aKXQ NSVKUÛKX ZK[]SUOV LO¥K[XaK KNKVKR !% ! % 2 " %1 NKVKW

¥OVKXQ `KU]^ !t # 8O[K[]S$ LO¥K[ UOMOZK]KX ¥^N^] [K]K%[K]K KNKVKR & ! &
!%
!t
8O¥K[KX & WO[^ZKUKX LO¥K[ UOMOZK]KX [K]K%[K]K& ?OMOZK]KX [K]K%[K]K NKZK]
NSNOPSXS¥SUKX ¥OLKQKS XSVKS ]OXQKR NK[S UOMOZK]KX K`KV NKX UOMOZK]KX KURS[&
9OXQKX NOWSUSKX$ ZO[¥KWKKX & ! NKZK] NS]^VS¥UKX ¥OLKQKS LO[SU^]&
!%
!8
'
(&0 & ) !
!%
( !8
K]K^ NKZK] NS]^VS¥UKX T^QK NKVKW LOX]Û LO[SU^]&
'
!% ! (&0 & ) !8
(
9OXQKX WOWK¥ÛUKX ZO[¥KWKKX & ! &0 $ 8 KUKX NSZO[YVOR
* !% ! &0 8 (&0 $ 8) 8
* !% ! 2&0 8 $ 8 2
) $ !,d))"
!% ! &0 8 $8
*
9OXQKX NOWSUSKX$ 6=HI9D99E !)O&&" WOXTKNS

) $
% !%0 &0 8 $8
*
) $
% " % 0 ! &0 8 $8 !,d)*"
*
?O]O[KXQKX2
% 5 LO¥K[ ¥^N^] aKXQ NS]OWZ^R ![KN"
&0 5 UOMOZK]KX ¥^N^] K`KV ![KN'¥"
$ 5 ZO[MOZK]KX ¥^N^] ![KN'¥*"
8 5 `KU]^ !¥"
>SUK 7XNK ZO[RK]SUKX$ ZKNK QO[KU V^[^¥ LO[^LKR LO[K]^[KX ]O[XaK]K
WOWSVSUS UO¥KWKKX R^L^XQKX WK]OWK]S¥ NOXQKX QO[KU WOVSXQUK[ LO[^LKR
LO[K]^[KX& CVOR UK[OXK S]^$ 7XNK NKZK] WOXaOVO¥KSUKX ZO[¥YKVKX aKXQ
WOXaKXQU^] UOMOZK]KX ¥^N^]$ ZO[MOZK]KX ¥^N^]$ NKX LO¥K[ ¥^N^] aKXQ
NS]OWZ^R NOXQKX ZO[¥YKVKX aKXQ ¥KWK NOXQKX QO[KU V^[^¥ LO[K]^[KX&
89:=C )%&
DO[LKXNSXQKX <O[KU AOVSXQUK[ 8O[^LKR 8O[K]^[KX NOXQKX <O[KU @^[^¥ 8O[^LKR 8O[K]^[KX
2=H9B 8H9EIC9I@ 0=HK:9? 0=H9JKH9E 2=H9B 5=C@E>B9H 0=HK:9? 0=H9JKH9E
!6=H;=G9J9E 4FEIJ9E" !6=HK:9?9E 7K<KJ 4FEIJ9E"
: 5 :( # +8 & ! &0 $t
) ) 2
; % ;( ! :(8 ! +8$ % ! % 0 &0 t $t
* *
:$ % :($ ! $+ !; = ;(" & 2 ! &0 2 2$ (% " % 0 )
Contoh 4.5
GOL^KR [YNK QSVK WO¥SX NSO¥OV LO[Z^]K[ +.( [ZW ![Y]K¥S ZO[ WOXS]"$ UOW^NSKX NSWK]SUKX
¥ORSXQQK [YNK LO[Z^]K[ NSZO[VKWLK] ¥KWZKS LO[ROX]S NKVKW `KU]^ )* ¥OUYX& >SUK
ZO[MOZK]KX ¥^N^] UYX¥]KX$ LO[KZK UKVS [YNK LO[Z^]K[ ¥OLOV^W LO[ROX]S6
Gerak Melingkar 77
39M9:.
9SUO]KR^S2 ?OMOZK]KX ¥^N^] K`KV ! &0 " 5 +.( [ZW 5 . Z^]K[KX'¥$
JKU]^ ¥KWZKS LO[ROX]S$ 8 5 )* ¥&
DO[VKWLK]KX [YNK NSZO[YVOR NOXQKX ZO[¥KWKKX
&] d &(
$!
!8
!( d ."Z^]K[KX'¥ )
5 5 Z^]K[KX'¥*
)*¥ *
>^WVKR Z^]K[KX NSRS]^XQ NOXQKX 6=HI9D99E !)O&'"&
)
% " % ( ! &( ] # $ t *
* )' ))
% " %( 5!. Z^]K[KX"!)* ¥"# + d , (12)*
*( **
% 5 /* d +. 5 +. Z^]K[KX
Mari Mencari Tahu

DKNK LKVKZKX 2484 &'" ZK[K ZOWLKVKZ WOWS[SXQUKX UOXNK[KKX NKX LKNKXXaK
UO]SUK WOVKV^S ]SU^XQKX& AOXQKZK NOWSUSKX6 7ZK aKXQ ]O[TKNS TSUK ZOWLKVKZ S]^
]SNKU WOWS[SXQUKX LKNKXXaK6

)& GOL^KR ]S]SU WK]O[S LO[QO[KU WOVSXQUK[ LO[^LKR +& GOL^KR WO¥SX WOWO[VÛKX `KU]^ - ¥ ^X]Û LO[^LKR NK[S
LO[K]^[KX NOXQKX UOMOZK]KX ¥^N^] K`KV *( [KN'¥& UOMOZK]KX ¥^N^] ,(( [ZW WOXTKNS 0(( [ZW&
GO]OVKR LO[QO[KU 0 ¥$ ]S]SU WK]O[S ]O[¥OL^] LO[ROX]S& K& 8O[KZKUKR ZO[MOZK]KX ¥^N^]XaK6
HOX]ÛKXVKR2 L& 8O[KZK LKXaKU Z^]K[KX aKXQ NSVKUÛKX NKVKW
K& ZO[MOZK]KX aKXQ NSKVKWS ]S]SU WK]O[S3 `KU]^ ]O[¥OL^]6
L& LO¥K[ ¥^N^] aKXQ NS]OWZ^R& ,& GOL^KR [YNK LO[Z^]K[ NK[S UOKNKKX NSKW UO *)( [ZW
*& GOL^KR WY]Y[ VS¥][SU NK[S UOKNKKX NSKW LO[QO[KU [Y]K¥S ![Y]K¥S ZO[ WOXS]" NKVKW `KU]^ ($/-¥& =S]^XQVKR2
NOXQKX UOMOZK]KX ¥^N^] UYX¥]KX ¥OLO¥K[ - [KN'¥* ¥OVKWK K& ZO[MOZK]KX ¥^N^] [YNK3
0 ¥& ?OW^NSKX$ WY]Y[ VS¥][SU NSROX]SUKX NOXQKX L& LKXaKU Z^]K[KX aKXQ NSL^K] [YNK3
ZO[VKWLK]KX UYX¥]KX NKVKW )( Z^]K[KX& HOX]ÛKXVKR2 M& UYWZYXOX ZO[MOZK]KX ]KXQOX¥SKV NKX ¥OX][SZO]KV NK[S
K& ZO[^LKRKX ¥^N^] WY]Y[ VS¥][SU3 ¥OL^KR ]S]SU aKXQ LO[TK[KU )* MW NK[S Z^¥K] [YNK UO%
L& `KU]^ aKXQ NSZO[VÛKX ¥OLOV^W WY]Y[ LO[ROX]S& ]SUK [YNK LO[Z^]K[ NOXQKX UOMOZK]KX ¥^N^] )0( [ZW&
Rangkuman
)& <O[KU LOXNK aKXQ VSX]K¥KXXaK LO[^ZK VSXQUK[KX

) )
NS¥OL^] QO[KU WOVSXQUK[& /5 K]K^ ) 5
*& ;[OUÔX¥S !/" ZKNK QO[KU WOVSXQUK[ NSNOPSXS¥SUKX ) /
¥OLKQKS LKXaKUXaK Z^]K[KX aKXQ NSVKUÛKX ZK[]SUOV -& ?OMOZK]KX ¥^N^] NSNOPSXS¥SUKX ¥OLKQKS LO[SU^]&
NKVKW ¥O]SKZ ¥K]^KX `KU]^&
8O¥K[ ¥^N^] ]OWZ^R
+& DO[SYNO !)" ZKNK QO[KU WOVSXQUK[ NSNOPSXS¥SUKX ?OMOZK]KX ¥^N^] 5
¥OLKQKS `KU]^ aKXQ NSZO[VÛKX ZK[]SUOV ^X]Û JKU]^ ]OWZ^R
WOXOWZ^R ¥K]^ UKVS Z^]K[KX& .& DO[MOZK]KX ¥OX][SZO]KV ZKNK QO[KU WOVSXQUK[
,& =^L^XQKX KX]K[K P[OUÔX¥S !/" NKX ZO[SYNO !)" K[KRXaK WOX^T^ ]S]SU Z^¥K] VSXQUK[KX&
ZKNK QO[KU WOVSXQUK[ NS]^VS¥UKX ¥OLKQKS LO[SU^]&

*$ 0& 9KVKW QO[KU WOVSXQUK[ LO[^LKR LO[K]^[KX
+ 75 5 5 & *( % , *
/ $( ZO[MOZK]KX ¥^N^]XaK UYX¥]KX$ aKS]^
(
/& 9S ]KWKX ZO[WKSKXKX LKXaKU NS]O[KZUKX Z[SX¥SZ QO[KU
$5
!&
WOVSXQUK[$ NS KX]K[KXaK KNKVKR UY[K%UY[K NKX UO[O]K !8
V^XM^[ ZKNK K[KR _O[]SUKV& GOVKSX S]^$ ZO[WKSXKX
YX]KXQ%KX]SXQ T^QK WOXO[KZUKX Z[SX¥SZ QO[KU
WOVSXQUK[ ZKNK K[KR RY[SbYX]KV&
Peta Konsep
DO[MOZK]KX ¥^N^]XaK
<O[KU AOVSXQUK[ 8O[^LKR 8O[K]^[KX MS[SXaK ! $ " LO[^LKR ¥OMK[K
UYX¥]KX
2=H9B 5=C@E>B9H ]O[NS[S K]K¥
MS[SXaK
@SX]K¥KX QO[KUXaK ?OMOZK]KX ¥^N^]XaK

LO[^ZK VSXQUK[KX <O[KU AOVSXQUK[ 8O[K]^[KX MS[SXaK
! & " UYX¥]KX
Refleksi
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, tentunya Anda dapat dari materi bab ini yang Anda pahami? Agar semua
menyebutkan contoh-contoh benda yang bergerak materi pada bab ini Anda pahami, cobalah diskusikan
melingkar yang ada di lingkungan Anda. Dapatkah Anda dengan teman Anda atau minta penjelasan kepada
menyebutkan manfaat lain? Dari bab ini, bagian manakah guru.
Gerak Melingkar 79
/% 6@C@?C9? I9C9? I9JK A9M9:9E N9E> G9C@E> J=G9J <9E B=HA9B9EC9? G9<9 :KBK C9J@?9E%
)& 8OXNK NSUK]KUKX LO[QO[KU WOVSXQUK[ TSUK &&&& .& GOL^KR LOXNK LO[QO[KU WOVSXQUK[ NOXQKX UOMOZK]KX
K& UOMOZK]KXXaK ]O]KZ /*( [ZW& DO[XaK]KKX aKXQ LOXK[ KNKVKR &&&&
L& VSX]K¥KXXaK LO[^ZK VSXQUK[KX K& UOMOZK]KX ]O[¥OL^] WO[^ZKUKX UOMOZK]KX VSXOK[
M& VSX]K¥KXXaK LO[^ZK QK[S¥ V^[^¥ L& P[OUÔX¥S Z^]K[KXXaK KNKVKR . Z^]K[KX'¥OUYX
N& VSX]K¥KXXaK ]KU WOXOX]^ M& P[OUÔX¥S Z^]K[KXXaK KNKVKR )* Z^]K[KX'¥OUYX
O& ZO[MOZK]KXXaK ]O]KZ N& ZO[SYNO Z^]K[KXXaK KNKVKR ($. ¥OUYX
*& 7[KR UOMOZK]KX VSXOK[ ZKNK LOXNK aKXQ ¥ONKXQ LO[% O& UOMOZK]KX ¥ON^]XaK . [Y]K¥S'¥OUYX
QO[KU WOVSXQUK[ KNKVKR &&&& /& HS]SU 7 ]O[VO]KU NS ]OZS ZS[SXQKX aKXQ ¥ONKXQ LO[Z^]K[&
K& WOX^T^ Z^¥K] VSXQUK[KX 7NKZ^X ]S]SU 8 ]O[VO]KU NS ]OXQKR%]OXQKR TK[S%TK[S
L& LO[K¥KV NK[S Z^¥K] VSXQUK[KX ZS[SXQKX ]O[¥OL^]& DO[LKXNSXQKX UOMOZK]KX VSXOK[ ]S]SU
M& WOXaSXQQ^XQ VSX]K¥KX NKX ]OQKU V^[^¥ TK[S%TK[S 7 NKX ]S]SU 8 KNKVKR &&&&
VSXQUK[KX K& ) 2 ) N& * 2 +
N& WOXTK^RS Z^¥K] VSXQUK[KX L& ) 2 * O& * 2 -
O& LO[VK`KXKX NOXQKX K[KR QO[KU M& * 2 )
+& 8KXaKUXaK Z^]K[KX ¥O]SKZ ¥OUYX ZKNK QO[KU WOVSXQUK[ 0& GOL^KR LOXNK aKXQ WOVKUÛKX QO[KU WOVSXQUK[
NS¥OL^] &&&& LO[K]^[KX WOWSVSUS &&&&
K& ZO[SYNO K& UOMOZK]KX VSXOK[ ]O]KZ
L& P[OUÔX¥S L& ZO[MOZK]KX ]O]KZ
M& UOMOZK]KX ¥^N^] M& UOMOZK]KX ¥^N^] ]O]KZ
N& ZO[MOZK]KX ¥^N^] N& ZO[MOZK]KX NOXQKX K[KR WOXTK^RS Z^¥K]
O& ZKXTKXQ VSX]K¥KX O& LO¥K[ ZO[MOZK]KXXaK ¥OLKXNSXQ NOXQKX UOMO%
,& GOL^KR LOXNK LO[QO[KU WOVSXQUK[ ¥OVKWK +( WOXS]$ ZK]KXXaK
LOXNK ]O[¥OL^] ]OVKR WOVKUÛKX +&.(( Z^]K[KX& JKU]^ 1& DO[MOZK]KX ¥OX][SZO]KV ZKNK LOXNK aKXQ LO[QO[KU
aKXQ NSZO[VÛKX LOXNK ^X]Û WOVKUÛKX ¥K]^ Z^]K[KX WOVSXQUK[ LO[K]^[KX LO[P^XQ¥S &&&&
KNKVKR &&&& K& WOXKWLKR UOMOZK]KX LOXNK
K& ($) ¥OUYX L& WOWZO[]KRKXUKX K[KR UOMOZK]KX
L& ($* ¥OUYX M& WOXQ^LKR K[KR UOMOZK]KX
M& ($+ ¥OUYX N& WOWLO[SUKX QKaK ]KWLKRKX
N& ($, ¥OUYX O& WOWZO[]KRKXUKX UOVKT^KX LOXNK
O& ($- ¥OUYX )(& >K[^W 75..-42.8.6 ¥OL^KR ¥OZONK WY]Y[ WOX^XTÛUKX
-& DO[RK]SUKX QKWLK[ LO[SU^]& KXQUK )&*(( [ZW$ LO[K[]S UOMOZK]KX ¥^N^] Z^]K[KX WO¥SX
v WY]Y[ ]O[¥OL^] KNKVKR &&&&
K& *( [KN'¥ N& 0( [KN'¥
O
B
R L& ,( [KN'¥ O& )(( [KN'¥
M& .( [KN'¥
))& >SUK ¥^K]^ ]S]SU LO[QO[KU WOVSXQUK[ NOXQKX ZO[SYNO ]O]KZ
R
DO[XaK]KKX aKXQ LOXK[ NK[S QKWLK[ ]O[¥OL^] KNKVKR &&&&& )

¥OLO¥K[ NO]SU$ ]S]SU ]O[¥OL^] LO[QO[KU WOVSXQUK[ &&&&
K& UOMOZK]KX VSXOK[ NS 7 VOLSR LO¥K[ NK[SZKNK -
K& ¥K]^ Z^]K[KX ¥OVKWK - NO]SU NOXQKX VKT^ ]O]KZ
UOMOZK]KX VSXOK[ NS 8
L& - Z^]K[KX ¥O]SKZ NO]SU NOXQKX VKT^ KXQ^VO[ LO[^LKR
L& UOMOZK]KX VSXOK[ NS 8 VOLSR LO¥K[ NK[SZKNK
M& - Z^]K[KX ¥O]SKZ NO]SU NOXQKX VKT^ KXQ^VO[ ]O]KZ
UOMOZK]KX VSXOK[ NS 7
N& Z^]K[KX ¥O]SKZ NO]SU NOXQKX VKT^ KXQ^VO[ LO[^LKR
M& UOMOZK]KX VSXOK[ NS C VOLSR LO¥K[ NK[SZKNK
O& - Z^]K[KX ¥O]SKZ NO]SU$ ¥O]OVKR S]^ NSKW
UOMOZK]KX VSXOK[ NS 8 NKX 7
)*& 9KVKW QO[KU WOVSXQUK[ LO[K]^[KX$ R^L^XQKX KX]K[K :$
N& UOMOZK]KX ¥^N^] NS 7 VOLSR UOMSV NK[SZKNK
UOMOZK]KX ¥^N^] NS 8 NKX C & $ NKX ( NSXaK]KUKX NOXQKX ZO[¥KWKKX &&&&
(
O& UOMOZK]KX VSXOK[ NS 8 VOLSR LO¥K[ NK[SZKNK K& & 5 :( N& : !
UOMOZK]KX ¥^N^] NS C NKX 7
&
: *
L& & % O& : !
( T
M& : 5 & (

)+& HS]SU D NKX E LO[]^[^]%]^[^] ]O[VO]KU ZKNK ^T^XQ NKX )/& DO[XaK]KKX aKXQ LOXK[ ]OX]KXQ ZO[MOZK]KX ¥OX][SZO]KV
ZO[]OXQKRKX TK[S%TK[S ¥OL^KR [YNK aKXQ LO[Z^]K[ KNKVKR &&&&
LO[K]^[KX WKUK &&&& K& K[KRXaK WOXTK^RS Z^¥K] VSXQUK[KX
K& UOMOZK]KX ¥^N^] NKX UOMOZK]KX VSXOK[XaK ¥KWK L& K[KRXaK WOX^T^ Z^¥K] VSXQUK[KX
L& UOMOZK]KX ¥^N^] NKX UOMOZK]KX VSXOK[XaK ]SNKU ¥KWK M& K[KRXaK ]OQKU V^[^¥ TK[S%TK[S
M& UOMOZK]KX ¥^N^]XaK ¥KWK$ ]O]KZS UOMOZK]KX N& K[KRXaK LO[VK`KXKX K[KR QO[KU
VSXOK[XaK ]SNKU ¥KWK O& K[KRXaK ]OQKU V^[^¥ LSNKXQ VSX]K¥KX
N& UOMOZK]KX ¥^N^]XaK ]SNKU ¥KWK$ ]O]KZS UOMOZK]KX )0& DO[XaK]KKX aKXQ LOXK[ ]OX]KXQ LO¥K[ ZO[MOZK]KX
VSXOK[XaK ¥KWK ¥OX][SZO]KV KNKVKR &&&&
O& ZO[MOZK]KX ¥^N^]XaK ]SNKU ¥KWK K& LO[LKXNSXQ V^[^¥ NOXQKX U^KN[K] TK[S%TK[S ZKNK
),& DS[SXQKX LO[NSKWO]O[ *( MW LO[Z^]K[ NOXQKX UOMOZK]KX UOMOZK]KX ]O]KZ
¥^N^] , [KN'¥& >SUK ¥OL^KR ]S]SU WK]O[S LO[KNK ZKNK ZSXQQS[ L& LO[LKXNSXQ ]O[LKVSU NOXQKX U^KN[K] TK[S%TK[S ZKNK
ZS[SXQKX ]O[¥OL^]$ UOVKT^KX VSXOK[XaK ¥OLO¥K[ &&&& UOMOZK]KX ]O]KZ
K& *( MW'¥ M& LO[LKXNSXQ V^[^¥ NOXQKX U^KN[K] UOMOZK]KX TSUK
L& ,( MW'¥ TK[S%TK[SXaK ]O]KZ
M& -( MW'¥ N& ]SNKU NSZOXQK[^RS YVOR TK[S%TK[S
N& .( MW'¥ O& ]SNKU NSZOXQK[^RS YVOR UOMOZK]KX VSXOK[
O& 0( MW'¥ )1& 8OXNK NSUK]KUKX LO[QO[KU WOVSXQUK[ LO[^LKR
)-& ?OMOZK]KX KVS[KX KS[ aKXQ WOW^]K[ USXMS[ KS[ KNKVKR LO[K]^[KX TSUK &&&&
)( MW'¥& >SUK QK[S¥ ]OXQKR USXMS[ * W$ UOMOZK]KX ¥^N^] K& UOMOZK]KX ¥^N^]XaK ]O]KZ
USXMS[ KNKVKR &&&& L& UOMOZK]KX ¥^N^]XaK LO[^LKR ¥OMK[K LO[K]^[KX
K& ($(- [KN'¥ M& ZO[MOZK]KXXaK ¥KWK NOXQKX XYV
L& ($) [KN'¥ N& UOMOZK]KX VSXOK[XaK ]O]KZ
M& ) [KN'¥ O& ZO[MOZK]KXXaK ]SNKU ]O]KZ
N& - [KN'¥ *(& GOL^KR [YNK ¥OZONK ¥ONKXQ LO[Z^]K[$ UOW^NSKX NS[OW&
O& )( [KN'¥ FYNK ]O[¥OL^] KURS[XaK LO[ROX]S ¥O]OVKR )* ¥OUYX&
).& G^K]^ ]S]SU WOVKUÛKX QO[KU WOVSXQUK[ LO[K]^[KX$ GOVKWK `KU]^ S]^$ [YNK ¥OZONK ]OVKR LO[Z^]K[ ¥OLKXaKU
¥ORSXQQK ]SKZ WOXS] WOWL^K] +(( Z^]K[KX& >SUK TK[S%TK[S +. Z^]K[KX& >SUK ZO[VKWLK]KX [YNK KNKVKR ($- Z^]K[KX'¥*$
VSX]K¥KXXaK ,( MW$ ZO[MOZK]KX ¥OX][SZO]KVXaK KNKVKR &&&& UOMOZK]KX ¥^N^] [YNK ¥OLOV^W NSVKUÛKX ZOXQO[OW%
K& , * W'¥* KX KNKVKR &&&&
L& ,( W'¥*
* K& 1( [ZW
L& )0( [ZW
M& ,(( * W'¥*
M& +.( [ZW
N& ,&((( * W'¥* N& -,( [ZW
O& ),,&((( W'¥*
*
O& /*( [ZW
0% 39M9:C9? G=HJ9EN99E :=H@BKJ @E@ <=E>9E J=G9J%

)& GOL^KR LOXNK LO[WK¥¥K - UQ WOXQKVKWS QO[KU LO[% LOXKXQ& ?OW^NSKX$ LOXNK 7 NSZ^]K[ WOXNK]K[ ¥OZO[]S
K]^[KX NKVKW ¥^K]^ VSX]K¥KX LO[LOX]Û VSXQUK[KX aKXQ ZKNK QKWLK[& DKXTKXQ ]KVS 7D KNKVKR -( MW NKX ^X]Û
LO[TK[S%TK[S -( MW NOXQKX UOMOZK]KX VSXOK[ * W'¥& LO[Z^]K[ *( UKVS$ NSL^]^RUKX `KU]^ 0 ¥& HOX]ÛKX2
HOX]ÛKX2 K& ZO[SYNO Z^]K[XaK$
K& ZO[SYNO Z^]K[KX$ L& UOMOZK]KX VSXOK[XaK$
L& ZO[MOZK]KX ¥OX][SZO]KV& M& ZO[MOZK]KX ¥OX][SZO]KV NKX K[KRXaK$ NKX
*& DO[RK]SUKX QKWLK[ LO[SU^]& N& QKaK ¥OX][SZO]KV NKX K[KRXaK&
+& 8OXNK aKXQ WK¥¥KXaK )(( Q[KW WOVKUÛKX QO[KU
WOVSXQUK[ LO[K]^[KX ¥OLKXaKU )-( Z^]K[KX ]SKZ WOXS]&
A P >K[S%TK[S VSXQUK[KXXaK ,( MW NKX UOMOZK]KXXaK + W'¥&
=S]^XQVKR `KU]^ ^X]Û ¥K]^ UKVS Z^]K[&
,& GOL^KR WYLSV WOVKT^ ZKNK ¥OL^KR TKVKX WOXNK]K[
NOXQKX UOVKT^KX /* UW'TKW& >SUK TK[S%TK[S VSXQUK[KX LKX
WYLSV KNKVKR *( MW$ LO[KZKUKR UOMOZK]KX ¥^N^]
ZO[Z^]K[KX LKX ]O[¥OL^]6
B
8OXNK 7 aKXQ WK¥¥KXaK *( Q[KW NSSUK]UKX ZKNK ^T^XQ -& GOL^KR USZK¥ KXQSX LO[Z^]K[ 1(( [ZW&
]KVS NKX NSR^L^XQUKX NOXQKX LOLKX 8 WOVKV^S ¥OROVKS
Gerak Melingkar 81
K& 8O[KZKUKR UOMOZK]KX ¥^N^] ]S]SU aKXQ ]O[VO]KU 0& GOL^KR LKX WYLSV LO[TK[S%TK[S +( MW& >SUK WYLSV NK[S
ZKNK LKVSXQ%LKVSXQ6 UOKNKKX NSKW NKZK] NSZO[MOZK] LO[K]^[KX ¥ORSXQQK
L& 8O[KZKUKR VKT^ WK¥¥K ]S]SU ^T^XQ LKVSXQ%LKVSXQ TSUK NKVKW `KU]^ 0 NO]SU UOMOZK]KXXaK WOXMKZKS )- W'¥$
ZKXTKXQ LKVSXQ%LKVSXQ KNKVKR *( MW6 LO[KZKUKR ZO[MOZK]KX ¥^N^] LKX6 HOVKR LO[Z^]K[ LO[KZK
.& GOL^KR [YNK LO[TK[S%TK[S ,( MW LO[Z^]K[ ZKNK ZY[Y¥XaK& UKVS LKX ]O[¥OL^]6
9KVKW `KU]^ *( NO]SU$ [YNK ]O[¥OL^] NKZK] WOXMKZKS 1& GOL^KR KVK] ZOXQO[SXQ WO¥SX M^MS LO[Z^]K[ ZKNK
UOMOZK]KX 1(( [ZW NK[S UOKNKKX NSKW& FYNK ]O[¥OL^] UOMOZK]KX 1(( Z^]K[KX'WOXS] ![ZW" NKX NSZO[VKWLK]
NSZO[MOZK] LO[K]^[KX& LO[K]^[KX ¥ORSXQQK LO[Z^]K[ ZKNK +(( [ZW& DO[VKWLK]KX
K& 8O[KZKUKR ZO[MOZK]KX ¥^N^] [YNK ]O[¥OL^]6 SXS NSMKZKS ¥O]OVKR KVK] LO[Z^]K[ -( UKVS&
L& 8O[KZKUKR ZO[MOZK]KX ]KXQOX¥SKV ZKNK [YNK6 K& 8O[KZKUKR ZO[MOZK]KX ¥^N^] WO¥SX M^MS ]O[¥OL^]6
/& GOL^KR UK][YV LO[TK[S%TK[S - MW& 9KVKW `KU]^ + NO]SU$ L& 8O[KZKUKR `KU]^ aKXQ NSZO[VÛKX ^X]Û
UOMOZK]KX ¥^N^]XaK LO[^LKR NK[S +( Z^]K[KX'¥ WOXTKNS WOXMKZKS UOMOZK]KX ]O[¥OL^]6
*( Z^]K[KX'¥& )(& GOL^KR LK]^ *((Q NSSUK] ZKNK ^T^XQ ]KVS NKX NSZ^]K[
K& 8O[KZKUKR ZO[MOZK]KX ¥^N^] aKXQ NSKVKWS UK][YV6 RSXQQK WOXOWZ^R VSXQUK[KX NK]K[ aKXQ LO[TK[S%TK[S
L& 8O[KZK Z^]K[KX UK][YV ]O[¥OL^] LO[Z^]K[ NKVKW )$*( W NOXQKX UOMOZK]KX + Z^]K[KX ¥O]SKZ NO]SU&
`KU]^ * NO]SU6 HOX]ÛKX ZO[MOZK]KX LK]^ ]O[¥OL^]&

Bab
5
Sumber: Bergulir dan Mengalir,2004
Setelah melewati garis finish, pelari memperlambat laju larinya.
Dinamika Gerak
menerapkan Hukum Newton sebagai prinsip dasar dinamika untuk gerak lurus,
gerak vertikal, dan gerak melingkar beraturan.
DUcY[Q ]U^TU[QcY WQaYb ;>C>G=& Ù¥QaY Q[Q^ ]U]ÙaSU`Qc ¥QaY^gQ( A. Gaya

KUcU¥QX ]U¥UfQcY WQaYb ;>C>G=& TYQ Q[Q^ ]U]Ùa¥Q]RQc ¥QaY^gQ( :`Q[QX Memengaruhi
gQ^W ]U]ÙaSU`Qc TQ^ ]U]Ùa¥Q]RQc WUaQ[ Ù¥QaY cUabURdc9
=Y KFI& :^TQ cU¥QX ]U]Ù¥QZQaY WUaQ[ TQ^ Xd[d]'Xd[d] GUfc_^ Gerak Benda
cU^cQ^W WUaQ[( =Q¥Q] [UXYTd`Q^ bUXQaY'XQaY& :^TQ cYTQ[ Ùa^QX cUa¥U`Qb B. Penerapan
TQaY WUaQ[( KU_aQ^W Q^Q[ RUa¥QaY ]U^WUZQa R_¥Q& :^TQ RUaZQ¥Q^ [U bU[_¥QX&
TQ^ Rdb RUaWUaQ[ ]U^Y^WWQ¥[Q^ cUa]Y^Q¥ ]Uad`Q[Q^ RURUaQ`Q S_^c_X Hukum Newton
WUaQ[( :`Q[QX bURU^Qa^gQ gQ^W ]U^gURQR[Q^ RU^TQ RUaWUaQ[9
:]QcY¥QX RU^TQ'RU^TQ RUaWUaQ[ TY bU[YcQa :^TQ& ]YbQ¥^gQ ]_RY¥&
bUÙTQ ]_c_a& TQ^ RU^TQ gQ^W RUaQgd^ `QTQ bUdcQb cQ¥Y( ;QWQY]Q^Q[QX
?YbY[Q ]U^ZU¥Qb[Q^ cUaZQTY^gQ WUaQ[9 :^TQ Q[Q^ ]U]QXQ]Y^gQ bUcU¥QX
]U]Ù¥QZQaY RQR Y^Y(
83
Tes Kompetensi Awal
=C@CIQJ JCJMCI?G?NF HLKOCM 5FK?JFH? 7CN?H$ HCNG?H?KI?E OL?I%OL?I @CNFHQP B?I?J @QHQ I?PFE?K&
+( :`Q gQ^W :^TQ [UcQXdY cU^cQ^W WQgQ9 .( =Q`Qc[QX bURdQX RU^TQ RUaWUaQ[ ZY[Q cYTQ[ QTQ WQgQ
,( :`Q[QX ÙaQ^Q^ WUaQ[ TQ¥Q] [UXYTd`Q^ bUXQaY'XQaY9 gQ^W RU[UaZQ `QTQ RU^TQ cUabURdc9
-( ;QWQY]Q^Q XdRd^WQ^ Q^cQaQ WQgQ& ]QbbQ& TQ^ /( Ld¥Yb[Q^¥QX S_^c_X WUaQ[ TQ¥Q] [UXYTd`Q^ bUXQaY'XQaY bUacQ
ÙaSU`QcQ^9 bURdc[Q^ WQgQ gQ^W ]U]U^WQadXY WUaQ[Q^ RU^TQ cUabURdc9
Tokoh A. Gaya Memengaruhi Gerak Benda

IQTQ ;QR -& :^TQ cU¥QX ]U]Ù¥QZQaY WUaQ[ bdQcd RU^TQ cQ^`Q ]U¥YXQc
Q`Q gQ^W ]U^gURQR[Q^ WUaQ[ RU^TQ cUabURdc( KdRRQR Y^Y Q[Q^ ]U]RQXQb
Ù^gURQR TQaY WUaQ[(
Sir Isaac Newton
IQTQ àY^bY`^gQ& gQ^W ]U]U^WQadXY WUaQ[ bdQcd RU^TQ QTQ¥QX WQgQ( =Q'
(1642 – 1727)
¥Q] Y¥]d ?YbY[Q& WQgQ ]Uad`Q[Q^ [_^bU` gQ^W bQ^WQc Ù^cY^W( :TQ RURUaQ`Q
]QSQ] WQgQ gQ^W bUaY^W TYZd]`QY& ]YbQ¥^gQ WQgQ RUaQc& WQgQ _c_c& TQ^ WQgQ ÙWQb(
AdRd^WQ^ Q^cQaQ WUaQ[ RU^TQ TU^WQ^ WQgQ gQ^W ]U]U^WQadXY RU^TQ
cUabURdc TYRQXQb TY TQ¥Q] Xd[d]'Xd[d] GUfc_^ cU^cQ^W WUaQ[(
1. Hukum I Newton
KUcYQ` RU^TQ ]U]Y¥Y[Y [USU^TUad^WQ^ d^cd[ ]U]ÙacQXQ^[Q^
[UTdTd[Q^^gQ( KURdQX RU^TQ TQ¥Q] [UQTQQ^ TYQ] ]U]Y¥Y[Y
[USU^TUad^WQ^ d^cd[ cUcQ` TYQ]( KURQ¥Y[^gQ& RU^TQ TQ¥Q] [UQTQQ^
RUaWUaQ[ ]U]Y¥Y[Y [USU^TUad^WQ^ d^cd[ cUcQ` RUaWUaQ[( KYVQc bUÙacY Y^Y
Sir Isaac Newton lahir di TY^Q]Q[Q^ G>;6H @:A:B76B6C QcQd >C:FG>6(
KYVQc [U¥U]RQ]Q^ TQ`Qc :^TQ aQbQ[Q^ [UcY[Q :^TQ RUaQTQ TY TQ¥Q]
Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, Inggris
pada 25 Desember 1642. Pada
1661, Newton berkesempatan [U^TQaQQ^ gQ^W bUTQ^W RUaWUaQ[& [U]dTYQ^ bUSQaQ cYRQ'cYRQ [U^TQaQQ^ cUabURdc
belajar di Trinity College,
TYaU] bUXY^WWQ :^TQ cUaT_a_^W [U TU`Q^( AQ¥ Y^Y cUaZQTY [QaU^Q bURU¥d]
Ù^WUaU]Q^& :^TQ TQ¥Q] [UQTQQ^ RUaWUaQ[ [U TU`Q^ TU^WQ^ [USU`QcQ^ bQ]Q
Cambridge, dan lulus pada 1665.
Penemuannya antara lain dalam
bidang matematika jenis baru TU^WQ^ [U^TQaQQ^ bUXY^WWQ [UcY[Q TYaU] :^TQ cUaT_a_^W [U TU`Q^ [QaU^Q
:^TQ ]U]Y¥Y[Y [USU^TUad^WQ^ d^cd[ cUcQ` RUaWUaQ[( :`Q gQ^W Q[Q^ :^TQ
saat itu, yakni kalkulus, penemuan
Q¥Q]Y [UcY[Q [U^TQaQQ^ ]d¥QY RUaWUaQ[ [U]RQ¥Y9 FU^WQ`Q TU]Y[YQ^9

dalam bidang cahaya dan warna,
dan hukum-hukum tentang gerak
termasuk hukum gravitasi. KYVQc [U¥U]RQ]Q^ RU^TQ TYd^W[Q`[Q^ _¥UX 8O??A ;CSPLK bURQWQY
Ad[d] B GUfc_^( Ad[d] B GUfc_^ ]U^gQcQ[Q^ RQXfQ ?>@6 F:GIAH6C
Hukum-hukum tentang gerak
yang menghebohkan ialah
rumusan dalam jurnalnya yang <6M6$<6M6 M6C< 7:@:F?6 E696 7:C96 G6B6 9:C<6C CDA " "/ " * #B6@6 7:C96
terkenal, Philosophiae Naturalis
Principia Mathematica atau
H:FG:7IH 6@6C H:H6E 9>6B 6H6I 7:F<:F6@ AIFIG 9:C<6C @:8:E6H6C @DCGH6C%
disebut juga Principia.
Sumber: Jendela IPTEK, 1997 Aktivitas Fisika 5.1
Kelembaman
Tujuan Percobaan
Mengamati sifat kelembaman benda
Alat-Alat Percobaan
1. Selembar kertas
2. Gelas
3. Uang logam
1. Letakkan selembar kertas di permukaan sebuah gelas, kemudian di atas kertas
tersebut letakkan sebuah uang logam (koin) seperti pada Gambar 5.1.
Gambar 5.1
Ketika kertas ditarik dengan
2. Tariklah kertas dengan cara dihentakkan. Di manakah koin itu jatuh?
cara dihentakkan, di manakah 3. Tariklah kertas secara perlahan-lahan. Apa yang terjadi dengan koin tersebut?
koin ini jatuh? 4. Apa yang Anda simpulkan dari kegiatan ini?

2. Hukum II Newton
@QgQ gQ^W RU[UaZQ `QTQ bURdQX RU^TQ ]U^gURQR[Q^ RU^TQ cUabURdc
RUaWUaQ[ TYÙaSU`Qc QcQd TYÙa¥Q]RQc( Ad[d] BB GUfc_^ ]U]Ù¥QZQaY
XdRd^WQ^ Q^cQaQ WQgQ gQ^W RU[UaZQ `QTQ bURdQX RU^TQ TU^WQ^ ÙaSU`QcQ^
gQ^W TYcY]Rd¥[Q^ _¥UX WQgQ cUabURdc( ;UaY[dc Y^Y Q[Q^ TY¥Q[d[Q^ [UWYQcQ^
bUTUaXQ^Q( KUcU¥QX ]U¥Q[d[Q^ [UWYQcQ^ cUabURdc& :^TQ TYXQaQ`[Q^ TQ`Qc
]U]QXQ]Y XdRd^WQ^ Q^cQaQ WQgQ "/#& ]QbbQ RU^TQ "B## TQ^ ÙaSU`QcQ^
RU^TQ "6# gQ^W RU[UaZQ `QTQ RU^TQ cUabURdc(

balok
(a)
Hubungan antara Massa, Percepatan, dan Gaya
m1
Tujuan Percobaan
Menyelidiki hubungan antara massa, percepatan, dan gaya pada benda yang
mengalami gerak lurus berubah beraturan.
Alat-Alat Percobaan
1. 2 buah balok kayu bermassa m1 m2 beban
2. Meja
3. Beban bermassa m2, m2 >> m1
4. Tali (b) m1 balok
5. Troli
6. Pewaktu ketik m1 balok
1. Susunlah alat percobaan seperti pada Gambar 5.2.
2. Nyalakan pewaktu ketik.
3. Lepaskan troli sehingga troli bergerak.
4. Amati jejak pada pewaktu ketik. m2 beban
5. Hitunglah percepatan troli tersebut.
6. Lakukan langkah 2 sampai 5 untuk massa di atas troli sebesar 2 m1, seperti Gambar 5.2
pada Gambar 5.2 (b). (a) Balok bermassa m1 diletakkan di
atas troli dan ditarik oleh gaya F
7. Apakah percepatan yang dialami kedua percobaan itu sama? Mengapa
dari beban m2 .
demikian? (b) Balok bermassa 2 m1 diletakkan
8. Bagaimana hubungan antara m1 dan a, juga hubungan antara 2m1 dan a? di atas troli dan ditarik oleh
9. Bagaimana hubungan antara F = m2g dan a? gaya F dari m2.
KUcU¥QX ]U¥Q[d[Q^ 2HPFRFP?O 6FOFH? ,&)& :^TQ cU¥QX ]U]QXQ]Y

XdRd^WQ^ Q^cQaQ ]QbbQ& ÙaSU`QcQ^& TQ^ `QTQ RU^TQ gQ^W aUbd¥cQ^ WQgQ
gQ^W TYQ¥Q]Y^gQ cYTQ[ bQ]Q ^_¥( ;UaTQbQa[Q^ ÙaS_RQQ^ cUabURdc :^TQ
Ùa_¥UX XdRd^WQ^ Q^cQaQ WQgQ TQ^ ÙaSU`QcQ^^gQ& gQYcd
/!6 "/m+#
:TQ`d^ XQaWQ [UbURQ^TY^WQ^^gQ Ycd ]U^d^Zd[[Q^ d[daQ^ [U¥U]'

RQ]Q^ gQ^W TY]Y¥Y[Y RU^TQ& gQYcd ]QbbQ( KUSQaQ ]QcU]QcYb ÙabQ]QQ^^gQ
TQ`Qc TYcd¥Yb bURQWQY RUaY[dc(
/
B*
6
/ * B6 "/m,#
<CNO?J??K !,U)" TY[U^Q¥ bURQWQY Ad[d] BB GUfc_^ gQ^W

Ùa^gQcQQ^^gQ bUSQaQ ¥U^W[Q` QTQ¥QX RQXfQ `:F8:E6H6C M6C< 9>H>B7IA@6C
DA:= <6M6 M6C< 7:@:F?6 E696 GI6HI 7:C96 7:G6FCM6 7:F76C9>C< AIFIG 9:C<6C
<6M6 H:FG:7IH 96C 7:F76C9>C< H:F76A>@ 9:C<6C B6GG6 7:C96%
Dinamika Gerak 85
@QgQ TQ^ ÙaSU`QcQ^ QTQ¥QX RUbQaQ^ eU[c_a& bUTQ^W[Q^ ]QbbQ RU^TQ
QTQ¥QX RUbQaQ^ b[Q¥Qa( H¥UX [QaU^Q Ycd& WQgQ TYcd¥Yb bURQWQY RUaY[dc(
6 * B? "/m-#
DUcUaQ^WQ^4
6 7 WQgQ gQ^W RU[UaZQ `QTQ RU^TQ "G#
B 7 ]QbbQ RU^TQ "[W#
? 7 ÙaSU`QcQ^ RU^TQ "])b,#
=Q¥Q] KB& bQcdQ^ WQgQ QTQ¥QX [W])b,& TYbURdc ZdWQ Ûfc_^ "G#( 06M6
' C:KHDC TYTUVY^YbY[Q^ bURQWQY <6M6 M6C< 7:@:F?6 E696 B6GG6 + @>AD<F6B
7:C96 G:=>C<<6 B:C>B7IA@6C E:F8:E6H6C + B:H:F E:F G:@DC @I69F6H%
Tantangan Contoh 5.1

KURdQX RU^TQ RUa]QbbQ , [W RUaWUaQ[ TU^WQ^ [USU`QcQ^ QfQ¥ / ])b TY QcQb RYTQ^W TQcQa
untuk Anda
Sebuah palu bermassa 2 kg ¥YSY^& [U]dTYQ^ RU^TQ cUabURdc TYRUaY WQgQ cUcQ` bUQaQX TU^WQ^ WUaQ[ RU^TQ( KUcU¥QX
diayunkan vertikal ke bawah dengan ]UÛ]`dX ZQaQ[ . ]& [USU`QcQ^ RU^TQ ]U^ZQTY 1 ])b( LU^cd[Q^ RUbQa WQgQ cUabURdc(
9?S?@1
kecepatan 20 m/s. Palu tersebut
m = 2 kg
=Y[UcQXdY4
menghantam sebuah paku,
mengakibatkan paku masuk sedalam
J* 7 / ])b!5 B 7 , [W
F v
5 cm ke dalam kayu. Hitunglah gaya
hantam palu. JH 7 1 ])b5 G7.] 4m
IUabQ]QQ^ WUaQ[4
,6G 7 JH, m J*, FU^dadc Ad[d] BB GUfc_^&
J H m J*
, , / * B6 7 ", [W# "- ])b,# 7 0 [W])b, 7 0 G
6" CQTY& WQgQ gQ^W RU[UaZQ `QTQ RU^TQ QTQ¥QX 0 G(
,G
"1 ])b# m "/ ])b#
, ,
67
,"/]#
6 7 - ])b,
F' = gaya tarik

pohon terhadap
anak 3. Hukum III Newton
F' B[Qc[Q^ bUdcQb cQ¥Y `QTQ RQcQ^W `_X_^ UaQc'UaQc QWQa cQ¥Y cYTQ[ ¥U`Qb&
bUÙacY `QTQ 7?J@?N ,&*( IUWQ^W cQ¥Y `QTQ ZQaQ[ RURUaQ`Q ]UcUa& ]YaY^W'
F [Q^ cdRdX :^TQ bQ]RY¥ ]U^QaY[ cQ¥Y gQ^W bdTQX cUa`QbQ^W( :^TQ cYTQ[
F, = gaya ZQcdX& Rd[Q^9 DQbdb Y^Y TYcQ^W[Q` _¥UX GUfc_^ TU^WQ^ ]U^gQcQ[Q^ RQXfQ4
tarik anak
1>@6 ,C96 B:C<:F?6@6C <6M6 E696 G:7I6= 7:C96# 7:C96 >HI 6@6C B:C<:F?6$
@6C <6M6 E696 ,C96 M6C< 7:G6FCM6 G6B6# H:H6E> 9:C<6C 6F6= 7:FA6K6C6C(
terhadap
pohon
IQTQ [UZQTYQ^ cUabURdc& QTQ TdQ WQgQ gQ^W RUa¥QfQ^Q^& gQYcd WQgQ cQaY[
Gambar 5.3
_¥UX Q^Q[ cUaXQTQ` `_X_^ TYbURdc <6M6 6@G>& bUTQ^W[Q^ `_X_^

Putut menarik tali yang
diikatkan pada pohon.
]U]ÙacQXQ^[Q^ Q^Q[ TU^WQ^ WQgQ gQ^W bQ]Q TYbURdc <6M6 F:6@G>( KU]Q[Y^
RUbQa WQgQ Q[bY gQ^W TY[U^Q[Q^ cUaXQTQ` `_X_^& bU]Q[Y^ RUbQa WQgQ aUQ[bY
gQ^W TYRUaY[Q^ `_X_^(
gaya tekan meja
gaya tekan meja pada buku
/6@G> * N/F:6@G> "/m.#

pada buku (gaya reaksi)
N F'
@QgQ Q[bY TQ^ WQgQ aUQ[bY RU[UaZQ `QTQ TdQ RU^TQ gQ^W RUaRUTQ TU^WQ^
QaQX RUa¥QfQ^Q^(
IUaXQcY[Q^ 7?J@?N ,&+( ;d[d TYcQaY[ ;d]Y "K# eUacY[Q¥ [U RQfQX&
w F
gaya gravitasi
gQ^W RUbQa^gQ bURUaQc Rd[d( FUZQ ]U]RUaY[Q^ WQgQ T_a_^W "2# [U`QTQ
gaya tekan
Bumi pada buku pada
Rd[d gQ^W bQ]Q RUbQa TU^WQ^ WQgQ WaQeYcQbY ;d]Y "K# bUXY^WWQ Zd]¥QX
buku meja
(gaya aksi)
[UTdQ WQgQ gQ^W RU[UaZQ `QTQ Rd[d bQ]Q TU^WQ^ ^_¥( :WQa cYTQ[ bQ¥QX
Gambar 5.4
ÙabU`bY& [UTdQ WQgQ cUabURdc Rd[Q^ `QbQ^WQ^ Q[bY'aUQ[bY [QaU^Q cYTQ[
RU[UaZQ `QTQ RU^TQ gQ^W RUaRUTQ(
Gaya aksi dan gaya reaksi
terjadi pada buku dan meja.

IQTQ 7?J@?N ,&+& Rd[d ]UÛ[Q^ ]UZQ bUXY^WWQ ]U]RUaY[Q^ WQgQ
Q[bY gQ^W QaQX^gQ [U RQfQX( KURQWQY aUQ[bY^gQ& ]UZQ ]UÛ[Q^ Rd[d gQ^W
QaQX^gQ [U QcQb bUXY^WWQ ]U]RUaY[Q^ WQgQ aUQ[bY "/!#( DUTdQ WQgQ Y^Y
RUbQa^gQ bQ]Q TQ^ RUa¥QfQ^Q^ QaQX& bUacQ RU[UaZQ `QTQ TdQ RU^TQ gQ^W
RUaRUTQ( H¥UX [QaU^Q Ycd& `QbQ^WQ^ WQgQ Y^Y ]Uad`Q[Q^ `QbQ^WQ^ Q[bY'
aUQ[bY / 7 N/!(
FUbY^ cdaR_ ÙbQfQc ]U]RUaY[Q^ WQgQ Q[bY ]U¥Q¥dY WQb RdQ^W [U RQWYQ^
RU¥Q[Q^W( KURQ¥Y[^gQ& bU]RdaQ^ WQb RdQ^W a_[Uc ]U^WXQbY¥[Q^ WQgQ aUQ[bY
gQ^W ]U^gURQR[Q^ ÙbQfQc cUaT_a_^W [U TU`Q^ [QaU^Q ]QbbQ WQb RdQ^W
bQ^WQc [USY¥( @Qb cUabURdc ]U^gU]Rda [U RU¥Q[Q^W TU^WQ^ [USU`QcQ^ cY^WWY(
@QgQ Q[bY TQaY ]UbY^ cdaR_ ]UbY^ ÙbQfQc bQ]Q RUbQa^gQ TU^WQ^ WQgQ aUQ[bY
TQaY bU]RdaQ^ WQb& cUcQ`Y QaQX^gQ RUa¥QfQ^Q^(
bahan bakar terbakar turbin digerakkan
di dalam bilik bakar oleh gas panas
baling-baling
meniup udara ke
sekeliling mesin
buangan jet
aliran udara Gambar 5.5

kompresor tahap
pertama menekan kompresor tahap kedua Gaya aksi dan gaya reaksi terjadi
udara masuk meningkatkan tekanan pada mesin turbo pesawat.
4. Gaya Berat
DUcY[Q :^TQ ]U¥U]`Qa[Q^ dQ^W ¥_WQ] [U QcQb& Q`Q gQ^W cUaZQTY9
MQ^W ¥_WQ] cUabURdc Q[Q^ RUaWUaQ[ ^QY[ XY^WWQ [UcY^WWYQ^ ]Q[bY]d]&
Ingatlah
[U]dTYQ^ dQ^W ¥_WQ] cUabURdc Q[Q^ ZQcdX [U]RQ¥Y [U ;d]Y( CY[Q :^TQ
]U¥U`Qb[Q^ dQ^W ¥_WQ] TQaY [UcY^WWYQ^ cUacU^cd TQaY cQ^QX& dQ^W ¥_WQ]
Massa dan berat bukan besaran yang
sama. Satuan massa adalah kg dan
cUabURdc ZdWQ Q[Q^ ZQcdX [U ;d]Y( MQ^W ¥_WQ] Q[Q^ bU¥Q¥d ZQcdX [U ;d]Y satuan berat adalah newton.
TU^WQ^ ÙaSU`QcQ^ cUacU^cd [QaU^Q QTQ^gQ WQgQ WaQeYcQbY ;d]Y `QTQ dQ^W
¥_WQ](
KU]dQ RU^TQ Q[Q^ ]U^WQ¥Q]Y ÙaSU`QcQ^ gQ^W bQ]Q cQ^`Q TYÙ^WQadXY
]QbbQ^gQ( :^TQ ^Q]Q[Q^ ÙaSU`QcQ^ Y^Y TU^WQ^ ÙaSU`QcQ^ WaQeYcQbY
gQ^W RUbQa^gQ 3&2 ])b, TQ^ TY¥Q]RQ^W[Q^ TU^WQ^ D(
=QaY Ad[d] BB GUfc_^ gQ^W cU¥QX :^TQ Ù¥QZQaY& :^TQ TQ`Qc
]U^d¥Yb[Q^ WQgQ WaQeYcQbY 6W `QTQ RU^TQ RUa]QbbQ B bURQWQY RUaY[dc(
6W 7 BD
=U^WQ^ ]U^WWd^Q[Q^ ? 7 D TQ^ ]U^d¥Yb[Q^^gQ d^cd[ WQgQ WaQeYcQbY&
TYÙa_¥UX
S 7 BD "/m/#
DUcUaQ^WQ^4
S 7 WQgQ RUaQc "Ûfc_^#
] 7 ]QbbQ RU^TQ "[W#
D 7 ÙaSU`QcQ^ WaQeYcQbY "])b,#
Contoh 5.2
CY[Q ÙaSU`QcQ^ WaQeYcQbY TY I_^cYQ^Q[ 3&2 ])b,& RUaQ`Q RUaQc RU^TQ gQ^W ]QbbQ^gQ / [W
TY I_^cYQ^Q[9
9?S?@1
=Y[UcQXdY4
B 7 / [W
< 7 3&2 ])b,
Dinamika Gerak 87
K 7 B<
7 "/ [W# "3&2 ])b,# 7 .3 G
CQTY& RUaQc RU^TQ QTQ¥QX .3 G(

Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, KU`_c_^W RQ¥_[ ]QbbQ^gQ , [W cUa¥UcQ[ TY QcQb ¥Q^cQY( ;Q¥_[ cUabURdc TYcQaY[ _¥UX WQgQ
mungkin Anda pernah mendengar eUacY[Q¥ [U QcQb bURUbQa -* G( CY[Q < 7 +* ])b,& RUaQ`Q[QX ÙaSU`QcQ^ gQ^W TYRUaY[Q^
`QTQ RQ¥_[ cUabURdc9
kalimat: “berat badan Indro adalah
60 kg”. Bukankah satuan berat
adalah newton? Apakah timbangan 9?S?@1
merupakan alat pengukuran berat =Y[UcQXdY4
IQTQ RQ¥_[ RU[UaZQ TdQ WQgQ& gQYcd WQgQ RUaQc K TQ^ WQgQ cQaY[ eUacY[Q¥ [U QcQb /%
atau massa? Bersama kelompok
K 7 B<
belajar Anda, diskusikan hal
tersebut.
7 ", [W#"+* ])b,#
7 ,* G
IUaSU`QcQ^ RU^TQ TYcU^cd[Q^ _¥UX WQgQ / TQ^ WQgQ K(
/M 7 B6 F a
/ N K* B6
/NK
67
B
-* G m ,* G
7 7 / ])b, w
, [W
CQTY& ÙaSU`QcQ^ RU^TQ QTQ¥QX / ])b,(
5. Gaya Gesekan
M^cd[ ]U]RQ^cd :^TQ ]U]QXQ]Y [_^bU` cU^cQ^W WQgQ WUbU[Q^&
:^TQ TQ`Qc ]U¥Q[d[Q^ 2HPFRFP?O 6FOFH? ,&* RUaY[dc d^cd[ ]U^WQ]QcY
WQgQ WUbU[Q^ Q^cQaQ RQ¥_[ TQ^ ]UZQ(

Gaya Gesekan
Tujuan Percobaan
Mengamati gaya gesekan yang terjadi antara dua benda. neraca balok
Alat-Alat Percobaan pegas
1. Meja
2. Balok kayu
3. Neraca pegas
1. Susunlah alat percobaan seperti pada gambar.
2. Ketika balok sedang diam, tarik neraca pegas, kemudian amati gaya yang
ditunjukkan neraca pegas.
3. Catat gaya yang ditunjukkan neraca pegas sesaat balok akan bergerak.
4. Tarik neraca pegas sehingga balok bergerak dengan kecepatan konstan.
5. Catat gaya yang ditunjukkan neraca pegas pada saat balok bergerak dengan
kecepatan konstan.
6. Bandingkan nilai gaya yang ditunjukkan neraca pegas saat balok akan
bergerak dan saat balok bergerak dengan kecepatan konstan?
7. Gaya apakah yang ditunjukkan neraca pegas?
@QgQ WUbU[Q^ cUaZQTY `QTQ TdQ Ùa]d[QQ^ RU^TQ gQ^W bQ¥Y^W RUabU^cdX'
Q^ TQ^ cUaTQ`Qc WUaQ[ aU¥QcYV Q^cQaQ [UTdQ^gQ( @QgQ WUbU[Q^ cUabURdc
]U^WXQbY¥[Q^ WQgQ d^cd[ ]U^WXQ]RQc ¥QZd RU^TQ( @QgQ WUbU[Q^ Q^cQaQ

TdQ RU^TQ gQ^W RUabU^cdXQ^ RQ^gQ[ TYZd]`QY TQ¥Q] [UXYTd`Q^ bUXQaY'XQaY(
IQTQ RURUaQ`Q [Qbdb& WQgQ WUbU[Q^ RUabYVQc ]UadWY[Q^& bUTQ^W[Q^ `QTQ
[Qbdb gQ^W ¥QY^& WQgQ WUbU[Q^ RUabYVQc ]U^Wd^cd^W[Q^( KU_aQ^W bYbfQ ]U'
Û^TQ^W bURdQX R_¥Q TY QcQb ¥Q`Q^WQ^ RUad]`dc& cUaZQTY WQgQ WUbU[Q^ Q^cQaQ
Ùa]d[QQ^ R_¥Q TU^WQ^ XQ]`QaQ^ ad]`dc bUXY^WWQ R_¥Q Q[Q^ RUaXU^cY
`QTQ ZQaQ[ gQ^W cYTQ[ cUa¥Q¥d ZQdX( @QgQ WUbU[Q^ ]U^WXQ]RQc ¥QZd R_¥Q(
IQTQ S_^c_X ¥QY^& WQgQ WUbU[Q^ cY]Rd¥ Q^cQaQ RQ^ [U^TQaQQ^ gQ^W
bUTQ^W RUaWUaQ[ TU^WQ^ ZQ¥Q^ gQ^W TY¥Q¥dY^gQ bUXY^WWQ cYTQ[ b¥Y`( @QgQ
WUbU[Q^ dTQaQ TU^WQ^ bU_aQ^W ÙÛaZd^ `Qgd^W cUaZQTY bU`Q^ZQ^W
WUaQ[Q^^gQ( >]RdbQ^ dTQaQ gQ^W ]U^gU^cdX RYTQ^W `Qgd^W ]Uad`Q[Q^
WQgQ Ù^WXQ]RQc cUaXQTQ` ¥QZd ÙÛaZd^ bUXY^WWQ ÙÛaZd^ bU¥Q]Qc bQQc
Sumber: Physics for You, 2001
cYRQ TY cQ^QX( IQTQ ÙaYbcYfQ Y^Y& WQgQ WUbU[Q^ bQ^WQc RUa]Q^VQQc cUaXQTQ`
Gambar 5.6
[UbU¥Q]QcQ^ ÙÛaZd^ `Qgd^W(

Gerak turun penerjun payung
semakin lambat ketika semakin
dekat dengan tanah.
6. Gaya Sentripetal (Fsp)
LU¥QX :^TQ [UcQXdY RQXfQ [USU`QcQ^ QTQ¥QX RUbQaQ^ eU[c_a gQ^W
]U]Y¥Y[Y RUbQa TQ^ QaQX( CY[Q QaQX TQ^ [U¥QZdQ^ RUadRQX& eU[c_a [USU`QcQ^
Q[Q^ RUadRQX ZdWQ( IUadRQXQ^ eU[c_a [USU`QcQ^ Q[Q^ ]U^Y]Rd¥[Q^
ÙaSU`QcQ^( FU^dadc Ad[d] BB GUfc_^& WQgQ ]Uad`Q[Q^ Ùa[Q¥YQ^ Q^cQaQ
]QbbQ RU^TQ TU^WQ^ ÙaSU`QcQ^ gQ^W TY]Y¥Y[Y RU^TQ cUabURdc( CY[Q WQgQ
bU^caYÙcQ¥ gQ^W RU[UaZQ `QTQ RU^TQ RUaWUaQ[ ]U¥Y^W[Qa RUaQcdaQ^ QTQ¥QX
/GE& ÙaSU`QcQ^ bU^caYÙcQ¥ gQ^W TY]Y¥Y[Y RU^TQ RUa]QbbQ B QTQ¥QX 6GE ]Q[Q
WQgQ bU^caYÙcQ¥ TYad]db[Q^ bURQWQY RUaY[dc(
/GE 7 B6GE
J2
/GE " B " B$ 2 3 "/m0#
3
@QgQ bU^caYÙcQ¥ QaQX^gQ bU¥Q¥d ]U^dZd [U cYcY[ `dbQc ¥Y^W[QaQ^ TQ^
cUWQ[ ¥dadb TU^WQ^ eU[c_a [USU`QcQ^^gQ( M^cd[ ]U^WUcQXdY QTQ^gQ WQgQ
bU^caYÙcQ¥ `QTQ WUaQ[ ]U¥Y^W[Qa RUaQcdaQ^& ¥Q[d[Q^ [UWYQcQ^ RUaY[dc(
Gaya Sentripetal
Tujuan Percobaan
Mengetahui arah gaya sentripetal
Alat-Alat Percobaan
Tali dan bola pingpong
1. Ikatkan ujung tali pada bola pingpong.
2. Putar bola tersebut di atas kepala dengan posisi mendatar.
3. Apa yang Anda rasakan terhadap gaya tegangan tali?
4. Putarlah tali lebih cepat lagi. Adakah pengaruh kelajuan bola dengan gaya
tegangan tali?
5. Apa kesimpulan Anda dari percobaan ini? r T
T
IUaXQcY[Q^ 7?J@?N ,&.( CY[Q WQgQ RUaQc R_¥Q TYQRQY[Q^& WQ]RQa

cUabURdc ]U]Ùa¥YXQc[Q^ WQgQ'WQgQ gQ^W RU[UaZQ `QTQ R_¥Q gQ^W TYY[Qc
TU^WQ^ cQ¥Y TQ^ TY`dcQa TU^WQ^ cQ^WQ^ bURQWQY cYcY[ `dbQc^gQ( =Q`Qc
TY[QcQ[Q^ RQXfQ R_¥Q cUabURdc RUaWUaQ[ ]U¥Y^W[Qa( @QgQ cUWQ^WQ^ cQ¥Y Gambar 5.7
"5# ]Uad`Q[Q^ WQgQ gQ^W ]U^gURQR[Q^ RU^TQ cUabURdc RUaWUaQ[
Gaya sentripetal menuju pusat
lingkaran.
]U¥Y^W[Qa(
Dinamika Gerak 89
Pembahasan Soal @QgQ Y^Y ZdWQ TQ`Qc TYaQbQ[Q^ _¥UX cQ^WQ^ :^TQ( @QgQ cUWQ^WQ^
cQ¥Y "5# Y^Y ]Uad`Q[Q^ WQgQ gQ^W QaQX^gQ ]U^dZd `dbQc TQ^ Ù^gURQR
Sebuah benda bermassa 200 gram R_¥Q cUabURdc RUaWUaQ[ ]U¥Y^W[Qa( =Q¥Q] XQ¥ Y^Y& gQ^W RUaÙaQ^ bURQWQY
diikat dengan tali ringan. Kemudian,
diputar secara horizontal dengan
WQgQ bU^caYÙcQ¥ "/G# QTQ¥QX WQgQ cUWQ^WQ^ cQ¥Y "5#(
kecepatan sudut tetap 5 rad/s. /b 7 5
Panjang tali tersebut adalah 60 cm.
Berapakah besar gaya sentripetal <CNO?J??K !,U-" TQ`Qc TYcd¥Yb bURQWQY RUaY[dc
pada benda tersebut?
J,
a. 0,3 N
b. 0,6 N 5"B "/m1#
c. 3 N F
d. 6 N
IUa¥d :^TQ ÙaXQcY[Q^ RQXfQ WQgQ bU^caYÙcQ¥ ]Uad`Q[Q^ bdQcd

e. 30 N
YbcY¥QX d^cd[ aUbd¥cQ^ WQgQ gQ^W QaQX^gQ ]U^dZd `dbQc(

UAN, 2001
@QgQ bU^caYÙcQ¥ ZdWQ TQ`Qc :^TQ cU]dY `QTQ WUaQ[ ]U¥Y^W[Qa RU^TQ'
Pembahasan
Diketahui:
m = 200 gram = 0,2 kg
RU^TQ ¥Q^WYc cUaXQTQ` RU^TQ ¥Q^WYc ¥QY^^gQ( KURQWQY S_^c_X& Rd¥Q^ gQ^W
bU¥Q¥d ]U^WU¥Y¥Y^WY ;d]Y(
$ = 5 rad/s
= 60 cm = 0,6 m
v2 FU^WQ`Q ;d¥Q^ bU¥Q¥d ]U^WU¥Y¥Y^WY ;d]Y9 @QgQ Q`Q[QX gQ^W
RUacY^TQ[ bURQWQY WQgQ bU^caYÙcQ¥9 =QaY Ad[d] GUfc_^& TY[UcQXdY RQXfQ
Fsp = m
R
Dalam kasus ini, = R. Q^cQaQ TdQ RdQX RU^TQ gQ^W ]U]Y¥Y[Y ]QbbQ TQ^ TY`YbQX[Q^ _¥UX ZQaQ[
cUacU^cd RU[UaZQ bURdQX WQgQ cQaY[']U^QaY[ gQ^W RUbQa^gQ bURQ^TY^W
Dengan demikian,
TU^WQ^ ]QbbQ RU^TQ'RU^TQ cUabURdc TQ^ RUaRQ^TY^W cUaRQ¥Y[ TU^WQ^

v2
Fsp = m "
[dQTaQc ZQaQ[ `YbQX Q^cQaQ RU^TQ'RU^TQ cUabURdc( @QgQ Y^Y TYbURdc bURQWQY
R
WQgQ WaQeYcQbY( @QgQ Y^Y¥QX gQ^W ]U^gURQR[Q^ ;d¥Q^ RUaWUaQ[ ]U^WU¥Y¥Y^WY

Fsp = m $ 2 R
;d]Y( CQTY& gQ^W RUaÙaQ^ bURQWQY WQgQ bU^caYÙcQ¥ `QTQ WUaQ[ ;d¥Q^
Fsp = (0,2 kg) (5 rad/s)2 (0,6 m)
]U^WU¥Y¥Y^WY ;d]Y QTQ¥QX WQgQ WaQeYcQbY Q^cQaQ ;d¥Q^ TQ^ ;d]Y(

Fsp = 3 N
Jadi, gaya sentripetal yang bekerja
pada benda adalah 3 N.
Jawaban: C
Contoh 5.4
KURdQX R_¥Q RUbY RUa]QbbQ +** W TYY[Qc TU^WQ^ bUdcQb cQ¥Y gQ^W `Q^ZQ^W^gQ 2* S]&
[U]dTYQ^ TY`dcQa ]U]RU^cd[ ¥Y^cQbQ^ ]U¥Y^W[Qa TU^WQ^ [U¥QZdQ^ . ])b( LU^cd[Q^
WQgQ bU^caYÙcQ¥ R_¥Q RUbY cUabURdc(
9?S?@1
=Y[UcQXdY4
B 7 +** W 7 *&+ [W
m = 50 g
3 7 2* S] 7 *&2 ] 80
cm
J 7 . ])b R =
@QgQ bU^caYÙcQ¥ TYÙa_¥UX TU^WQ^ ]U^WWd^Q'
[Q^ ÙabQ]QQ^
J2
/b` 7 B
3
/b` 7 0,1kg ! )
2
* " 2N
% 4 m/s '
& 0,8 m (
CQTY& WQgQ bU^caYÙcQ¥ R_¥Q RUbY QTQ¥QX , G(
Kata Kunci
• Hukum I Newton Mari Mencari Tahu
• Hukum II Newton
:^TQ cU¥QX ]U^WUcQXdY RQXfQ WUaQ[ Rd¥Q^ TYÙ^WQadXY WQgQ cQaY[ ;d]Y( AYcd^W¥QX
• Hukum III Newton
RUbQa WQgQ cQaY[ ;d]Y cUaXQTQ` Rd¥Q^ cUabURdc( M^cd[ ]U^WUaZQ[Q^ cdWQb Y^Y& :^TQ
• gaya aksi
• gaya reaksi
• gaya gesekan Ùa¥d ]U^WUcQXdY RUbQaQ^'RUbQaQ^ ;d]Y TQ^ Rd¥Q^ gQ^W TYRdcdX[Q^ TQ¥Q]
• gaya sentripetal ÙaXYcd^WQ^ cUabURdc(

:CNG?H?KI?E B?I?J @QHQ I?PFE?K&
+( AYcd^W WQgQ gQ^W TYRdcdX[Q^ bURdQX ]_RY¥ gQ^W ]QbbQ' 0( KURdQX R_¥Q RUa]QbbQ ,** WaQ] TYY[Qc `QTQ dZd^W
^gQ ,(*** [W d^cd[ ]U^SQ`QY [USU`QcQ^ ,* ])b TQ¥Q] bUdcQb cQ¥Y gQ^W `Q^ZQ^W^gQ /* S]( ;_¥Q RUa`dcQa TQ'
fQ[cd +* b( ¥Q] ¥Y^W[QaQ^ X_aYh_^cQ¥ TU^WQ^ [U¥QZdQ^ cUcQ` , ])b(
,( KURdQX WQgQ / RU[UaZQ `QTQ RU^TQ RUa]QbbQ B+ TQ^ AYcd^W cUWQ^WQ^ cQ¥Y(
ÙaSU`QcQ^ gQ^W TYcY]Rd¥[Q^ , ])b,( @QgQ gQ^W bQ]Q 1( KURdQX `YaY^WQ^ TU^WQ^ ZQaY'ZQaY / S] TY`dcQa TU^WQ^
RU[UaZQ `QTQ RU^TQ ¥QY^ RUa]QbbQ B, ÙaSU`QcQ^ gQ^W [USU`QcQ^ bdTdc ,* aQT)b( LU^cd[Q^ ÙaSU`QcQ^ TQ^
TYcY]Rd¥[Q^ - ])b,( WQgQ bU^caYÙcQ¥ bURdQX cYcY[ RUa]QbbQ , W gQ^W RUaQTQ
B1
Q( ;UaQ`Q[QX ^Y¥QY aQbY_ 9 TY `Y^WWYa `YaY^WQ^ cUabURdc(
B2 2( KURdQX R_¥Q RUa]QbbQ *&, [W TY`dcQa ]U^WYcQaY
R( CY[Q B+ TQ^ B, TYWQRd^W& RUaQ`Q ÙaSU`QcQ^ gQ^W ¥Y^W[QaQ^ eUacY[Q¥ gQ^W aQTYdb^gQ +&/ ] TU^WQ^ ¥QZd
TYXQbY¥[Q^ _¥UX WQgQ /9 2 ])b( AYcd^W cUWQ^WQ^ ]Q[bY]d] TQ^ cUWQ^WQ^ ]Y^Y'
-( KURdQX Rdb ]QbbQ^gQ +*(*** [W RUaWUaQ[ TU^WQ^ [U' ]d] cQ¥Y gQ^W ]U^WXdRd^W[Q^ R_¥Q [U `dbQc
SU`QcQ^ 1, [])ZQ]( F_RY¥ TYaU] TQ^ RUaXU^cY bUcU¥QX ¥Y^W[QaQ^ ZY[Q < 7 +* ])b,(
]UÛ]`dX ZQaQ[ ,** ]( LU^cd[Q^ WQgQ aU] gQ^W 3( KURdQX [U^TQaQQ^ ]U^Y[d^W TY ¥Y^cQbQ^ ZQ¥Q^ ]U^'
RU[UaZQ `QTQ ]_RY¥ cUabURdc( TQcQa [QbQa TU^WQ^ ZQaY'ZQaY [U¥U^W[d^WQ^ /* ]& ]QbbQ
.( :^TQ bUTQ^W RUaQTQ TY TQ¥Q] bURdQX ÙbQfQc cUaRQ^W [U^TQaQQ^ TQ^ Ù^d]`Q^W /** [W( LU^cd[Q^
`QTQ [UcY^WWYQ^ +,(*** ] "-(0/1 [Q[Y#( ;UaQ`Q Ùa' [USU`QcQ^ ]Q[bY]d] QWQa [U^TQaQ^ cYTQ[ b¥Y` ZY[Q WQgQ
bU^[QX ÙadRQXQ^ RUaQc RQTQ^ :^TQ9 WUbU[Q^ Q^cQaQ RQ^ TQ^ ZQ¥Q^ /(*** G(
/( KU`_c_^W RQcd RQcQ gQ^W ]QbbQ^gQ , [W cUa¥UcQ[ TYQ] +*( KURdQX ]_RY¥ ]U¥UfQcY ZQ¥Q^ SU]Rd^W( =Y[UcQXdY
TY QcQb cQ^QX( DU]dTYQ^& RQcd cUabURdc TYcQaY[ [U QcQb aQTYdb ,* ]( FQbbQ ]_RY¥ RUbUacQ Ù^d]`Q^W^gQ
TU^WQ^ WQgQ -* G bU¥Q]Q , b& ¥Q¥d TY¥U`Qb[Q^( CY[Q .** [W( @QgQ cU[Q^ ]_RY¥ cUaXQTQ` ZQ¥Q^ -/** G( CY[Q
< 7 3&2 ])b ,& cU^cd[Q^ cY^WWY ]Q[bY]d] gQ^W ÙaSU`QcQ^ WaQeYcQbY +* ])b,& cU^cd[Q^ ¥QZd ]_RY¥ `QTQ
TYSQ`QY^gQ( bQQc [UTdTd[Q^ cUacY^WWY(
B. Penerapan Hukum Newton

IQTQ RQWYQ^ Y^Y& :^TQ Q[Q^ ]U]Ù¥QZQaY RURUaQ`Q ÙÛaQ`Q^ Xd[d] N
GUfc_^ TQ¥Q] [UXYTd`Q^ bUXQaY'XQaY(
1. Gerak Benda pada Bidang Datar F

KURdQX RU^TQ cUa¥UcQ[ `QTQ RYTQ^W TQcQa ¥YSY^ bUÙacY `QTQ 7?J@?N
,&/& [U]dTYQ^ TYRUaY WQgQ / ]U^TQcQa XY^WWQ RU^TQ RUaWUaQ[ ¥dadb
TU^WQ^ ÙaSU`QcQ^ 6( @QgQ'WQgQ gQ^W RU[UaZQ `QTQ bd]Rd'M QTQ¥QX
/M * 2 N K
w
Gambar 5.8
;U^TQ cYTQ[ RUaWUaQ[ cUaXQTQ` bd]Rd'M ]Q[Q

Gaya-gaya yang bekerja pada
balok.
/M * *
2NK** "/m2#
2 * K * B<
@QgQ gQ^W RU[UaZQ `QTQ bd]Rd'L4
/L * B6
/ 7 B6
Dinamika Gerak 91
/ "/m3#
6*
B
DUcUaQ^WQ^4
6 7 ÙaSU`QcQ^ "])b,#
/ 7 WQgQ "G#
B 7 ]QbbQ "[W#
Contoh 5.5
IQTQ RYTQ^W TQcQa ¥YSY^& cYTQ[ QTQ WQgQ WUbU[Q^ gQ^W RU[UaZQ Q^cQaQ RU^TQ TU^WQ^
RYTQ^W( KURdQX RU^TQ RUa]QbbQ . [W cUa¥UcQ[ `QTQ ]UZQ ]U^TQcQa ¥YSY^( ;U^TQ Ycd
TYRUaY WQgQ ]U^TQcQa bURUbQa +* G( ;UaQ`Q ÙaSU`QcQ^ RU^TQ Ycd9
Tantangan
9?S?@1 N
untuk Anda =Y[UcQXdY4
Sebuah balok bermassa 2 kg terletak B 7 . [W
di atas bidang datar licin. Pada balok / 7 +* G F = 10 N
tersebut dikenakan gaya tarik
/ +* G
dengan arah 60° terhadap arah 6 7 " 7 ,&/ ])b,
mendatar. Hitunglah percepatan B . [W
balok tersebut. CQTY& ÙaSU`QcQ^ RU^TQ 7 ,&/ ])b,( w
Contoh 5.6
KURdQX ]_RY¥ RUa]QbbQ ,(*** [W RUaWUaQ[ TU^WQ^ [USU`QcQ^ /. [])ZQ]( ;UaQ`Q[QX
WQgQ gQ^W TYÙa¥d[Q^ d^cd[ ]U^WUaU] QWQa ]_RY¥ RUaXU^cY `QTQ ZQaQ[ ,/ ]9
9?S?@1
=Y[UcQXdY4
B 7 ,(*** [W
J * 7 /. [])ZQ] 7 +/ ])b
G 72]
F_RY¥ RUaXU^cY& RUaQacY JH 7 *
, 6G 7 JH, m J*,
,6",/ ]# 7 "*#, m "+/ ])b#,
/* 6 ] 7 m,,/ ],)b,
6 7 m.&/ ])b,
=U^WQ^ ]U^WWd^Q[Q^ Ad[d] BB GUfc_^ TYÙa_¥UX
/ * B6
7 ",(*** [W# "m.&/ ])b,#
7 m3*** G
7 m3 V +*- G
CQTY& QWQa ]_RY¥ RUaXU^cY `QTQ ZQaQ[ ,/ ] XQadb TY[UaZQ[Q^ WQgQ bURUbQa 3 n +*- G
gQ^W QaQX^gQ RUa¥QfQ^Q^ TU^WQ^ QaQX WUaQ[ RU^TQ(
N
in 2. Gerak pada Bidang Miring

lic
KURdQX RU^TQ ]U]Y¥Y[Y WQgQ RUaQc K * B< cUa¥UcQ[ `QTQ RYTQ^W
mg sin #
]YaY^W ¥YSY^& ]U]RU^cd[ bdTdc [U]YaY^WQ^ # cUaXQTQ` WQaYb X_aYh_^cQ¥(

mg cos #
# mg @QgQ gQ^W RU[UaZQ `QTQ RU^TQ QTQ¥QX WQgQ ^_a]Q¥ 2( :aQX WQgQ ^_a]Q¥
cUWQ[ ¥dadb cUaXQTQ` RYTQ^W bU^cdX bUÙacY `QTQ 7?J@?N ,&0(
Kd]Rd'L bUZQZQa RYTQ^W ]YaY^W TQ^ bd]Rd$M cUWQ[ ¥dadb RYTQ^W ]YaY^W(
Gambar 5.9 D_]`_Û^ WQgQ RUaQc `QTQ4
bd]Rd'L4 KL * B< bY^ #
Gaya-gaya yang bekerja pada
benda yang diletakkan pada
bidang miring bd]Rd'M4 KM * B< S_b #

@QgQ'WQgQ gQ^W RU[UaZQ `QTQ bd]Rd'M QTQ¥QX
/M 7 2 m K
M
* 2 N B< S_b #
;U^TQ cYTQ[ RUaWUaQ[ cUaXQTQ` bd]Rd'M ]Q[Q
Fy 7 *
2 * B< S_b # "/m+*#
JUbd¥cQ^ WQgQ'WQgQ `QTQ bd]Rd'L QTQ¥QX
/L 7 B6
B< bY^ # * B6
6 * < bY^ # "/m++#
DUcUaQ^WQ^4
2 7 WQgQ ^_a]Q¥ "G#
B 7 ]QbbQ RU^TQ "[W#
# 7 bdTdc [U]YaY^WQ^
< 7 ÙaSU`QcQ^ WaQeYcQbY "])b,#
Contoh 5.7 Tantangan

untuk Anda
KU`_c_^W RQ¥_[ gQ^W ]QbbQ^gQ , [W TY¥d^Sda[Q^ KdbQ^c_ `QTQ RYTQ^W ]YaY^W ¥YSY^ cQ^`Q
[USU`QcQ^ QfQ¥( KdTdc [U]YaY^WQ^ RYTQ^W cUaXQTQ` X_aYh_^cQ¥ -*i( CY[Q < 7 +* ])b,& Perhatikan perubahan pada
RUaQ`Q[QX Contoh 5.7. Jika sudut # diubah
Q( WQgQ ^_a]Q¥ `QTQ RQ¥_[5

menjadi 60°, berapakah gaya normal
pada balok tersebut dan berapakah
R( [USU`QcQ^ RQ¥_[ bUcU¥QX ]U¥d^Sda bU¥Q]Q - b9
N
kecepatan balok setelah meluncur
9?S?@1
selama 3 sekon? Buatlah kesimpulan
tentang perubahan sudut#
=Y[UcQXdY4 terhadap gaya normal dan
B 7 , [W kecepatan benda.
# 7 -*i
#
v sin
mg
< 7 +* ])b,
mg cos #
Q( D_]`_Û^ WQgQ RUaQc `QTQ bd]Rd'M

mg
KM * K S_b # 7 B< S_b -*i #
%+ '
7 ", [W#"+* ])b,# ) - * 7 +* - G
&, (
;U^TQ cYTQ[ RUaWUaQ[ [U QaQX bd]Rd'M bUXY^WWQ
/L 7 *
2 * Kg
2 7 +* - G
CQTY& WQgQ ^_a]Q¥^gQ QTQ¥QX 10 3 G(
R( D_]`_Û^ WQgQ RUaQc `QTQ bd]Rd$L
KL * K bY^ # 7 B< bY^ -*i
%+'
7 ", [W#"+* ])b,# ) * 7 +* G
&,(
;U^TQ RUaWUaQ[ bU`Q^ZQ^W bd]Rd'L "RYTQ^W ]YaY^W# bUXY^WWQ
/L * B6
KL * B6
+* 7 ",# 6
Dinamika Gerak 93
6 7 / ])b,
;Q¥_[ RUaWUaQ[ cQ^`Q [USU`QcQ^ QfQ¥ gQYcd J* 7 *( DUSU`QcQ^ `QTQ H 7 - b QTQ¥QX
JH * J* " 6H 7 * % "/ ])b,# "- b# 7 +/ ])b
DUSU`QcQ^ RQ¥_[ bUcU¥QX - b QTQ¥QX +/ ])b(
3. Gerak Benda-Benda yang Dihubungkan dengan Tali

T T IUaXQcY[Q^ 7?J@?N ,&('( =dQ RQ¥_[ cUa¥UcQ[ TY QcQb RYTQ^W TQcQa
A B F
¥YSY^( DUTdQ RQ¥_[ cUabURdc TYXdRd^W[Q^ TU^WQ^ bUdcQb cQ¥Y gQ^W ]QbbQ^gQ
licin TYQRQY[Q^( KQQc WQgQ / TY[UaZQ[Q^& ]Q[Q cQ¥Y ]U]Y¥Y[Y cUWQ^WQ^ bURUbQa
Gambar 5.10 5 gQ^W RU[UaZQ `QTQ RQ¥_[(
Gaya F menarik balok A dan JUbd¥cQ^ WQgQ `QTQ RQ¥_[ : `QTQ bd]Rd'L QTQ¥QX
balok B.
/L, " B , 6
5 * B:6 "/m+,#
JUbd¥cQ^ WQgQ `QTQ RQ¥_[ ; `QTQ bd]Rd'L QTQ¥QX

/L- 7 B-6
/ N5 7 B-6
5 * / N B-6 "/m+-#
<CNO?J??K !,U()" TYbdRbcYcdbY[Q^ [U TQ¥Q] <CNO?J??K !,U(*"

bUXY^WWQ TYÙa_¥UX
/ N B-6 * B,6
/ * B,6 " B-6
/ * "B, " B-#6
/ "/m+.#
6 *)
% '
& B , " B- (
*
DUcUaQ^WQ^4
6 7 ÙaSU`QcQ^ RU^TQ "])b,#
/ 7 WQgQ cQaY[ "G#
B , 7 ]QbbQ RU^TQ : "[W#
B - 7 ]QbbQ RU^TQ ; "[W#
Contoh 5.8
Tantangan =dQ RU^TQ : TQ^ ; ]QbY^W']QbY^W ]QbbQ^gQ . [W TQ^ 0 [W TY QcQb RYTQ^W TQcQa ¥YSY^
untuk Anda TQ^ TYXdRd^W[Q^ TU^WQ^ cQ¥Y bUÙacY `QTQ WQ]RQa( CY[Q RQ¥_[ ; TYcQaY[ _¥UX WQgQ
Perhatikan gambar berikut. / 7 ,* G& cU^cd[Q^4
Q( ÙaSU`QcQ^ RU^TQ5
R( cUWQ^WQ^ cQ¥Y(
tegangan tali tegangan tali
20 kg T T
9?S?@1
12 kg 15 kg
A B F
=Y[UcQXdY4
B C D
A
B: 7 . [W
Berapakah massa tabung B? B; 7 0 [W
/ 7 ,* G

/ ,* G
Q( 6 7 7 7 , ])b,
B , " B- . [W % 0 [W !
CQTY& ÙaSU`QcQ^ RU^TQ , ])b,(
R( 5 7 B, 6 7 ". [W#", ])b,# 7 2 G
CQTY& cUWQ^WQ^ cQ¥Y 7 2 G(
4. Gerak Benda yang Dihubungkan dengan Tali Melalui Katrol

=dQ RU^TQ RUa]QbbQ B+ TQ^ B, TYXdRd^W[Q^ _¥UX bUdcQb cQ¥Y ]U¥Q¥dY
bURdQX [Qca_¥ bUÙacY `QTQ 7?J@?N ,&((( @QgQ WUbU[Q^ [Qca_¥ TYQRQY[Q^(
:^WWQ` B + 8 B, ]Q[Q B + Q[Q^ RUaWUaQ[ [U RQfQX bUQaQX TU^WQ^
ÙaSU`QcQ^ WaQeYcQbY& bUTQ^W[Q^ B, RUaWUaQ[ [U QcQb RUa¥QfQ^Q^ QaQX
TU^WQ^ ÙaSU`QcQ^ WaQeYcQbY bUXY^WWQ RUa^Y¥QY ÛWQcYV( DUTdQ RU^TQ licin
]U]Y¥Y[Y ÙaSU`QcQ^ TQ^ cUWQ^WQ^ cQ¥Y gQ^W bQ]Q(

LY^ZQdQ^ `QTQ RU^TQ RUa]QbbQ B+4
T T
T a
/+ * B+ 6 T
B+< m 5 7 B+6
a
5 7 B+< m B+6 "/m+/#
m2g
m1g
LY^ZQdQ^ `QTQ RU^TQ RUa]QbbQ B,4 Gambar 5.11
/, * B, 6 Dua buah benda dihubungkan dengan
tali melalui sebuah katrol.
5 m B,< 7 B,6
5 * B,< " B,6 "/m+0#
H¥UX [QaU^Q cYTQ[ QTQ WQgQ WUbU[Q^ `QTQ [Qca_¥& bU]dQ cUWQ^WQ^ cQ¥Y
bQ]Q RUbQa( =QaY <CNO?J??K !,U(," TQ^ <CNO?J??K !,U(-" TYÙa_¥UX
B+< m B+6 7 B,< % B,6
B+< N B,< * B+6 " B,6
"B+N B,#< * "B+ " B,#6
N
B+ N B, !
T T
6* < "/m+1#
B+ "B , !
m1
licin
T
T
IUaXQcY[Q^ 7?J@?N ,&()( ;U^TQ RUa]QbbQ B+ cUa¥UcQ[ TY QcQb RYTQ^W

w1 = m 1 g
TQcQa& bUTQ^W[Q^ RU^TQ RUa]QbbQ B, cUaWQ^cd^W RURQb `QTQ bUdcQb cQ¥Y(

@QgQ WUbU[Q^ `QTQ [Qca_¥ TQ^ ]QbbQ cQ¥Y TYQRQY[Q^( m2
cY^ZQdQ^ `QTQ RU^TQ RUa]QbbQ B+4

w2 = m2g
/+ * B+ 6 Gambar 5.12
Dua benda dihubungkan dengan tali
5 7 B+6 "/m+2#
melalui katrol dan m1 terletak pada
bidang datar.
Dinamika Gerak 95
LY^ZQdQ^ `QTQ RU^TQ RUa]QbbQ B,4
/, * B , 6
B,< N 5 * B,6
5 * B,< N B,6 "/m+3#
=QaY <CNO?J??K !,U(/" TQ^ <CNO?J??K !,U(0"& TYÙa_¥UX

B+6 * B,< N B,6
B+6 " B,6 * B(<
"B+" B,# 6 * B,<
B,
6* < "/m,*#
B+ " B , !
Contoh 5.9
=dQ RU^TQ : TQ^ ; ]QbY^W']QbY^W ]QbbQ^gQ - [W TQ^ , [W TYXdRd^W[Q^ TU^WQ^ cQ¥Y
]U¥Q¥dY bURdQX [Qca_¥ ¥YSY^( ;UaQ`Q ÙaSU`QcQ^ TQ^ cUWQ^WQ^ cQ¥Y ZY[Q [UTdQ RU^TQ
TY¥U`Qb[Q^ "< 7 +* ])b,#9
9?S?@1
DUcY[Q [UTdQ RU^TQ TY¥U`Qb[Q^& : RUaWUaQ[ [U RQfQX TQ^ ; RUaWUaQ[ [U QcQb& [QaU^Q
B, 8 B-& [UTdQ RU^TQ ]U]Y¥Y[Y ÙaSU`QcQ^ bQ]Q(
B, N B- !
Q( 6* W
B, " B-
- [W m , [W !
7 +* ])b,
- [W%, [W
7 , ])b,
CQTY& ÙaSU`QcQ^ [UTdQ RU^TQ 7 , ])b,( T T
R( 5 * B,< N B,6
7 "- [W#"+* ])b,# m "- [W#", ])b,# A B A B
7 ,. [W ])b,
7 ,. G wA wB
CQTY& cUWQ^WQ^ cQ¥Y [UTdQ RU^TQ 7 ,. G(

untuk Anda =QaY bdbd^Q^ RU^TQ'RU^TQ `QTQ WQ]RQa& cU^cd[Q^ ÙaSU`QcQ^ RU^TQ TQ^ cUWQ^WQ^
Perhatikan gambar berikut. bUcYQ` cQ¥Y ZY[Q B, 7 +* [W& B- 7 . [W& TQ^ B< 7 0 [W TQ^ RYTQ^W ¥YSY^ "< 7 +* ])b,#(
katrol licin 9?S?@1
CY[Q RU^TQ < TY¥U`Qb[Q^& RU^TQ < RUaWUaQ[ T1 T2
[U RQfQX( : TQ^ ; RUaWUaQ[ [U [Q^Q^ TU^WQ^ A B
20 kg
ÙaSU`QcQ^ gQ^W bQ]Q(
T3
B. <
5 kg
Q( 67
licin
B , "B - " B.
) 30°
Hitunglah percepatan benda A dan C
tegangan tali.

7
0 [W ! +* ])b, !
+* [W % . [W % 0 [W !
0*
7 ])b, 7 - ])b,
,*
CQTY& ÙaSU`QcQ^ bU]dQ RU^TQ bQ]Q gQYcd - ])b,(
R( LY^ZQdQ^ `QTQ RU^TQ :
/, * B , 6
5+ * B:6
7 "+* [W#"- ])b,#
7 -* G
CQTY& cUWQ^WQ^ cQ¥Y 5+ 7 -* G
S( LY^ZQdQ^ `QTQ RU^TQ <
/. * B. 6
B. < N 5( * B.6
"0 [W#"+* ])b,# m 5, 7 "0 [W#"- ])b,#
5, 7 ., G
CQTY& cUWQ^WQ^ cQ¥Y 5, 7 ., G(
5. Gerak Benda Dihubungkan Tali Melalui Dua Katrol yang

Salah Satunya Dapat Bergerak
IQTQ aQ^W[QYQ^ RU^TQ : TQ^ RU^TQ ; bUÙacY 7?J@?N ,&(*& N
ÙaSU`QcQ^ RU^TQ `QTQ [Qca_¥ RUaWUaQ[ RURQb QTQ¥QX bUcU^WQX TQaY
+
T
ÙaSU`QcQ^ RU^TQ `QTQ [Qca_¥ cUcQ` bUXY^WWQ 6 - * 6 , ( IUabQ]QQ^'
A
,
licin
ÙabQ]QQ^ gQ^W RUa¥Q[d `QTQ aQ^W[QYQ^ cUabURdc QTQ¥QX bURQWQY RUaY[dc(

T T
LY^ZQdQ^ `QTQ RU^TQ :4

mAg
/, * B , 6 ,
5 * B,6, B
"/m,+#
LY^ZQdQ^ `QTQ RU^TQ ;4 mBg
/- * B - 6 - Gambar 5.13
Dua benda dihubungkan dengan tali
K- m ,5 7 B-6- melalui dua katrol.
,5 7 B-< m B-6-
B-
57 "< m 6-#
, "/m,,#
Contoh 5.11
IQTQ aQ^W[QYQ^ bUÙacY WQ]RQa RUaY[dc& ]QbbQ RU^TQ : TQ^ ; ]QbY^W']QbY^W - [W TQ^
. [W( FQbbQ [Qca_¥ TQ^ cQ¥Y TYQRQY[Q^ "< 7 +* ])b,#( LU^cd[Q^ ÙaSU`QcQ^ RU^TQ : TQ^
cUWQ^WQ^ cQ¥Y(
9?S?@1
=Y[UcQXdY4
B, 7 - [W
Dinamika Gerak 97
B- 7 . [W mA = 3 kg
< 7 +* ])b, A
T
+
6- 7 6
, ,
T T
LY^ZQdQ^ `QTQ RU^TQ :4
5 * B, 6 ,
mA g
5 7 "- [W#6, "$#

LY^ZQdQ^ `QTQ RU^TQ ;4 B
B-
57 "< m 6-#
, mB = 4 kg
. [W mB g
57 "+* ])b, m 6-#
,
5 7 , [W "+* ])b, m 6-# "$$#
<CNO?J??K !#" TQ^ <CNO?J??K !##" TYbdRbcYcdbY[Q^ bUXY^WWQ TYÙa_¥UX
+
- [W 6, 7 , [W "+* ])b, m 6 #
, ,
- [W 6, 7 ,* [W ])b, m + [W 6,
. [W 6, 7 ,* [W ])b,
6, 7 / ])b,
=QaY <CNO?J??K !#"& TYÙa_¥UX
5 7 -6:
7 "- [W# "/ ])b,# 7 +/ G
CQTY& ÙaSU`QcQ^ RU^TQ : QTQ¥QX / ])b, TQ^ cUWQ^WQ^ cQ¥Y QTQ¥QX +/ G(
6. Gaya Tekan pada Alas Lift

IUaXQcY[Q^ 7?J@?N ,&(+( KURdQX RQ¥_[ RUa]QbbQ B cUa¥UcQ[ TY TQ¥Q]
¥YVc gQ^W bUTQ^W RUaWUaQ[( FU^dadc Ad[d] BBB GUfc_^& WQgQ cU[Q^ RQ¥_[
`QTQ Q¥Qb ¥YVc "K!# bQ]Q TU^WQ^ WQgQ ^_a]Q¥ RU^TQ "2#(
Q( <CNE?PFH?K 7?J@?N ,&(+ "?#& ¥YVc RUaWUaQ[ eUacY[Q¥ [U QcQb TU^WQ^
(a) (c) [USU`QcQ^ cUcQ` ]Q[Q aUbd¥cQ^ WQgQ gQ^W RU[UaZQ `QTQ RU^TQ QTQ¥QX ^_¥(
"/ * &
2 N B< * &
v v
N N
2 * B< * K!
a
"/m,-#
mg = w ]Q[Q K! * K%
R( <CNE?PFH?K 7?J@?N ,&(+ "@#& ¥YVc RUaWUaQ[ eUacY[Q¥ [U QcQb TU^WQ^
w' w'
ÙaSU`QcQ^ cUcQ` "6# ]Q[Q aUbd¥cQ^ WQgQ gQ^W RU[UaZQ `QTQ RU^TQ QTQ¥QX
mg = w
(b) (d)
"/ * B6
2 N B< * B6
N
N
2 * B "< " 6# "/m,.#

a
a
]Q[Q K! + K%
v
mg = w
S( <CNE?PFH?K 7?J@?N ,&(+ "A# ¥YVc RUaWUaQ[ eUacY[Q¥ [U QcQb TU^WQ^
w'
w'
Ùa¥Q]RQcQ^ "m6# ]Q[Q aUbd¥cQ^ WQgQ gQ^W RU[UaZQ `QTQ RU^TQ QTQ¥QX
mg = w
Gambar 5.14 "/ * B6

Sebuah balok bermassa m terletak di
dalam lift yang sedang bergerak.

2 N B< * B"N6# Kata Kunci
2 * B"< N 6# "/m,/# •
•
bidang datar
bidang miring
]Q[Q K! ) K%
• gaya normal
• gaya berat
T( <CNE?PFH?K 7?J@?N ,&(+ !B"& ¥YVc RUaWUaQ[ eUacY[Q¥ [U RQfQX TU^WQ^

• tegangan tali
• katrol
ÙaSU`QcQ^ cUcQ` "6# aUbd¥cQ^ WQgQ gQ^W RU[UaZQ `QTQ RU^TQ QTQ¥QX
"/ * B6
B< N 2 * B6
2 * B"< N 6# "/m,0#
]Q[Q K ) K!%
Contoh 5.12
C_[_ gQ^W ]QbbQ^gQ /- [W RUaTYaY TY TQ¥Q] bURdQX ¥YVc gQ^W bUTQ^W RUaWUaQ[ [U QcQb
TU^WQ^ ÙaSU`QcQ^ , ])b,( CY[Q ÙaSU`QcQ^ WaQeYcQbY ;d]Y "<# 7 +* ])b,& RUaQ`Q[QX
WQgQ cU[Q^ [Q[Y C_[_ `QTQ ¥Q^cQY ¥YVc9
9?S?@1
=U^WQ^ ]U^WWd^Q[Q^ <CNO?J??K !,U)+"& TYÙa_¥UX
2 * B"< " 6#
7 /- [W "+* ])b, % , ])b,#
7 0-0 G
CQTY& WQgQ cU[Q^ C_[_ `QTQ ¥Q^cQY ¥YVc QTQ¥QX 0-0 G(

:CNG?H?KI?E B?I?J @QHQ I?PFE?K&
+
+( KURdQX [_cQ[ RUa]QbbQ / [W cUa¥UcQ[ TY Ùa]d[QQ^ CY[Q ÙaRQ^TY^WQ^ Q^cQaQ B+ TQ^ B, QTQ¥QX &
¥Q^cQY ¥YSY^( CY[Q [_cQ[ cUabURdc TYcQaY[ TU^WQ^ WQgQ ,
XYcd^W¥QX ÙaSU`QcQ^ WUaQ[ `QTQ [Qca_¥ cUabURdc(
bURUbQa +/ G& RUaQ`Q[QX [USU`QcQ^ [_cQ[ cUabURdc9 "< 7 +* ])b,#
,( KURdQX RU^TQ TY¥d^Sda[Q^ _¥UX C_[_ `QTQ RYTQ^W .( =dQ RdQX RU^TQ TYbdbd^ bUTU]Y[YQ^ ad`Q bUXY^WWQ
]YaY^W ¥YSY^( CY[Q ]QbbQ RU^TQ cUabURdc / [W TQ^ bdTdc cQ]`Q[ bUÙacY `QTQ WQ]RQa RUaY[dc(
[U]YaY^WQ^ RYTQ^W cUaXQTQ` X_aYh_^cQ¥ -*i& XYcd^W¥QX CY[Q ]QbbQ : 7 / [W TQ^ ]QbbQ ; 7 , [W& XYcd^W¥QX
[USU`QcQ^ RU^TQ bUcU¥QX RUaWUaQ[ , b(
-( IUaXQcY[Q^ WQ]RQa RUaY[dc( A
cUWQ^WQ^ cQ¥Y TQ^ ÙaSU`QcQ^ RU^TQ [UcY[Q RU^TQ

]U¥d^Sda(
/( KYc_adb bUTQ^W RUaTYaY TY TQ¥Q] ¥YVc gQ^W bUTQ^W RUa'
WUaQ[ [U RQfQX TU^WQ^ ÙaSU`QcQ^ , ])b( ;UaQ`Q[QX
WQgQ cU[Q^ [Q[Y KYc_adb `QTQ ¥Q^cQY ¥YVc9
m1
m2
Dinamika Gerak 99
Rangkuman
+( @QgQ ]U]U^WQadXY WUaQ[ RU^TQ( gQ^W RU[UaZQ `QTQ bdQcd RU^TQ RUbQa^gQ RUa'
,( KQcdQ^ WQgQ TQ¥Q] KB QTQ¥QX Ûfc_^ "G#( RQ^TY^W ¥dadb TU^WQ^ WQgQ TQ^ RUaRQ^TY^W cUa'
KQcd Ûfc_^ TYTUVY^YbY[Q^ bURQWQY WQgQ RQ¥Y[ TU^WQ^ ]QbbQ RU^TQ(
gQ^W ]U]RUaY[Q^ ÙaSU`QcQ^ + ])b, `QTQ =Yad]db[Q^ TU^WQ^
bdQcd RU^TQ gQ^W ]QbbQ^gQ + [W( 67 B
-( Ad[d] B GUfc_^ ]U^gQcQ[Q^ RQXfQ ZY[Q /( Ad[d] BBB GUfc_^ ]U^gQcQ[Q^ RQXfQ ZY[Q
aUbd¥cQ^ WQgQ'WQgQ gQ^W RU[UaZQ `QTQ RU^TQ RU^TQ ÙacQ]Q ]U^WUaZQ[Q^ WQgQ `QTQ RU^TQ
bQ]Q TU^WQ^ ^_¥& RU^TQ cUabURdc Q[Q^ cUcQ` [UTdQ& RU^TQ [UTdQ Q[Q^ ]U^WUaZQ[Q^ WQgQ
TYQ] QcQd RUaWUaQ[ ¥dadb RUaQcdaQ^( `QTQ RU^TQ ÙacQ]Q gQ^W RUbQa^gQ bQ]Q&
=Yad]db[Q^ TU^WQ^4 cUcQ`Y QaQX^gQ RUa¥QfQ^Q^( =Yad]db[Q^
67* TU^WQ^
.( Ad[d] BB GUfc_^ ]U^gQcQ[Q^ RQXfQ /Q[bY 7 N/aUQ[bY
ÙaSU`QcQ^ gQ^W TYcY]Rd¥[Q^ _¥UX WQgQ
Peta Konsep
5FK?JFH? 7CN?H
]U]Ù¥QZQaY
Ad[d] BBB
cY]Rd¥ [QaU^Q @QgQ ]U]U^WQadXY @UaQ[
GUfc_^
]U^gQcQ[Q^
XdRd^WQ^^gQ
/Q[bY 7 m/aUQ[bY
Ad[d] B Ad[d] BB
GUfc_^ GUfc_^
]U^gQcQ[Q^ ]U^gQcQ[Q^
CY[Q & RU^TQ Q[Q^4

j TYQ] "J 7 *#& QcQd
j RUaWUaQ[ ¥dadb RUaQcdaQ^ "6 7 *#
Refleksi
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, tentu Anda mem- lain Anda mempelajari bab ini? Dalam mempelajari
peroleh manfaat, di antaranya Anda mengetahui bagai- bab ini, apakah ada materi yang Anda anggap sulit
mana hubungan antara massa (m), gaya (F), dan untuk dipahami? Jika ada, diskusikan dengan teman
percepatan (a). Dapatkah Anda menyebutkan manfaat atau tanyakan kepada guru.

2& <FIFEI?E O?I?E O?PQ G?S?@?K T?KD M?IFKD PCM?P B?K HCNG?H?KI?E M?B? @QHQ I?PFE?K&
+( CY[Q RU^TQ XQ^gQ TYÙ^WQadXY _¥UX bURdQX WQgQ& RU^TQ 1( @aQVY[ RUaY[dc ]U^d^Zd[[Q^ XdRd^WQ^ Ùa`Y^TQXQ^
Q[Q^ RUaWUaQ[ TU^WQ^ ((((( cUaXQTQ` fQ[cd TQaY TdQ RU^TQ gQ^W ]QbbQ^gQ bQ]Q&
Q( [USU`QcQ^ [_^bcQ^& bUQaQX TU^WQ^ QaQX WQgQ gQ^W TY[UaZQ[Q^ _¥UX WQgQ / + TQ^ / , bUXY^WWQ
R( [USU`QcQ^ [_^bcQ^& RUa¥QfQ^Q^ QaQX TU^WQ^ QaQX ]U^WXQbY¥[Q^ ÙaSU`QcQ^ 6+ TQ^ 6,(
WQgQ s
S( ÙaSU`QcQ^ [_^bcQ^& RUa¥QfQ^Q^ QaQX TU^WQ^ QaQX 1
WQgQ 2
T( ÙaSU`QcQ^ [_^bcQ^& bUQaQX TU^WQ^ QaQX WQgQ
U( RU^TQ cUcQ` TYQ]
,( KURdQX WQgQ / ]U^gURQR[Q^ ÙaSU`QcQ^ , ])b, `QTQ
RU^TQ gQ^W RUa]QbbQ . [W( CY[Q WQgQ Ycd RU[UaZQ `QTQ t
RU^TQ gQ^W RUa]QbbQ +0 [W& WQgQ Ycd Q[Q^ ]U]RUaY[Q^ =QaY WaQVY[& TQ`Qc TYbY]`d¥[Q^ RQXfQ ((((
ÙaSU`QcQ^ bURUbQa (((( Q( 6+ 8 6, TQ^ /+ 8 /,
Q( 2 ])b, T( + ])b, R( 6+ 8 6, TQ^ /+ 6 /,
R( . ])b ,
U( *&/ ])b, S( 6+ 6 6, TQ^ /+ 6 /,
S( , ])b , T( 6+ 6 6, TQ^ /+ 8 /,
-( M^cd[ ]U]ÙaSU`Qc RU^TQ gQ^W ]QbbQ^gQ 0 [W TQaY U( 6+ 7 6, TQ^ /+ 8 /,
[USU`QcQ^ ,+ ])b ]U^ZQTY -- ])b bU¥Q]Q - b& TYÙa¥d[Q^ 2( @aQVY[ ÙaSU`QcQ^ "6# bURQWQY Vd^WbY aUbd¥cQ^ WQgQ `QTQ
WQgQ bURUbQa (((( bdQcd RU^TQ bUÙacY `QTQ WQ]RQa RUaY[dc(
Q( ,1 G T( +2 G a(m/s2)
R( ,. G U( +/ G
S( ,+ G 10
.( KURdQX RU^TQ RUa]QbbQ , [W ]U¥d^Sda `QTQ RYTQ^W
]YaY^W TU^WQ^ [USU`QcQ^ cUcQ`( CY[Q bdTdc [U]YaY^WQ^
-*i& aUbd¥cQ^ WQgQ gQ^W RU[UaZQ `QTQ RU^TQ QTQ¥QX ((((
5
Q( * T( , G
R( + G U( , - G
F(N)
2 6
S( - G FQbbQ RU^TQ cUabURdc QTQ¥QX ((((
/( JUbd¥cQ^ WQgQ `QTQ bURdQX ]_RY¥ gQ^W RUaWUaQ[ ¥dadb Q( *&- [W T( *&3 [W
RUaQcdaQ^ TY ZQ¥Q^ gQ^W ]U^TQ[Y QTQ¥QX (((( R( *&. [W U( +&* [W
Q( bQ]Q TU^WQ^ WQgQ ^_a]Q¥ S( *&0 [W
R( bQ]Q TU^WQ^ WQgQ RUaQc ]_RY¥ 3( ;UaTQbQa[Q^ Ad[d] BB GUfc_^ TQ`Qc TYbY]`d¥[Q^
S( bQ]Q TU^WQ^ ]QbbQ RU^TQ RQXfQ ZY[Q WQgQ gQ^W RU[UaZQ `QTQ bURdQX RU^TQ
T( bQ]Q TU^WQ^ RUaQc ]_RY¥ TY[daQ^WY WQgQ ^_a]Q¥ RUacQ]RQX& ]QbbQ RU^TQ cUabURdc ((((
U( ^_¥ Q( RUa[daQ^W TQ^ ÙaSU`QcQ^ RUacQ]RQX
0( LYWQ RQ¥_[ :& ;& TQ^ <& TY¥UcQ[[Q^ bUTU]Y[QY^ ad`Q R( RUacQ]RQX TQ^ ÙaSU`QcQ^ RUa[daQ^W
"RUaY]`Yc# TY QcQb RYTQ^W TQcQa& bUÙacY `QTQ WQ]RQa( S( cUcQ` TQ^ ÙaSU`QcQ^ RUa[daQ^W
T( cUcQ` TQ^ ÙaSU`QcQ^ RUacQ]RQX
U( RUacQ]RQX TQ^ [USU`QcQ^ RUa[daQ^W
B
A C
+*( KURdQX [_cQ[ RUaQTQ TY QcQb ]_RY¥
gQ^W bUTQ^W RUaWUaQ[ "ÙaXQcY'
F F1 F2 F3 F4
[Q^ WQ]RQa#(
KUSQaQ cYRQ'cYRQ& ]_RY¥
;Q¥_[ : TYbU^cdX TU^WQ^ WQgQ / ]U^TQcQa bUXY^WWQ TYaU] bUXY^WWQ ((((
WQgQ cUabURdc TYcUadb[Q^ _¥UX : [U RU^TQ ; TQ^ Q( [_cQ[ Q[Q^ cUcQ`
bU¥Q^Zdc^gQ [U RU^TQ <( @QgQ'WQgQ cUabURdc gQ^W TYQ]
]Uad`Q[Q^ `QbQ^WQ^ Q[bY'aUQ[bY QTQ¥QX (((( R( [_cQ[ Q[Q^ RUaWUaQ[
Q( / TQ^ /+ T( /- TQ^ /. [U bQ]`Y^W
R( /+ TQ^ /. U( / TQ^ /. S( [_cQ[ Q[Q^ RUaWUaQ[ [U bQ]`Y^W [Q^Q^
S( /, TQ^ /- T( [_cQ[ RUaWUaQ[ [U bQ]`Y^W [YaY
U( [_cQ[ RUaWUaQ[ [U TU`Q^
Dinamika Gerak 101

++( KURdQX RU^TQ cUa¥UcQ[ `QTQ RYTQ^W ]YaY^W( @QgQ ^_a' +1( KURdQX R_¥Q RUbY TYWQ^cd^W[Q^ `QTQ ¥Q^WYc'¥Q^WYc bUÙacY
]Q¥ `QTQ RU^TQ Ycd QTQ¥QX(((( `QTQ WQ]RQa RUaY[dc(
Q( bQ]Q TU^WQ^ RUaQc RU^TQ T3
R( ¥URYX RUbQa TQaY`QTQ RUaQc RU^TQ
S( ¥URYX [USY¥ TQaY`QTQ RUaQc RU^TQ
T( bQ]Q TU^WQ^ ]QbbQ RU^TQ
T1
U( bQ]Q QcQd ¥URYX [USY¥ TQaY`QTQ RUaQc RU^TQ T2

+,( ;U^TQ gQ^W ]QbbQ^gQ B TYcU]`Qc[Q^ TY QcQb RYTQ^W
]YaY^W gQ^W ¥YSY^ TU^WQ^ bdTdc [U]YaY^WQ^ # cUaXQTQ`
RYTQ^W X_aYh_^cQ¥( CY[Q ÙaSU`QcQ^ WaQeYcQbY <&
ÙaSU`QcQ^ gQ^W cUaZQTY `QTQ RU^TQ cUabURdc QTQ¥QX ((((
w
< 5 ]U^gQcQ[Q^ cUWQ^WQ^ cQ¥Y TQ^ K ]U^gQcQ[Q^ RUaQc

Q( < bY^ # T( bY^ # RURQ^( NQ^W ]Uad`Q[Q^ `QbQ^WQ^ WQgQ Q[bY'aUQ[bY
B
R( B< bY^ # U( < S_b # QTQ¥QX ((((
Q( 5+ TQ^ K T( 5+ TQ^ 5-
S( B bY^
#
< R( 5, TQ^ K U( 5+ TQ^ 5-
S( 5+ TQ^ 5,
+-( KURdQX RU^TQ RUa]QbbQ B RUaQTQ `QTQ RYTQ^W ]YaY^W
+2( ;UaTQbQa[Q^ bdbd^Q^ RU^TQ'RU^TQ `QTQ WQ]RQa& ]UZQ
gQ^W ¥YSY^ TU^WQ^ bdTdc [U]YaY^WQ^ -*i cUaXQTQ` X_aY'
TQ^ [Qca_¥ TYQ^WWQ` ¥YSY^ bU]`da^Q(
h_^cQ¥( CY[Q ÙaSU`QcQ^ WaQeYcQbY <# ÙaSU`QcQ^ RU^TQ
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ÙbQfQc gQ^W bUTQ^W RUaWUaQ[ TU^WQ^ [U¥QZdQ^ cUcQ`( `QTQ bQQc RQcd TY cYcY[ cUacY^WWY(
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RU^cd[ ¥Y^cQbQ^ RU^TQ cUabURdc(
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Bab
6
Pengemudi memanfaatkan pemantulan cahaya pada cermin

cembung kaca spion.
Cahaya dan Optika

menerapkan prinsip kerja alat-alat optik.
• menganalisis alat-alat optik secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif;

• menerapkan alat-alat optik dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.
KTbXP_ WP`X& ¥P]caXP bXSPZ PZP] _T`]PW bT`[T_Pa SP`X RPWPgP( :T]SP' A. Cahaya
QT]SP SX aTZT[X[X]V 9]SP SP_Pb bT`[XWPb ZP`T]P PSP]gP RPWPgP( ;PWPgP
YcVP gP]V ¥T¥QcPb 9]SP SP_Pb ¥T[XWPb QPgP]VP] 9]SP SX RT`¥X]( B. Pemantulan
Ec]VZX] 9]SP _T`]PW ¥T¥T`WPbXZP] ZPRP a_X^] _PSP ¥^QX[ PbPc Cahaya
aT_TSP ¥^b^`( CPRP a_X^] _PSP ¥^QX[ SP] aT_TSP ¥^b^` ¥T`c_PZP] aTQcPW
C. Pembiasan
RT`¥X] RT¥Qc]V gP]V SXVc]PZP] _T]VT¥cSX c]bcZ ¥T[XWPb [P[c'[X]bPa
SX QT[PZP]V ¥^QX[ PbPc aT_TSP ¥^b^`( <T]VP] ¥T[XWPb ZPRP a_X^]& Cahaya
_T]VT¥cSX SP_Pb QT`QT[^Z& QT`WT]bX& PbPc ¥T]SPWc[cX ZT]SP`PP] [PX] D. Alat-Alat Optik
ST]VP] P¥P](
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¥T[XWPb QPgP]VP] QT]SP'QT]SP gP]V QT`PSP SX ST_P]]gP( <P_PbZPW 9]SP
¥T]VXST]bXUXZPaX aXUPb'aXUPb QPgP]VP] _PSP RT`¥X] ZPRP a_X^]8
KT[PX] RT`¥X] RT¥Qc]V& QT`SPaP`ZP] QT]bcZ]gP& PSP ScP YT]Xa RT`¥X]
[PX]]gP& gPXbc RT`¥X] SPbP` SP] RT`¥X] RTZc]V( <P_PbZPW ZTScP RT`¥X]
X]X ¥T]T`caZP] RPWPgP8 :PVPX¥P]P aXUPb'aXUPb QPgP]VP]]gP8
9]SP SP_Pb ¥T]T]bcZP] YPePQP] _T`bP]gPP]'_T`bP]gPP] bTàTQcb
SP[P¥ QPQ X]X( G[TW ZP`T]P Xbc& _T[PYP`X[PW QPQ X]X ST]VP] QPXZ(
107
Tes Kompetensi Awal
@GDGNVO OGORGNCLCSK MQPTGR 3CJCYC FCP =RUKMC# MGSLCMCPNCJ TQCN$TQCN DGSKMVU FCNCO DVMV NCUKJCP%
+( 9_P _T`QTSPP] P]bP`P QPgP]VP] ¥PgP SP] QPgP]VP] .( :PVPX¥P]P aXUPb [T]aP RT¥Qc]V SP] [T]aP RTZc]V
]gPbP8 bT`WPSP_ QT`ZPa RPWPgP gP]V ¥T[TePbX]gP8
,( :PVPX¥P]P aXUPb QPgP]VP] _PSP RT`¥X]8 /( KTQcbZP] QTQT`P_P ¥P]UPPb [T]aP gP]V 9]SP ZTbPWcX(
-( 9_P gP]V SX¥PZacS ST]VP] _T¥QXPaP]& X]STZa QXPa
`T[PbXU& SP] X]STZa QXPa ¥cb[PZ8
A. Cahaya
KPX]a SP] bTZ]^[^VX aT[P[c ¥T¥QPeP 9]SP c]bcZ ¥P¥_c ¥T¥PWP¥X
P[P¥( @P[ X]X SXaTQPQZP] aPX]a SP] bTZ]^[^VX aT[P[c ¥T¥QT`X _T]VTbPWc'
P] QP`c aT`bP X]ab`c¥T] QP`c gP]V ¥P¥_c ¥T]Vc]VZP_ `PWPaXP'`PWPaXP
P[P¥ aTZP[X_c] VTYP[P P[P¥ gP]V aT¥c[P SXP]VVP_ bXSPZ ¥c]VZX]
bT`c]VZP_( >T]^¥T]P Pab`^]^¥X SP_Pb [TQXW QP]gPZ bT`c]VZP_ ZP`T]P
bTàTSXP]gP bT[TaZ^_ PbPc bT`^_^]V gP]V [TQXW QPXZ SP`X_PSP aTQT[c¥]gP(
Tokoh CT¥PYcP] SP] _T]T¥cP] SP[P¥ QX^[^VX ¥^ST`] bXSPZ SP_Pb bT`YPSX YXZP
bXSPZ PSP ¥XZ`âZ^_( :PVPX¥P]P P[Pb'P[Pb ^_bXZ bTàTQcb QTZT`YP SP]
¥P¥_c ¥T]Vc]VZP_ `PWPaXP P[P¥8 <P[P¥ QPQ X]X& PZP] SXQPWPa aTYc¥[PW
Christian Huygens WcZc¥ aT`bP _`X]aX_ ^_bXZP VT^¥Tb`X #_T¥P]bc[P] SP] _T¥QXPaP]$ gP]V
(1580 – 1626) SXbT`P_ZP] SP[P¥ QTQT`P_P P[Pb ^_bXZ(
1. Teori-Teori tentang Cahaya

:T`XZcb PZP] SXYT[PaZP] QTQT`P_P bT^`X bT]bP]V RPWPgP(
a. Teori Partikel
HPSP HT`bT]VPWP] PQPS ZT +1 E WX]VVP _T`bT]VPWP] PQPS ZTk+3 E&
aTYP`PW >XaXZP aP]VPb SX_T]VP`cWX ^[TW _T¥XZX`P] SP] ZP`gP 8TCCE FGXUQP&
¥TaZX_c] bT`SP_Pb aTYc¥[PW b^Z^W QTaP` [PX] gP]V WXSc_ aThP¥P] ST]VP]
FTeb^] gP]V ¥T¥QT`XZP] Z^]b`XQcaX QTaP` bT`WPSP_ >XaXZP( 9ZP] bTbP_X&
SX P]bP`P ¥T`TZP PSP aTQPVXP] gP]V bXSPZ aT_T]SP_Pb ST]VP] <GXUQP&
SX P]bP`P]gP ?QDGSU 7QQMG& ?QDGSU 2QYNG& 3JSKTUKCP 7VYIGPT& =NG
Sumber: Jendela Iptek, 1997 ?QGOGS& 9COGT 2SCFNGY& SP] 4FOQPF 7CNNGY(
HPSP +01+& <GXUQP ¥T]T`QXbZP] ZP`gP X[¥XPW _T`bP¥P bT]bP]V RPWPgP
SP] eP`]P SP[P¥ 8DEHKNKLDE?=H <M=JN=?OEKJN( CT`YP X[¥XPW X]X SXbT`X¥P
Seorang fisikawan Belanda,
Christian Huygens dilahirkan di
Den Haag, pada 14 April 1626. ST]VP] QPXZ ^[TW aT¥cP _XWPZ ZTRcP[X 7QQMG SP] 7VYIGPT( ET`TZP
ZTQT`PbP] ST]VP] <GXUQP QT`ZPXbP] ST]VP] _T`R^QPP] gP]V ¥T¥QcZbX'
Ayahnya seorang diplomat dan
sastrawan. Pada 1666, ia
memberikan sumbangan penting ZP] QPWeP RPWPgP bT`SX`X PbPa _P`bXZT[ ZTRX[ gP]V QT`VT`PZ( ET`TZP
¥T]VP]VVP_ QPWeP RPWPgP ¥T`c_PZP] VT[^¥QP]V(
tentang ilmu Matematika,
LT^`X _P`bXZT[ SP_Pb ¥T]YT[PaZP] QPWeP _T`P¥QPbP] RPWPgP QT`c_P

Astronomi, Optik, dan Mekanika,
yang membuat namanya terkenal
sebagai ilmuwan penting di Eropa.
VP`Xa [c`ca gP]V bXSPZ SP_Pb SX[XWPb SP`X QT[PZP]V aTQcPW _T]VWP[P]V(
9SP_c] VT[^¥QP]V aT_T`bX VT[^¥QP]V Qc]gX ¥PaXW SP_Pb SXST]VP` eP[Pc_c]
Pada 1655, Huygens menyempurna-
kan teleskopnya yang cukup kuat
untuk menemukan sebuah satelit SX QT[PZP]V bT`SP_Pb _T]VWP[P]V( HPSP PQPS +1 E& <GXUQP ¥T]T¥cZP]
Z^¥_âXaX RPWPgP _cbXW gP]V SXX]bTV`PaXZP] ST]VP] UT]^¥T]P eP`]P( M_PgP
Planet Saturnus, kemudian diberi
nama Titan. Pada awal 1660-an ia
menemukan lensa pelihat (okuler) X]X ¥T`c_PZP] bXbXZ PeP[ ZPYXP] ZWcaca bT]bP]V RPWPgP gP]V ¥T]YPSX SPaP`
yang terdiri atas gabungan lensa,
QPVX >XaXZP ¥^ST`]( <GXUQP bT`bP`XZ ¥T[PZcZP] _T]VcYXP] ¥T]VVc]PZP]
_`Xa¥P SP] ZPRP( CTbXZP RPWPgP SXP`PWZP] _PSP _`Xa¥P& RPWPgP _cbXW SP_Pb
guna mengurangi gangguan warna
yang timbul akibat penggunaan
lensa-lensa non-akromatik, lensa ini ¥T¥c]Rc[ZP] QP]gPZ eP`]P& aT_T`bX dX^[Tb& X]SXV^& QX`c& WXYPc& Zc]X]V&
^`P]gT& SP] ¥T`PW( <GXUQP YcVP QP]gPZ ¥T[PZcZP] TZa_T`X¥T] SX P[P¥
masih dipakai sampai sekarang.
ST]VP] ¥TSXP& aT_T`bX ¥X]gPZ& PX`& SP] VT[T¥Qc]V aPQc]( :T`SPaP`ZP]

_T]T[XbXP]]gP& <GXUQP ¥T]gX¥_c[ZP] QPWeP _PSP c¥c¥]gP& RPWPgP
bT`SX`X PbPa aTZc¥_c[P] _P`bXZT[ gP]V SXaTQcb 0KMLPN?HAN(
b. Teori Gelombang
HPSP +012& 7VYIGPT QT`caPWP ¥T[PeP] LT^`X HP`bXZT[ ST]VP] ¥T]gPbP'
ZP] QPWeP RPWPgP ¥T`c_PZP] VT[^¥QP]V gP]V QT`VT`PZ ST]VP] ZTRT_PbP]
Kata Kunci
bT`bT]bc SP[P¥ ¥TSXc¥ TbT`( • partikel
ET]c`cb 7VYIGPT& bXbXZ'bXbXZ _PSP ¥cZP VT[^¥QP]V gP]V ¥T`P¥QPb
• gelombang
SP_Pb SXP]VVP_ aTQPVPX VT[^¥QP]V QP`c( HPSP VT[^¥QP]V [X]VZP`P]& ¥cZP

VT[^¥QP]V]gP QT`c_P [X]VZP`P]& aTSP]VZP] _PSP VT[^¥QP]V SPbP`& ¥cZP
VT[^¥QP]V]gP QT`c_P VP`Xa [c`ca( LT^`X VT[^¥QP]V SP_Pb ¥TgPZX]ZP] QPWeP
[PYc RPWPgP SP[P¥ PX` [TQXW [P¥QPb SP`X_PSP SX cSP`P( <T]VP] ST¥XZXP]&
¥T]c`cb 7VYIGPT LT^`X HP`bXZT[ <GXUQP VcVc`( OP[Pc_c] ST¥XZXP]& bT^`X
VT[^¥QP]V bXSPZ ¥P¥_c ¥T]YT[PaZP] bT]bP]V _T`P¥QPbP] RPWPgP QT`c_P
VP`Xa [c`ca( CT[T¥PWP] X]X gP]V ¥T]gTQPQZP] <GXUQP bXSPZ aTbcYc ST]VP]
bT^`X VT[^¥QP]V( LT^`X 7VYIGPT ¥P¥_c ¥T]T¥cZP] `c¥ca'`c¥ca _T¥'
QXPaP] SP] _T¥P]bc[P] RPWPgP ST]VP] aP]VPb ¥T¥cPaZP](

:GSLCMCPNCJ FCNCO DVMV NCUKJCP%
+( ET]c`cb bT^`X _P`bXZT[ SP] bT^`X VT[^¥QP]V& P_PZPW -( :PVPX¥P]P WX_^bTaXa 7VYIGPT aTWX]VVP SXP QT`'
RPWPgP Xbc8 _T]SP_Pb QPWeP RPWPgP ¥T`c_PZP] VT[^¥QP]V8
,( <GXUQP QT`_T]SP_Pb QPWeP RPWPgP ¥T`c_PZP] _P`' .( 9_P ZT[T¥PWP] bT^`X VT[^¥QP]V gP]V ¥T¥QcPb
bXZT[( :T`XZP] _T]YT[PaP] ¥T]VT]PX bT^`X X]X ST]VP] <GXUQP ¥PaXW bXSPZ aTbcYc ST]VP] bT^`X Xbc8
ZP[X¥Pb 9]SP aT]SX`X( /( ET]c`cb 9]SP& SX P]bP`P bT^`X _P`bXZT[ SP] bT^`X
VT[^¥QP]V& ¥P]PZPW gP]V _P[X]V QT]P`8
B. Pemantulan Cahaya
;PQP]V X[¥c _T]VTbPWcP] bT]bP]V RPWPgP gP]V ¥T¥_T[PYP`X aXUPb'
aXUPb _T`P¥QPbP] RPWPgP& aT_T`bX _T¥P]bc[P]& _T¥QXPaP]& aT`bP _`X]aX_ YP[P]'
]gP aX]P`'aX]P` SXaTQcb KLOEG= CAKIAOME' <P[P¥ ^_bXZP VT^¥Tb`X& RPWPgP
SP_Pb SXVP¥QP`ZP] ST]VP] aX]P` QT`c_P VP`Xa gP]V bTVPZ [c`ca ST]VP]
¥cZP VT[^¥QP]V SP] bXSPZ aT_T]cW]gP ¥T¥_T`WXbc]VZP] aXUPb VT[^¥QP]V
SP`X RPWPgP bTàTQcb( HT]VVP¥QP`P] RPWPgP aTQPVPX aX]P` QT`c_P VP`Xa
[c`ca bXSPZ SP_Pb SXbT`P_ZP] SP[P¥ KLOEG= BENEN' HPSP ^_bXZP UXaXa& RPWPgP Gambar 6.1
WP`ca aT_T]cW]gP SX_P]SP]V aTQPVPX VT[^¥QP]V ZP`T]P TUTZ'TUTZ Pemantulan baur
X]bTÙT`T]aX SP] SXU`PZaX]gP aP]VPb S^¥X]P](
1. Pemantulan Baur dan Pemantulan Teratur

HPSP c¥c¥]gP& aTbXP_ _T¥cZPP] QT]SP SP_Pb ¥T¥P]bc[ZP] RPWPgP
gP]V YPbcW _PSP _T`¥cZPP] QT]SP bTàTQcb( HT`¥cZPP] QT]SP SP_Pb QT`c_P
_T`¥cZPP] ZPaP` PbPc WP[ca( KTQT`ZPa RPWPgP gP]V YPbcW _PSP QT]SP ST]VP]
_T`¥cZPP] ZPaP` PZP] SX_P]bc[ZP] ST]VP] P`PW aX]P` _P]bc[ gP]V bPZ
bT`Pbc`( HT¥P]bc[P] X]X SXaTQcb LAI=JOPH=J >=PM% _T`WPbXZP] 6CODCS ,%'(
9SP_c] aTQT`ZPa RPWPgP gP]V YPbcW _PSP _T`¥cZPP] WP[ca& PZP]
SX_P]bc[ZP] ST]VP] P`PW gP]V bT`Pbc`( HT¥P]bc[P] X]X SXaTQcb LAI=JOPH=J
OAM=OPM% _T`WPbXZP] 6CODCS ,%(( HT¥P]bc[P] RPWPgP _PSP _T`¥cZPP]
QT]SP bXSPZ aT¥QP`P]V& ¥T[PX]ZP] ¥T¥X[XZX ZTbT`Pbc`P] aTacPX ST]VP] Gambar 6.2
WcZc¥'WcZc¥ _T¥P]bc[P]( Pemantulan teratur
Cahaya dan Optika 109

Pemantulan pada Cermin Datar
Tujuan Percobaan
Mengamati pemantulan pada cermin datar.
Alat-Alat Percobaan
Sediakanlah sumber cahaya, cermin datar, penggaris, alat tulis, dan selembar karton.
Langkah-Langkah Percobaan pointer
inframerah
1. Letakkan sumber cahaya, cermin
datar, dan karton, seperti pada gambar sinar
pantul
berikut.
2. Buatlah garis normal pada permuka-
an cermin datar, titik di mana sinar sinar datang
akan dipantulkan (garis normal
karton
tegak lurus terhadap permukaan
cermin datar).
3. Gambarkan sinar yang jatuh pada permukaan cermin. Sinar ini disebut sinar
datang. Gambarkan pula sinar yang meninggalkan permukaan cermin. Sinar
ini disebut sinar pantul.
4. Ukurlah sudut antara sinar datang dan garis normal. Sudut ini disebut sudut
datang. Ukur juga sudut antara sinar pantul dan garis normal. Sudut ini
disebut sudut pantul. Lakukan kegiatan ini tidak kurang dari lima kali.
5. Apa yang dapat Anda simpulkan dari kegiatan ini?
2. Hukum Pemantulan
BXZP _PSP 1MUKWKUCT 5KTKMC ,%' _`âTa _T¥P]bc[P] _PSP RT`¥X] SPbP`
garis SX[PZcZP] aTRP`P QPXZ& 9]SP SP_Pb ¥T]T¥cZP] ZTaX¥_c[P] QPWeP4
P( acScb SPbP]V aP¥P ST]VP] acScb _P]bc[5
normal sinar
sinar
Q( aX]P` SPbP]V& VP`Xa ]^`¥P[& SP] aX]P` _P]bc[ bT`[TbPZ _PSP aPbc QXSP]V
datang pantul
SPbP`( HT`]gPbPP] SXZT]P[ ST]VP] @cZc¥ HT¥P]bc[P](

&i &r
3. Pemantulan pada Cermin
;T`¥X] PSP[PW _T`¥cZPP] gP]V ¥P¥_c ¥T¥P]bc[ZP] [TQXW SP`X 3/!
Gambar 6.3 RPWPgP gP]V ¥T]VT]PX]gP( HT`¥cZPP] aT_T`bX Xbc SP_Pb QT`c_P [^VP¥
gP]V SXVâ^Z aTWX]VVP ¥T]VZX[P_ PbPc ZPRP gP]V SX[P_XaX [^VP¥& ¥XaP['
Hukum Pemantulan. Sudut
datang ( & i ) sama dengan sudut
pantul ( & r ) ]gP SX[P_XaX =I=HC=I M=GN='
Contoh 6.1
<cP QcPW RT`¥X] SXacac] aT_T`bX _PSP VP¥QP` QT`XZcb(
BXZP aX]P` SPbP]V _PSP RT`¥X] 9 ¥T¥X[XZX acScb
SPbP]V .*i& bT]bcZP] P`PW aX]P` _P]bc[ #acScb N
_P]bc[$ ^[TW RT`¥X] :(
9CXCD0 40°
i1
r1
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r
A P r'
:T`SPaP`ZP] WcZc¥ _T¥P]bc[P]& E 7 M ¥PZP M , .*i(
B
)P 7 )BAO 7 )NAO U #M$ 7 3*i k .*i 7 /*i

:TaP` acScb M" SP_Pb SXRP`X SP`X
O
)r ’ % )P $ )AOB , +2*i 7 )r ’ % /*i % 3*i 7 +2*i

)r ’ 7 +2*i k 3*i k /*i 7 .*i
:TaP` acScb EE++ SP_Pb
:TaP` acScb SP_Pb SXRP`X
SXRP`X SP`X
SP`X
)r ’ % )i1 7 3*i
)i1 7 3*i k )r ’ 7 3*i k .*i 7 /*i
)i1 ¥T`c_PZP] acScb SPbP]V bT`WPSP_ RT`¥X] /'

:T`SPaP`ZP] WcZc¥ _T¥P]bc[P]& SX bXbXZ / QT`[PZc4
)i1 7 )r1
)r1 7 /*i
BPSX& P`PW aX]P` _P]bc[ ^[TW RT`¥X] : ¥T¥QT]bcZ acScb /*i bT`WPSP_ VP`Xa ]^`¥P[(
a. Pemantulan pada Cermin Datar

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RT`¥X] SPbP` bTàTQcb8 HPSP RT`¥X]& bT`[XWPb PSP QPgP]VP] 9]SP( :PVPX¥P]P
aXUPb QPgP]VP] gP]V bT`QT]bcZ _PSP RT`¥X] SPbP`8 P1
HT`WPbXZP] 6CODCS ,%*( LXbXZ K" ¥T`c_PZP] QPgP]VP] SP`X bXbXZ K( 9SP' &1
_c] _`âTa _T¥QT]bcZP] QPgP]VP] _PSP RT`¥X] SPbP` PSP[PW aTQPVPX QT`XZcb(
+( KX]P` SPbP]V KH+ #aX]P` +$ YPbcW _PSP RT`¥X] SPbP` ST]VP] acScb SPbP]V S S'
&1 & ZT¥cSXP] aX]P` X]X SX_P]bc[ZP]( HT`WPbXZP] YP[P] aX]P` +( benda
,( KX]P` SPbP]V KH) #aX]P` ,$ YPbcW _PSP RT`¥X] ST]VP] acScb SPbP]V &2 bayangan
&2 % ZT¥cSXP] aX]P` X]X SX_P]bc[ZP]( HT`WPbXZP] YP[P] aX]P` ,(
P2
-( HT`_P]YP]VP] aX]P` _P]bc[ + SP] aX]P` _P]bc[ , SX QT[PZP]V RT`¥X]

SX[cZXaZP] ST]VP] VP`Xa bT`_cbca'_cbca SP] QT`_^b^]VP] SX bXbXZ ;!'
BPSX& [TbPZ QPgP]VP] bXbXZ ; PSP[PW ;" gP]V SXQT]bcZ SP`X _T`_^b^]VP] Gambar 6.4
_T`_P]YP]VP] ScP aX]P` _P]bc[( Pembentukan bayangan pada
<T]VP] RP`P gP]V aP¥P& QPgP]VP] QT]SP ScP SX¥T]aX SP] bXVP SX¥T]aX
cermin datar
SP_Pb bT`QT]bcZ ^[TW RT`¥X] SPbP`( H`âTa _T¥QT]bcZP] QPgP]VP]]gP aP¥P

aT_T`bX _PSP QT]SP bXbXZ( @P[ gP]V bT`_T]bX]V PSP[PW SP[P¥ aTbXP_ _`âTa
_T¥QT]bcZP] QPgP]VP]& WcZc¥ _T¥P]bc[P] aT[P[c QT`[PZc(
HT`WPbXZP] 6CODCS ,%+ QT`XZcb(
mata
pengamat B'
benda bayangan Gambar 6.5

D Ukuran benda persis sama dengan
ukuran bayangan
A C
s0 s'
M]bcZ QT]SP gP]V QcZP] QT`c_P bXbXZ PbPc VP`Xa& 9]SP PZP] ¥T]SP_Pb'
ZP] QPWeP cZc`P] QPgP]VP] QT]SP _TàXa aP¥P ST]VP] cZc`P] QT]SP]gP(
:T]SP SP] QPgP]VP] WP]gP QT`QTSP SP[P¥ WP[ P`PW ZX`X SP] ZP]P]]gP(
HT`WPbXZP] 6CODCS ,%,( :PVXP] ZX`X QT]SP ¥T]YPSX QPVXP] ZP]P]
QPgP]VP]& SP] aTQP[XZ]gP( HT`XabXeP X]X SXaTQcb _T¥QP[XZP] aXaX "H=OAM=H
EJQAMNEKJ#' G[TW ZP`T]P PSP]gP _T¥QP[XZP] aXaX X]X& bc[XaP] gP]V WT]SPZ
SXQPRP ¥T[P[cX RT`¥X]& _T]c[XaP] Wc`cU]gP WP`ca SXQP[XZ(
:T`SPaP`ZP] QPgP]VP] QT]SP _PSP RT`¥X] SPbP`& SP_Pb SXaX¥_c[ZP]
QPWeP aXUPb QPgP]VP] QT]SP gP]V SXQT]bcZ ^[TW RT`¥X] SPbP` PSP[PW
aTQPVPX QT`XZcb
j ¥PgP5
j cZc`P] aP¥P QTaP` ST]VP] cZc`P] QT]SP5
j bTVPZ5
j YP`PZ QT]SP bT`WPSP_ RT`¥X] aP¥P ST]VP] YP`PZ QPgP]VP] bT`WPSP_
Gambar 6.6
RT`¥X](
Ketika bercermin, posisi kiri benda
menjadi posisi kanan bayangan

'" 2CYCPICP PYCUC FCP DCYCPICP OCYC
:PgP]VP] ]gPbP PSP[PW QPgP]VP] gP]V bT`QT]bcZ SP`X _T`_^b^]VP] [P]V'
ac]V aX]P`'aX]P` RPWPgP& aTSP]VZP] QPgP]VP] ¥PgP PSP[PW QPgP]VP] gP]V
SXWPaX[ZP] SP`X _T`_^b^]VP] _T`_P]YP]VP] aX]P`'aX]P` RPWPgP( KTQPVPX R^]b^W&
QPgP]VP] gP]V SXWPaX[ZP] _PSP RT`¥X] SPbP` ¥T`c_PZP] QPgP]VP] ¥PgP
ZP`T]P QPgP]VP] bTàTQcb ¥T`c_PZP] _T`_^b^]VP] [P]Vac]V SP`X
_T`_P]YP]VP] aX]P`'aX]P` RPWPgP( 9SP_c] R^]b^W QPgP]VP] ]gPbP bT`YPSX
_PSP QPgP]VP] gP]V SXWPaX[ZP] ^[TW _`^gTZb^` _PSP [PgP`(
Contoh 6.2
@Xbc]V _P]YP]V ¥X]X¥c¥ acPbc RT`¥X] gP]V SXQcbcWZP] PVP` aT^`P]V _T]P`X PSPb
SP_Pb ¥T[XWPb aT[c`cW bcQcW]gP gP]V bX]VVX]gP D ¥TbT`(
9CXCD0
HT`WPbXZP] VP¥QP` QT`XZcb(
cermin
G H
E F
G[TW ZP`T]P aX]P` _P]bc[ aP¥P ST]VP]
+
aX]P` SPbP]V ¥PZP /3 , /1 , .4%
,
B BPSX& c]bcZ SP_Pb ¥T[XWPb QPgP]VP]
aT[c`cW bcQcW SX_T`[cZP] _P]YP]V
+
RT`¥X] SPbP` ¥X]X¥P[ SP`X bX]VVX
,
bcQcW aTaT^`P]V(
A D C
(" 9VONCJ DCYCPICP QNGJ FVC DVCJ EGSOKP FCUCS

cermin I HT`WPbXZP] 6CODCS ,%-& YXZP aTQcPW QT]SP QT`PSP SX ST_P] ScP
QcPW RT`¥X] gP]V ¥T¥QT]bcZ acScb # & aPbc aP¥P [PX]& PZP] bT`QT]bcZ
benda bayangan
aTYc¥[PW QPgP]VP]( Bc¥[PW QPgP]VP] QT`VP]bc]V _PSP QT`P_P QTaP`
acScb # ( :T`SPaP`ZP] WPaX[ TZa_T`X¥T]& Yc¥[PW QPgP]VP] gP]V SXQT]bcZ
^[TW ScP QcPW RT`¥X] gP]V ¥T¥QT]bcZ acScb # PSP[PW aTQPVPX QT`XZcb(
-0*i
cermin J7 k+ #3k+$
CTbT`P]VP]4
II
#
J , Yc¥[PW QPgP]VP]
bayangan bayangan # 7 acScb P]bP`P ScP QcPW RT`¥X]
Gambar 6.7
Benda yang diletakkan di antara dua Contoh 6.3
KTQcPW QT]SP bT`[TbPZ SX ST_P] , QcPW RT`¥X] SPbP` gP]V ¥T¥QT]bcZ acScb 0*i(
buah cermin datar dan membentuk
sudut 90° akan menghasilkan 3 buah
bayangan. @Xbc]V Yc¥[PW QPgP]VP] gP]V bT`QT]bcZ(
9CXCD0
<XZTbPWcX4
# 7 0*i
360$
J 7 !1
#
-0*i
J , k+
0*i
J 70k+7/
BPSX( Yc¥[PW QPgP]VP] gP]V bT`QT]bcZ / QcPW(

b. Pemantulan pada Cermin Cekung
;T`¥X] RTZc]V PSP[PW RT`¥X] gP]V ¥T¥X[XZX _T`¥cZPP] RTZc]V( B
;T`¥X] RTZc]V QTàXUPb Z^]dT`VT]& gPXbc QTàXUPb ¥T]Vc¥_c[ZP] aX]P`(

:PVXP]'QPVXP] RT`¥X] RTZc]V bP¥_PZ aT_T`bX _PSP 6CODCS ,%.( P F O
'" >GODGPUVMCP DCYCPICP QNGJ EGSOKP EGMVPI

DTbPZ SP] aXUPb QPgP]VP] gP]V SXQT]bcZ ^[TW RT`¥X] RTZc]V QT`VP]bc]V f
_PSP [TbPZ QT]SP( KTQcPW QT]SP gP]V SX[TbPZZP] SX ST_P] aTQcPW RT`¥X]
RTZc]V PZP] ¥T¥X[XZX QPgP]VP] ST]VP] aXUPb'aXUPb bT`bT]bc( HT`WPbXZP] R
6CODCS ,%/& aXUPb'aXUPb RT`¥X] RTZc]V SX P]bP`P]gP4 f = jarak fokus
P$ KX]P` SPbP]V gP]V aTYPYP` ac¥Qc cbP¥P SX_P]bc[ZP] ¥T[P[cX bXbXZ
R = kelengkungan cermin
U^Zca cbP¥P(
Gambar 6.8
Q$ KX]P` SPbP]V gP]V ¥T[P[cX bXbXZ U^Zca cbP¥P SX_P]bc[ZP] aTYPYP`

Bagian-bagian cermin cekung
ST]VP] ac¥Qc cbP¥P(

R$ KX]P` SPbP]V gP]V ¥T[P[cX bXbXZ _caPb ZT[T]VZc]VP] RT`¥X] PZP]
a)
SX_P]bc[ZP] ZT¥QP[X ¥T[P[cX [X]bPaP] gP]V aP¥P( c) b)

F
:PgP]VP] aTQcPW QT]SP ^[TW RT`¥X] RTZc]V SP_Pb SXbT]bcZP] ST]VP] P O
RP`P ¥T]VVP¥QP`ZP] , SP`X - aX]P` XabX¥TeP _PSP RT`¥X] RTZc]V( ;P`P
¥T[cZXa QPgP]VP] QT]SP ^[TW RT`¥X] RTZc]V PSP[PW aTQPVPX QT`XZcb(
HT`WPbXZP] 6CODCS ,%'&( 5=JCG=D LAMO=I=% RT`¥X] RTZc]V SXVP¥QP`
Gambar 6.9
Sinar istimewa pada cermin
[T]VZP_ ST]VP] QPVXP]'QPVXP]]gP( 5=JCG=D GA@P=% VP`Xa 9: SXVP¥QP` cekung
c]bcZ ¥T[P¥QP]VZP] bX]VVX QT]SP( 9SP_c] VP`Xa 9: bXSPZ _T`[c bT`[P[c

bX]VVX( 5=JCG=D GAOEC=% VP¥QP`ZP] aX]P` XabX¥TePk+( 5=JCG=D GAAIL=O% B III II I
VP¥QP`ZP] aX]P` XabX¥TePk,( 5=JCG=D GAHEI=% bXbXZ gP]V ¥T`c_PZP]

_T`_^b^]VP] P]bP`P aX]P` _P]bc[k+ SP] aX]P` _P]bc[k, SXQT`X ]P¥P /!( A'
LXbXZ X]X ¥T`c_PZP] QPgP]VP] SP`X bXbXZ /' CT¥cSXP]& VP`Xa bTVPZ [c`ca A P O
ac¥Qc cbP¥P SXbP`XZ SP`X bXbXZ /! ZT P`PW ac¥Qc cbP¥P( LXbXZ X]X SXQT`X
F
]P¥P .! gP]V ¥T`c_PZP] QPgP]VP] SP`X bXbXZ . aTWX]VVP .!/! ¥T`c_PZP]

B'
QPgP]VP] SP`X VP`Xa ./'

Gambar 6.10
III II I III II I Pembentukan bayangan di ruang III
AB pada cermin cekung
B B'
B
A' O
P A O P F A A'
F
S S'
B'
Gambar 6.11 Gambar 6.12

Gambar bayangan jika letak bendanya di Gambar bayangan jika bendanya di
ruang II ruang I
:T`SPaP`ZP] 6CODCS ,%'&& 6CODCS ,%''# SP] 6CODCS ,%'( SP_Pb

SXaX¥_c[ZP] QPWeP4
#P$ YXZP QT]SP _PSP `cP]V A& ¥PZP QPgP]VP] gP]V SXWPaX[ZP] PSP[PW
¥PgP& bTVPZ& SP] SX_T`QTaP`5
#Q$ YXZP QT]SP QT`PSP SX `cP]V AA& ¥PZP QPgP]VP] gP]V SXWPaX[ZP] PSP[PW
]gPbP #SX `cP]V AAA$& bT`QP[XZ& SP] SX_T`QTaP`5
#R$ YXZP QT]SP QT`PSP _PSP `cP]V AAA& ¥PZP QPgP]VP] gP]V SXWPaX[ZP]
PSP[PW ]gPbP #SX `cP]V AA$& bT`QP[XZ SP] SX_T`QTaP`(

A (" 7VDVPICP CPUCSC LCSCM HQMVT FCP LCSK$LCSK MGNGPIMVPICP EGSOKP
R & ) &) @cQc]VP] P]bP`P YP`PZ U^Zca SP] YP`X'YP`X ZT[T]VZc]VP] RT`¥X]
)& SP_Pb SXRP`X ST]VP] _T`b^[^]VP] 6CODCS ,%')(
P F O
HPSP VP¥QP` bTàTQcb& bP¥_PZ QPWeP aX]P` aTYPYP` ac¥Qc cbP¥P SPbP]V
ZT _T`¥cZPP] RT`¥X] RTZc]V& ZT¥cSXP] SX_P]bc[ZP] ¥T[P[cX bXbXZ U^Zca(
KX]P`'aX]P` X]X ¥T]VXZcbX WcZc¥ _T¥P]bc[P]& gPXbc acScb SPbP]V aP¥P
ST]VP] acScb _P]bc[( G[TW ZP`T]P Xbc& aTVXbXVP .38 ¥T`c_PZP] aTVXbXVP
f
R
aP¥P ZPZX #aXaX .3 , aXaX 38#' BXZP aX]P` SPbP]V STZPb aTZP[X ST]VP] ac¥Qc
cbP¥P .3% SP_Pb SXP]VVP_ aP¥P ST]VP] 73 aTWX]VVP 38 , 73' <P`X aX]X&
Gambar 6.13
SX_T`^[TW QPWeP ,B 7 : PbPc

Hubungan antara fokus dan jari-
jari cermin cekung
+
B, : #0k,$
,
CTbT`P]VP]4
B 7 YP`PZ U^Zca
: , YP`X'YP`X ZT[T]VZc]VP] RT`¥X]
)" ?VOVT RCFC EGSOKP EGMVPI
KT[PX] aTRP`P VT^¥Tb`X& [TbPZ SP] aXUPb QPgP]VP] QT]SP SP_Pb
SXbT]bcZP] aTRP`P _T`WXbc]VP] ST]VP] _TàP¥PP] aTQPVPX QT`XZcb(
B
HT`WPbXZP] 6CODCS ,%'*(

HPSP 6CODCS ,%'* bP¥_PZ QPWeP /.7 SP] 217 aTQP]Vc]
h
# D F &
# h' & aTWX]VVP
12 71
A P O
,
f
./ 7.
E
s'
R
s
# #0k-$
h’ s’
Keterangan: h s
s = jarak benda ke cermin
HPSP 6CODCS ,%'* bP¥_PZ QPWeP ./8 SP] 128 aTQP]Vc](

h = tinggi benda
f = jarak fokus
./ D
h' = tinggi bayangan
s' = jarak bayangan ke cermin M]bcZ ./8 QT`[PZc bP] # , ,
Gambar 6.14 .8 N U :
12 D!
M]bcZ 128 QT`[PZc bP] # , ,
Letak dan sifat bayangan benda pada
18 : U N!
cermin cekung
D D! D! : U N!
aTWX]VVP , " ,
N U : : U N! D NU:
D! N! N! : U N!
G[TW ZP`T]P , ¥PZP ,
D N N NU:
Ingatlah
N! N U : ! , N : U N! ! " N!N U N!: , N: U NN! " , NN! , : N$ N! !
NN! : N$N! ,
, " ,
Konvensi tanda untuk pemantulan:
j s bernilai + jika objek berada di
depan cermin (objek maya) N$ N! , NN! :
bernilai – jika objek di belakang
! ! "
# #0k.$
cermin (objek nyata)
j s’ bernilai + jika objek berada di
depan cermin (objek nyata) ' ' "
:
G[TW ZP`T]P B , ¥PZP
bernilai – jika objek berada di
,
belakang cermin (objek maya)
j r, f bernilai + jika pusat
! ! ! #0k/$
kelengkungan berada di depan #
cermin (cermin cekung) ' ' #
bernilai – jika pusat kelengkungan
<T]VP] ¥T]VVc]PZP] _TàP¥PP] RT`¥X] bTàTQcb& 9]SP SP_Pb ¥T'
berada di belakang cermin
]T]bcZP] YP`PZ QPgP]VP] aTQcPW QT]SP( 9SP_c] _T`QTaP`P] QPgP]VP] 6

(cermin cembung).

SXSTUX]XaXZP] aTQPVPX _T`QP]SX]VP] P]bP`P QTaP` #bX]VVX$ QPgP]VP] SP]
QTaP` #bX]VVX$ QT]SP( KTRP`P ¥PbT¥PbXa SP_Pb SXbc[Xa
SU f
N! D!
6, , #0k0$ O F P
N D R
Gambar 6.15
c. Pemantulan pada Cermin Cembung
;T`¥X] RT¥Qc]V PSP[PW RT`¥X] gP]V ¥T¥X[XZX _T`¥cZPP] RT¥Qc]V(
Bagian-bagian cermin cembung
R = jari-jari kelengkungan cermin
;T`¥X] RT¥Qc]V QTàXUPb SXdT`VT]& gPXbc QTàXUPb ¥T¥P]RP`ZP] aX]P`( P = titik pusat kelengkungan cermin
:PVXP]'QPVXP] RT`¥X] RT¥Qc]V aT_T`bX _PSP 6CODCS ,%'+( F = titik fokus cermin
f = jarak titik fokus ke cermin
'" >GODGPUVMCP DCYCPICP QNGJ EGSOKP EGODVPI
KTQcPW QT]SP gP]V SX[TbPZZP] SX ST_P] aTQcPW RT`¥X] RT¥Qc]V ¥T' c
¥X[XZX QPgP]VP] ST]VP] aXUPb'aXUPb bT`bT]bc( :PgP]VP] aTQcPW QT]SP ^[TW RT`¥X]
RT¥Qc]V SP_Pb SXbT]bcZP] ST]VP] RP`P ¥T]VVP¥QP`ZP] , SP`X - aX]P` XabX¥TeP b
_PSP RT`¥X] RT¥Qc]V( HT`WPbXZP] 6CODCS ,%',( HPSP 6CODCS ,%',& bT`[XWPb
a
P$ aX]P` SPbP]V gP]V aTYPYP` ac¥Qc cbP¥P SX_P]bc[ZP] aTPZP]'PZP]

SPbP]V SP`X bXbXZ U^Zca5
O F P
Q$ aX]P` SPbP]V gP]V ¥T]cYc bXbXZ U^Zca SX_P]bc[ZP] aTYPYP` ST]VP]

ac¥Qc cbP¥P5
Gambar 6.16
R$ aX]P` SPbP]V gP]V ¥T]cYc bXbXZ _caPb ZT[T]VZc]VP] RT`¥X] SX_P]'

Sinar-sinar istimewa pada cermin
cembung
bc[ZP] ZT¥QP[X ¥T[P[cX [X]bPaP] gP]V aP¥P(
;P`P ¥T[cZXa QPgP]VP] QT]SP ^[TW RT`¥X] RT¥Qc]V bT`[XWPb aT_T`bX
_PSP 6CODCS ,%'-% HPSP RP`P bTàTQcb& aX]P` XabX¥TeP gP]V SXVc]PZP]
PSP[PW aX]P` + SP] aX]P` -( :T`SPaP`ZP] VP¥QP` QPgP]VP] bTàTQcb SP_Pb
SXaX¥_c[ZP] QPWeP QT]SP gP]V SX[TbPZZP] SX ST_P] aTQcPW RT`¥X] RT¥'
Qc]V aT[P[c ¥T]VWPaX[ZP] QPgP]VP] ¥PgP& bTVPZ& SP] SX_T`ZTRX[( O F P
(" ?VOVT RCFC EGSOKP EGODVPI

Jc¥ca _PSP RT`¥X] RT¥Qc]V aP¥P aT_T`bX `c¥ca gP]V QT`[PZc _PSP Gambar 6.17
RT`¥X] RTZc]V& gPXbc4 Lukisan pembentukan bayangan oleh
+
B, :
cermin cembung
,
D! N!
6, ,
D N
! ! !
# #0k1$
' ' #
@P['WP[ gP]V _T`[c SX_T`WPbXZP] PSP[PW

#P$ bP]SP YP`PZ U^Zca _PSP RT`¥X] RT¥Qc]V aT[P[c QT`]X[PX ]TVPbXU( @P[
X]X SXaTQPQZP] [TbPZ bXbXZ U^Zca _PSP RT`¥X] RT¥Qc]V bT`[TbPZ SX
QT[PZP]V RT`¥X]5
#Q$ c]bcZ QT]SP ]gPbP SX ST_P] RT`¥X] RT¥Qc]V& aT[P[c bT`QT]bcZ
QPgP]VP] ¥PgP( BPSX& ]X[PX a"N" _PSP RT`¥X] RT¥Qc]V QT`bP]SP ]TVPbXU(
Contoh 6.4
KTQcPW RT`¥X] RTZc]V ¥T¥X[XZX YP`X'YP`X ZT[T]VZc]VP] , ¥( KTQcPW QT]SP SX[TbPZZP] _PSP
YP`PZ +&/ ¥ SP`X RT`¥X]& bX]VVX QT]SP / R¥( @Xbc]V[PW [TbPZ& bX]VVX& SP] _T`QTaP`P] QPgP]VP](
9CXCD0
<XZTbPWcX4

+ +
N 7 + &/ ¥ :7,¥ " B 7 #:$7 #,$7 + ¥
, ,
D 7 / R¥
<T]VP] ¥T]VVc]PZP] >GSTCOCCP !,Z-"& SX_T`^[TW
+ + + + +
% 7 7 " N" 7 - ¥
N N" B N" -
+ + + N! D! - D! D!
% 7 6, , " , " ,,
+&/ N" + N D +&/ D D
+ + +
7 k D! 7 ,D 7 ,#/ R¥$ 7 +* R¥
N" + +&/ BPSX& [TbPZ QPgP]VP] - ¥ SX ST_P] RT`¥X]& bX]VVX]gP
+ , +* R¥& SP] _T`QTaP`P]]gP , ZP[X(
7+ k
N" -
Kata Kunci Contoh 6.5

• optika geometri KTQcPW QT]SP SX[TbPZZP] -* R¥ SX ST_P] RT`¥X] RT¥Qc]V gP]V QT`YP`X'YP`X -* R¥(
• optika fisis P( <X ¥P]P [TbPZ QPgP]VP]8
• pemantulan baur
Q( :T`P_P _T`QTaP`P]]gP8
R( DcZXa YP[P]]gP aX]P` _PSP _T¥QT]bcZP] QPgP]VP](
• pemantulan halus
• bayangan nyata
• bayangan maya 9CXCD0
• titik fokus utama
<XZTbPWcX4
N 7 -* R¥5 : 7 k-* R¥(
• pusat kelengkungan
+ +
B 7 :7 k ! -* ! 7 k+/ R¥
, ,
+ + + + + +
P( 7 % " 7 %
U N N" k+/ -* N"
+ ++ + - + -
7k/ % 0 " 7k " N" 7 k+* R¥
N" , +/ -* . N" -*
N" k+* +
Q( 6 7 7 " 6, '
N -* + -
BPSX& _T`QTaP`P]]gP 7 ZP[X #aXUPb QPgP]VP]4 bTVPZ& ¥PgP& SP] SX_T`ZTRX[$
-
R( p
p' bayangan
benda P
s s'

:GSLCMCPNCJ FCNCO DVMV NCUKJCP%
+( KTQT`ZPa aX]P` SPbP]V YPbcW _PSP aTQcPW _T`¥cZPP] -( <cP QcPW RT`¥X] SPbP` ¥T¥QT]bcZ acScb ./i(
RT`¥X] ST]VP] acScb 0*i( BXZP SXX]VX]ZP] aX]P` _P]bc[ KTQcPW QT]SP bT`[TbPZ SX ST_P] ZTScP RT`¥X]
^[TW RT`¥X] ZTScP aTYPYP` ST]VP] aX]P` SPbP]V& QT`P_PZPW bTàTQcb( LT]bcZP] Yc¥[PW QPgP]VP] gP]V bT`'
acScb P]bP`P RT`¥X] _T`bP¥P SP] RT`¥X] ZTScP8 QT]bcZ(
,( LXVP QcPW RT`¥X] SXacac] aT_T`bX VP¥QP` QT`XZcb( .( KTQcPW QT]SP bTVPZ bX]VVX]gP ,&/ R¥ SX[TbPZZP] SX
ST_P] RT`¥X] RTZc]V QT`YP`X'YP`X ,. R¥ _PSP YP`PZ -*
30° R¥ SP`X RT`¥X](
120° P( LT]bcZP] YP`PZ QPgP]VP] ZT RT`¥X](
Q( DcZXa YP`PZ]gP aX]P` _PSP _T¥QT]bcZP] QPgP]VP](
140° cermin III
cermin I
cermin II R( LT]bcZP] aXUPb'aXUPb QPgP]VP](
LT]bcZP] P`PW aX]P` _P]bc[ SP`X RT`¥X] bTàTQcb(

/( KTQcPW QT]SP SX[TbPZZP] SX ST_P] RT`¥X] RT¥Qc]V ZT[T]VZc]VP] RT`¥X] RT¥Qc]V ,* R¥& WXbc]V YP`PZ
aTST¥XZXP] `c_P aTWX]VVP QTaP` QPgP]VP]]gP *&/ ZP[X( QT]SP ZT RT`¥X](
BXZP QPgP]VP] gP]V bT`QT]bcZ bT_Pb k*&// SP] YP`X'YP`X
C. Pembiasan Cahaya
9VP` 9]SP ¥T¥PWP¥X _T`XabXeP _T¥QXPaP] RPWPgP& [PZcZP][PW
ZTVXPbP] QT`XZcb(
Aktivitas Fisika 6.2 (a)
Pembiasan dan Pemantulan

Tujuan Percobaan
Mengamati peristiwa pembiasan dan pemantulan.
Alat-Alat Percobaan
1. Baterai kering 6. Kapas (b)
2. Pengunci kertas 7. Bohlam kecil dalam wadah
3. Pensil 8. Klip kertas
4. Obeng, gunting, dan double tape 9. Kabel
5. Aluminium foil 10. Botol air plastik
(c)
1. Potong bagian atas botol, kemudian menggunakan pensil lubangi botol
di pinggiran botol.
2. Rekatkan aluminium foil di dalam bagian atas botol yang sudah dipotong,
seperti pada gambar (b).
3. Pasangkan dua buah kabel pada bohlam kecil yang sudah ditempatkan
pada wadahnya.
4. Satukan baterai secara seri, lalu rekatkan kabel ketiga pada bagian bawah
(d)
baterai (kutub negatif ), seperti pada gambar (d).
5. Rekatkan satu kabel dari wadah bohlam ke bagian atas baterai (kutub positif ).
6. Masukkan kabel ke dalam lubang di pinggir botol, penuhi botol dengan
kapas dan tempatkan kedua kabel dengan pengunci kertas.
7. Tempatkan wadah bohlam di atas baterai, dan tempatkan tengah-tengah
bohlam tepat di bagian atas botol yang sudah diratakan aluminium foil.
8. Bengkokkan klip kertas dan tempatkan pada salah satu ujung pengunci
kertas sehingga menjadi saklar senter tersebut.
(e)
9. Tekan ujung lainnya klip kertas ke pengunci kertas yang lain senter kini menyala.
10. Apa yang menyebabkan nyala filamen lampu menyebar ke depan senter?
11. Apa manfaat adanya aluminium foil pada bagian atas botol yang
dipotong? Peristiwa apa yang terjadi pada aluminium foil tersebut?
HT`WPbXZP] ]gP[P [P¥_c aT]bT`& aT_T`bX _PSP 1MUKWKUCT ,%(( DX]VZc]VP]

gP]V ¥T[X]VZc_X UX[P¥T] [P¥_c PSP[PW WP¥_P cSP`P& ZT¥cSXP] RPWPgP
SXbT`caZP] ZT cSP`P [cP`( :cZP]ZPW RPWPgP]gP ¥T]gTQP`8 9_P _T`P]
ZPRP _T¥QPbPa gP]V ¥T¥QT]bcZ Q^[P8 HT`XabXeP gP]V SXP[P¥X RPWPgP
SX]P¥PZP] _T`XabXeP _T¥QXPaP](
8AI>E=N=J #MABM=GNE$ PSP[PW LAMENOER= LAI>AHKG=J =M=D ?=D=S= GAOEG=
IAHAR=OE >E@=JC >=O=N =JO=M= @P= IA@EPI S=JC >AM>A@=( HT¥QXPaP] RPWPgP
bT`YPSX PZXQPb ZTRT_PbP] RPWPgP QT`QTSP _PSP aTbXP_ ¥TSXc¥(
Ec]VZX] 9]SP _T`]PW ¥T[XWPb aTQcPW _T]aX[ gP]V bT`RT[c_ aTQPVXP] ZT
SP[P¥ PX` SX SP[P¥ VT[Pa& _T`XabXeP Xbc ¥T¥_T`[XWPbZP] _T¥QXPaP](
HT`WPbXZP] 6CODCS ,%'.( :PVXP] _T]aX[ gP]V bT`RT[c_ ZT PX` ZT[XWPbP] _PbPW(
HT`WPbXZP] _c[P YXZP SX [X]VZc]VP] 9]SP bT`SP_Pb Z^[P¥ gP]V YT`]XW& SPaP`
Z^[P¥ bTàTQcb bT`[XWPb [TQXW SP]VZP[( HT`XabXeP bTàTQcb YcVP ¥T`c_PZP]
Gambar 6.18
Pensil seperti patah ketika
R^]b^W _T`XabXeP _T¥QXPaP] RPWPgP( tercelup ke dalam air

1. Indeks Bias
A]STZa QXPa SP_Pb SX_P]SP]V aTQPVPX acPbc ZT¥P¥_cP] ¥TSXc¥ ¥T¥'
QXPaZP] #¥T¥QT[^ZZP]$ P`PW `P¥QPb RPWPgP( BXZP RPWPgP QT`VT`PZ SP`X
dPZc¥ PbPc cSP`P ZT ¥TSXc¥ [PX]& X]STZa QXPa]gP SXaTQcb EJ@AGN >E=N
IPOH=G ¥TSXc¥ bTàTQcb( HPSP TZa_T`X¥T] K]T[[Xca& ]X[PX X]STZa QXPa gP]V
SXSP_Pb #J 7 +&/$ ¥T`c_PZP] ]X[PX X]STZa QXPa ¥cb[PZ ZPRP ZP`T]P RPWPgP
QT`VT`PZ SP`X dPZc¥ PbPc cSP`P ZT ZPRP( KTRP`P ¥PbT¥PbXa SP_Pb SXbc[Xa
aTQPVPX QT`XZcb(
?
J, #0k2$
Q
CTbT`P]VP]4
J 7 X]STZa QXPa ¥cb[PZ
? 7 ZTRT_PbP] RPWPgP SX dPZc¥)cSP`P
Q 7 ZTRT_PbP] RPWPgP SX acPbc ¥TSXc¥
FX[PX X]STZa QXPa ¥cb[PZ QTQT`P_P ¥TSXc¥ SXbc]YcZZP] _PSP ACDGN ,%'(
ACDGN ,%'
A]STZa :XPa Ecb[PZ :TQT`P_P ETSXc¥
;GFKVO
NPZc¥ +&****
MSP`P +&***-
9X` #,*i ;$ +&--
=bX[ P[Z^W^[ +&-0
CPRP
CcPàP +&.0
CT`^]P +&/,
>[X]bP +&/2
CPRP _[TfX +&/+
A]bP] ,&.,
Sumber: Fundamentals of Physics, 2001
2. Hukum Pembiasan
HT¥QXPaP] RPWPgP bXSPZ aT¥QP`P]V& bTbP_X ¥T]VXZcbX WcZc¥'WcZc¥ _T¥'
QXPaP]( @cZc¥ _T¥QXPaP] _T`bP¥P ZP[X SX]gPbPZP] ^[TW BKNNGDSQSF @PGNNKVT&
PW[X >XaXZP QT`ZTQP]VaPP] :T[P]SP( @PGNNKVT ¥T[PZcZP] TZa_T`X¥T] ST]VP]
¥T[TePbZP] aTQT`ZPa aX]P` _PSP QP[^Z ZPRP( :T`SPaP`ZP] WPaX[ TZa_T`X¥T]
gP]V SX[PZcZP]]gP& @PGNNKVT ZT¥cSXP] ¥T]gPbPZP] @cZc¥ A HT¥QXPaP]'
]gP& gPXbc LAM>=J@EJC=J NEJPN NP@PO @=O=JC @=J NEJPN NP@PO >E=N @=ME NP=OP ?=D=S=
i
S=JC @=O=JC @=ME NP=OP IA@EPI GA IA@EPI H=EJ IAMPL=G=J NP=OP GKJNO=JO= S=JC
>AN=MJS= N=I= @AJC=J LAM>=J@EJC=J EJ@AGN >E=N GA@P= IA@EPI OAMNA>PO(
aX] E J M
JX aX] E 7 J` aX] M " ,
aX] M J E
B
r
aX] E #0k3$
, J EM
aX] M
CTbT`P]VP]4
Gambar 6.19 E 7 acScb SPbP]V5 M 7 acScb QXPa `T[PbXU
Deskripsi hukum pembiasan J 7 X]STZa QXPa
A]STZa QXPa `T[PbXU acPbc ¥TSXc¥ PSP[PW _T`QP]SX]VP] ]X[PX X]STZa
QXPa ¥cb[PZ SP`X ScP ¥TSXc¥ gP]V QT`QTSP( EXaP[]gP& aTQT`ZPa RPWPgP
QT`VT`PZ SP`X ¥TSXc¥ PX` #J=EM$ ZT ¥TSXc¥ ZPRP #JG=?=$(
KTRP`P ¥PbT¥PbXa& X]STZa QXPa PX` `T[PbXU bT`WPSP_ ¥TSXc¥ ZPRP SP_Pb SXbc[Xa
J =EM
# J G=?= & =EM
J G=?=

KTRP`P c¥c¥& YXZP RPWPgP QT`VT`PZ SP`X ¥TSXc¥'+ ZT ¥TSXc¥',&
X]STZa QXPa ¥TSXc¥', `T[PbXU bT`WPSP_ ¥TSXc¥'+( KTRP`P ¥PbT¥PbXa SP_Pb
medium air
(medium–1)
SXbc[XaZP] aTQPVPX QT`XZcb(
J,
7 J+&,
J+
medium kaca
(medium–2)
J, aX] E
7 J+&, #
J+ aX] M
HTàP¥PP] bTàTQcb SP_Pb YcVP SXbc[Xa aTQPVPX QT`XZcb( Gambar 6.20
Sinar yang melalui dua medium
J, aX] E
berbeda, yaitu air dan kaca.
7 J+&, #
J+ aX] M #0k+*$
CTbT`P]VP]4
J+ 7 X]STZa QXPa ¥cb[PZ ¥TSXc¥'+
J, 7 X]STZa QXPa ¥cb[PZ ¥TSXc¥',
J+&, 7 X]STZa QXPa ¥TSXc¥', `T[PbXU bT`WPSP_ ¥TSXc¥'+
E 7 acScb SPbP]V SX ¥TSXc¥'+
M 7 acScb QXPa SX ¥TSXc¥',
3. Hubungan Cepat Rambat Cahaya dan Indeks Bias Medium

HT`WPbXZP] 6CODCS ,%('( EXaP[]gP& acPbc VT[^¥QP]V QXSP]V HI
SX[TePbZP] ¥T[P[cX ¥TSXc¥ + ZT ¥TSXc¥ , gP]V [TQXW `P_Pb( KTbT[PW ePZbc Q
O VT[^¥QP]V QXSP]V HI QT`PSP _PSP QXSP]V KJ4 &1
Q O Q O
)
&$% *+ # + # &$% *+ 5 &$% *, # , # &$% *, medium 1 P *1
8: 8: medium 2 *2 R
Q, O Q+ O
8: # # # &$% *+
)
&2
&$% *, &$% *+ S
&$% *+ Q+
#
&$% *, Q, Gambar 6.21
&$% $ %" (!
Pembiasan cahaya melalui dua
! ! #0k++$ medium
&$% & %! ("
<XZTbPWcX Q , B ' & ST]VP] B 7 U`TZcT]aX SP] ' 7 _P]YP]V VT[^¥QP]V(

<T]VP] ST¥XZXP]& ]X[PX X]STZa QXPa SP_Pb SX_T`^[TW YcVP SP`X _P]YP]V
VT[^¥QP]V(
n12 #
'2
#0k+,$
'1
>GSTCOCCP !,Z''" SP] RGSTCOCCP !,Z'(" ¥T¥X[XZX ¥PZ]P UXaXa& gPXbc

ZTRT_PbP] RPWPgP SP[P¥ acPbc ¥TSXc¥ QT`QP]SX]V bT`QP[XZ ST]VP] ]X[PX
X]STZa QXPa]gP( EPZacS]gP& YXZP X]STZa QXPa aT¥PZX] QTaP`& ZTRT_PbP]
RPWPgP aT¥PZX] ZTRX[( KTQPVPX R^]b^W& ZTRT_PbP] RPWPgP SP[P¥ ¥TSXc¥
ZPRP [TQXW ZTRX[ SXQP]SX]VZP] ST]VP] ZTRT_PbP] RPWPgP ZTbXZP ¥T`P¥QPb
SP[P¥ PX`( 9[PaP]]gP& X]STZa QXPa ¥cb[PZ ZPRP [TQXW QTaP` SP`X_PSP X]STZa
¥cb[PZ PX`( KT[PX] Xbc& 9]SP YcVP SP_Pb ¥T]gX¥_c[ZP] QPWeP ZTbXZP
VT[^¥QP]V ¥T`P¥QPb SP`X acPbc ¥TSXc¥ ZT ¥TSXc¥ [PX] gP]V X]STZa
QXPa]gP QT`QTSP& _P]YP]V VT[^¥QP]V # ' $ SP] QTaP` ZTRT_PbP] #Q$VT[^¥QP]V
bTàTQcb QT`cQPW& ]P¥c] U`TZcT]aX #B$ VT[^¥QP]V bTàTQcb bXSPZ QT`cQPW(

Contoh 6.6
(a) <P[P¥ aTQcPW TZa_T`X¥T] c]bcZ ¥T]T]bcZP] ZTRT_PbP] RPWPgP SX SP[P¥ PX`& aT^`P]V
aXaeP ¥T[TePbZP] aTQT`ZPa RPWPgP ZT SP[P¥ PX` ST]VP] acScb SPbP]V -*i( CT¥cSXP]&
i aXaeP ¥T]RPbPb acScb QXPa gP]V bT`YPSX SX SP[P¥ PX`& bT`]gPbP QTaP`]gP ,,i( BXZP ZTRT_PbP]
n1 RPWPgP SX cSP`P SXP]VVP_ - l +*2 ¥)a& bT]bcZP] ZTRT_PbP] RPWPgP SX SP[P¥ PX`(
9CXCD0
<XZTbPWcX4
n2
n1<n2
r E 7 -*i5 ? 7 - l +*2 ¥)a5 M 7 ,,i
?
QSX PX` # aX] r
(b) aX] E
- l +* 2 ¥)a - l +* 2 m/s
#*&-1$ ¥)a
7 aX] ,,i 7
aX] -*i *&/
i
n1 7 ,&, l +*2 ¥)a

n2
BPSX& ZTRT_PbP] RPWPgP SP[P¥ PX` PSP[PW ,&,/ l +*2 ¥)a(
n1>n2
r
KTQPVPX Z^]aTZcT]aX SP`X @cZc¥ A K]T[[Xca X]X& aX]P` SPbP]V SP`X
¥TSXc¥ Zc`P]V `P_Pb ZT ¥TSXc¥ [TQXW `P_Pb #J( + J)#% NEJ=M =G=J @E>E=NG=J
Gambar 6.22 IAJ@AG=OE C=MEN JKMI=H @=J FEG= NEJ=M @=O=JC @=ME IA@EPI HA>ED M=L=O GA IA&
Sinar datang dibiaskan:
@EPI GPM=JC M=L=O "J( - J)$& aX]P` PZP] SXQXPaZP] ¥T]YPcWX VP`Xa ]^`¥P[(
>GSJCUKMCP 6CODCS ,%(('
(a) mendekati garis normal jika n1 < n2;
(b) menjauhi garis normal jika n1 > n2.
Contoh 6.7
.
KTTZ^` XZP] QT`PSP SX SPaP` Z^[P¥ gP]V SP[P¥]gP . ¥ # JPX` 7 $ aT_T`bX bP¥_PZ
nud = 1
_PSP VP¥QP` SX aP¥_X]V( -
HPSP ZTSP[P¥P] QT`P_PZPW [TbPZ XZP] SPaP` Z^[P¥ bTàTQcb bT`[XWPb ^[TW _T]VP¥Pb
nair =
4
SP`X _T`¥cZPP] PX` YXZP4
4m 3 P( XZP] SX[XWPb _T]VP¥Pb aTRP`P bTVPZ [c`ca&
Q( acScb P]bP`P ¥PbP SP] VP`Xa ]^`¥P[ aTQTaP` -*i(
9CXCD0
dasar kolam P( HT`WPbXZP] VP¥QP`(
BXZP _T]VP¥Pb ¥T[XWPb XZP] aTRP`P bTVPZ [c`ca& PZP] ¥T¥T]cWX _TàP¥PP]4
bP] M 7 aX] M SP] bP] E 7 aX] E(
bP] E aX] E @ " J @"
KX]P` SPbP]V SP`X XZP] aTWX]VVP # # PbPc P@ # ¥PZP
bP] M aX] M @ J =EM @
+ @"
ZTSP[P¥P] XZP] SX_T`^[TW& gPXbc # PbPc @ " 7 - ¥
, .
BPSX& ZTSP[P¥P] aT¥c XZP] gP]V SX[XWPb _T]VP¥Pb aTRP`P bTVPZ [c`ca PSP[PW - ¥(
mata Q( CTSP[P¥P] XZP] c]bcZ acScb P]bP`P ¥PbP _T]VP¥Pb SP] VP`Xa ]^`¥P[ M 7 -*i
pengamat PSP[PW
aX] E J P@ aX] E +
# # #
aX] M J =EM aX] -* .
- -
r
aX] E 7 aX] -*i , *&-1/

.
r
E , ,,&*,i
i d'
$
bP] E @! bP] ,,&*,i @!

d=4m
aTWX]VVP 7 " 7 7 ,&2 ¥
i
bP] M @ bP] -*i .
BPSX& ZTSP[P¥P] aT¥c XZP] c]bcZ acScb M 7 -*i ¥T]YPSX ,&2 ¥(

4. Sudut Kritis dan Pemantulan Sempurna r
ET]VP_P QT`[XP] bP¥_PZ QT`ZX[PcP] ZTbXZP RPWPgP YPbcW _PSP n2
r r r
_T`¥cZPP]]gP8 ET]VP_P _PSP aPPb bT`XZ ¥PbPWP`X YP[P] `PgP QT`Pa_P[
udara
bP¥_PZ aT_T`bX bT`VT]P]V PX`8 HPSP ZTScP VTYP[P >XaXZP bTàTQcb& RPWPgP
n1
i r
(n1>n2) i 6 kaca
¥T]VP[P¥X _T¥P]bc[P] aTRP`P aT¥_c`]P( :PVPX¥P]P _T¥P]bc[P] i i
4
i 5
aT¥_c`]P SP_Pb bT`YPSX8 HT`WPbXZP] 6CODCS ,%()( 1
?P¥QP` bTàTQcb ¥T]c]YcZZP] RPWPgP QT`VT`PZ SP`X ¥TSXc¥ [TQXW
2 3
`P_Pb #ZPRP$ ZT ¥TSXc¥ Zc`P]V `P_Pb #cSP`P$& PbPc SP`X ¥TSXc¥ QT`X]STZa
Gambar 6.23
QXPa [TQXW QTaP` ZT ¥TSXc¥ QT`X]STZa QXPa [TQXW ZTRX[ aTWX]VVP aX]P` QXPa]gP
Deskripsi geometri tentang sudut kritis
dan pemantulan sempurna
¥T]YPcWX VP`Xa ]^`¥P[(
CTbXZP acScb SPbP]V ]^[& acScb QXPa]gP YcVP ]^[& aT_T`bX SXbc]YcZZP]
^[TW aX]P` +( CT¥cSXP]& _PSP aPPb acScb SPbP]V SX_T`QTaP` #aX]P` ,& aX]P`
-& SP] aX]P` .$& acScb QXPa _c] QT`bP¥QPW QTaP` PbPc aT¥PZX] ¥T]YPcWX
VP`Xa ]^`¥P[( HPSP aPPb QTaP` acScb SPbP]V bT`bT]bc& gPZ]X aT_T`bX aX]P` /&
RPWPgP SXQXPaZP] 3*i bT`WPSP_ VP`Xa ]^`¥P[ aTWX]VVP aX]P` QXPa]gP aTYPYP`
ST]VP] _T`¥cZPP] QXSP]V QPbPa ¥TSXc¥ #ZPRP'cSP`P$( HPSP ZTPSPP]
aT_T`bX X]X& acScb SPbP]V SXaTQcb acScb Z`XbXa(
<T]VP] ZPbP [PX]& acScb Z`XbXa PSP[PW acScb SPbP]V ZTbXZP aX]P` SPbP]V
SXQXPaZP] aTQTaP` 3*i( BXZP acScb SPbP]V SX_T`QTaP` [PVX ¥T[TQXWX acScb Z`XbXa&
RPWPgP bXSPZ PZP] SXQXPaZP] ¥T[PX]ZP] SX_P]bc[ZP] aTRP`P aT¥_c`]P(
9`bX]gP& RPWPgP bXSPZ PZP] ZT[cP` SP`X ¥TSXc¥ ZPRP& aT_T`bX SXbc]YcZZP]
^[TW aX]P` 0( HT`XabXeP X]X[PW gP]V SXaTQcb _T¥P]bc[P] aT¥_c`]P(
:T`SPaP`ZP] WP[ bTàTQcb& SP_Pb SXaX¥_c[ZP] QPWeP _T¥P]bc[P]
aT¥_c`]P WP]gP bT`YPSX YXZP ¥T¥T]cWX ScP agP`Pb QT`XZcb(
P( ;PWPgP SPbP]V SP`X ¥TSXc¥ [TQXW `P_Pb ZT ¥TSXc¥ Zc`P]V `P_Pb(
Q( KcScb SPbP]V [TQXW QTaP` SP`X_PSP acScb Z`XbXa(

Pemantulan Sempurna
Tantangan
Tujuan Percobaan untuk Anda
Mengamati pemantulan sempurna.
Alat-Alat Percobaan udara &
Gelas minum, lilin, dan air.
1. Isilah gelas minum dengan air sampai hampir penuh. plastik
2. Letakkan gelas tersebut di pinggir meja. air
3. Nyalakan lilin pendek dan letakkan dekat
Sepotong plastik transparan
dengan gelas.
terapung dipermukaan air. Agar
4. Perhatikan gambar berikut. sinar datang seperti pada gambar
Amati dari arah yang berseberangan di atas dipantulkan sempurna oleh
dengan lilin dari arah agak di mata permukaan batas plastik air. Jika
bawah permukaan. pengamat indek bias plastik nk dan indek bias
5. Apa yang dapat Anda amati? air na, berapa besar sudut & ?
6. Apa kesimpulan Anda dari kegiatan ini?
H`X]aX_ _T¥P]bc[P] aT¥_c`]P SX¥P]UPPbZP] SP[P¥ bTZ]^[^VX Z^¥c]X'

ZPaX& gPZ]X _PSP aT`Pb ^_bXZ #BE>AM KLOE?$& aT_T`bX _PSP 6CODCS ,%(*( KT`Pb
^_bXZ PSP[PW acPbc aT`Pb WP[ca bT`QcPb SP`X _[PabXZ PbPc ZPRP gP]V SXVc]PZP]
c]bcZ ¥T]gP[c`ZP] RPWPgP PbPc VT[^¥QP]V T[TZb`^¥PV]TbXZ( KT`Pb ^_bXZ
bT`SX`X PbPa QPVXP] X]bX SP] QPVXP] [cP` aTQPVPX _T¥Qc]VZca]gP( :PVXP] X]bX
bT`QcPb SP`X ZPRP gP]V ¥T¥X[XZX X]STZa QXPa bX]VVX SP] QT`ZcP[XbPa QPXZ(

A]STZa QXPa gP]V bX]VVX PZP] ¥T]VPZXQPbZP] acScb Z`XbXa ZTRX[ aTWX]VVP
aX]P` SPbP]V ST]VP] acScb SPbP]V gP]V bXSPZ bT`[P[c QTaP` PZP] ¥T]VP[P¥X
_T¥P]bc[P] aT¥_c`]P(
:PVXP] [cP` gP]V ¥T`c_PZP] _T¥Qc]VZca& bT`QcPb SP`X _[PabXZ PbPc
¥PbT`XP[ [PX] gP]V QTÙc]VaX ¥T[X]Sc]VX QPVXP] X]bX( G[TW ZP`T]P RPWPgP
PbPc VT[^¥QP]V T[TZb`^¥PV]TbXZ gP]V ¥PacZ ZT SP[P¥ aT`Pb ^_bXZ ¥T'
]VP[P¥X _T¥P]bc[P] aT¥_c`]P& _PSP aPPb ZT[cP` SP`X aT`Pb ^_bXZ& T]T`VX
RPWPgP bXSPZ QP]gPZ gP]V WX[P]V( :T`SPaP`ZP] WP[ Xbc YXZP gP]V SXZX`X¥
(a) (b) PSP[PW aX]gP['aX]gP[ Z^¥c]XZPaX SP[P¥ QT]bcZ VT[^¥QP]V RPWPgP& _PSP
aPPb SXbT`X¥P SX bT¥_Pb bcYcP] aX]gP[ bTàTQcb aP¥_PX aTRP`P cbcW bP]_P
Gambar 6.24 QP]gPZ ZTWX[P]VP] T]T`VX( :T`SPaP`ZP] _PSP _`âTa bT`YPSX]gP _T¥P]'
bc[P] aT¥_c`]P& SP_Pb SXbT]bcZP] _c[P QTaP`]gP acScb Z`XbXa c]bcZ ScP
(a) Pemantulan sempurna
¥TSXc¥ bT`bT]bc aTQPVPX QT`XZcb(

pada serat optik.
(b) serat optik.
HPSP aPPb bT`YPSX _T¥P]bc[P] aT¥_c`]P& QT`[PZc _TàP¥PP] QT`XZcb(
aX] E J ,
, ST]VP] J+ 6 J, SP] M 7 3*i aTWX]VVP
aX] M J+
aX] EG J J
, , PbPc aX] EG , ) #0k+-$
aX] 3*T J+ J(
CTbT`P]VP]4
EZ 7 acScb Z`XbXa
Contoh 6.8
@Xbc]V acScb Z`XbXa QT`[XP] gP]V ¥T¥X[XZX X]STZa QXPa ¥cb[PZ ,&.+1 _PSP aPPb SX[TbPZZP]
SX cSP`P(
9CXCD0
<XZTbPWcX
J, 7 +5 J 7 ,&.+1
J) +
aX] EG , 7 7 *&.+.
J( ,&.+1
EZ 7 ,.&.i
BPSX& acScb Z`XbXa QT`[XP] PSP[PW ,.&.i(
5 Pembiasan pada Kaca Plan Paralel

CPRP _[P] _P`P[T[ PSP[PW aTZT_X]V ZPRP gP]V ZTScP aXaX _P]YP]V]gP
SXQcPb aTYPYP`( CPRP _[P] _P`P[T[ SP_Pb SXVc]PZP] c]bcZ ¥T]VP¥PbX
Gambar 6.25 YP[P]]gP aX]P` gP]V ¥T]VP[P¥X _T¥QXPaP] SP] c]bcZ ¥T]T]bcZP] X]STZa
Seberkas cahaya memasuki QXPa ZPRP bTàTQcb(
kaca plan paralel
KX]P` SPbP]V SP`X cSP`P ¥T[TeP[X ZPRP aTbTQP[ @ R¥& ZT¥cSXP]
¥T]cYc ¥TSXc¥ cSP`P ZT¥QP[X( HPSP _`âTa bTàTQcb& aT_T`bX bP¥_PZ _PSP
6CODCS ,%(+ SP] 6CODCS ,%(,& TX]P` ¥T]VP[P¥X _T`VTaT`P] SP`X P`PW
i1
O
aX]P` aT¥c[P( :TaP`]gP _T`VTaT`P] aX]P` bTàTQcb SP_Pb SXWXbc]V aTQPVPX QT`XZcb(
d r1
A HT`WPbXZP] 9G: (
9: O
aX] E( U M( ! ,
t
,
G: G:
B
D
r2
G: 7 #0k+.$
t
sin i1 ! r1 !
Gambar 6.26
Pergeseran arah sinar
pada kaca plan paralel

:T`SPaP`ZP] G:< & SX_T`^[TW
G< @
Râ M+ 7 7
G: G:
G: 7 #0k+/$
d
cos r1
:T`SPaP`ZP] >GSTCOCCP !,Z'*" SP] >GSTCOCCP !,Z'+"# SX_T`^[TW

@ O
, aTWX]VVP QTaP` _T`VTaT`P] aX]P`
Râ M+ aX] E+ U M+ !
@ aX] E+ k M+ ! #0k+0$
O7
Râ M+
CTbT`P]VP]4
E+ 7 acScb SPbP]V5 @ 7 bTQP[ ZPRP _[P] _P`P[T[
M+ 7 acScb QXPa 5 O 7 QTaP` _T`VTaT`P] aX]P`
Contoh 6.9
KTQT`ZPa aX]P` [PaT` YPbcW _PSP _T`¥cZPP] ZPRP _[P] _P`P[T[ SP_Pb ¥T¥QT]bcZ acScb
SPbP]V aTQTaP` ./i( BXZP bTQP[ ZPRP _[P] _P`P[T[ +/ R¥ SP] acScb QXPa ,*i& bT]bcZP] QTaP`
_T`VTaT`P] gP]V SXP[P¥X ^[TW aX]P` [PaT` bTàTQcb(
9CXCD0
<XZTbPWcX4
O + 7 ./i5 M+ 7 ,*i* @ 7 +/ R¥
@ aX] E+ k M+ ! +/! aX] ./i k ,*i ! +/! *& .,!

O 7 7 7 7 0&1
Râ M+ Râ ,*i *&3.
BPSX& ZTbXZP ¥T[TePbX ZPRP _[P] _P`P[T[& aX]P` [PaT` ¥T]VP[P¥X _T`VTaT`P] 0&1 R¥ SP`X
P`PW aT¥c[P(
6. Pembiasan pada Prisma

H`Xa¥P ¥T`c_PZP] QT]SP gP]V bT`QcPb SP`X VT[Pa bT¥Qca RPWPgP #b`P]a'
_P`P]$ gP]V ZTScP aXaX]gP SXQPbPaX QXSP]V _T`¥cZP] gP]V `]T¥QT]bcZ acScb
bT`bT]bc aPbc aP¥P [PX]( KcScb bTàTQcb SX]P¥PZP] acScb _T¥QXPa
#aX¥Q^[4 $ $( :XSP]V _T`¥cZPP] _`Xa¥P QTÙc]VaX aTQPVPX QXSP]V _T¥QXPa(
HT`WPbXZP] YP[P]]gP aX]P` gP]V ¥T[TePbX aTQcPW _`Xa¥P _PSP 6CODCS ,%(.(
;PWPgP SPbP]V SP`X cSP`P ¥T]cYc QXSP]V _T`¥cZPP] _`Xa¥P PZP]
SXQXPaZP] ¥T]STZPbX VP`Xa ]^`¥P[( CT¥cSXP]& ZTbXZP RPWPgP ¥T]X]VVP[ZP]
_`Xa¥P ¥T]cYc cSP`P& RPWPgP bTàTQcb PZP] SXQXPaZP] ¥T]YPcWX VP`Xa ]^`¥P[(
Gambar 6.27
Prisma segitiga
KTbT[PW ¥T[TePbX _`Xa¥P& RPWPgP ¥T]VP[P¥X STdXPaX( :TaP`]gP acScb STdXPaX
gP]V SXP[P¥X RPWPgP PSP[PW aTQPVPX QT`XZcb( HT`WPbXZP] 6CODCS ,%(/(
HT`WPbXZP] 9:;(
)
N
$ N
);:9 , M, U E, SP] );9: , E+ U M+
)9;: ,+2*i U );9: U );:9
HT`WPbXZP] /9: (
sinar sinar
datang bias
)/9: # 3*i ! M1
)/:9 # 3*i ! M2 Gambar 6.28
Jalannya sinar pada prisma

B )9/: , +2*i U )/9: U )/:9
$ )9/: , $ ,+2*i U 3*i U M( ! U 3*i U E ) !
Q
S ( $ # r1 " i2 #0k+1$
i1 r2 KcScb STdXPaX]gP4
( 7 +2*i U )9;: , +2*i U +2*i U );9: U );:9 !
r1 i2
R
P
7 );9: $ );:9
T
7 E+ k M+ % M, % E,
Gambar 6.29
Penurunan rumus sudut deviasi 7 #E+ % M,$ k #M+ % E,$
( # i1 " r2 ! $ #0k+2$
prisma
CTbT`P]VP]4
$ 7 acScb _T¥QXPa _`Xa¥P5 M+ 7 acScb QXPa SP`X aX]P` ¥PacZ
E+ 7 acScb SPbP]V aX]P` ¥PacZ5 M, 7 acScb QXPa SP`X aX]P` ZT[cP`
E, 7 acScb SPbP]V aX]P` ZT[cP`5 ( 7 acScb STdXPaX
Contoh 6.10
KTQcPW _`Xa¥P bT`QcPb SP`X ZPRP #J 7 +&/$ ¥T¥X[XZX acScb _T¥QXPa 0*i( BXZP aTQT`ZPa
aX]P` [PaT` YPbcW _PSP aP[PW aPbc _T`¥cZPP] _T¥QXPa]gP ST]VP] acScb SPbP]V -*i&
QT`P_PZPW acScb STdXPaX gP]V SXP[P¥X ^[TW aX]P` [PaT` bTàTQcb aTbT[PW ¥T[TePbX _`Xa¥P8
9CXCD0
<XZTbPWcX4
E+ 7 -*i5 J, 7 +&/ #¥TSXc¥ ZPRP$
J+ 7 + #¥TSXc¥ cSP`P$5 $ 7 0*i
KcScb STdXPaX SXWXbc]V ST]VP] ¥T]VVc]PZP] _TàP¥PP]4
( # i1 " r2 ! $
G[TW ZP`T]P E+ SP] $ bT[PW SXZTbPWcX& ]X[PX M, #acScb QXPa ZTScP$ _T`[c SXRP`X bT`[TQXW
SPWc[c( HPSP _T`¥cZPP] _T¥QXPa _T`bP¥P QT`[PZc _TàP¥PP] K]T[[Xca QT`XZcb(
aX] E+ J,
7 #ST]VP] J+ 7 JcSP`P SP] J, 7 ZPRP$
aX] M+ J+
aX] -* +&/ *&/
7 7+&/ " aX] M+ 7 " M+ 7 +3&.1
aX] M+ + +&/
FX[PX E, SXbT]bcZP] aTQPVPX QT`XZcb(
$ # i2 " r1 # $ ! r1
i2 # 60$ " 19,47$ # 40,53$
CT¥cSXP]& ]X[PX M, SXbT]bcZP] aTQPVPX QT`XZcb(
J +&/
aX] M, 7 + aX] E , ! " M, 7 aX] M, 7 aX] .*&/-i !
J, +
aX] M, 7*&31 " M, 7P`R aX] *&31! " M, 711&+*i
BPSX& acScb STdXPaX gP]V SXP[P¥X RPWPgP ZTbXZP ¥T[TePbX _`Xa¥P ZPRP bTàTQcb aTQTaP`
% , E+ $ M, U $ 7 -*i % 11&+*i k 0*i 7 .1&+*i(
7. Deviasi Minimum
KTbXP_ aX]P` gP]V SPbP]V _PSP _`Xa¥P PZP] ¥T]VP[P¥X STdXPaX gP]V
¥T]VWPaX[ZP] acScb STdXPaX bT`bT]bc( KP[PW aPbc aX]P` SPbP]V bT`bT]bc
_PabX PZP] ¥T]VWPaX[ZP] ]X[PX acScb STdXPaX ¥X]X¥c¥( CP_P] Z^]SXaX ZWcaca

V[V `R^WNQV8 :R^QN_N^XN[ UN_VY ]RZOaX`VN[% 23B7/?7 :7;7:A: QN]N` `R^WNQV
]NQN _NN` _aQa` QN`N[T ]R^`NZN _NZN QR[TN[ _aQa` OVN_ XRQaN "7* 6 >+#'
:R_N^[dN _aQa` QRbVN_V ZV[VZaZ _ROaNU ]^V_ZN QN]N` QVPN^V _RONTNV OR^VXa`'
FYRU XN^R[N 7* 6 >+ ZNXN 7* 6 >* _RUV[TTN
% % >* $ 7+ 6 >* $ >* 6 +>*
>* 6 "/j*2#
%
+
EVYNV >+ 6 7* QVZN_aXXN[ XR QNYNZ <DPQ@L@@M !+V&." _RUV[TTN

QRbVN_V ]^V_ZN ZR[WNQV3
& : # 7* " >+ j % # 7* " 7* j %
& : # +7* j %
&: " % "/j+)#

7* #
+
:R^QN_N^XN[ ?aXaZ I[RYYVa_3
_V[ 7* ;+
6 6 ;*%+ "/j+*#
_V[ >* ;*
<DPQ@L@@M !+V&." QN[ <DPQ@L@@M !+V'%" QV_aO_`Và_VXN[ XR QNYNZ

<DPQ@L@@M !+V'&" _RUV[TTN QV]R^¥YRU3
)& "% +
_V[ - :
_V[ 7* * + ,
.
# ;*%+ #
_V[ >* _V[
%
+
AVXN % XRPVY% _V[ 6 _RUV[TTN
% %
+ +
&: " %
# ;*%+
%
+ +
& : " % # ;*%+ %
& : # ;*%+ % j %
& : # ;*%+ j*! % "/j++#

BR`R^N[TN[3
& : 6 _aQa` QRbVN_V ZV[VZaZ
n1,2 6 _aQa` OVN_ ^RYN`VS ZRQVaZ + `RÛNQN] ZRQVaZ *
% 6 _aQa` QRbVN_V ]^V_ZN
Contoh 6.11
IROaNU ]^V_ZN dN[T `RÔaN` QN^V XNPN "; 6 *%.# dN[T ZRZVYVXV _aQa` ]RZOVN_ /)h
QVYR`NXXN[ QNYNZ ZRQVaZ NV^' AVXN _ROR^XN_ _V[N^ QN`N[T QN^V NV^ "; 6 *%,,# ZRZN_aXV
]^V_ZN% OR^N]NXNU _aQa` QRbVN_V ZV[VZaZ ]^V_ZN `R^_ROa`8
7@T@A/
<VXR`NUaV3
% 6 /)h4 ;* 6 *%,, "ZRQVaZ NV^#4 ;+ 6 *%. "ZRQVaZ XNPN#

GR[R[àN[ _aQa` QRbVN_V ZV[VZaZ ZR[TTa[NXN[ ]R^_NZNN[3
) *%.
& : = " ;*%+ j*# % # - j* . /)h
+
* *%,, ,
& : = "*%*, j *#/)h 6 0%1h
8. Lensa
CR[_N `RYNU QVXR[NY ¥^N[T _RWNX QNUaYa' GNQN NONQ ]R^`R[TNUN[% ¥^N[T&
¥^N[T Ma[N[V QN[ 9^NO% _aQNU ZR[TR[NY QN[ ZR[TTa[NXN[ YR[_N'
INN` V[V% YR[_N WaTN ON[dNX QVTa[NXN[ _RONTNV ONTVN[ a`NZN NYN`&NYN`
_R]R^`V XNZR^N% `R^¥]¥[T% ZVX^¥_X¥]% ]^¥dRX`¥^% QN[ XNPNZN`N' IRZaN NYN`
`R^_ROa` _N[TN` ]R[`V[T QN[ OR^Ta[N QNYNZ XRUVQa]N[' FYRU XN^R[N Và%
Gambar 6.30
ZRZNUNZV _VSN`&_VSN` ]RZOVN_N[ ]NQN YR[_N _N[TN` ]R[`V[T'

Lensa cembung bersifat konvergen
CR[_N NQNYNU OR[QN OR[V[T dN[T QVON`N_V ¥YRU QaN ]R^ZaXNN[ YR[TXa[T'
(mengumpulkan cahaya)
GR^ZaXNN[ ZRYR[TXa[T `R^_ROa` ZRâ]NXN[ ONTVN[ ]R^ZaXNN[ O¥YN' CR[_N

dN[T QRZVXVN[ QV_ROa` YR[_N _SR^V_' GR^ZaXNN[ YR[_N _SR^V_ QN]N` ORâ]N XRQaN&
[dN PRZOa[T4 XRQaN[dN PRXa[T% N`Na TNOa[TN[ PRZOa[T QN[ PRXa[T'
CR[_N _SR^V_ `R^QV^V N`N_ QaN WR[V_% dNVà YR[_N PRZOa[T QN[ YR[_N PRXa[T'
CR[_N PRZOa[T "X¥[bRX_# N`Na YR[_N X¥[bR^TR[ NQNYNU YR[_N dN[T ONTVN[
`R[TNU[dN YROVU `RONY QN^V]NQN ONTVN[ `R]V[dN' CR[_N V[V OR^_VSN` ZR[TaZ]aY&
XN[ OR^XN_ _V[N^"4@LA@P +$(%#' 9QN]a[ YR[_N PRXa[T "X¥[XNS# N`Na YR[_N
QVbR^TR[ NQNYNU YR[_N dN[T ONTVN[ `R[TNU[dN YROVU `V]V_ QN^V]NQN ONTVN[
`R]V[dN' CR[_N V[V OR^_VSN` ZR[dRON^XN[ OR^XN_ _V[N^ "4@LA@P +$(&"'
IRORYaZ YROVU WNaU ZRZNUNZV SR[¥ZR[N&SR[¥ZR[N dN[T `R^WNQV ]NQN
Gambar 6.31
YR[_N% 9[QN UNâ_ ZR[TR`NUaV ONTVN[&ONTVN[ YR[_N QR[TN[ ONVX' GNQN

Lensa cekung bersifat divergen
YR[_N `R^QN]N` ]a_N` ¥]`VX% `V`VX S¥Xa_% QN[ ]a_N` XRYR[TXa[TN[ YR[_N'
(menyebarkan cahaya)
4@LA@P +$(' ZRZ]R^YVUN`XN[ _XRZN _ROaNU YR[_N QN[ ONTVN[&ONTVN[[dN'

Keterangan:
O = pusat optik
OF1 = jarak fokus dari pusat optik
OP 1 = jari-jari kelengkungan lensa
F1 dan F2 = titik fokus
P1 F1 O F2 P P F1 O F2 P2
P1 dan P2 = pusat kelengkungan lensa
Gambar 6.32
Bagian-bagian lensa cembung dan
lensa cekung
;NUNdN dN[T WNàU ]NQN ]R^ZaXNN[ YR[_N PRZOa[T NXN[ ZR[TNYNZV

(a) a. Pembiasan Cahaya pada Lensa Cembung
]RZOVN_N[' :R^XN_&OR^XN_ _V[N^ QN`N[T NXN[ QVOVN_XN[ _RUV[TTN OR^XN_&

OR^XN_ _V[N^ OVN_[dN ZR[TaZ]aY' GRÛN`VXN[ 4@LA@P +$(('
:NTVN[ YR[_N dN[T `RONY NXN[ ZR[TUNZON` PNUNdN YROVU ON[dNX QN^V&
F2 F1
]NQN ONTVN[ YR[_N dN[T `V]V_' FYRU XN^R[N PR]N` ^NZON` PNUNdN QV QNYNZ
(b)
YR[_N YROVU XRPVY QN^V]NQN QV aQN^N% OR^XN_&OR^XN_ _V[N^ OVN_ NXN[ ZR[TaZ]aY'
@àYNU _RONO[dN YR[_N PRZOa[T OR^_VSN` X¥[bR^TR['
&" >HM@P#QHM@P HQRHLDT@ O@C@ KDMQ@ BDLASMF
F2 F1
:NdN[TN[ OR[QN ¥YRU YR[_N PRZOa[T QN]N` QVOR[àX QR[TN[ PN^N

ZR[TTNZON^XN[ _V[N^&_V[N^ V_`VZRcN[dN' IV[N^&_V[N^ V_`VZRcN ]NQN YR[_N
(c)
PRZOa[T NQN `VTN OaNU% dNVà _RONTNV OR^VXa`'

N# IV[N^ dN[T QN`N[T _RWNWN^ _aZOa a`NZN QVOVN_XN[ ZRYNYaV `V`VX S¥Xa_
NX`VS '* YR[_N'
F2 F1
O# IV[N^ dN[T QN`N[T dN[T ZRYNYaV `V`VX S¥Xa_ ]N_VS '+ QVOVN_XN[ _RWNWN^
_aZOa a`NZN'
Gambar 6.33
P# IV[N^ dN[T QN`N[T ZRYNYaV ]a_N` ¥]`VX `VQNX ZR[TNYNZV ]RZOVN_N['

Sinar-sinar istimewa pada lensa
cembung

'" 9@MFJ@G ODLADMRSJ@M A@U@MF@M O@C@ KDMQ@ BDLASMF
K[àX ZRZ]R^ZaQNU ]RZOR[àXN[ ONdN[TN[% âN[T QV QR]N[ QN[ QV
ORYNXN[T YR[_N QVONTV ZR[WNQV OROR^N]N âN[TN[ _R]R^`V ]NQN 4@LA@P
+$() OR^VXa`'
ruang ruang ruang ruang
benda benda benda benda
III II I IV
Gambar 6.34
ruang ruang ruang ruang Penamaan ruang pada lensa
bayangan bayangan bayangan bayangan cembung
(IV ) (I) (II) (III)
BR`R^N[TN[3
@% @@% @@@% QN[ @L NQNYNU [¥Z¥^ âN[T OR[QN "@#% "@@#% "@@@#% QN[ "@L#
NQNYNU [¥Z¥^ âN[T ONdN[TN['
B
IR`VN] YR[_N ZRZVYVXV QaN OaNU `V`VX S¥Xa_ QV _RORYNU XV^V QN[ XN[N[[dN'
F2
AN^NX XRQaN S¥Xa_ `R^_ROa` _NZN' GRÛN`VXN[ 4@LA@P +$(*% a[àX

A F1 O
ZR[TTNZON^XN[ ONdN[TN[ OR[QN dN[T QVUN_VYXN[ ¥YRU YR[_N PRZOa[T

QVYNXaXN[ PN^N _RONTNV OR^VXa`'
Gambar 6.35
N# <VYaXV_ QaN OaNU _V[N^ V_`VZRcN ]NQN YR[_N PRZOa[T'

Pembentukan bayangan oleh lensa
cembung
O# IV[N^ _RYNYa QN`N[T QN^V ]R^ZaXNN[ YR[_N QN[ QVOVN_XN[ XR ORYNXN[T YR[_N'
P# GR^]¥`¥[TN[ N[`N^N QaN _V[N^ OVN_ ZRâ]NXN[ YR`NX ONdN[TN[' AVXN
(a)
]R^]¥`¥[TN[ QVQN]N` QN^V ]R^]N[WN[TN[ _V[N^ OVN_% ONdN[TN[ OR^_VSN`

ZNdN QN[ QVYaXV_XN[ QR[TN[ TN^V_ ]aà_&]aà_' F1 0 F2
:RÔRQN QR[TN[ YR[_N PRZOa[T% YR[_N PRXa[T OR^_VSN` ZR[dRON^XN[

b. Pembiasan Cahaya pada Lensa Cekung
OR^XN_ _V[N^' :R^XN_ _V[N^ dN[T WNàU ]NQN ]R^ZaXNN[ YR[_N PRXa[T NXN[
(b)
QVOVN_XN[ _RPN^N ZR[dRON^'

&" >HM@P#QHM@P HQRHLDT@ O@C@ KDMQ@ BDJSMF
GNQN YR[_N PRXa[T WaTN `R^QN]N` _V[N^&_V[N^ V_`VZRcN dN[T OR^Ta[N 0 F2
ONTV ]RZOR[àXN[ ONdN[TN[' IV[N^&_V[N^ V_`VZRcN ]NQN YR[_N PRXa[T
F1
NQNYNU _RONTNV OR^VXa` "4@LA@P +$(+#'

N# IV[N^ dN[T QN`N[T _RWNWN^ _aZOa a`NZN QVOVN_XN[ _RNXN[&NXN[
(c)
OR^N_NY QN^V `V`VX S¥Xa_ '*'

O# IV[N^ dN[T QN`N[T ZR[aWa `V`VX S¥Xa_ '+ QVOVN_XN[ _RWNWN^ _aZOa a`NZN'
P# IV[N^ dN[T QN`N[T ZRYNYaV ]a_N` ¥]`VX QV`Râ_XN[ "`VQNX ZR[TNYNZV
F1 0 F2
]RZOVN_N[#'
'" 9@MFJ@G ODLADMRSJ@M A@U@MF@M O@C@ KDMQ@ BDJSMF
Gambar 6.36
GRÛN`VXN[ 4@LA@P +$(,' K[àX ZR[TTNZON^XN[ ONdN[TN[ OR[QN

Sinar-sinar istimewa pada lensa
cekung
dN[T QVUN_VYXN[ ¥YRU YR[_N PRXa[T% QVYNXaXN[ PN^N _RONTNV OR^VXa`'
N# <VYaXV_ QaN OaNU _V[N^ V_`VZRcN YR[_N PRXa[T'
O# IV[N^ _RYNYa QN`N[T QN^V ]R^ZaXNN[ YR[_N QN[ QVOVN_XN[ XR ORYNXN[T YR[_N'
P# :R[QN dN[T QVYR`NXXN[ QV QR]N[ YR[_N PRXa[T _RYNYa ZR[TUN_VYN[
ONdN[TN[ dN[T ZRZVYVXV _VSN` ZNdN% `RTNX% QV]R^XRPVY% QN[ `R^YR`NX
QV QR]N[ YR[_N PRXa[T'
h
B’ h’
A F1 A’ s’ O F2 Gambar 6.37
f Pembentukan bayangan oleh lensa
s cekung

(" 9DMQ@ RHOHQ
CR[_N `V]V_ NQNYNU YR[_N dN[T ZRZVYVXV XR`RONYN[ WNaU YROVU XRPVY
(a) (b) (c)
QVON[QV[TXN[ QR[TN[ QVNZR`R^ XRYR[TXa[TN[[dN' CR[_N `V]V_ QN]N`

R1 R2 R1 R2 R1 R2
QVYNZON[TXN[ QR[TN[ _ROaNU TN^V_' GNQN 4@LA@P +$(- QVà[WaXXN[

OROR^N]N WR[V_ YR[_N `V]V_'
(d) (e) (f) <NYNZ YR[_N `V]V_ OR^YNXa ]R^_NZNN[ OR^VXa`'
* ) ;+ +) * * +
R1 R2 R1 R2 R1 R2
6 - j *. - $ .
4 * ;* , * -* -+ ,
* * * "/j+,#
% "
Gambar 6.38
Lensa tipis
4 ? ?!
(a) bikonveks, R1 > 0 ; R2 < 0
(b) konvek konkaf, R1 > 0 ; R2 > 0
Contoh 6.12
IROaNU YR[_N `V]V_ ZRZVYVXV V[QRX_ OVN_ *%. QVON`N_V ¥YRU + ]R^ZaXNN[ PRZOa[T QN[
(c) plan konveks, R1 = ' ; R2 < 0
PRXa[T "`V]R "N## QVYR`NXXN[ QV aQN^N' AN^V&WN^V YR[TXa[T XRQaN ]R^ZaXNN[ OR^àâ`&
(d) bikonkaf, R1 < 0 ; R2 > 0
(e) konkaf konveks, R1 < 0 ; R2 < 0
(f ) plan konkaf, R1 = ' ; R2 > 0
àâ` +) PZ QN[ ,) PZ' ?Và[T WN^NX S¥Xa_ YR[_N `V]V_ `R^_ROa`'
7@T@A/
<VXR`NUaV3
;* 6 *4 ;+ 6 *%.4 -* 6 $ +) "]R^ZaXNN[ PRZOa[T#
Ingatlah -+ 6 j,) "]R^ZaXNN[ PRXa[T#
K[àX ZR[TUVà[T WN^NX S¥Xa_ YR[_N `V]V_ QN]N` QVTa[NXN[ ]R^_NZNN[ OR^VXa`'
* ); +) * * + ) *%. +) * * +
6 - + j * .- $ . 6 - j *.- $
Konvensi tanda untuk pembentukan
,* -* -+ , * * ,* $+) j,) ,
bayangan oleh lensa:
i s bernilai + (Objek nyata) untuk 4 * ;*
.
* ) * +) * +
benda-benda di depan permukaan
6 - .- . 4 6 *+) PZ'
(sisi datang);
4 * + ,* /) ,
bernilai – (Objek maya)untuk #
benda-benda di belakang
ANQV% WN^NX S¥Xa_ YR[_N *+) PZ'
permukaan (sisi transmisi);
i s’ bernilai + (Bayangan nyata)
untuk bayangan-bayangan di
depan permukaan (sisi transmisi);
GR[TR^`VN[ ]RÔR_N^N[ ONdN[TN[ ]NQN YR[_N _NZN QR[TN[ ]R[TR^`VN[

bernilai – (Bayangan maya) untuk c. Perbesaran Bayangan Lensa
bayangan-bayangan di depan
]RÔR_N^N[ ONdN[TN[ ]NQN PR^ZV[ YR[TXa[T' GRÔR_N^N[ ONdN[TN[ QVQR&

permukaan (sisi datang);
i r, f bernilai + jika pusat
kelengkungan berada pada sisi SV[V_VXN[ _RONTNV ]RÔN[QV[TN[ N[`N^N `V[TTV ONdN[TN[ QN[ `V[TTV OR[QN
N`Na WN^NX ONdN[TN[ `RÛNQN] YR[_N QN[ WN^NX OR[QN XR YR[_N' IRPN^N
transmisi;
ZN`RZN`V_ QN]N` QVàYV_3

bernilai – jika pusat kelengkungan
berada pada sisi datang.
6! F?!
*% N`Na *% "/j+-#
6 ?
BR`R^N[TN[3
* 6 ]RÔR_N^N[ ONdN[TN[ ?! 6 WN^NX ONdN[TN[ XR YR[_N
6! 6 `V[TTV ONdN[TN[ ? 6 WN^NX OR[QN XR YR[_N
6 6 `V[TTV OR[QN
AVXN * 6 $ "]¥_V`VS#% OR^N^`V ONdN[TN[ OR^_VSN` ZNdN QN[ `RTNX
AVXN * 6 j "[RTN`VS#% OR^N^`V ONdN[TN[ OR^_VSN` [dN`N QN[ `RÔNYVX

IROaNU OR[QN OR^QV^V `RTNX ,) PZ QV QR]N[ YR[_N `V]V_ X¥[bR^TR[ dN[T WN^NX S¥Xa_[dN
*. PZ' JR[àXN[3
Perhatikan kembali gambar
pembentukan pada lensa
cembung dan lensa cekung.
N' YR`NX ONdN[TN[%
O' ]RÔR_N^N[ ONdN[TN[%
Temukan oleh Anda sehingga
P' _VSN` ONdN[TN['

diperoleh Persamaan (6–24).

7@T@A/
<VXR`NUaV3
? 6 $,) PZ "QV QR]N[ YR[_N#
4 6 $ *. PZ "YR[_N X¥[bR^TR[ N`Na PRZOa[T#
N' CR`NX ONdN[TN[
* * * * * *
% " # 6 $
4 ? ?! $*. $,) ?!
* * * +j* *
6 j 6 6
?! $*. $,) $,) ,)
?! 6 $,)
ANQV% ONdN[TN[ OR[QN OR^NQN ,) PZ QV ORYNXN[T YR[_N'
O' GRÔR_N^N[
j ?! j,) PZ
D6 6 6 j*
? ,) PZ
"`N[QN [RTN`VS ZR[a[WaXXN[ ONdN[TN[ [dN`N QN[ `RÔNYVX#
ANQV% ]RÔR_N^N[ ONdN[TN[[dN 6 *'
P' IVSN` ONdN[TN[ Informasi
i [dN`N QN[ `RÔNYVX% OR^QN_N^XN[ [VYNV * 6 j "[RTN`VS# untuk Anda
i _NZN OR_N^ QR[TN[ OR[QN[dN OR^QN_N^XN[ [VYNV * 6*
AN^NX S¥Xa_ _ROaNU YR[_N _N[TN` ]R[`V[T N^`V[dN XN^R[N QN]N`

d. Kekuatan Lensa
inframerah
ZR[dN`NXN[ aXa^N[ XRXaN`N[ YR[_N' BRXaN`N[ _ROaNU YR[_N _N[TN` OR^&

TN[à[T ]NQN [VYNV WN^NX S¥Xa_ YR[_N `R^_ROa`' BRXaN`N[ YR[_N "_VZO¥Y ,#
QVQRSV[V_VXN[ _RONTNV XRZNZ]aN[ ZR[TaZ]aYXN[ N`Na ZRZN[PN^XN[ lensa Fresnel
OR^XN_ PNUNdN' :R_N^[dN XRXaN`N[ YR[_N ORÔN[QV[T `RÔNYVX QR[TN[ WN^NX Sebuah lensa Fresnel adalah lensa
S¥Xa_[dN' AVXN WN^NX S¥Xa_[dN OR_N^% XRXaN`N[ YR[_N XRPVY' IRONYVX[dN%
plan-konveks yang tebal dibentuk
WVXN WN^NX S¥Xa_ YR[_N XRPVY% XRXaN`N[ YR[_N OR_N^' IRPN^N ZN`RZN`V_%
berlipat-lipat agar diperoleh lensa
]R^[dN`NN[ `R^_ROa` QVàYV_3

datar yang memiliki sifat optiknya,
namun lebih tipis sehingga memiliki
*
kehilangan penyerapan yang lebih
,6 "/j+.#
sedikit. Lensa Fresnel biasanya tipis
4
dan lentur, ukurannya sekitar 0,015
BR`R^N[TN[3
inch (0,38 mm) dengan alur lekukan
pada satu permukaan.
, 6 XRXaN`N[ YR[_N "QV¥]`^V#

Salah satu penerapan lensa
4 6 WN^NX S¥Xa_ "ZR`R^#

Fresnel adalah untuk alat
INàN[ , QNYNZ QV¥]`^V WVXN WN^NX S¥Xa_ YR[_N QV[dN`NXN[ QNYNZ ZR`R^'
pemfokusan sensor inframerah.
Lensa Fresnel dapat
K[àX YR[_N PRZOa[T% [VYNV G _RYNYa OR^[VYNV ]¥_V`VS "$# XN^R[N [VYNV 4
memperpanjang rentang
]¥_V`VS "$#' IRONYVX[dN% a[àX YR[_N PRXa[T% [VYNV , [RTN`VS "j# XN^R[N [VYNV
pendeteksian mencapai 100 kaki.
WN^NX S¥Xa_ YR[_N PRXa[T [RTN`VS "j#' Information for You

A Fresnel lens is a plano convex lens
Contoh 6.14 that has been collapsed on it self to
IROaNU YR[_N X¥[bR^TR[ ZRZVYVXV WN^NX S¥Xa_ *. PZ' :R^N]NXNU XRXaN`N[ YR[_N
form a flat lens that retains its optical
`R^_ROa`8
characteristics but is much thinner
and therefore has less absorption loss.
7@T@A/ A Fresnel lens is ussually thin and
<VXR`NUaV 3
flexible and is about 0,015 inch (0,38
4 6 $*. PZ "YR[_N X¥[bR^TR[ N`Na PRZOa[T#

mm) thick with grooves molded on
:R^QN_N^XN[ ]R^_NZNN[3
one surface.
One of an application of Fresnel
* *
lens is to focusing devices for
,6 6 6 /%/0 QV¥]`^V
)%*. ZR`R^
infrared sensors. A Fresnel lens can
4 extend detection range to about
ANQV% XRXaN`N[ YR[_N /%/0 QV¥]`^V'

100 feet.
Sumber: www.glolab.com

9YN`&NYN` ¥]`VX _R]R^`V ZVX^¥_X¥] QN[ `R^¥]¥[T ZR[TTa[NXN[ QaN OaNU
e. Susunan Dua Lensa
Kata Kunci
• pembiasan (refraksi) YR[_N N`Na YROVU' :NdN[TN[ NXUV^ dN[T `RÔR[àX ZRâ]NXN[ UN_VY QN^V ]^¥_R_
]RZOVN_N[ ¥YRU XRQaN YR[_N `R^_ROa`' DaYN&ZaYN% PNUNdN QN^V OR[QN "PNUNdN
• indeks bias
]N[àYN[# QVOVN_XN[ ¥YRU YR[_N ]R^`NZN _RUV[TTN `RÔR[àX ONdN[TN[ @'

• sudut datang
:NdN[TN[ @ V[V XRZaQVN[ _R¥YNU&¥YNU ZRâ]NXN[ OR[QN ONTV YR[_N XRQaN'

• sudut bias
• sudut kritis
:NdN[TN[ @@ N`Na ONdN[TN[ `R^NXUV^ `RÔR[àX ¥YRU YR[_N XRQaN' ;N^N

• kaca plan paralel
ZR[R[àXN[ ONdN[TN[ ONVX QR[TN[ PN^N TNZON^ ZNa]a[ PN^N ]RÛVà[TN[

• prisma
`R`N] ZR[TVXa`V XR`R[àN[ dN[T `RYNU QVONUN_ _RORYaZ[dN'

• deviasi minimum
• lensa sferis
bayangan
lensa I lensa II
akhir (II)
(+) (+)
bayangan
F1 pertama (I)
benda F1 F2 F2
Gambar 6.39 sI
Pembentukan bayangan oleh dua s'I s'II
buah lensa cembung s'iII
L
:R^QN_N^XN[ 4@LA@P +$(. `R^_ROa` QN[ XN^R[N N[`N^XRQaN YR[_N ZR&

ZVYVXV WN^NX `R^`R[à "_VZO¥Y )# ZNXN `R^QN]N` UaOa[TN[ _RONTNV OR^VXa`'
) % ?!@ " ?@@ "/j+/#

BR`R^N[TN[3
) 6 WN^NX N[`N^YR[_N
?! @ 6 WN^NX ONdN[TN[ YR[_N @
?@@ 6 WN^NX OR[QN YR[_N @@

8DPI@J@MK@G C@K@L ASJS K@RHG@M$ )' IROaNU OR[QN OR^QV^V `RTNX QV QR]N[ YR[_N PRXa[T dN[T
&' J¥TN^ _RQN[T ZRYNXaXN[ RX_]R^VZR[ a[àX ZR[R[àXN[ ZRZVYVXV WN^NX S¥Xa_ *) PZ' CaXV_YNU ONdN[TN[ OR[QN
XRPR]N`N[ PNUNdN QV QNYNZ ONUN[ XNPN `RONY' @N dN[T QVOR[àX ¥YRU PR^ZV[ PRXa[T `R^_ROa` WVXN3
ZRYR]N_XN[ _ROR^XN_ PNUNdN ]NQN ]R^ZaXNN[ XNPN `RONY N' OR[QN `R^YR`NX 1 PZ QV QR]N[ YR[_N PRXa[T4
QR[TN[ _aQa` ,)h' JR^[dN`N% ORÔRY¥X QV QNYNZ XNPN O' OR[QN `R^YR`NX *+ PZ QV QR]N[ YR[_N PRXa[T4
QR[TN[ OR_N^ ]RZORY¥XN[ `RÛNQN] TN^V_ [¥^ZNY +)h' AVXN P' OR[QN `R^YR`NX *) PZ QV QR]N[ YR[_N PRXa[T'
XRPR]N`N[ PNUNdN QV aQN^N , $ *)1 Z(_% OR^N]NXNU PR]N` *' <aN OaNU YR[_N PRZOa[T QV_a_a[ _RQRZVXVN[ â]N
^NZON` PNUNdN QV QNYNZ XNPN `RONY `R^_ROa`8 _RUV[TTN _aZOa a`NZN OR^VZ]V`' CR[_N ]R^`NZN ZR&
- ZVYVXV WN^NX S¥Xa_ +. PZ QN[ WN^NX S¥Xa_ YR[_N XRQaN
'' AVXN V[QRX_ OVN_ Za`YNX NV^ 6 QN[ V[QRX_ OVN_ Za`YNX ,) PZ' IROaNU OR[QN dN[T `V[TTV[dN - PZ OR^QV^V `RTNX
,
NYX¥U¥Y 6 *%,/4 `R[àXN[3 QV QR]N[ YR[_N ]R^`NZN ]NQN WN^NX -) PZ' JR[àXN[3
N' V[QRX_ OVN_ NV^ ^RYN`VS `RÛNQN] NY&X¥U¥Y4 N' TNZON^ ]RZOR[àXN[ ONdN[TN[ NXUV^4
O' V[QRX_ OVN_ NYX¥U¥Y ^RYN`VS `RÛNQN] NV^' O' YR`NX ONdN[TN[ NXUV^4
(' 9QNXNU UaOa[TN[ N[`N^N [VYNV V[QRX_ OVN_ QN[ XR^N]N`N[ P' `V[TTV ONdN[TN[ NXUV^ QN[ _VSN` ONdN[TN[ NXUV^4
ZN__N _aNà OR[QN' Q' ]RÔR_N^N[ `¥`NY'
D. Alat-Alat Optik
GR[TR`NUaN[ ZN[a_VN ZR[TR[NV ¥]`VX `RYNU ZRYNUV^XN[ VQR&VQR
QVOaN`[dN NYN`&NYN` ¥]`VX' 9YN`&NYN` ¥]`VX QV_ROa` WaTN _RONTNV ]R^NYN`N[
dN[T ZRZN[SNN`XN[ _VSN`&_VSN` ONUN[ XR`VXN QVXR[NV PNUNdN' :NUN[&ONUN[
V[V ZR[WNQV V_`VZRcN XN^R[N OR[àX[dN'

1. Mata
GR^[NUXN[ 9[QN ZRZONdN[TXN[ ONTNVZN[N WVXN ZN[a_VN `VQNX QVYR[T& retina
XN]V QR[TN[ ZN`N8 9]N dN[T 9[QN ^N_NXN[ XR`VXN 9[QN ZRZRWNZXN[ ZN`N
sklera
a[àX OROR^N]N _NN`8 BRV[QNUN[ QN[ UVâX&]VXaX XRUVQa]N[ ^N_N[dN `VQNX

otot siliar fovea
ORTVà OR^N^`V N[QNVXN`N JaUN[ MN[T DNUNXaN_N `VQNX ZR[TNâ[VNXN[ ZN`N

iris
XR]NQN 9[QN' :NTNVZN[N ]^V[_V] XR^WN ZN`N XR`VXN ZRYVUN` _ROaNU ¥OWRX8
lensa
pupil
GRÛN`VXN[YNU ONTN[ ZN`N ]NQN 4@LA@P +$)%' GNQN cNXà ZN`N ZRYVUN` kornea
¥OWRX% YR[_N ZN`N N`Na YR[_N X^V_`NYV[ ZRZOR[àX ONdN[TN[ OR[QN ]NQN
^R`V[N dN[T OR^NQN QV ONTVN[ ORYNXN[T ZN`N' HR`V[N V[V QVUaOa[TXN[ ¥YRU
cairan
di sekitar mata
_N^NS&_N^NS ]R[TYVUN`N[ XR ¥`NX _RUV[TTN `VZOaY XR_N[ ZRYVUN` OR[QN N`Na

pangkal
¥OWRX' CR[_N ZN`N ZRâ]NXN[ YR[_N dN[T `RONY `V]V_[dN QN]N` ORâONU _R_aNV
saraf optik
Gambar 6.40
QR[TN[ YR`NX OR[QN dN[T _RQN[T ZR[WNQV ¥OWRX ]R[TYVUN`N[' GRâONUN[ `RONY&
Bagian-bagian mata
`V]V_[dN YR[_N ZN`N V[V ZR[TaONU WN^NX S¥Xa_ YR[_N ZN`N' <R[TN[ PN^N V[V
YR`NX ONdN[TN[ OR[QN dN[T _RQN[T ZR[WNQV ]RÛN`VN[ NXN[ _RYNYa WNàU `R]N`
QV ^R`V[N _RUV[TTN ONdN[TN[ [dN`N QN^V OR[QN QN]N` QV`R^VZN QR[TN[ WRYN_
WVXN ONdN[TN[ `R^_ROa` `R]N` WNàU QV ^R`V[N'
AN^NX ^R`V[N QR[TN[ YR[_N NQNYNU `R`N]' IRZR[`N^N Và% _R`VN] OR[QN dN[T
ZR[WNQV ]RÛN`VN[ ZRZVYVXV WN^NX dN[T `VQNX _NZN `RÛNQN] YR[_N ZN`N' 9QN
OR[QN dN[T QRXN`% _RQN[T% QN[ WNaU ONUXN[ WNaU _RXNYV' :R[QN&OR[QN `R^_ROa`
QN]N` `R^YVUN` WVXN ONdN[TN[ OR[QN[dN `R]N` WNàU QV ^R`V[N' FYRU XN^R[N
Và% _Nà&_Nà[dN PN^N dN[T Za[TXV[ NQNYNU QR[TN[ ]RâONUN[ WN^NX S¥Xa_
YR[_N ZN`N' ANQV% ]RâONUN[ YR[_N ZN`N _R_a[TTaU[dN a[àX ZR[QN]N`XN[
ONdN[TN[ [dN`N QV ^R`V[N'
BRZNZ]aN[ YR[_N ZN`N a[àX ZR[TaONU WN^NX S¥Xa_[dN QV_ROa` 2/E/

a. Daya Akomodasi
(a)
/8<:<2/?7# GNQN _NN` ZN`N ZRYVUN` OR[QN dN[T QRXN`% ¥`¥`&¥`¥` _VYVN^ ZR[RTN[T
lensa lebih cembung
_RUV[TTN YR[_N ZN`N YROVU PRZOa[T' IRONYVX[dN% ]NQN _NN` ZRYVUN` OR[QN
dN[T WNaU ¥`¥`&¥`¥` _VYVN^ ZR[TR[Qa^ "^VYRX_# _RUV[TTN YR[_N ZN`N YROVU ]V]VU'
GNQN XRNQNN[ [¥^ZNY% ¥`¥`&¥`¥` _VYVN^ OR^NQN QNYNZ XRNQNN[ ^VYRX_%
benda dekat
bayangan
[NZa[ _R[QV ]R[TVXN` QNYNZ XRNQNN[ `RTN[T' GNQN XRNQNN[ V[V% OR[àX
difokuskan pada
YR[_N ZN`N NTNX QN`N^' GNQN XRNQNN[ V[V% ZN`N QNYNZ XRNQNN[ `VQNX OR^&
(b) retina
NX¥Z¥QN_V'
AVXN OR[QN dN[T WNaU `NX UV[TTN QVQRXN`XN[% ¥`¥`&¥`¥` _VYVN^ NXN[ ZR[& benda jauh
WNQV `RTN[T' F`¥` _VYVN^ NXN[ OR^`NZONU `RTN[T WVXN OR[QN _RZNXV[ QRXN`' lensa lebih pipih
GNQN XRNQNN[ V[V% ZN`N QNYNZ XRNQNN[ _RQN[T OR^NX¥Z¥QN_V' AVXN ZN`N
`Râ_ OR^NX¥Z¥QN_V% ZN`N `R^N_N YRYNU XN^R[N ¥`¥` _VYVN^ `Râ_ ZR[RTN[T'
Gambar 6.41
Gambaran daya akomodasi mata
:R[QN UN[dN QN]N` `R^YVUN` QR[TN[ WRYN_ WVXN `R^YR`NX QV QNR^NU

b. Titik Dekat dan Titik Jauh
]R[TYVUN`N[ ZN`N' <NR^NU ]R[TYVUN`N[ ZN`N V[V OR^NQN QV N[`N^N `V`VX

QRXN` ZN`N N`Na =A;1@A: =><D7:A: ",,# QN[ `V`VX WNaU N`Na =A;1@A:
>3:<@A: ",-#' AVXN OR[QN OR^NQN QV YaN^ QNR^NU ]R[TYVUN`N[ `R^_ROa`%
ZN`N `VQNX NXN[ ZRYVUN` OR[QN `R^_ROa` QR[TN[ WRYN_'
JV`VX QRXN` NQNYNU `V`VX `R^QRXN` dN[T QN]N` QVYVUN` ZN`N _RPN^N WRYN_
QR[TN[ ZN`N OR^NX¥Z¥QN_V ZNX_VZaZ% _RQN[TXN[ `V`VX WNaU NQNYNU `V`VX
`R^WNaU dN[T QN]N` QVYVUN` ZN`N _RPN^N WRYN_ QR[TN[ ZN`N `VQNX
OR^NX¥Z¥QN_V' GNQN ZN`N [¥^ZNY% `V`VX `R^WNaU NQNYNU QV `V`VX `NX UV[TTN
"? 6 #' GRÛN`VXN[ 4@LA@P +$)' OR^VXa`'
PR = ~ PP = 25 cm
Gambar 6.42
jangkauan penglihatan
Daerah penglihatan

Contoh 6.15
AVXN YR[_N ZN`N QVN[TTN] _SR^V_ O¥YN QR[TN[ WN^NX ]R^ZaXNN[ QR]N[ YR[_N QR[TN[
^R`V[N , PZ% UVà[TYNU3
N' XaN` YR[_N ZN`N [¥^ZNY XR`VXN ZN`N ZRYVUN` OR[QN dN[T WNaU _RXNYV "ZN`N `VQNX
OR^NX¥Z¥QN_V# QN[ XR`VXN ZRYVUN` OR[QN ]NQN WN^NX +. PZ "ZN`N OR^NX¥Z¥QN_V
ZNX_VZaZ#%
O' ]RâONUN[ XRXaN`N[ YR[_N ZN`N QN^V `VQNX OR^NX¥Z¥QN_V _NZ]NV OR^NX¥Z¥QN_V
ZNX_VZaZ'
7@T@A/
<VXR`NUaV3
?! 6 , PZ 4 ? 6
N' GNQN _NN` ZN`N `VQNX OR^NX¥Z¥QN_V "? 6 #
* * * * * * * * * *
% " # # " # # )" # #
4 ? ?! 4 , 4 , 4 ,
* *
4 6 , PZ 6 )%), Z # , # # 6 ,,%, QV¥]`^V
4 )%),
GNQN _NN` ZN`N OR^NX¥Z¥QN_V "? 6+. PZ#
* * * * * * , " +.
# " # # " # # 4 6 +%0 PZ 6 )%)+0 Z
4 ? ?! 4 +. , 0.
* *
,# # 6 ,0%), QV¥]`^V
4 )%)+0
ANQV% XaN` ZN`N [¥^ZNY ]NQN _NN` `VQNX OR^NX¥Z¥QN_V NQNYNU ,,%, QV¥]`^V QN[
]NQN _NN` ZN`N OR^NX¥Z¥QN_V NQNYNU ,0%), QV¥]`^V'
O' GRâONUN[ XRXaN`N[ YR[_N
!, 6 ,,%, j ,0%), 6 j- QV¥]`^V
ANQV% ]RâONUN[ XRXaN`N[ YR[_N j)%2 QV¥]`^V'
GNQN XR[dN`NN[[dN% ZN`N ZN[a_VN `VQNX _RZaN[dN [¥^ZNY' BR`VQNX&

c. Cacat Mata dan Penanggulangannya
[¥^ZNYN[ ZN`N ZN[a_VN _R^V[T QV_ROa` PNPN` ZN`N N`Na NOR^N_V' GNQN
aZaZ[dN% ZN_NYNU PNPN` ZN`N `R^WNQV XN^R[N ONdN[TN[ OR[QN `VQNX `R]N`
WNàU QV ^R`V[N' 9QN dN[T ZR[TNYNZV PNPN` ZN`N XN^R[N ONdN[TN[ OR[QN
WNàU QV QR]N[ ^R`V[N QN[ NQN ]aYN dN[T WNàU QV ORYNXN[T ^R`V[N' ;NPN`
ZN`N QN]N` QV`N[TTaYN[TV QR[TN[ ZR[TTa[NXN[ XNPNZN`N% YR[_N X¥[`NX%
N`Na ¥]R^N_V ZN`N'
(a) DN`N [¥^ZNY N`Na RZR`^¥]V NQNYNU ZN`N dN[T ZRZVYVXV XRZNZ]aN[
ZRYVUN` OR[QN ]NQN QNR^NU ]R[TYVUN`N[ [¥^ZNY% dNVà N[`N^N `V`VX QRXN`
+. PZ QN[ `V`VX WNaU `NX UV[TTN' :R^VXa` V[V OROR^N]N WR[V_ PNPN` ZN`N
sinar-sinar
dN[T _R^V[T QVNYNZV ¥YRU ZN[a_VN'

sejajar dari
benda jauh
&" :HNOH !=@ASM 7@SG"

DN`N dN[T ZR[TNYNZV PNPN` ZV¥]V% dNVà ZN`N dN[T ZRZVYVXV `V`VX QRXN`
_NZN QR[TN[ +. PZ ",, 6 +. PZ# QN[ ZRZVYVXV `V`VX WNaU `R^`R[à ,- 5 '
(b)
GR[QR^V`N PNPN` ZN`N V[V `VQNX QN]N` ZRYVUN` OR[QN dN[T WNaU _RONO YR[_N
ZN`N ZV¥]V ZR[PRZOa[T QN[ `VQNX QN]N` ZR[WNQV ]V]VU _RONTNVZN[N ZN`N
[¥^ZNY' 9XVON`[dN% ONdN[TN[ OR[QN WNaU _RYNYa WNàU QV QR]N[ ^R`V[N'
K[àX ZR[N[TTaYN[TV PNPN` ZN`N ZV¥]V UNâ_ QVa]NdNXN[ NTN^ ONdN[TN[
lensa cekung
`R]N` WNàU QV ^R`V[N' :R^N^`V% _RORYaZ _V[N^ QN`N[T WNàU ]NQN YR[_N ZN`N
Gambar 6.43
`R^YROVU QNUaYa _V[N^ QN`N[T V[V UNâ_ QV_RON^XN[' FYRU XN^R[N Và% UNâ_
(a) Pada cacat mata miopi, bayangan
benda selalu jatuh di depan
QVON[à ¥YRU YR[_N PRXa[T "YR[_N QVbR^TR[# dN[T XRXaN`N[ YR[_N[dN

retina.
_RQRZVXVN[ â]N _RUV[TTN ZNZ]a ZRZOR[àX ONdN[TN[ OR[QN `R]N` WNàU

(b) Cacat mata miopi diatasi dengan
menggunakan lensa cekung.

QV ^R`V[N' 9TN^ QN]N` ZRYVUN` OR[QN&OR[QN WNaU "? 6 #% ]R[QR^V`N ^NOa[
WNaU UNâ_ ZR[TTa[NXN[ YR[_N XNPNZN`N dN[T ZR[TUN_VYXN[ ONdN[TN[ ZNdN
QV QR]N[ YR[_N ]NQN WN^NX dN[T _NZN QR[TN[ `V`VX WNaU[dN "?! 6 ,-#' ANQV%
a[àX ]R[QR^V`N ^NOa[ WNaU N`Na ZV¥]V OR^YNXa3
?6 QN[ ?! 6 j,- "/j+0#
Contoh 6.16 Ingatlah

IR_R¥^N[T dN[T ZR[QR^V`N ZV¥]V ZRZVYVXV `V`VX WNaU -)) PZ' 9TN^ VN QN]N` ZRYVUN`
OR[QN&OR[QN dN[T WNaU% OR^N]NXNU WN^NX S¥Xa_ QN[ XaN` YR[_N dN[T UNâ_ QVTa[NXN[
]R[QR^V`N ZV¥]V `R^_ROa`8
Tanda negatif menunjukkan bahwa
penderita miopi harus dibantu
7@T@A/
dengan lensa negatif atau lensa
<VXR`NUaV3
cekung (lensa divergen).
?! 6 j-)) PZ "`V`VX WNaU ]R[QR^V`N ZV¥]V#4 ? 6

* * * * *
% " 6 $
4 ? ?! j-)) PZ !
4 6 j-)) PZ 6 j- Z
* * *
,6 6 6 j )%+. N`Na j QV¥]`^V
4 j- PZ -
ANQV% WN^NX S¥Xa_ YR[_N j- Z QN[ XRXaN`N[[dN NQNYNU " QV¥]`^V'
1
4
'" 5HODPLDRPNOH !=@ASM 3DJ@R"

DN`N dN[T ZR[TNYNZV PNPN` UV]R^ZR`^¥]V% dNVà ZN`N dN[T ZRZVYVXV
`V`VX QRXN` YROVU OR_N^ QN^V]NQN +. PZ QN[ ZRZVYVXV `V`VX WNaU `NX UV[TTN'
(a)
GR[QR^V`N PNPN` ZN`N V[V `VQNX QN]N` ZRYVUN` OR[QN dN[T QRXN`% `R`N]V
QN]N` ZRYVUN` WRYN_ OR[QN&OR[QN WNaU `N[]N OR^NX¥Z¥QN_V' ;NPN` V[V `R^WNQV
XN^R[N NQNYNU ZN`N `VQNX QN]N` ZR[WNQV PRZOa[T _RONTNVZN[N ZN`N
benda dekat
[¥^ZNY' 9XVON`[dN% ONdN[TN[ OR[QN QRXN` _RYNYa WNàU QV ORYNXN[T ^R`V[N'

K[àX ZR[N[TTaYN[TV PNPN` ZN`N UV]R^ZR`^¥]V UNâ_ QVa]NdNXN[
(b)
NTN^ ONdN[TN[ `R]N` WNàU QV ^R`V[N' :R^N^`V% _RORYaZ _V[N^ QN`N[T WNàU
]NQN YR[_N ZN`N `R^YROVU QNUaYa _V[N^ QN`N[T V[V UNâ_ ZR[TaZ]aY' FYRU
retina
XN^R[N Và% ]R[QR^V`N UNâ_ QVON[à QR[TN[ YR[_N PRZOa[T "YR[_N

X¥[bR^TR[# dN[T XRXaN`N[ YR[_N[dN ZNZ]a ZRZOR[àX ONdN[TN[ OR[QN
lensa cembung
_RUV[TTN `R]N` WNàU QV ^R`V[N' GRÛN`VXN[ 4@LA@P +$))'

Gambar 6.44
9TN^ ]R[QR^V`N QN]N` ZRYVUN` OR[QN&OR[QN QRXN` ]NQN WN^NX `R^`R[à%

(a) Pada cacat mata hipermetropi,
]R[QR^V`N ^NOa[ QRXN` UNâ_ ZR[TTa[NXN[ YR[_N XNPNZN`N dN[T

bayangan benda selalu jatuh di
belakang retina.
ZR[TUN_VYXN[ ONdN[TN[ ZNdN QV QR]N[ YR[_N ]NQN WN^NX dN[T _NZN QR[TN[
(b) Cacat mata hipermetropi diatasi
`V`VX QRXN`[dN "? 6 j,,#' ANQV% a[àX ]R[QR^V`N UV]R^ZR`^¥]V% OR^YNXa

dengan menggunakan lensa
cembung.
?! 6 j,, "/j+1#
Contoh 6.17
IR_R¥^N[T dN[T ZR[QR^V`N UV]R^ZR`^¥]V ZRZVYVXV `V`VX QRXN` .) PZ' 9TN^ QN]N` ZRYVUN`
OR[QN&OR[QN dN[T QRXN` "_R]R^`V ZN`N [¥^ZNY#% OR^N]NXNU WN^NX S¥Xa_ QN[ XaN` YR[_N
dN[T UNâ_ VN Ta[NXN[8
7@T@A/
<VXR`NUaV3
?! 6 j.) PZ "`V`VX QRXN` ]R[QR^V`N UV]R^ZR`^¥]V#4 ? 6 +.
* * * * * *
% " 6 $ 6
4 ? ?! +. j.) ! .)
4 6 .) PZ 6 )%. Z

,6 # 6 $+ QV¥]`^V
1 1
ANQV% WN^NX S¥Xa_ YR[_N NQNYNU )%. Z QN[ XRXaN`N[ OR_N^[dN NQNYNU $ + QV¥]`^V'
f 0,5
(" <PDQAHNOH !:@R@ ?S@"

DN`N àN ZRZVYVXV ¥`¥` _VYVN^ dN[T `VQNX YNTV ONVX _R]R^`V ]NQN ZN`N
[¥^ZNY' 9XVON`[dN% XRZNZ]aN[ ¥`¥` a[àX OR^NX¥Z¥QN_V N`Na ZR[TaONU
WN^NX S¥Xa_ YR[_N ZN`N `VQNX _RONVX _R]R^`V ]NQN ZN`N [¥^ZNY' GR[QR^V`N
PNPN` ]^R_OV¥]V ZRZVYVXV `V`VX QRXN` YROVU OR_N^ QN^V]NQN +. PZ QN[ `V`VX WNaU
]NQN WN^NX `R^`R[à _RUV[TTN ]R[QR^V`N ]^R_OV¥]V `VQNX QN]N` ZRYVUN` N`Na
ZRZONPN ]NQN WN^NX [¥^ZNY QN[ `VQNX QN]N` ZRYVUN` OR[QN WNaU QR[TN[ WRYN_'
;NPN` ZN`N ]^R_OV¥]V QN]N` QV`N[TTaYN[TV ZR[TTa[NXN[ YR[_N ^N[TXN]
"074<8/9# _R]R^`V ]NQN 4@LA@P +$)*' BNPNZN`N V[V `R^QV^V N`N_ YR[_N
Gambar 6.45 PRZOa[T QN[ PRXa[T' K[àX ZRYVUN` OR[QN WNaU% ]R[QR^V`N ]^R_OV¥]V QN]N`
ZR[TTa[NXN[ YR[_N PRXa[T' 9QN]a[ a[àX ZRYVUN` OR[QN ]NQN WN^NX [¥^&
Kacamata bifokal. Lensa (–) untuk
ZNY% ]R[QR^V`N ]^R_OV¥]V QN]N` ZR[TTa[NXN[ YR[_N PRZOa[T'

melihat jauh, lensa (+) untuk melihat
dekat.
Ingatlah Contoh 6.18

IR_R¥^N[T XNXRX ]R[QR^V`N ]^R_OV¥]V ZRZVYVXV `V`VX QRXN` 0. PZ QN[ `V`VX WNaU ,)) PZ' 9TN^
Pada Contoh Soal 6.18, tanda VN QN]N` ZRYVUN` OR[QN dN[T QRXN` "_R]R^`V ZN`N [¥^ZNY# QN[ QN]N` ZRYVUN` OR[QN WNaU%
positif menunjukkan bahwa OR^N]NXNU WN^NX S¥Xa_ YR[_N OVS¥XNY QN[ XaN` YR[_N XNPNZN`N dN[T UNâ_ QVTa[NXN[ XNXRX
`R^_ROa`8
penderita hipermetropi harus
dibantu dengan lensa positif atau
lensa cembung (lensa konvergen). 7@T@A/
BNPNZN`N OVS¥XNY `R^_a_a[ N`N_ QaN YR[_N ONTVN[ N`N_ YR[_N [RTN`VS "PRXa[T# NTN^ QN]N`
ZRYVUN` WNaU QN[ ONTVN[ ONcNU YR[_N ]¥_V`VS "PRZOa[T# NTN^ QN]N` ZRZONPN [¥^ZNY'
i K[àX QN]N` ZRYVUN` WNaU% ? 6 QN[ ?! 6 j,)) PZ'
* * * * * *
% " 6 $ 6j
4 ? ?! j,)) ,))
4 6 j,)) PZ 6 j, Z
* *
,6 6 6 j)%,, QV¥]`^V
4 j,
ANQV% a[àX QN]N` ZRYVUN` OR[QN WNaU QVTa[NXN[ XNPNZN`N QR[TN[ WN^NX S¥Xa_ ,
Z QN[ XRXaN`N[ YR[_N j,%,, QV¥]`^V'
i K[àX QN]N` ZRYVUN` OR[QN QRXN` ? 6 +. QN[ ?! 6 j0. PZ'
* * * * * +
% " 6 $ 6
4 ? ?! +. j0.! 0.
4 6 ,0%. PZ 6 )%,0. Z
* *
,6 6 6 +%/0 QV¥]`^V
4 )% ,0.
ANQV% a[àX QN]N` ZRYVUN` OR[QN QRXN` QVTa[NXN[ XNPNZN`N QR[TN[ WN^NX S¥Xa_
)%,0. Z QN[ XRXaN`N[ YR[_N +%/0 QV¥]`^V'
)" 0QRHFL@RHQL@
9_`VTZN`V_ZN ZRâ]NXN[ PNPN` ZN`N dN[T QVNXVON`XN[ OR[àX X¥^[RN
`VQNX Oa[QN^' ;NPN` ZN`N N_`VTZN`V_ZN QN]N` QV`N[TTaYN[TV QR[TN[ YR[_N
_VYV[Q^V_' CR[_N V[V QN]N` ZR[TaZ]aYXN[ N`Na ZR[dRON^XN[ _V[N^ ]NQN
_Nà N^NU _NWN `N[]N ZRZR[TNâUV N^NU YNV['
2. Lup (Kaca Pembesar)

K[àX QN]N` ZRYVUN` OR[QN&OR[QN XRPVY NTN^ `NZ]NX YROVU OR_N^
QN^V]NQN aXa^N[ _ROR[N^[dN% QVTa[NXN[ Ya]' Ca] ZRâ]NXN[ YR[_N PRZOa[T

N`Na YR[_N ]¥_V`VS' IRONTNVZN[N 9[QN XR`NUaV% YR[_N PRZOa[T ZRZVYVXV
XRZNZ]aN[ ZRZOR[àX ONdN[TN[ ZNdN dN[T QV]RÔR_N^ WVXN OR[QN
`R^YR`NX QV N[`N^N `V`VX S¥Xa_ QN[ YR[_N' K[àX Ya]% OR[QN _RYNYa QVYR`NXXN[
QNYNZ âN[T @ _RUV[TTN ONdN[TN[ NXN[ `R^YR`NX QV âN[T @L' :NdN[TN[
dN[T `R^YR`NX QV âN[T @L OR^_VSN` ZNdN QN[ `RTNX _RUV[TTN WN^NX ONdN[TN[
dN[T QVOR[àX Ya] _RYNYa [RTN`VS "?! OR^`N[QN [RTN`VS#'
GNQN _NN` ZR[TTa[NXN[ Ya]% WN^NX OR[QN QVaONU&aONU _RQRZVXVN[
â]N _RUV[TTN QVQN]N`XN[ ONdN[TN[ dN[T ]NYV[T WRYN_ ONTV ZN`N [¥^ZNY%
dNVà ]NQN WN^NX ONPN dN[T OVN_N[dN +. PZ' GRÛN`VXN[ 4@LA@P +$)+'
GRÛN`VXN[ 4@LA@P +$),!@" QN[ +$),!A"' JN[]N Ya]% OR[QN `R^YVUN`
QR[TN[ _aQa` _ROR_N^ $ ' 9QN]a[ WVXN ZR[TTa[NXN[ Ya]% OR[QN `R^YVUN` Gambar 6.46
¥YRU ZN`N QR[TN[ _aQa` % _RUV[TTN ]RÔR_N^N[ N[TaYR^[dN _ROR_N^

Lup digunakan juga untuk memperjelas
tulisan yang sangat kecil.
*/;5A93> % "/j+2#
%
$
AVXN _aQa` $ QN[ % _N[TN` XRPVY% `N[$ # $ QN[ `N[ % # % ZNXN (a)
*/;5A93> % "/j,)#
%
$ p
=! =
$
=! =
FYRU XN^R[N % # QN[ $ # % % # # ZNXN
?! ,, ?! ?
PP
<DPQ@L@@M !+V(%" ZR[WNQV (b)
) = + ) ,, + ,,
*N[TaYR^ # - . - .# "/j,*#
* ? ,* = , ? p'
AVXN ZN`N OR^NX¥Z¥QN_V ]NQN WN^NX ?! 6 D "ZNdN#% QV]R^¥YRU ]R^&

F P % F
_NZNN[
s
* * * * * *
s' = PP
j 6 ( 6 $
? D 4 ? D 4
Gambar 6.47
(a) Sudut penglihatan mata ( $ ),
D4
"/j,+#
ketika benda dilihat tidak
?% menggunakan lup.
D" 4 (b) Sudut penglihatan mata ( % ),
AVXN <DPQ@L@@M !+V('" QV_aO_`Và_VXN[ XR <DPQ@L@@M !+V(&"% NXN[

ketika benda dilihat dengan
QV]R^¥YRU
menggunakan lup.
,, " D" 4 # ,,D ,,4

*N[TaYR^ # # "
D4 D4 D4
,, ,,
*N[TaYN^ # " "/j,,#
4 D
BR`R^N[TN[3
*N[TaYR^ 6 ]RÔR_N^N[ N[TaYR^
,, 6 `V`VX QRXN` ZN`N
4 6 WN^NX S¥Xa_ Ya]
D 6 WN^NX N[`N^N ONdN[TN[ " ?! # QN[ Ya]
Contoh 6.19
IROaNU Ya] ZRZVYVXV WN^NX S¥Xa_ /%) PZ' ?Và[TYNU ]RÔR_N^N[ Ya] WVXN ZN`N ZRYVUN`
OR[QN QR[TN[ OR^NX¥Z¥QN_V ]NQN WN^NX +. PZ'

7@T@A/
<VXR`NUaV3
?! 6 +. PZ4 4 6 /%) PZ
N' GRÔR_N^N[ N[TaYR^ "*N[TaYR^# XR`VXN ZN`N OR^NX¥Z¥QN_V ]NQN WN^NX +. PZ'
K[àX ZR[TUVà[T ]RÔR_N^N[ V[V% QVTa[NXN[ <DPQ@L@@M !+V((" OR^VXa`'
,, ,,
*N[TaYR^ # "
4 D
EVYNV D QV]R^¥YRU QR[TN[ ]R^_NZNN[ OR^VXa`'
* * *
# "
4 ? ?!
* * * * ?F 4 4?
# # # # ?! #
?! 4 ? ?! 4? ?F 4
"/ PZ#"+. PZ# *.) PZ
?! # 6 6 0%2 PZ
"+. PZ# j "/ PZ# *. PZ
<NYNZ UNY V[V% ?! 6 D' <R[TN[ QRZVXVN[% ]RÔR_N^N[ N[TaYR^ NQNYNU
,, ,,
*N[TaYR^ # "
4 D
)* *+ )D 4+
*N[TaYR^ # ,, - " . # ,, - " . 6 0%,,
* 4 D, * 4 D,
lensa
+. PZ
okuler
O' *% # *6 6 -%*0
s’
f /%)
ANQV% ]RÔR_N^N[ YV[RN^ Ya] a[àX ZN`N `NX OR^NX¥Z¥QN_V _ROR_N^ -%*0'
3. Mikroskop
DVX^¥_X¥] NQNYNU _ROaNU NYN` ¥]`VX dN[T QVTa[NXN[ ZRYVUN` OR[QN&
OR[QN _N[TN` XRPVY% P¥[`¥U[dN bVâ_ QN[ ONX`R^V' DVX^¥_X¥] ZRZVYVXV
lensa
objektif
]RÔR_N^N[ N[TaYR^ YROVU OR_N^ QN^V]NQN Ya]'

DVX^¥_X¥] `R^QV^V N`N_ QaN YR[_N PRZOa[T' CR[_N dN[T QRXN` QR[TN[
benda
ZN`N QV_ROa` YR[_N ¥XaYR^% _RQN[TXN[ YR[_N dN[T QRXN` QR[TN[ OR[QN
QV_ROa` YR[_N ¥OWRX`VS' GRÛN`VXN[ _XRZN _a_a[N[ YR[_N ZVX^¥_X¥] ]NQN
4@LA@P +$).' :NdN[TN[ NXUV^ dN[T QVUN_VYXN[ ¥YRU QaN YR[_N QNYNZ
ZVX^¥_X¥] OR^_VSN` ZNdN% QV]RÔR_N^% QN[ `RÔNYVX `RÛNQN] OR[QN _RZaYN'
Gambar 6.48
Mikroskop
(a) sob s'ob sok (b) sob s'ob sok
benda F 'ob Fok benda F 'ob Fok

Fob mata Fob mata
pengamat pengamat
objektif objektif
okuler okuler
L
bayangan
GRÛN`VXN[ 4@LA@P +$).' GN[WN[T ZVX^¥_X¥] ")# QN]N` QVPN^V QR[TN[

ZR[TTa[NXN[ ]R^_NZNN[3
) 6 ?!¥O $ ?¥X "/j,-#
BR`R^N[TN[3
Gambar 6.49
) 6 ]N[WN[T ZVX^¥_X¥]
Pembentukan bayangan pada
?!¥O 6 WN^NX ONdN[TN[ ONTV YR[_N ¥OWRX`VS

mikroskop:
a. Untuk mata berakomodasi
? ¥X 6 WN^NX OR[QN ONTV YR[_N ¥XaYR^

maksimum;
b. Untuk mata tidak berakomodasi.

GRÔR_N^N[ ¥YRU YR[_N ¥OWRX`VS NQNYNU
Ingatlah
6!¥O ?!¥O
*¥O 6 % "/j,.#
6¥O ?¥O • Apabila jarak bayangan yang
BR`R^N[TN[3
dihasilkan lup adalah (s’ = –x),
*¥O 6 ]RÔR_N^N[ YR[_N ¥OWRX`VS

artinya mata berakomodasi
pada jarak x sehingga

perbesaran sudutnya adalah
?¥O 6 WN^NX OR[QN ONTV YR[_N ¥OWRX`VS

PP PP
Manguler = +
6!¥O 6 `V[TTV ONdN[TN[

f x
6¥O 6 `V[TTV OR[QN

• Untuk mata berakomodasi
FYRU XN^R[N YR[_N ¥XaYR^ OR^_VSN` _RONTNV Ya] ZNXN ]RÔR_N^N[ YR[_N ¥XaYR^
maksimum, bayangan yang di-
bentuk oleh lup terletak di
ZVX^¥_X¥] NQNYNU _RONTNV OR^VXa`' K[àX ZN`N OR^NX¥Z¥QN_V ZNX_VZaZ'

titik dekat mata (s’ = –PP)
s’ = –x = –PP
?
*¥X 6 [ $*
x = PP
"/j,/# PP PP
4¥X
BR`R^N[TN[3
Manguler = +
f PP
?; 6 WN^NX `V`VX QRXN` ZN`N [¥^ZNY PP
4¥X 6 WN^NX S¥Xa_ ¥XaYR^

= +1
f
K[àX ZN`N `VQNX OR^NX¥Z¥QN_V • Untuk mata tidak
?
berakomodasi, bayangan yang
*¥X 6 [ "/j,0#
dibentuk oleh lup terletak di
4¥X
titik jauh mata (s’ = –PR).
Untuk mata normal,
GRÔR_N^N[ `¥`NY _ROaNU ZVX^¥_X¥] NQNYNU _RONTNV OR^VXa`'

PR = maka s’ = . Agar
jarak s’ = – maka benda
* 6 *¥O k *¥X "/j,1#

harus diletakkan di titik
fokus F.
s’ = –x = –
x=
PP PP
Contoh 6.21 Manguler = +
IROaNU ZVX^¥_X¥] ZRZVYVXV YR[_N ¥OWRX`VS QR[TN[ WN^NX S¥Xa_ + PZ QN[ YR[_N ¥XaYR^
f x
QR[TN[ WN^NX S¥Xa_ / PZ' AVXN WN^NX N[`N^YR[_N +/ PZ% UVà[T ]RÔR_N^N[ `¥`NY ZVX^¥_X¥]
PP
= +0
]NQN _NN`3
f
N' ZN`N OR^NX¥Z¥QN_V ZNX_VZaZ% PP

O' ZN`N `VQNX OR^NX¥Z¥QN_V'
=
f
7@T@A/
<VXR`NUaV3
4 ¥O 6 + PZ4 ) 6 +/ PZ4 4¥X 6 / PZ
N' GRÔR_N^N[ ]NQN _NN` ZN`N OR^NX¥Z¥QN_V ZNX_VZaZ% ZN`N QVN[TTN] [¥^ZNY
"?!¥X 6 j+. PZ#'
:R^QN_N^XN[ âZa_
* * *
6 $ ) 6 ?!¥O $ ?¥X # +/ 6 ?!¥O$ -%1-
4¥X ?¥X ?!¥X
* * * ?!¥O 6 +/ j -%1- 6 +*%*/ PZ
6 <R[TN[ ZR[TTa[NXN[ âZa_ YR[_N
?¥X 4¥X ?!¥X `V]V_% QV]R^¥YRU
* ?!¥X 4¥X * * *
6 6 $
?¥X 4¥X ?!¥X 4¥O ?¥O ?!¥O Tantangan
4¥X ?!¥X * * *
?¥X 6 6
?!¥X 4¥X
untuk Anda
?¥O 4¥O ?!¥O
"/ PZ# "j+.PZ# j*.) PZ * !
Pelangi adalah hasil peristiwa optika
?¥X 6 6 ?
6 ¥O
4¥O yang melibatkan butiran hujan,
"j+.PZ# j "/PZ# j,*PZ ? 4 ?!
cahaya matahari, dan mata.
¥O ¥O ¥O
?¥X 6 -%1- PZ' 4¥O ?!¥O
Gambarkan peristiwa optika
?¥O 6
tersebut sehingga Anda
?!¥O
mendapatkan sensasi keindahan itu.
4¥O

"+PZ# "+*%*/PZ# -+%,+PZ
?¥O 6 6 6 +%+ PZ'
"+*%*/PZ# j "+PZ# *2%*/PZ
Tugas Anda 6.2
?!¥O +*%*/PZ
Anda mungkin pernah melihat
GRÔR_N^N[ ¥YRU YR[_N ¥OWRX`VS% *¥O 6 6 6 2%/ XNYV

hasil suatu pencitraan luar angkasa
?!¥O +%+PZ
yang diperoleh dari teleskop
+.PZ
Hubble. Bagaimanakah prinsip
?
GRÔR_N^N[ ¥YRU YR[_N ¥XaYR^% *¥X 6 ; $ * 6 $ * 6 .%*0
Fisika yang diterapkan pada
4¥X / PZ
teleskop luar angkasa tersebut?
ANQV% ]RÔR_N^N[ `¥`NY ZVX^¥_X¥] ]NQN _NN` ZN`N OR^NX¥Z¥QN_V ZNX_VZaZ NQNYNU
* 6 *¥Ok *¥X 6 "2%/#".%*0# 6 -2%/ XNYV'
O' K[àX ZN`N `VQNX OR^NX¥Z¥QN_V
?¥X 6 4¥X 6 / PZ
) 6 ?!¥O $ ?¥X # +/ 6 ?!¥O$ / PZ
?!¥O 6 +) PZ
* * *
:R^QN_N^XN[ âZa_ YR[_N `V]V_3 6 $
4¥O ?¥O ?!¥O
* * * ?!¥O 4¥O
6 6
?¥O 4¥O ?!¥O 4¥O ?!¥O
4¥O ?!¥O "+ PZ# "+) PZ# -) PZ
?¥O 6 6 6 6 +%+ PZ'
?!¥O 4¥O "+) PZ# j "+ PZ# *1 PZ
?!¥O +)PZ
GRÔR_N^N[ ¥YRU YR[_N ¥OWRX`VS% *¥O # 6 # 2%)2 XNYV
?¥O +%+PZ
? +.PZ
GRÔR_N^N[ ¥YRU YR[_N ¥XaYR^% *¥X # ; 6 # -%*0
4¥X / PZ
ANQV% ]RÔR_N^N[ `¥`NY ZVX^¥_X¥] ]NQN _NN` ZN`N `VQNX OR^NX¥Z¥QN_V NQNYNU
*6 *¥O k *¥X
6 "2%)2#"-%*0#
JR^¥]¥[T N`Na `RYR_X¥] ZRâ]NXN[ NYN` ¥]`VX dN[T QN]N` QVTa[NXN[

4. Teropong atau Teleskop
a[àX ZRYVUN` OR[QN&OR[QN dN[T WNaU _RUV[TTN `NZ]NX YROVU QRXN` QN[
YROVU WRYN_' GNQN *2)/% 4@KHKDN ZRZOaN` _ROaNU `RYR_X¥] dN[T `R^QV^V N`N_
QaN YR[_N QN[ _ROaNU ]V]N ¥^TN[N _RONTNV `NOa[T[dN' IR`RYNU Và% 4@KHKDN
WaTN ZRZOaN` OR^ZNPNZ&ZNPNZ `RYR_X¥] QN[ ZR[RZaXN[ ON[dNX
]R[RZaN[ QNYNZ OVQN[T 9_`^¥[¥ZV'
IRXN^N[T% QVXR[NY QaN ZNPNZ `RYR_X¥]% dNVà `RYR_X¥] OVN_ QN[ `RYR_&
X¥] ]N[àY'
*# JRYR_X¥] OVN_ `R^QV^V N`N_ OROR^N]N YR[_N dN[T OR^Sa[T_V ZRZOVN_XN[
_V[N^ QN`N[T QN^V OR[QN' JRYR_X¥] dN[T `R^ZN_aX XN`RT¥^V `RYR_X¥]
OVN_% QV N[`N^N[dN `RYR_X¥] OV[`N[T% `RYR_X¥] :aZV% `RYR_X¥] ]N[TTa[T%
QN[ `RYR_X¥] ]^V_ZN'
+# JRYR_X¥] ]N[àY `R^QV^V N`N_ OROR^N]N PR^ZV[ _RONTNV ]RZN[àY QN[
YR[_N _RONTNV ]RZOVN_ _V[N^ QN`N[T QN^V OR[QN'
@$ ?DKDQJNO 1HMR@MF
JRYR_X¥] OV[`N[T `R^QV^V N`N_ QaN YR[_N% dNVà YR[_N ¥OWRX`VS QN[ YR[_N ¥XaYR^'
4@LA@P +'*% OR^VXa` V[V ZR[a[WaXXN[ ]^¥_R_ ]RZOR[àXN[ ONdN[TN[ NXUV^
QN^V _aNà `RYR_X¥] OV[`N[T'

objektif okuler
(+) (–)
L
s'ob
sob = ~ sok
$
mata
$ % pengamat
s'ok = – ~
Gambar 6.50
Pembentukan bayangan oleh
teleskop bintang pada mata yang
berakomodasi maksimum.
GN[WN[T `RYR_X¥] OV[`N[T WVXN ZN`N OR^NX¥Z¥QN_V NQNYNU
) 6 ?!¥O $ ?¥X "/j,2#
<N[ ]N[WN[T `RYR_X¥] OV[`N[T ]NQN _NN` `VQNX OR^NX¥Z¥QN_V NQNYNU

) 6 4¥O $ 4¥X "/j-)#
BR`R^N[TN[3
) 6 ]N[WN[T `R^¥]¥[T
?¥X 6 WN^NX OR[QN ONTV YR[_N ¥XaYR^
4¥O 6 WN^NX S¥Xa_ YR[_N ¥OWRX`VS
4¥X 6 WN^NX S¥Xa_ YR[_N ¥XaYR^
GRÔR_N^N[ N[TaYR^ `RYR_X¥] OV[`N[T NQNYNU
% `N[ %
*a # #
$ `N[ $
N`Na
4¥O
*N[TaYR^ 6 "/j-*#
4¥X
BR`R^N[TN[3
*N[TaYR^ 6 ]RÔR_N^N[ N[TaYR^
Contoh 6.22
GNQN _NN` TRÛN[N DN`NUN^V% _R¥^N[T ]R[RYV`V TRÛN[N ZR[TNZN`V[dN QR[TN[ _ROaNU
`RYR_X¥] OV[`N[T' CR[_N ¥OWRX`VS QN[ ¥XaYR^ dN[T QVTa[NXN[ ZRZVYVXV WN^NX S¥Xa_
ZN_V[T&ZN_V[T /) PZ QN[ + PZ' AVXN _aQa` QVNZR`R^ DN`NUN^V QVYVUN` QR[TN[ ZN`N
`RYN[WN[T )%/h% OR^N]N QR^NWN` _aQa` QVNZR`R^ DN`NUN^V ]NQN _NN` QVNZN`V ZR[TTa[NXN[
`RYR_X¥] OV[`N[T `R^_ROa`8
7@T@A/
<VXR`NUaV3
4 ¥O % /) PZ
4¥X 6 + PZ
$ 6 )%/h
i GNQN YR[_N ¥OWRX`VS
DN`NUN^V OR^NQN ]NQN `V`VX dN[T WNaU _RXNYV _RUV[TTN ?¥O6 % NXVON`[dN
?!¥O6 4¥O % /) PZ'
i GNQN YR[_N ¥XaYR^
K[àX ZR[TNZN`V OR[QN YN[TV`% OVN_N[dN ZN`N `VQNX OR^NX¥Z¥QN_V' :NdN[TN[
¥YRU YR[_N ¥XaYR^ UNâ_ WNàU QV `V`VX `NX UV[TTN% ?!¥X 6 ' AVXN ONdN[TN[ `R^YR`NX
QV `NX UV[TTN% QN]N` QV]N_`VXN[ OR[QN OR^NQN QV S¥Xa_'
?¥X % 4¥X 6 + PZ'

i GRÔR_N^N[ `RYR_X¥]
4 /) PZ
* 6 ¥O 6
Pembahasan Soal
6 ,) XNYV'
4¥X +PZ
ANQV% _aQa` QVNZR`R^ ZN`NUN^V XR`VXN QVNZN`V ZR[TTa[NXN[ `RYR_X¥] NQNYNU
Pada teropong bintang ....
(1) bayangan oleh lensa objektif
*6 # ,) 6 # % 6 ",)#")%/h# 6 *1h'
terletak di titik api II. % %
)%/h
(2) titik api II lensa objektif
diimpitkan dengan titik api I $
lensa okuler
(3) bayangan akhir terletak di tak
A$ ?DKDQJNO 1SLH
terhingga
JRYR_X¥] V[V QVTa[NXN[ a[àX QN]N` ZRYVUN` OR[QN&OR[QN WNaU QV

(4) bayangan akhir terbalik
]R^ZaXNN[ :aZV' :NdN[TN[ NXUV^ dN[T QVUN_VYXN[ `R[à UNâ_ OR^_VSN`

UMPTN, 1993
`RTNX QN[ QV]RÔR_N^' FYRU XN^R[N Và% `RYR_X¥] :aZV QVYR[TXN]V QR[TN[
Jawaban : D
_ROaNU YR[_N dN[T OR^Sa[T_V a[àX ZRZONYVXXN[ ONdN[TN[' CR[_N `R^_ROa`

QV[NZNXN[ YR[_N ]RZONYVX' CR[_N V[V QVYR`NXXN[ QV N[`N^N YR[_N ¥OWRX`VS
QN[ YR[_N ¥XaYR^' GRÛN`VXN[ TNZON^ ]RZOR[àXN[ ONdN[TN[ NXUV^ ¥YRU
_ROaNU `RYR_X¥] :aZV OR^VXa` V[V "4@LA@P +$*&#'
objektif pembentuk okuler
(+) (+) (+)
Fob Fp
Gambar 6.51 Fp Fok
fob Fok
Pembentukan bayangan pada
teleskop Bumi oleh mata yang
berakomodasi maksimum.
mata
fob 4fp fok
pengamat
:R^QN_N^XN[ 4@LA@P +$)-% ]N[WN[T `RYR_X¥] :aZV NQNYNU
) 6 4¥O $ 4¥X $ - 4= "/j-+#
BR`R^N[TN[3
4= 6 WN^NX S¥Xa_ YR[_N ]RZONYVX
) % ]N[WN[T `RYR_X¥] :aZV
B$ ?DKDQJNO <PHQL@
objektif
JRYR_X¥] ]^V_ZN QV_ROa` WaTN `RYR_X¥] OV[¥XaYR^' =a[T_V `RYR_X¥] V[V _NZN
QR[TN[ `RYR_X¥] :aZV' AVXN ]NQN `RYR_X¥] :aZV QVYR[TXN]V QR[TN[ YR[_N
]RZONYVX% _RQN[TXN[ `RYR_X¥] ]^V_ZN QVYR[TXN]V QR[TN[ ]^V_ZN _VXa&_VXa'
=a[T_V ]^V_ZN V[V a[àX ZRZONYVXXN[ ONdN[TN[' GR[TTa[NN[ ]^V_ZN QVZNX&
_aQXN[ NTN^ `RYR_X¥] V[V `VQNX `R^YNYa ]N[WN[T QN[ ]^NX`V_ a[àX QVTa[NXN['
JRYR_X¥] ]^V_ZN QVà[WaXXN[ ]NQN 4@LA@P +$*'' IR`VN] `RYR_X¥]
okuler
]^V_ZN OVN_N[dN QVYR[TXN]V QR[TN[ V[S¥^ZN_V [¥Z¥^ _R]R^`V 0 k .) N`Na

okuler
+) k ,)' 9[TXN ]R^`NZN ZR[a[WaXXN[ ]RÔR_N^N[ QN[ N[TXN XRQaN

Sumber: Jendela Iptek, 1997
ZR[a[WaXXN[ QVNZR`R^ YR[_N ¥OWRX`VS QNYNZ ZVYVZR`R^'

Gambar 6.52
Teleskop prisma
C$ ?DKDQJNO 4@KHKDH !?DKDQJNO <@MFFSMF"
JRYR_X¥] V[V ZRâ]NXN[ Z¥QVSVXN_V QN^V `RYR_X¥] :aZV' GRZONYVXN[
ONdN[TN[ QNYNZ `RYR_X¥] V[V QVYNXaXN[ QR[TN[ ZR[TTa[NXN[ YR[_N
PRXa[T _RONTNV YR[_N ¥XaYR^[dN' JRYR_X¥] V[V _R^V[T WaTN QV_ROa` `RYR_X¥]
]N[TTa[T N`Na `RYR_X¥] >NYVYRV' GRÛN`VXN[ 4@LA@P +$*''

s'ob
bayangan
sok Gambar 6.53

Pembentukan bayangan oleh
Fok Fob teleskop panggung oleh mata yang
Fok
berakomodasi.
$
sob = ~
objektif okuler
(+) (–)
mata
:R^QN_N^XN[ 4@LA@P +$*(% ]RÔR_N^N[ N[TaYR^ `RYR_X¥] >NYVYRV NQNYNU

pengamat
4¥O
*N[TaYR^ 6 "/j-,#
4¥X
9QN]a[ ]N[WN[T `RYR_X¥] >NYVYRV _ROR_N^
) % 4¥O " 4¥X "/j--#
Contoh 6.23 Tugas Anda 6.3

IROaNU `RYR_X¥] >NYVYRV dN[T ZRZVYVXV ]RÔR_N^N[ N[TaYR^ */ XNYV QN[ ZRZVYVXV WN^NX
S¥Xa_ ¥OWRX`VS */) PZ% QVTa[NXN[ a[àX ZR[dRYVQVXV _ROaNU OR[QN dN[T `R^YR`NX
Anda mengenal ada dua macam
teleskop, yaitu teleskop bias dan
_N[TN` WNaU' ?Và[T ]N[WN[T `RYR_X¥] >NYVYRV V[V'
teleskop pantul. Mengapa
teleskop pantul yang berukuran
7@T@A/
<VXR`NUaV3
besar lebih mudah dibuat
dibandingkan dengan teleskop
4 ¥O 6 */) PZ
bias?
*N[TaYR^ 6 */ XNYV
FYRU XN^R[N QNYNZ `RYR_X¥] V[V YR[_N ¥XaYR^[dN YR[_N PRXa[T% OR^N^`V 4¥X OR^[VYNV [RTN`VS'
ANQV% WN^NX S¥Xa_ YR[_N ¥XaYR^ NQNYNU j*) PZ _RUV[TTN
) % 4¥O " 4¥X
) 6 */) $ "j*)#
) 6 *.) PZ
ANQV% ]N[WN[T `RYR_X¥] >NYVYRV NQNYNU *.) PZ N`Na *%. Z'
D$ ?DKDQJNO <@MRSK
JRYR_X¥] V[V QVYR[TXN]V QR[TN[ PR^ZV[ PRXa[T OR_N^ _RONTNV PR^ZV[
¥OWRX`VS[dN' IRYNV[ Và QVYR[TXN]V ]aYN QR[TN[ PR^ZV[ QN`N^ QN[ YR[_N
PRZOa[T _RONTNV ¥XaYR^[dN' ;R^ZV[ QN`N^ OR^Sa[T_V a[àX ZRZN[àYXN[
PNUNdN' FYRU XN^R[N Và% `RYR_X¥] V[V QV_ROa` `RYR_X¥] ]N[àY' GR^WNYN[N[
_V[N^ dN[T `R^WNQV ]NQN `RYR_X¥] ]N[àY QVà[WaXXN[ ¥YRU 4@LA@P +$*)'
sinar sejajar dari F cermin

bintang/bulan cekung
yang jauh
lensa cembung Gambar 6.54

(okuler) Teleskop pantul

E$ 8@LDP@
BNZR^N NQNYNU NYN` a[àX ZR^RXNZ TNZON^ QN^V _aNà ¥OWRX ORâ]N
`RZ]N` N`Na ]R^V_`VcN' G^V[_V] XR^WN XNZR^N ZV^V] QR[TN[ ZN`N' CR[_N
XNZR^N ZRâ]NXN[ ONTVN[ QN^V XNZR^N dN[T OR^Sa[T_V a[àX ZRZOR[àX
ONdN[TN[% ZV^V] YR[_N ZN`N ]NQN ZN`N' BNZR^N QVYR[TXN]V QR[TN[ SVYZ
dN[T OR^Sa[T_V _RONTNV `RZ]N` ONdN[TN[% ZV^V] QR[TN[ ^R`V[N ]NQN ZN`N'
AVXN ZN`N ZRZVYVXV XRZNZ]aN[ a[àX OR^NX¥Z¥QN_V% ]NQN XNZR^N
kaca prisma
]R[TNà^N[ ONdN[TN[ NTN^ WNàU `R]N` ]NQN SVYZ QVYNXaXN[ QR[TN[ PN^N
ZR[TTR^NXXN[ YR[_N' 4@LA@P +$** ZR[a[WaXXN[ _ROaNU XNZR^N YR[TXN]
QR[TN[ ONTVN[&ONTVN[[dN'
film
G^¥_R_ ]R[TNZOVYN[ TNZON^ ¥YRU XNZR^N NQNYNU _RONTNV OR^VXa`' IR`RYNU

XNZR^N QVOVQVXXN[ XR ¥OWRX dN[T ZR[WNQV ]RÛN`VN[% YNYa WN^NX N[`N^N YR[_N
lensa
QN[ SVYZ QVNà^ _RUV[TTN ONdN[TN[ `R]N` WNàU ]NQN SVYZ' BRZaQVN[% `¥ZO¥Y
]RZOaXN QV`RXN[' ;NUNdN _RTR^N ZN_aX ZRYNYaV YR[_N a[àX ZRZOR[àX
cahaya ONdN[TN[ ]NQN SVYZ _RYNZN _RYN[T cNXà ]RZOaXN PNUNdN `RÔaXN QN[
ONdN[TN[ QV SVYZ `RÔR[àX'
GNQN 4@LA@P +$*+% _ROaNU ]^V_ZN QVTa[NXN[ ]NQN OROR^N]N XNZR^N
Gambar 6.55
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Kamera dan bagian-bagiannya
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prisma mata prisma
kaca
Gambar 6.56 cahaya

Penjalaran sinar pada kamera kaca cahaya
lensa
Contoh 6.24
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Kata Kunci 7@T@A/
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Mari Mencari Tahu
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Refleksi
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, tentu Anda dapat materi dalam bab ini yang Anda anggap sulit? Agar semua
menyebutkan dan menganalisis alat-alat optik seperti materi dalam bab ini dapat Anda pahami, cobalah
mata, lup, mikroskop, teropong dan kamera. Dapatkah diskusikan dengan teman Anda atau minta penjelasan
Anda menyebutkan alat-alat optik lainnya? Adakah kepada guru.

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Bab
7
Sumber: CD Image
Perubahan musim yang terjadi dengan diikuti perubahan wujud dari
cair ke padat, atau sebaliknya (musim salju), merupakan fenomena
berlakunya konsep-konsep kalor yang terjadi di alam ini.
Kalor
menerapkan konsep kalor dan prinsip konservasi energi pada berbagai perubahan
energi.
• menganalisis pengaruh kalor terhadap suatu zat;

• menganalisis cara perpindahan kalor;
• menerapkan asas Black dalam pemecahan masalah.
7S_ROÒ_YO¥ dbXbR¥fO$ [OaS_W RWPSROYO¥ [S¥XORW gOa ÔROa$ QOW_$ A. Kalor

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aSaO^W$ ORO PSPS_OÔ gOa fO¥U ROÔa PS_bPOV dbXbR YO_S¥O ^S¥UO_bV `bVb B. Perpindahan
RO¥ YOZ]_& 6[OaWZOV YSaWYO 6¥RO `SRO¥U [W¥b[ [W¥b[O¥ fO¥U RW Kalor
ROZO[¥fO aS_ROÔa S` POab& GS[OYW¥ ZO[O$ S` POab ROZO[ [W¥b[O¥ OYO¥
[S¥QOW_ RO¥ PS_bPOV dbXbR& BS¥UOÔ aS_XORW RS[WYWO¥5 7S¥O_YOV S`
aS_`SPba aWROY VWZO¥U$ [SZOW¥YO¥ PS_bPOV dbXbR5
BS¥UOÔ RW `bOab aS[Ôa RW 7b[W aS_XORW VbXO¥ ÒZXb5 BS¥UOÔ RW
>¥R]¥S`WO aWROY aS_XORW [b`W[ ÒZXb5 EORO POP W¥W$ 6¥RO OYO¥ [S[^SZOXO_W
aS¥aO¥U YOZ]_& ?WYO 6¥RO aSZOV [S[OVO[W Y]¥`S^%Y]¥`S^ YOZ]_$
^S_aO¥fOO¥ aS_`SPba OYO¥ [bROV 6¥RO XOdOP& DZSV YO_S¥O Wab$ ^SZOXO_WZOV
POP W¥W RS¥UO¥ `b¥UUbV%`b¥UUbV&
147
Tes Kompetensi Awal
=EBELUM MEMPELAJARI KONSEP 8ALOR# KERJAKANLAH SOAL$SOAL BERIKUT DALAM BUKU LATIHAN%
)& 6Ô fO¥U RW`SPba RS¥UO¥ ^S[bOWO¥5 +& 6ÔYOV Ò[O aWaWY RWRWV OW_ YSaWYO RWRWRWVYO¥ RW
*& GSPbaYO¥ aWUO QO_O ^S_^W¥ROVO¥ YOZ]_5 ^SUb¥b¥UO¥ RWPO¥RW¥UYO¥ RS¥UO¥ aWaWY RWRWV OW_ RW
ROS_OV Ô¥aOW5 ?SZO`YO¥ XOdOPO¥ 6¥RO5
A. Kalor
Tokoh ES_¥OVYOV 6¥RO [SZOYbYO¥ ^S¥UbYb_O¥ `bVb5 BWÒZ¥fO$ ÔRO `bOab aS_%
[][SaS_ Y]Z][ _OYÒ$ 6¥RO [S¥UO[OaW ^S_bPOVO¥ Ô¥XO¥U Y]Z][ `SPOUOW
W¥RWYOa]_ ORO¥fO ^S_bPOVO¥ `bVb& GS`b¥UUbV¥fO$ ^S_bPOVO¥ `bVb Wab aS_XORW
OYWPOa PS¥RO fO¥U `SRO¥U RWbYb_ [SZSÔ`YO¥ YOZ]_ OaOb [S¥S_W[O YOZ]_&
Joseph Black
(1728–1799) 1. Pengertian Kalor
@OZ]_ [S_bÔYO¥ ÒZOV Òab PS¥abY S¥S_UW fO¥U ROÔa PS_^W¥ROV RO_W
PS¥RO fO¥U Òab YS PS¥RO fO¥U ZOW¥& ?WYO RbO PbOV PS¥RO fO¥U `bVb¥fO
PS_PSRO RW`S¥abVYO¥$ `bOab ÒOa OYO¥ aS_XORW YS`SaW[PO¥UO¥ aS_[OZ
!`bVb¥fO Ò[O"& =OZ W¥W aS_XORW YO_S¥O ORO¥fO ^S_^W¥ROVO¥ YOZ]_ RO_W
PS¥RO fO¥U PS_`bVb aW¥UUW YS PS¥RO fO¥U PS_`bVb _S¥ROV&
@OZ]_ PS_PSRO RS¥UO¥ `bVb$ dOZOb^b¥ YSRbO¥fO [S[WZWYW VbPb¥UO¥ S_Oa&
GbVb OROZOV RS_OXOa Ô¥O` OaOb RW¥UW¥ `bOab PS¥RO$ `SRO¥UYO¥ @7ADF OROZOV
;C;F<> M7C< :>E>C:7=@7C :7F> GI7HI 8;C:7 @; 8;C:7 M7C< A7>C& GbVb RO¥ YOZ]_
ROÔa RWPSROYO¥ RS¥UO¥ XSZO` ÔRO ^S_WàWdO ^S_bPOVO¥ dbXbR `bOab gOa&
I¥abY [S¥UbPOV S` [S¥XORW OW_ RW^S_ZbYO¥ YOZ]_& EORO ^S_WàWdO
Joseph Black, adalah seorang
^S_bPOVO¥ dbXbR W¥W$ S` PS_`bVb (h8 PS_bPOV [S¥XORW OW_ PS_`bVb (h8&
?ORW$ aWROY ORO ^S_bPOVO¥ `bVb ÔRO ÒOa S` [S¥QOW_$ aSaO^W RWPbabVYO¥
kimiawan Skotlandia yang
mendukung teori tentang panas,
yaitu bahwa suhu merupakan YOZ]_ b¥abY [S¥UbPOV dbXbR S` aS_`SPba&
konsentrasi kalori dalam suatu
GOabO¥ G> b¥abY YOZ]_ OROZOV X]bZS !RW`W¥UYOa ?"& GOabO¥ YOZ]_ fO¥U
ZOW¥ OROZOV YOZ]_W OaOb YWZ]YOZ]_W& 37HI @7ADF> RWRSTW¥W`WYO¥ `SPOUOW 87CM7@$
benda. Ia kemudian menemukan
ilmu baru yang disebut
kalorimetri. Ketika menyelidiki CM7 @7ADF M7C< :>E;FAI@7C ICHI@ B;C7>@@7C GI=I G7HI <F7B 7>F G;8;G7F )O,%
tentang panas (kalori), ia mengira
bahwa kapasitas panas merupakan
2. Kalor Jenis
BWÒZYO¥$ ÔRO *(( [A OW_ RO¥ *(( [A OZY]V]Z RWPS_WYO¥ YOZ]_ fO¥U
jumlah panas yang dapat
ditampung oleh suatu benda.
Padahal, ini sebenarnya Ò[O& HS_¥fOaO$ YS¥OWYO¥ `bVb ÔRO OZY]V]Z ZSPWV PSÒ_ RO_WÔRO OW_&
9S[WYWO¥ VOZ¥fO XWYO ÔRO *(( [A OW_ RO¥ -(( [A OW_ RWPS_WYO¥ YOZ]_
merupakan ukuran tentang jumlah
energi yang diperlukan untuk
menaikkan suhu suatu benda fO¥U Ò[O PO¥fOY¥fO$ YS¥OWYO¥ `bVb ÔRO *(( [A OW_ ZSPWV PSÒ_ RO_W%
dalam jumlah tertentu. ÔRO -(( [A OW_& ES_WàWdO aS_`SPba [S¥b¥XbYYO¥ VOZ%VOZ `SPOUOW PS_WYba&
O& @OZ]_ fO¥U RWPS_WYO¥ ÔRO gOa `SPO¥RW¥U RS¥UO¥ YS¥OWYO¥ `bVb&
P& @OZ]_ fO¥U RWPbabVYO¥ b¥abY [S¥OWYYO¥ `bVb gOa `SPO¥RW¥U [O`Ò gOa&
Q& @OZ]_ fO¥U RWPbabVYO¥ b¥abY [S¥OWYYO¥ `bVb gOa PS_UO¥ab¥U XS¥W` gOa&
GSQO_O [OaS[OaW`$ RWabZW` `SPOUOW PS_WYba&
2 ) B9 "4 !/i)"
@SaS_O¥UO¥2
2 4 PO¥fOY¥fO YOZ]_ fO¥U RWPS_WYO¥ !YOZ]_W OaOb X]bZS"
B 4 [O`Ò gOa !U OaOb YU"
9 4 YOZ]_ XS¥W` !YOZ'Uh8 OaOb ?'YUh8"
"4 4 ^S_bPOVO¥ `bVb !h8"
<ERSAMAAN !.[(" ROÔa RWabZW` `SPOUOW PS_WYba&
2
9# !/i*"
B"4

?ORW$ YOZ]_ XS¥W` ROÔa RWRSTW¥W`WYO¥ `SPOUOW PO¥fOY¥fO YOZ]_ fO¥U RW^S_%
Tugas Anda 7.1
ZbYO¥ `bOab gOa b¥abY [S¥OWYYO¥ `bVb ) YU gOa aS_`SPba `SPSÒ_ )h8& >ABEL
.%( [S¥b¥XbYYO¥ YOZ]_ XS¥W` PSPS_OÔ gOa ÔRO `bVb *(h8 RO¥ aSYO¥O¥ Anda telah mengenal besaran
aSaO^ ) Oa[]`TS_&
kalor jenis suatu benda. Diskusikan
dengan teman sekelas Anda jika
>ABEL .%( kalor jenis suatu zat besar, apakah
@OZ]_ ?S¥W` 7SPS_OÔ LOa ÔRO GbVb *(h8 RO¥ HSYO¥O¥ ) Oa[ benda akan cepat panas atau
lambat panas?
8ALOR JENIS 8ALOR JENIS
@AT <ADAT @AT 4AIR
!7&KGZ4" !7&KGZ4"
@b¥W¥UO¥ +./ 6ZY]V]Z !SaWZ" *&,((
6Zb[W¥Wb[ 1(( FOYÒ ),(
HS[POUO +1( 6W_
7S`W OaOb POXO ,-( S` !i-h8" *&)((
HW[OV )+( QOW_ !)-h8" ,&)0.
BO_[S_ 0.( bO^ !))(h8" *&()(
ES_OY *+( 7ORO¥ [O¥b`WO +&,/(
@Ofb )&/(( E_]aSW¥ )&/((
GS¥U +00
Mari Mencari Tahu

Ingatlah
@SaWYO 6¥RO PS_XOZO¥ RW OaO` Ô`W_ RW Ô¥aOW RW POdOV aS_WY BOaOVO_W$ 6¥RO ROÔa
[S_OÒYO¥ Ô`W_ YS_W¥U fO¥U aS_W¥XOY aS_OÒ Ô¥O`& @S[bRWO¥$ 6¥RO PS_OZWV
[S¥UW¥XOY OW_ ZOba& 6W_ ZOba _SZOaWT ZSPWV RW¥UW¥$ PbYO¥5 EOROVOZ$ Ô`W_ RO¥ OW_ ZOba Kesetaraan kalori dan joule adalah
Ò[O%Ò[O aS_YS¥O `W¥O_ BOaOVO_W& BWÒZ¥fO$ 6¥RO aW¥XOb ) YU OW_ ZOba RO¥ ) YU 1 kalori = 4,2 joule
Ô`W_ Ô¥aOW RW O¥aO_O¥fO& BS¥b_ba 6¥RO$ [O¥OYOV fO¥U [S[WZWYW YOZ]_ XS¥W` ZSPWV
1 joule = 0,24 kalori
aW¥UUW$ OW_ OaOb Ô`W_5

1 kkal = 1.000 kalori
3. Kapasitas Kalor
/7E7G>H7G @7ADF OROZOV 87CM7@CM7 @7ADF M7C< :>E;FAI@7C ICHI@ B;C7>@@7C
GI=I GI7HI 8;C:7 G;8;G7F &O,& GSQO_O [OaS[OaW`$ ^S_¥fOaOO¥ aS_`SPba
RWabZW` `SPOUOW PS_WYba&
2
,# !/i("
"4
EORO <ERSAMAAN !.[*"# , OROZOV YOÔ`WaO` YOZ]_ !YOZ'h8 OaOb ?'@"&
HS_ROÔa ^S_PSROO¥ ^S¥US_aWO¥ O¥aO_O YOÔ`WaO` YOZ]_ !," RO¥ YOZ]_ XS¥W` !9"$
aSaO^W `SQO_O [OaS[OaW` YSRbO¥fO [S[WZWYW VbPb¥UO¥ `SPOUOW PS_WYba&
9O_W <ERSAMAAN !.[)" RO¥ <ERSAMAAN !.[*" RW^S_]ZSV
,
9#
B
, 4 B9 !/i,"
@SaS_O¥UO¥2
B 4 [O`Ò gOa !YU"3 9 4 YOZ]_ XS¥W` !?'YUh8"
4. Hukum Kekekalan Energi untuk Kalor

6¥RO aSZOV [S[^SZOXO_W POVdO S¥S_UW aWROY ROÔa RWQWâOYO¥ RO¥
aWROY ^S_¥OV [b`¥OV$ aSaO^W S¥S_UW ROÔa PS_bPOV PS¥abY RO_W Òab PS¥abY
S¥S_UW YS PS¥abY S¥S_UW ZOW¥& GSPOUOW Q]¥a]V$ S¥S_UW [SYO¥WY ROÔa
PS_bPOV [S¥XORW S¥S_UW ZWà_WY& @S[bRWO¥$ S¥S_UW ZWà_WY ROÔa PS_bPOV
ZOUW [S¥XORW S¥S_UW QOVOfO$ RO¥ `SaS_b`¥fO& 9S[WYWO¥ XbUO$ S¥S_UW ROZO[
PS¥abY YOZ]_ PS_OÒZ RO_W PS¥abY S¥S_UW ZOW¥&
Kalor 149
termometer =bYb[ @SYSYOZO¥ :¥S_UW b¥abY YOZ]_ ROÔa RWO[OaW RS¥UO¥ [S¥U%
Ub¥OYO¥ @7ADF>B;H;F `S^S_aW aO[ÔY ÔRO 6AMBAR .%(& GSXb[ZOV [O`Ò
gOa QOW_ RWÔ¥O`YO¥& @S[bRWO¥$ gOa QOW_ aS_`SPba RW[O`bYYO¥ YS ROZO[
pengaduk
YOZ]_W[SaS_& GbVb gOa QOW_ aS_`SPba RWbYb_ RS¥UO¥ aS_[][SaS_ RO¥ RWQOaOa&
GSZO¥Xba¥fO$ `SXb[ZOV [O`Ò gOa QOW_ RS¥UO¥ `bVb fO¥U ZSPWV _S¥ROV
kalorimeter RW[O`bYYO¥ YS ROZO[ YOZ]_W[SaS_ RO¥ RWORbY RS¥UO¥ ^S¥UORbY VW¥UUO
YSRbO gOa QOW_ PS_QO[^b_ RO¥ [S_OaO& @S[bRWO¥$ `bVb gOa QOW_ fO¥U aS_%
air QO[^b_ RWbYb_ RO¥ RWQOaOa& GSZO[O ^S¥UORbYO¥ PS_ZO¥U`b¥U$ aS_XORW
^S_^W¥ROVO¥ YOZ]_& LOa QOW_ fO¥U PS_`bVb ZSPWV aW¥UUW [SZSÔ`YO¥ YOZ]_¥fO$
`SRO¥UYO¥ gOa QOW_ fO¥U PS_`bVb ZSPWV _S¥ROV [S¥fS_O^ YOZ]_ RO_W gOa
isolator
QOW_ fO¥U PS_`bVb aW¥UUW `SVW¥UUO ÔRO OYVW_¥fO [S¥QOÔW `bVb YS%
Gambar 7.1 `SaW[PO¥UO¥ fO¥U RW`SPba RS¥UO¥ G;H>B87C< H;FB7A&
Kalorimeter BS¥b_ba 7OSEPH 3LACK !)/*0 i )/11"$ Xb[ZOV YOZ]_ fO¥U RWZSÔ`
!2 ZSÔ` " Ò[O RS¥UO¥ Xb[ZOV YOZ]_ fO¥U RWaS_W[O !2 aS_W[O "& GSQO_O
[OaS[OaW`$ ^S_¥fOaOO¥ aS_`SPba RWabZW` `SPOUOW PS_WYba&
2ZSÔ` 4 2aS_W[O !/i-"
!B9 "4 "ZSÔ` 4 !B9 "4 "aS_W[O

GSZO¥Xba¥fO$ <ERSAMAAN !.[," RWYS¥OZ `SPOUOW 7G7G +A79@&
Contoh 7.1
GS^]a]¥U OZb[W¥Wb[ PS_[O`Ò *(( U RO¥ PS_`bVb *(h8 RW[O`bYYO¥ YS ROZO[ )(( U OW_
fO¥U PS_`bVb 0(h8& 9S¥UO¥ [S¥UOPOWYO¥ ^S_abYO_O¥ YOZ]_ RS¥UO¥ ZW¥UYb¥UO¥$ VWab¥U
`bVb OYVW_ QO[^b_O¥ XWYO YOZ]_ XS¥W` OZb[W¥Wb[ 1(( ?'YU @ RO¥ YOZ]_ XS¥W` OW_ ,&*(( ?'YU @&
7AWAB1
9WYSaOVbW2 BOW_ 4 )(( U3 4OW_ 4 0(h83 B6Z 4 *(( U3
46Z 4 *(h83 9OW_ 4 ,&*(( ?'YU @3 96Z 4 1(( ?'YU @3
2ZSÔ` 4 2aS_W[O
BOW_ 9OW_ "4) # B *) 9 *) "4*
!)(( U" !,&*(( ?'YU@" !0(h8 i 4" 4 !*(( U" !1(( ?'YU@" !4 i*(h8"
/!0( iH"4 +!4 i*(h8"
)( 4 4 .*(h8
4 4 .*h8
?ORW$ `bVb OYVW_ `SaSZOV aS_XORW YS`SaW[PO¥UO¥ aS_[OZ OROZOV .*h8&
Contoh 7.2
GSPO¥fOY +(( U_O[ OW_ RWÔ¥O`YO¥ RO_W +(h8 [S¥XORW -( h8& ?WYO [O`Ò XS¥W` OW_ OROZOV
) YOZ'Uh8 OaOb ,&*(( ?'YU@$ aS¥abYO¥2
O& PO¥fOY¥fO YOZ]_ fO¥U RWaS_W[O OW_ aS_`SPba !ROZO[ YOZ]_W"3
P& PO¥fOY¥fO YOZ]_ fO¥U RWaS_W[O OW_ aS_`SPba !ROZO[ X]bZS"&
7AWAB1
9WYSaOVbW2 B 4 +(( U3 9 4 ) YOZ'Uh8
"4 4 -(h8 i +(h8 4 *(h8
O& 2 4 B9 "4 4 !+(( U"!) YOZ'Uh8"!*(h8" 4 .&((( YOZ]_W
?ORW$ PO¥fOY¥fO YOZ]_ fO¥U RWaS_W[O OW_ aS_`SPba OROZOV .&((( YOZ]_W&
P& 9O_W YS`SaO_OO¥ YOZ]_W RO¥ X]bZS RWYSaOVbW POVdO
) YOZ]_W 4 ,$* X]bZS `SVW¥UUO
2 4 .&((( j ,$* X]bZS 4 *-&*(( X]bZS

5. Perubahan Wujud Zat Tugas Anda 7.2
HSZOV 6¥RO ^SZOXO_W$ POVdO gOa ROÔa PS_PS¥abY aWUO dbXbR$ fOWab
ÔROa$ QOW_$ RO¥ UO`& 6YWPOa ^S¥UO_bV `bVb$ dbXbR gOa ROÔa PS_bPOV
Seperempat kilogram es, dengan
suhu –10°C, dicampur dengan 2 kg
RO_W dbXbR ÔROa [S¥XORW QOW_ RO¥ RO_W QOW_ [S¥XORW UO`$ OaOb `SPOZWY¥fO& air yang suhunya 20°C. Diskusikan
LOa `SZOZb [S¥S_W[O OaOb [SZSÔ`YO¥ YOZ]_ `SZO[O ^S_bPOVO¥ dbXbR
dengan teman sebangku Anda,
PS_ZO¥U`b¥U$ aSaO^W aWROY RW`S_aOW RS¥UO¥ YS¥OWYO¥ OaOb ^S¥b_b¥O¥ `bVb&

bagaimana fase akhir campuran
tersebut dan berapakah suhu akhir
GSPOUOW Q]¥a]V$ YSaWYO S` `SRO¥U [S¥QOW_ aS_XORW ^S_bPOVO¥ dbXbR RO_W campuran tersebut?
ÔROa [S¥XORW QOW_& EORO ^S_WàWdO aS_`SPba RWPbabVYO¥ `SXb[ZOV YOZ]_$

aSaO^W aWROY RW`S_aOW RS¥UO¥ YS¥OWYO¥ `bVb&
ESZOXO_W RWOU_O[ ÔRO 6AMBAR .%)& ES_bPOVO¥ dbXbR RO_W QOW_ YS UO` menyublim menguap
RW`SPba B;C<I7E& E_]`S` `SPOZWY¥fO$ RO_W UO` YS QOW_ RW`SPba B;C<;B8IC%
Gas
E_]`S` ^S_bPOVO¥ dbXbR RO_W ÔROa YS UO` RW`SPba B;CMI8A>B& E_]`S`

menyublim
`SPOZWY¥fO$ RO_W UO` YS ÔROa RW`SPba B;CMI8A>B&

mengembun
Padat Cair
a. Kalor Uap dan Kalor Embun mencair
?WYO 6¥RO [S¥SaS`YO¥ `^W_Wab` ÔRO YbZWa aO¥UO¥$ POUWO¥ YbZWa fO¥U
RWaSaS`W `^W_Wab` OYO¥ aS_OÒ RW¥UW¥& =OZ aS_`SPba RW`SPOPYO¥ YOZ]_ ÔRO
membeku
POUWO¥ YbZWa aO¥UO¥ fO¥U RWaSaS`W `^W_Wab` RW`S_O^ ]ZSV `^W_Wab` b¥abY
Gambar 7.2
Diagram perubahan wujud zat
[S¥UbO^& 7O¥fOY¥fO YOZ]_ fO¥U RW^S_ZbYO¥ b¥abY [S¥UbO^YO¥ `^W_Wab`
`SPO¥RW¥U RS¥UO¥ [O`Ò `^W_Wab` RO¥ PS_UO¥ab¥U ÔRO YOZ]_ ZOaS¥ bO^
!YOZ]_ bO^" `^W_Wab` aS_`SPba&
/7ADF I7E OROZOV @7ADF M7C< :>E;FAI@7C ICHI@ B;C<I87= KI?I: & @< N7H
97>F B;C?7:> I7E E7:7 H>H>@ :>:>=CM7& 6RO^b¥ @7ADF ;B8IC OROZOV Y7ADF M7C<
:>A;E7G ICHI@ B;C<I87= KI?I: & @< I7E B;C?7:> 97>F E7:7 H>H>@ A;8IFCM7&
@OZ]_ bO^ `bOab gOa Ò[O PSÒ_ RS¥UO¥ YOZ]_ S[Pb¥ gOa aS`SPba& BWÒZ¥fO$
YOZ]_ bO^ _OYÒ */*&((( ?'YU$ YOZ]_ S[Pb¥ _OYÒ ^b¥ */*&((( ?'YU&
?WYO YOZ]_ bO^ !YOZ]_ S[Pb¥" `bOab gOa OROZOV 0$ b¥abY [S¥UbO^YO¥
![S¥US[Pb¥YO¥" gOa fO¥U [O`Ò¥fO B OYO¥ [S[S_ZbYO¥ YOZ]_ `SPO¥fOY
2 ) B0I !/i."
RS¥UO¥ 0I OROZOV YOZ]_ bO^ !?'YU"&

>ABEL .%) [S[^S_ZWVOaYO¥ aWaWY RWRWV RO¥ YOZ]_ bO^ PS_POUOW gOa
ÔRO aSYO¥O¥ ) Oa[]`TS_& ESZOXO_W aOPSZ aS_`SPba$ gOa [O¥OYOV fO¥U [S%
[WZWYW YOZ]_ bO^ aS_PSÒ_5
>ABEL .%)
HWaWY 9WRWV RO¥ @OZ]_ IO^ 7S_POUOW LOa EORO HSYO¥O¥ ) Oa[&
>ITIK DIDIH 8ALOR DIDIH
@AT
!Z4" !7&KG"
=SZWb[ i*.0$1+ *(1 j )(+
=WR_]US¥ i*-*$01 ,*- j )(+
CWa_]US¥ i)1-$0) *() j )(+
DY`WUS¥ i)0*$1/ *)+ j )(+
6ZY]V]Z /0 0-+ j )(+
FOYÒ +-/ */* j )(+
6W_ )(($(( *&*-. j )(+
GbZTb_ ,,,$.( +*. j )(+
HW[OV VWaO[ )&/-( 0/) j )(+
6¥aW[]¥ )&,,( -.) j )(+
ES_OY *&)1+ *&++. j )(+
:[O` *&..( )&-/0 j )(+
HS[POUO )&)0/ -&(.1 j )(+
Kalor 151
b. Kalor Lebur dan Kalor Beku
GSP]¥UYOV S` RWÔ¥O`YO¥ ÔRO `bVb (h8 RO¥ aSYO¥O¥ bRO_O ) Oa[]`TS_$
S` [bZOW [S¥QOW_& EORO ÒOa S` [S¥QOW_ RWPbabVYO¥ YOZ]_& GbVb YSaWYO S` [S¥%
QOW_ RW`SPba aWaWY ZSPb_& GSPOZWY¥fO$ XWYO OW_ aS_`SPba 6¥RO RW¥UW¥YO¥$ OW_
Wab OYO¥ [S[PSYb& ES_WàWdO ^S[PSYbO¥ W¥W RW`S_aOW RS¥UO¥ ^SZSÔÒ¥
YOZ]_& GbVb YSaWYO OW_ [S[PSYb RW`SPba aWaWY PSYb& 7O¥fOY¥fO YOZ]_ fO¥U
RWPbabVYO¥ OaOb RWZSÔ`YO¥ ]ZSV `bOab gOa b¥abY [S¥QOW_ ÔRO aWaWY
ZSPb_¥fO OaOb [S[PSYb ÔRO aWaWY ZSPb_¥fO `SPO¥RW¥U RS¥UO¥ [O`Ò gOa
Pembahasan Soal Wab RO¥ PS_UO¥ab¥U ÔRO YOZ]_ ZSPb_ !PSYb" gOa aS_`SPba&
/7ADF A;8IF OROZOV @7ADF M7C< :>E;FAI@7C ICHI@ B;C<I87= KI?I: & @<
N7H E7:7H B;C?7:> 97>F E7:7 H>H>@ A;8IFCM7& 6RO^b¥ @7ADF 8;@I OROZOV Y7ADF
Sebanyak 320 gram campuran es dan
air pada suhu 0°C berada dalam bejana
yang kapasitas kalornya dapat M7C< :>A;E7G@7C ICHI@ B;C<I87= KI?I: & @< N7H 97>F B;C?7:> E7:7H& @OZ]_
ZSPb_ `bOab gOa Ò[O PSÒ_ RS¥UO¥ YOZ]_ PSYb gOa aS_`SPba&
diabaikan. Kemudian, dimasukkan 79g
uap air yang bersuhu 100°C ke dalam
bejana tersebut. Suhu akhir menjadi ?WYO YOZ]_ ZSPb_ !YOZ]_ PSYb" `bOab gOa OROZOV 0# b¥abY [SZSPb_
79°C. Jika kalor lebur es 79,0 kal/g dan
![S[PSYb" gOa fO¥U [O`Ò¥fO B ÔRO aWaWY ZSPb_ !aWaWY PSYb" OYO¥ [S%
[S_ZbYO¥ YOZ]_ `SPO¥fOY2
kalor penguapan air 540 kal/g, maka
banyaknya air mula-mula adalah ...
gram. 2 ) B08 !/i/"
a. 4 d. 65
>ABEL .%* [S¥b¥XbYYO¥ aWaWY ZSPb_ RO¥ YOZ]_ ZSPb_ PS_POUOW gOa ÔRO
b. 10 e. 79
c. 35
SPMB, 2002 aSYO¥O¥ ) Oa[]`TS_& ESZOXO_W aOPSZ aS_`SPba$ gOa [O¥OYOV fO¥U [S[WZWYW
Pembahasan
Diketahui:
aWaWY ZSPb_ aS_S¥ROV5
mes + air = 320 gram, T = 0°C >ABEL .%*
HWaWY ASPb_ RO¥ @OZ]_ ASPb_ 7S_POUOW LOa ÔRO HSYO¥O¥ ) Oa[&
muap = 79 gram, T = 100°C
>ITIK 9EBUR
Kalor lebur es, L = 79,0 kal/gram
Kalor penguapan air , L = 540 kal/gram @AT 8ALOR 9EBUR !7&KG"
Takhir = 79°C !Z4"
=SZWb[ i*.1$.- -$*+ j )(+
Kalor yang di lepas uap air (100°C)
=WR_]US¥ i*-1$+) -0$. j )(+
Qlepas = muap L + muap c " T
CWa_]US¥ i*(1$1/ *-$- j )(+

= (79) (540) + (79) (1) (100 – 79)
DY`WUS¥ *)0$/1 )+$0 j )(+

= 79 (561) kalori
Qterima = mes L + mes c " T + mair c " T
= (320 – mair) 79 + (320 – mair) (1) 6ZY]V]Z i)), )(,$* j )(+
(79 – 0) + mair (1) (79 – 0) FOYÒ i+1 ))$0 j )(+
= (640 – mair) 79 6W_ ($(( ++, j )(+
GbZTb_ ))1 +0$) j )(+
HW[OV VWaO[ +*/$+ *,$- j )(+
Asas black : Qlepas = Qterima
79 (561) = (640 – mair) 79
6¥aW[]¥ .+($-( ).- j )(+
mair = 79 gram ES_OY 1.($0( 00$+ j )(+
Jawaban : E :[O` )&(.+ .,$- j )(+
HS[POUO )&(0+ )+, j )(+
Sumber: Physics for Scientist & Engineer, (2000).
c. Perubahan Wujud Es Menjadi Uap

Suhu (°C) ?WYO `SXb[ZOV [O`Ò S` fO¥U `bVb¥fO RW POdOV (h8 RWÔ¥O`YO¥
!RWPS_WYO¥ YOZ]_" VW¥UUO `bVb¥fO RW OaO` )((h8$ `SXb[ZOV [O`Ò S` aS_`SPba
PS_bPOV dbXbR `SZb_bV¥fO [S¥XORW bO^& ES_bPOVO¥ dbXbR S` [S¥XORW
bO^ ROÔa RWO[OaW ÔRO 6AMBAR .%*&
100 @SaS_O¥UO¥2
6i7 2 GSXb[ZOV YOZ]_ RWPS_WYO¥ YSÔRO S` `SVW¥UUO `bVb S` ¥OWY RO_W iH)h8
D E
0 B C Energi [S¥XORW (h8& GSZb_bV [O`Ò [O`WV PS_PS¥abY gOa ÔROa fOWab S`&
t1 7i8 2 GSXb[ZOV YOZ]_ RWPS_WYO¥ b¥abY [S¥UbPOV dbXbR gOa `SVW¥UUO S`
[S¥XORW OW_ RS¥UO¥ `bVb aSaO^$ fOWab (h8&
A
8i9 2 GSXb[ZOV YOZ]_ RWPS_WYO¥ b¥abY [S¥OWYYO¥ `bVb RO_W (h8 VW¥UUO OW_
Gambar 7.3
Pemanasan es pada tekanan 1
atmosfer. [S¥RWRWV ÔRO `bVb )((h8& GSZb_bV [O`Ò [O`WV PS_PS¥abY dbXbR
gOa QOW_$ fOWab OW_&

9i: 2 GSXb[ZOV YOZ]_ RWPS_WYO¥ b¥abY [S¥UbPOV dbXbR gOa `SVW¥UUO gOa
QOW_ fO¥U [S¥RWRWV PS_bPOV [S¥XORW bO^ ÔRO `bVb aSaO^$ fOWab )((h8&
Contoh 7.3
9W ROZO[ `SPbOV PSXO¥O aS_ROÔa ($- YU OW_ PS_`bVb +(h8& @S ROZO[ PSXO¥O aS_`SPba
RW[O`bYYO¥ `S^]a]¥U S` PS_`bVb i*(h8 `SPO¥fOY ($, YU& 9WYSaOVbW YOZ]_ ZSPb_ S`
+$+. j )(- ?'YU& ?WYO ^S_abYO_O¥ YOZ]_ VO¥fO aS_XORW O¥aO_O OW_ RO¥ S`$ aS¥abYO¥ `bVb
OYVW_ YS`SaW[PO¥UO¥ aS_[OZ&
7AWAB1
9WYSaOVbW2 BOW_ 4 ($- YU3 0 4 +$ +. j )(- ?'YU3 4OW_ 4 +(h8
9OW_ 4 ,&*(( ?'YUh83 4S` 4 i*(h83 9S` 4 *&)(( ?'YUh8
BWÒZYO¥$ 2+ OROZOV YOZ]_ fO¥U RWZSÔ`YO¥ OW_ RO_W +(h8 Ò[ÔW (h8&
2+ 4 BOW_9OW_ "4 4 !($- YU" !,&*(( ?'YU h8" !+(h8"
4 .&+(( X]bZS
2) OROZOV YOZ]_ fO¥U RWPbabVYO¥ b¥abY [S¥UbPOV S` PS_`bVb i*(h8 [S¥XORW S`
PS_`bVb (h8&
2) 4 BS`9S` "4 4 !($ , YU"!*&)(( ?'YUh8"!( i !i*("
4 ).&0(( ?
2* OROZOV YOZ]_ fO¥U RW`S_O^ S` b¥abY [SZSPb_
2* 4 BS`0S` 4 !($, YU"!+$+. j )(- ?'YU"
4 )+,&,(( ?
@OZ]_ fO¥U RW`S_O^ S` 4 2) # 2* 4 ).&0(( ? # )+,&,(( ?
4 )-)&*(( ?
HS_¥fOaO$ YOZ]_ fO¥U RW`S_O^ S` ZSPWV PSÒ_ RO_WÔRO YOZ]_ fO¥U RWZSÔ`YO¥ OW_& 7S_O_aW$
YOZ]_ fO¥U RWPbabVYO¥ S` b¥abY [S¥QOW_ ZSPWV PSÒ_ RO_WÔRO YOZ]_ fO¥U RWZSÔ`YO¥ OW_
Ò[ÔW (h8& ?ORW$ VO¥fO `SPOUWO¥ S` fO¥U [S¥QOW_ RO¥ `bVb YS`SaW[PO¥UO¥ aS_[OZ
OROZOV (h8&
4. Pemuaian Zat
GbOab PS¥RO POWY ÔROa$ QOW_$ [Ob^b¥ UO` aS_RW_W OaO` Ô_aWYSZ%Ô_aWYSZ
Ò¥UOa YSQWZ fO¥U `SZOZb PS_USaO_ RW`SPba []ZSYbZ& ?O_OY O¥aO_[]ZSYbZ
gOa ÔROa Ò¥UOa PS_RSYOaO¥& EORO gOa QOW_$ XO_OY O¥aO_[]ZSYbZ¥fO OUOY
_S¥UUO¥U$ `SRO¥UYO¥ ÔRO UO` XO_OY O¥aO_[]ZSYbZ¥fO Ò¥UOa _S¥UUO¥U&
ES_VOaWYO¥ 6AMBAR .%+&
(a) (b) (c)
Gambar 7.4
Partikel-partikel pada
(a) zat padat
(b) cair
(c) gas.
?WYO `bOab PS¥RO RWÔ¥O`YO¥$ []ZSYbZ%[]ZSYbZ Wab PS_USaO_ `S[OYW¥

QSÔa& <SaO_O¥ O¥aO_[]ZSYbZ aS_`SPba [S¥fSPOPYO¥ []ZSYbZ%[]ZSYbZ
ÒZW¥U R]_]¥U&
a. Pemuaian Zat Padat
ES[bOWO¥ ÔRO gOa ÔROa ROÔa RWO[OaW [SZOZbW ^S_bPOVO¥ Ô¥XO¥U$
ZbO`$ RO¥ c]Zb[S&
(" <EMUAIAN PANJANG
GSbaO` YOdOa Z]UO[ fO¥U Ô¥XO¥U¥fO ( RO¥ PS_`bVb 4( RWÔ¥O`YO¥
Ò[ÔW `bVb 4 [OYO YOdOa Z]UO[ Wab OYO¥ [S[bOW `SVW¥UUO Ô¥XO¥U¥fO
[S¥XORW &
Kalor 153
ES_VOaWYO¥ 6AMBAR .%,&
( " # i ( !/i0"
H ES_aO[POVO¥ Ô¥XO¥U YOdOa ROÔa RWaS¥abYO¥ RS¥UO¥ ^S_Ò[OO¥

`SPOUOW PS_WYba&
" " # $ ( "4 !/i1"
EORO <ERSAMAAN !.[0" aS_`SPba$ $ OROZOV Y]STW`WS¥ [bOW Ô¥XO¥U&

Gambar 7.5
Pemuaian panjang pada kawat logam.
9O_W <ERSAMAAN !.[/" RO¥ <ERSAMAAN !.[0"$ RW^S_]ZSV
i ( #$ ( "4
# ( "$ ( "4
4 ( !) # $ "4 " OaOb 4 ( M) # $ !4 i 4("N !/i)("
6UO_ 6¥RO ZSPWV [S[OVO[W ^S[bOWO¥ Ô¥XO¥U ZOYbYO¥ZOV YSUWOaO¥

PS_WYba&
Informasi
untuk Anda Aktivitas Fisika 7.1
Di toko peralatan elektronik yang Pemuaian Panjang
menjual kabel (penghubung), Tujuan Percobaan
terdapat berbagai jenis merek Menentukan koefisien muai panjang suatu kabel konduktor
dagang. Untuk memperoleh kabel Alat-Alat Percobaan
yang baik dapat dilakukan percobaan
1. Kabel (bahan uji: kawat tembaga dan kawat besi) diameter 1,5 mm
seperti pada Aktivitas 7.1 untuk
membandingkan sifat termal 2. Statif
antara merek yang satu dan yang 3. Beban (massa 5–50 gram)
lainnya. 4. Mistar tegak (100 cm)
5. Amperemeter digital mistar
Kabel penghubung yang baik
sebagai konduktor adalah kabel 6. Termometer digital
yang menghantarkan listrik secara
baik sekalipun pada suhu yang Langkah-Langkah Percobaan
termometer
tinggi. Ini artinya bahwa koefisien 1. Susun alat seperti pada gambar berikut. digital
muai panjangnya relatif kecil 2. Ikatkan kedua ujung kabel (kawat)
nilainya. Dengan demikian, Anda pada batang peyangga bagian atas. kabel
dapat memilih untuk 3. Gantungkan beban bermassa 50 gram
menggunakan kabel berdasarkan pada kawat, tepat di tengah kawat. x beban 0
kualitasnya. 4. Tempatkan mistar sejajar dengan be-
ban untuk mengetahui besar perubah- y 0
amperemeter
Information for You an yang dapat terjadi. 20
40 60
80
5. Hubungkan amperemeter, sumber

0 100
In wire selling market, there is a statif statif +– +–

tegangan dan termometer seperti
various kind of trade mark. To sumber tegangan
obtain wire we can do an activities pada gambar.
as in Physics Activity 7.1 to 6. Catat awal dan T0 kabel dan
compare thermal properties posisi beban x0 dan y0.
between one trademark to others. 7. Catat perubahan yang terjadi pada kawat x, y, dan T setiap perubahan
Good wire as a conductor is a tegangan yang dinaikkan.
wire that conducting electricity 8. Gunakan perhitungan metode grafik untuk menentukan koefisien muai
good enough even in high panjangnya.
temperature. Its mean that the linear 9. Bandingkan koefisien muai panjang antara kedua kawat tersebut, apakah
expansion coefficient relatively sama untuk kedua bahan kawat tersebut? Menurut Anda, mengapa
small. By that, you can choose to koefisiennya berbeda/sama?
use wire according to its quality. 10. Apa kesimpulan yang Anda peroleh dari percobaan tersebut?
7S_ROÒ_YO¥ 2KTIVITAS 5ISIKA .%( RW OaO`$ PS_OÔ Y]STW`WS¥ [bOW

Ô¥XO¥U YOdOa aS[POUO5 7O¥RW¥UYO¥ VO`WZ¥fO RS¥UO¥ >ABEL .%+ PS_WYba
W¥W fO¥U [S[bOa Y]STW`WS¥ [bOW Ô¥XO¥U PSPS_OÔ POVO¥ ÔRO `bVb *(h8&

>ABEL .%+
@]STW`WS¥ BbOW EO¥XO¥U 7S_POUOW LOa ÔRO GbVb *(h8
@AT 8OEFISIEN :UAI <ANJANG !&Z4"

6Zb[W¥Wb[ *$- j )(i-
@b¥W¥UO¥ RO¥ ^S_b¥UUb )$1 j )(i.
7Sa]¥ RO¥ POab ! )$* j )(i-
@OQO !PWOÒ" 1 j )(i.
@OQO !^f_Se" + j )(i.
HW[OV *$1 j )(i-
7S`W )$) j )(i-
@dO_Ò ($, j )(i.
7OXO )$* j )(i-
BO_[S_ )$,j )( i+$. j )(i.
i.
HS[POUO )$/ j )(i-

@SPbabVO¥ ^S¥USaOVbO¥ [S¥US¥OW Y]STW`WS¥ [bOW Ô¥XO¥U `bOab baja roda
POVO¥ OROZOV b¥abY [S[^S_VWab¥UYO¥ ^S¥UUb¥OO¥ POVO¥ aS_`SPba& sungai
BWÒZ¥fO$ ^S[WZWVO¥ POVO¥ RO¥ bYb_O¥ fO¥U RWUb¥OYO¥ b¥abY Y]¥à_bY`W

XS[POaO¥&
EORO ÒZOV Òab bXb¥U Y]¥à_bY`W XS[POaO¥ []RS_¥$ RWPS_WYO¥ _]RO POXO Gambar 7.6
fO¥U ROÔa PS_^baO_ PSPO`& @SaWYO XS[POaO¥ [S[bOW OYWPOa Ô¥O`$ ROÒ_ Pada salah satu ujung jembatan ini,
XS[POaO¥ ROÔa [S¥UUS_OYYO¥ _]RO POXO aS_`SPba& EORO bXb¥U fO¥U ZOW¥
dipasang roda dan diberi celah
XbUO RWPS_WYO¥ QSZOV fO¥U [S[b¥UYW¥YO¥ ROÒ_ XS[POaO¥ ROÔa PS_US_OY&

untuk memberi ruangan ketika
jembatan memuai.
Contoh 7.4
EORO `bVb *(h8$ Ô¥XO¥U YOdOa PS`W OROZOV *( [& 7S_OÔYOV Ô¥XO¥U YOdOa PS`W
aS_`SPba ÔRO `bVb )((h8 XWYO Y]STW`WS¥ [bOW Ô¥XO¥U PS`W )$) j )(i-' h85
7AWAB1
9WYSaOVbW2 4( 4 *(h83 4 4 )((h83 0] 4 *( [&
$ 4 )$) j )(i- h8i)
0 4 0(M) # $ !4 i 4("N
0 4 !*( ["M) # ! )$) j )(i- 'h8"!)((h8 i *(h8"N 4 *($()/. [
?ORW$ Ô¥XO¥U YOdOa PS`W aS_`SPba ÔRO `bVb )((h8 OROZOV *($()/. [&
)" <EMUAIAN 9UAS

GSYS^W¥U Z]UO[ fO¥U Ô¥XO¥U¥fO L RO¥ ZSPO_¥fO M OYO¥ [S¥UOZO[W
[bOW ZbO` XWYO RWÔ¥O`YO¥& ES[bOWO¥ ZbO` `bOab gOa PS_UO¥ab¥U YSÔRO
Y]STW`WS¥ [bOW ZbO` fO¥U RWPS_W ZO[PO¥U % & BbOW ZbO` aS_PS¥abY RO_W
RbO ^S[bOWO¥$ fOWab ^S_aO[POVO¥ Ô¥XO¥U RO¥ ^S_aO[POVO¥ ZSPO_&
6YWPOa¥fO$ PSÒ_ Y]STW`WS¥ [bOW ZbO` ! % " Ò[O RS¥UO¥ RbO YOZW Y]STW`WS¥
[bOW Ô¥XO¥U$ fOWab
% 4 *$ !/i))"
?WYO `SYS^W¥U Z]UO[ fO¥U ZbO`¥fO *( RO¥ `bVb¥fO 4( RWÔ¥O`YO¥
Ò[ÔW `bVb 4# Z]UO[ aS_`SPba OYO¥ [S[bOW `SVW¥UUO ZbO`¥fO [S¥XORW
*& 7SÒ_¥fO ^S_aO[POVO¥ ZbO` YS^W¥U Z]UO[ "* aS_`SPba ROÔa RWabZW`YO¥
ROZO[ ^S_Ò[OO¥ PS_WYba&
BWÒZ¥fO$ ZbO` ^S_`SUW&
* # *(
" # $ ( "4
"* # * ( "
Kalor 155
" " !
2 "* # *$ *
( "4
" 0
"* # % * ( "4 !/i)*"
9S¥UO¥ [S[O`bYYO¥ VO_UO "A 4 * i *] [OYO <ERSAMAAN !.[()"

[S¥XORW
0
0 * i * ( # % * ( "4
" * # *( ) " % "4 ! OaOb * # *( *+) " % 4 i 4( !-, !/i)+"
0
"
Gambar 7.7 Contoh 7.5
Pemuaian luas pada keping logam.
GSYS^W¥U OZb[W¥Wb[ RS¥UO¥ Ô¥XO¥U ,( Q[ RO¥ ZSPO_ +( Q[ RWÔ¥O`YO¥ RO_W ,(h8
Ò[ÔW ),(h8& ?WYO Y]STW`WS¥ [bOW Ô¥XO¥U OZb[W¥Wb[ aS_`SPba ! $ " OROZOV *$- j )(%- h8$
aS¥abYO¥ ZbO` YS^W¥U OZb[W¥Wb[ `SaSZOV RWÔ¥O`YO¥&
7AWAB1
9WYSaOVbW2
*( 4 ,( Q[ j +( Q[ 4 )&*(( Q[*
% ) 2$ 4 *!*$- j )(i-'h8" 4 - j )(i- 'h8
"4 4 ),(h8 i ,(h8 4 )((h8 [OYO
* 4 *(!) # "
* 4 )&*(( Q[* M) # !- j )(i- 'h8 j )((h8"N 4 )&*(. Q[
?ORW$ ZbO` YS^W¥U OZb[W¥Wb[ `SaSZOV RWÔ¥O`YO¥ OROZOV )&*(. Q[*&
*" <EMUAIAN ?OLUME

ES[bOWO¥ c]Zb[S PS¥RO PS_UO¥ab¥U YSÔRO Y]STW`WS¥ [bOW c]Zb[S
fO¥U RWPS_W ZO[PO¥U & & ES[bOWO¥ c]Zb[S aS_PS¥abY RO_W aWUO ^S[bOWO¥$
fOWab ^S_aO[POVO¥ Ô¥XO¥U$ ^S_aO[POVO¥ ZSPO_$ RO¥ ^S_aO[POVO¥ aW¥UUW&
6YWPOa¥fO$ PSÒ_ Y]STW`WS¥ [bOW c]Zb[S ! & " Ò[O RS¥UO¥ aWUO YOZW Y]S%
TW`WS¥ [bOW Ô¥XO¥U$ fOWab
& 4 +$ !/i),"
?WYO `SPbOV PS¥RO PS_PS¥abY POZ]Y fO¥U c]Zb[S¥fO 5] RO¥ `bVb¥fO 4(

RWÔ¥O`YO¥ Ò[ÔW `bVb H$ PS¥RO aS_`SPba OYO¥ [S[bOW `SVW¥UUO c]Zb[S%
¥fO [S¥XORW 5&
7SÒ_¥fO ^S_aO[POVO¥ c]Zb[S PS¥RO PS_PS¥abY _bO¥U ROÔa RWabZW`
0 " 2
! 0
2
" ! 0 " 2
! ROZO[ PS¥abY ^S_Ò[OO¥ PS_WYba&
5# (
+
BWÒZ¥fO$ c]Zb[S YbPb`&

" 3
! " # $ ( "4
"5 # + (* "
2
" !
!/i)-"
0
"5 # +$ +
"4
" 2
!
"5 # & 5( "4
0
9S¥UO¥ [S[O`bYYO¥ VO_UO "V # V # V0 [OYO <ERSAMAAN !.[(," [S¥XORW
0
2
" ! 5 i 5( # & 5( " 4
5 # 5( ) " &"4 ! OaOb 5 # 5( *+) " & 4 i 4( !-,

Gambar 7.8
Pemuaian volume pada benda !/i)."
berbentuk balok.

Contoh 7.6
GSPbOV PS`W PS_c]Zb[S ) [+ RWÔ¥O`YO¥ RO_W (h8 Ò[ÔW )&(((h8& ?WYO [O`Ò XS¥W` PS`W
ÔRO `bVb (h8 OROZOV /&*(( YU'[+ RO¥ Y]STW`WS¥ [bOW Ô¥XO¥U¥fO )$) j )(i- 'h8$
VWab¥UZOV [O`Ò XS¥W` PS`W ÔRO `bVb )&((( h8&
7AWAB1
9WYSaOVbW2
5 ( 4 ) [+ 3 ( 4 /&*(( YU'[+
& 4 3$ 4 + !)$) j )( " 4 +$+ j )( 'h83
i- i-
"4 4 )&(((h8
J]Zb[S PS`W `SaSZOV RWÔ¥O`YO¥ OROZOV
5 4 5(!) # &"4 "
4 ) [+M) # !+$+ j )(i-'h8"!)&(((h8"N
4 )$(++ [+
GSaSZOV RWÔ¥O`YO¥$ c]Zb[S PS¥RO PS_bPOV aSaO^W [O`Ò¥fO aSaO^&
(# #
m 7.200 kg
V 1,033 m 3
4 .&1.1$11 YU'[+
?ORW$ [O`Ò XS¥W` PS`W [S¥XORW .&1.1$11 YU'[+&
b. Pemuaian Zat Cair

EORO b[b[¥fO$ ^S[bOWO¥ gOa QOW_ VO¥fO ROÔa RWO[OaW [SZOZbW ^S_bPOV%
O¥ c]Zb[S¥fO& ?WYO `SPbOV PSXO¥O USZO` fO¥U PS_W`W OW_ VO[^W_ ^S¥bV
Kata Kunci
RWÔ¥O`YO¥$ `SaSZOV YS¥OWYO¥ `bVb$ OW_ OYO¥ ab[ÔV& ES_WàWdO aS_`SPba • kalor
ROÔa RWaS_O¥UYO¥ `SPOUOW PS_WYba& • energi
FbO¥U US_OY Ô_aWYSZ ÔRO gOa QOW_ ZSPWV PSÒ_ RO_WÔRO _bO¥U US_OY
• kalor jenis
• kapasitas kalor
Ô_aWYSZ ÔRO gOa ÔROa& ?WYO YSRbO gOa Wab [S¥UOZO[W ^S[O¥OÒ¥ `SQO_O • hukum kekekalan energi untuk
PS_Ò[OO¥$ Ô_aWYSZ ÔRO gOa QOW_ ZSPWV ZSZbOÒ PS_US_OY RWPO¥RW¥UYO¥ kalor
RS¥UO¥ Ô_aWYSZ gOa ÔROa& DZSV YO_S¥O Wab$ c]Zb[S OW_ ZSPWV QSÔa PS_%
• titik didih
• kalor uap
aO[POV RO_WÔRO c]Zb[S PSXO¥O USZO` `SVW¥UUO OW_ OYO¥ ab[ÔV& ES_WàWdO • kalor embun
aS_`SPba [S¥b¥XbYYO¥ POVdO Y]STW`WS¥ [bOW c]Zb[S gOa QOW_ ZSPWV PSÒ_
• kalor lebur
RO_WÔRO Y]STW`WS¥ [bOW c]Zb[S gOa ÔROa&

• kalor beku
• koefisien muai panjang
• koefisien muai volume
c. Anomali Air • koefisien muai luas
HSZOV 6¥RO YSaOVbW POVdO XWYO gOa ÔROa$ gOa QOW_$ RO¥ UO` RWÔ¥O`YO¥$
gOa%gOa aS_`SPba OYO¥ [S[bOW `SW_W¥U RS¥UO¥ YS¥OWYO¥ `bVb& EORO
^S[O¥OÒ¥ OW_$ ORO VOZ [S¥O_WY fO¥U ROÔa RWO[OaW& BWÒZYO¥$ 6¥RO
[S[O¥O`YO¥ OW_ PS_`bVb (h8 `SPO¥fOY )$(((* Q[+& 9W O¥aO_O `bVb (h8
RO¥ ,h8$ c]Zb[S OW_ OYO¥ [S¥fb`ba$ aSaO^W [O`Ò¥fO aSaO^ `SVW¥UUO [O`Ò
XS¥W`¥fO ¥OWY& ?WYO ^S[O¥OÒ¥ RWaS_b`YO¥ Ò[ÔW RW OaO` ,h8$ c]Zb[S OW_
V olume (cm3)
OYO¥ [S[bOW `S^S_aW gOa%gOa fO¥U ZOW¥& GWTOa ^S[bOWO¥ OW_ fO¥U aWROY 1.0016
aS_Oab_ W¥W RW`SPba 7CDB7A> 7>F$ `S^S_aW RW^S_ZWVOaYO¥ U_OTWY ÔRO 1.0014
6AMBAR .%0&
1.0012
9O_W U_OTWY aS_`SPba$ aO[ÔY POVdO RO_W (h8 Ò[ÔW ,h8 c]Zb[S OW_
1.0010
aS_b` [S¥fb`ba Ò[ÔW Yb_O¥U RO_W )&(((( Q[+& @S[bRWO¥$ RW OaO` `bVb ,h8
1.0008
1.0006
c]Zb[S OW_ [S[bOW& 1.0004
I¥abY [O`Ò fO¥U Ò[O$ ÔRO `bVb (h8 c]Zb[S S` ZSPWV PSÒ_ 1.0002
RO_WÔRO c]Zb[S OW_& 7S_O_aW$ [O`Ò XS¥W` S` ZSPWV YSQWZ RO_WÔRO [O`Ò
1.0000
0 4 8 12 16 18
XS¥W` OW_ YO_S¥O [O`Ò XS¥W` PS_PO¥RW¥U aS_POZWY RS¥UO¥ c]Zb[S Suhu (°C)
B0
2 ( ) 5 3 & >abZOV `SPOP¥fO$ P]¥UYOVO¥ S` ROÔa [S¥UO^b¥U RW OaO` OW_&

. Gambar 7.9
/ 1 Grafik peristiwa anomali air
Kalor 157
d. Pemuaian Gas
balon EORO )/0/$ 7ACQUES 4HARLES [SZOYbYO¥ ^S_Q]POO¥ fO¥U [S¥b¥XbYYO¥
POVdO `S[bO UO` [S[bOW RS¥UO¥ Y]STW`WS¥ [bOW fO¥U Ò[O fOWab `S%
pipa
balon
)
sebelum
PSÒ_ & BS¥b_ba¥fO$ XWYO `S[bO UO` RWÔ¥O`YO¥$ c]Zb[S RO¥
memuai */+ ' 8
aSYO¥O¥¥fO PS_bPOV&
(" <EMUAIAN GAS PADA TEKANAN TETAP
tabung
kaleng
ES_VOaWYO¥ 6AMBAR .%('& GSPbOV aOPb¥U YOZS¥U$ abab^¥fO RWPS_W
^WÔ YSQWZ fO¥U bXb¥U¥fO RWÔÒ¥UW POZ]¥ YS[^S`& ?WYO aOPb¥U aS_`SPba
RWÔ¥O`YO¥$ `bVb UO` fO¥U PS_ORO RW ROZO[ aOPb¥U OYO¥ ¥OWY& EORO YS%
bunsen OROO¥ Wab$ Ô_aWYSZ UO` PS_US_OY ÒZW¥U PS_RSÒYO¥ YS `SUOZO O_OV RO¥
[O`bY YS ROZO[ POZ]¥ [SZOZbW ^WÔ `SVW¥UUO POZ]¥ [S[PSÒ_& ES_WàWdO
aS_`SPba [S¥b¥XbYYO¥ aSZOV aS_XORW ^S[bOWO¥ UO` RW ROZO[ aOPb¥U ÔRO
Gambar 7.10
Gas dipanaskan pada tekanan tetap
aSYO¥O¥ aSaO^ !Ò[O RS¥UO¥ aSYO¥O¥ bRO_O RW ZbO_ aOPb¥U"&
V <_OTWY `bVb aS_VORO^ c]Zb[S ÔRO ^_]`S` ^S[O¥OÒ¥ UO` RS¥UO¥
aSYO¥O¥ aSaO^ aO[ÔY ÔRO 6AMBAR .%((&
9O_W UO[PO_ aS_`SPba$ aO[ÔY POVdO XWYO aSYO¥O¥ UO` aSaO^$ c]Zb[S
UO` PS_PO¥RW¥U Zb_b` RS¥UO¥ `bVb¥fO& GSZO¥Xba¥fO$ ^S_¥fOaOO¥ W¥W RW`S%
Pba =bYb[ 8VO_ZS`&
T(K) GSQO_O [OaS[OaW` VbYb[ W¥W RWabZW`2
5 ) ,4
0 100 200 300 400 500
Gambar 7.11
Volume gas sebagai fungsi dari suhu
5 5 5
pada pemanasan gas dengan tekanan # , OaOb ) # *
tetap. 4 4) 4* !/i)/"
@SaS_O¥UO¥2
5) 4 c]Zb[S OdOZ ![+"
5* 4 c]Zb[S UO` `SaSZOV RWÔ¥O`YO¥ ![+"
4) 4 `bVb OdOZ !@"
4* 4 `bVb UO` `SaSZOV RWÔ¥O`YO¥ !@"
7SÒ_¥fO ^S_aO[POVO¥ c]Zb[S UO` ÒOa RWÔ¥O`YO¥ [S[S¥bVW ^S_%
Ò[OO¥ fO¥U Ò[O RS¥UO¥ PSÒ_¥fO ^S_aO[POVO¥ c]Zb[S gOa ÔROa$ fOWab
5H 4 5(!) # &"4 " !/i),"
DZSV YO_S¥O "4 4 4 RO¥ & # [OYO

1
273
sumbat
)
pipa
5H 4 5( 2 ) " "4 3 !/i)-"
. 0
/ */+ 1
)" <EMANASAN GAS PADA VOLUME TETAP

ES_VOaWYO¥ 6AMBAR .%()& EORO POUWO¥ bXb¥U ^WÔ RWabab^ _OÔa
tabung
RS¥UO¥ `b[POa Ô_OZ]¥& ?WYO aOPb¥U ÔRO 6AMBAR .%() RWÔ¥O`YO¥$

c]Zb[S UO` aSaO^& 6YWPOa¥fO$ aSYO¥O¥ UO` PS_aO[POV PSÒ_& ?ORW$ ÔRO
^S[O¥OÒ¥ W¥W c]Zb[S UO` aSaO^$ `SRO¥UYO¥ aSYO¥O¥¥fO PS_bPOV&
6¥RO ROÔa [S¥USaOVbW VbPb¥UO¥ O¥aO_O YS¥OWYO¥ `bVb RO¥ aS%
YO¥O¥ ÔRO ^S[O¥OÒ¥ UO` ÔRO c]Zb[S aSaO^ RS¥UO¥ [SZOYbYO¥
^S_Q]POO¥ PS_WYba&
Gambar 7.12
Gas dipanaskan pada volume tetap

Bourdon
Hubungan Suhu dan Tekanan
Tujuan Percobaan termometer
raksa
Mengetahui hubungan antara kenaikan suhu dan tekanan.
Alat-Alat Percobaan
Alat ukur Bourdon, termometer raksa, tabung gas, pembakar bunsen, dan kaki
tiga.
1. Rancanglah peralatan tersebut seperti pada Gambar 7.13. Pastikan tidak ada kaki
kebocoran gas dalam tabung. tiga
2. Setelah terjadi kesetimbangan termal antara termometer dan gas dalam
tabung, catat suhu awal gas (terlihat pada termometer) dan tekanan udara bunsen
(terlihat pada alat Bourdon).
3. Panaskan tabung dengan pembakar bunsen. Catat kenaikan suhu udara dan Gambar 7.13
tekanan udara dalam tabung pada suatu tabel. Perangkat percobaan untuk
4. Dari tabel tersebut, buatlah grafik suhu terhadap tekanan gas. mengetahui hubungan antara
5. Buatlah kesimpulan dari kegiatan ini. kenaikan suhu dan tekanan.
ES_Q]POO¥ `S_bÔ RS¥UO¥ YSUWOaO¥ aS_`SPba ^S_¥OV RWZOYbYO¥ Ô_O p(Pa)

OVZW ;W`WYO& 9O_W VO`WZ ^S_Q]POO¥ fO¥U [S_SYO ZOYbYO¥$ RW^S_]ZSV U_OTWY
aSYO¥O¥ UO` aS_VORO^ `bVb ÔRO c]Zb[S aSaO^ PS_PS¥abY UO_W` Zb_b` ZWVOa
YS[POZW 6AMBAR .%(+&
GSQO_O [OaS[OaWYO$ UO_W` W¥W [S[S¥bVW ^S_Ò[OO¥2
E ) ,4
E E& E'
4 , OaOb 4 # 4 !/i*("
T(K)
4 & '
Gambar 7.14
Grafik tekanan terhadap suhu
@SaS_O¥UO¥2
E 4 aSYO¥O¥ UO` !Oa["
4 4 `bVb UO` !@"
, 4 Y]¥àO¥aO
9O_W ^S_Ò[OO¥ E ) ,4 RWYSaOVbW POVdO aSYO¥O¥ UO` PS_PO¥RW¥U
Zb_b` RS¥UO¥ `bVb¥fO ÔRO c]Zb[S aSaO^& GSZO¥Xba¥fO$ ^S_¥fOaOO¥
aS_`SPba RW`SPba =bYb[ <Of%Ab`ÒQ&

8ERJAKANLAH DALAM BUKU LATIHAN%
)& =Wab¥U PO¥fOY YOZ]_ fO¥U RW^S_ZbYO¥ b¥abY [S¥UbPOV2 ESab¥XbY2 Ub¥OYO¥ ^S_Ò[OO¥ S¥S_UW ^]aS¥`WOZ 4
O& ) YU S` RO_W (h8 [S¥XORW OW_ -(h8 S¥S_UW YOZ]_ b¥abY [S¥OWYYO¥ `bVb&
P& -( U S` RO_W (h8 [S¥XORW bO^ )*(h8 -& 7S_OÔ PO¥fOY¥fO YOZ]_ fO¥U RW^S_ZbYO¥ b¥abY
*& GSPbOV USZO` PS_W`W -(( U OW_ ÔRO 0(h8& 7S_OÔ U_O[ S` [S¥UbPOV S` !i-]8" fO¥U [O`Ò¥fO ,(( U_O[ [S¥XORW
fO¥U `bVb¥fO i*(h8 VO_b` RWQO[^b_ YS ROZO[ OW_ OW_ !*(]8"$ XWYO YOZ]_ XS¥W` S` ($- YOZ'U h8$ YOZ]_ XS¥W` OW_
`SVW¥UUO `bVb OYVW_ QO[^b_O¥ S` RO¥ OW_ [S¥XORW +(h85 ) YOZ'U_ h8 RO¥ YOZ]_ ZSPb_ S` 0( YOZ'U5 ES_VOaWYO¥
!RWYSaOVbW2 YOZ]_ XS¥W` OW_ ,&*(( ?'YU @"& 6POWYO¥ UO[PO_ PS_WYba&
^S_abYO_O¥ YOZ]_ RS¥UO¥ USZO`&
20°C
+& EORO PSXO¥O fO¥U PS_W`W *(( U OW_ PS_`bVb *(h8 RW[O`bY%
YO¥ S` POZ]Y fO¥U [O`Ò¥fO *(( U PS_`bVb i,h8& 0°C
=Wab¥UZOV `bVb OYVW_ QO[^b_O¥ RO¥ [O`Ò S` fO¥U [SZSPb_& 0°C
,& @SaW¥UUWO¥ OW_ aS_Xb¥ RWYSaOVbW 0, [& ?WYO `SZb_bV S¥S_UW
[SYO¥WY RWbPOV [S¥XORW S¥S_UW YOZ]_$ YOZ]_ XS¥W` OW_
,&*(( ?'YU @$ RO¥ < ) )( ['`*$ VWab¥UZOV YS¥OWYO¥ `bVb –5°C
OW_ aS_Xb¥ `SaSZOV XOabV&
Kalor 159
B. Perpindahan Kalor
?WYO W¥UW¥ [S[OÒY OW_$ RW^S_ZbYO¥ YOZ]_ fO¥U PS_OÒZ RO_W O^W Y][^]_&
EORO ^S[O¥OÒ¥ `SÔ¥QW OW_$ [bZO%[bZO$ YOZ]_ RO_W O^W Y][^]_ PS_^W¥ROV
YS Ô¥QW aS[Ôa OW_$ YS[bRWO¥ YOZ]_ RO_W Ô¥QW aS_`SPba PS_^W¥ROV YS OW_&
ES_^W¥ROVO¥ YOZ]_ aS_XORW RO_W PS¥RO PS_`bVb aW¥UUW !Ô¥O`" YS PS¥RO
PS_`bVb ZSPWV _S¥ROV !RW¥UW¥"& 7S¥RO fO¥U Ô¥O` [S[PS_WYO¥ YOZ]_ YS%
ÔRO PS¥RO fO¥U RW¥UW¥& GSO¥ROW¥fO YOZ]_ aWROY ROÔa PS_^W¥ROV$ OYO¥
`bZWa b¥abY [S[OÒY OW_ `SPOP YOZ]_ RO_W O^W Y][^]_ aWROY ROÔa PS_^W¥ROV
YS OW_&
6RO aWUO PS¥abY ^S_^W¥ROVO¥ YOZ]_$ fOWab2 @DC:I@G> !VO¥aO_O¥"$
Gambar 7.15
@DCJ;@G> !OZW_O¥"$ RO¥ F7:>7G> !Ô¥QO_O¥"&

Contoh perpindahan kalor secara
konduksi.
1. Perpindahan Kalor Secara Konduksi

BWÒZYO¥ 6¥RO [S[O¥O`YO¥ ÒZOV Òab bXb¥U POaO¥U Z]UO[ `S^S_aW
6AMBAR .%(,& HS¥ab¥fO$ Ô_aWYSZ%Ô_aWYSZ ÔRO bXb¥U Z]UO[ fO¥U RWÔ¥O`W
PS_USaO_ ZSPWV QSÔa& GS[OYW¥ PSÒ_ Xb[ZOV YOZ]_ fO¥U RWPS_WYO¥ YSÔRO
bXb¥U Z]UO[ Wab$ `S[OYW¥ QSÔa USaO_O¥ Ô_aWYSZ¥fO& GSPOUWO¥ S¥S_UW
YW¥SaWY fO¥U RW[WZWYW Ô_aWYSZ fO¥U PS_USaO_ aS_`SPba RWPS_WYO¥ YSÔRO
Ô_aWYSZ%Ô_aWYSZ RW RSYOa¥fO [SZOZbW ab[PbYO¥& 6YWPOa¥fO$ Ô_aWYSZ%
Ô_aWYSZ fO¥U RWab[PbY Wab WYba PS_USaO_$ RS[WYWO¥ `SaS_b`¥fO VW¥UUO
USaO_O¥ Ô_aWYSZ Ò[ÔW YS bXb¥U Z]UO[ fO¥U aWROY RWÔ¥O`W&
ES_O[POaO¥ USaO_O¥ Ô_aWYSZ aS_`SPba RW`S_aOW RS¥UO¥ ^S_O[POaO¥
YOZ]_ RO_W bXb¥U Z]UO[ fO¥U RWÔ¥O`W Ò[ÔW YS bXb¥U Z]UO[ fO¥U aWROY
RWÔ¥O`W& 6YWPOa¥fO$ bXb¥U Z]UO[ fO¥U aWROY RWÔ¥O`W [S¥XORW Ô¥O`&
FO[POaO¥ YOZ]_ W¥W aWROY RW`S_aOW RS¥UO¥ ^S_^W¥ROVO¥ Ô_aWYSZ%Ô_aWYSZ
Z]UO[& 1;FE>C:7=7C @7ADF B;A7AI> N7H E;F7CH7F7 !AD<7B" :;C<7C H>:7@ :>G;FH7>
E;FE>C:7=7C E7FH>@;A$E7FH>@;A N7H H;FG;8IH G;97F7 E;FB7C;C RW`SPba =7CH7F7C
OaOb @DC:I@G>%
6AMBAR .%(- [S[^S_ZWVOaYO¥ `SPOaO¥U Z]UO[ RS¥UO¥ ZbO` ^S¥O[Ô¥U
* RO¥ Ô¥XO¥U POaO¥U RWÔ¥O`YO¥ ÒZOV Òab bXb¥U¥fO& EORO ^S_WàWdO
aS_`SPba$ YOZ]_ OYO¥ [S_O[POa YS bXb¥U `SPSZOV YO¥O¥ fO¥U `bVb¥fO
T1 ZSPWV _S¥ROV& 7S_ROÒ_YO¥ ^S¥SZWaWO¥ fO¥U aSZOV RWZOYbYO¥$ RW^S_]ZSV
POVdO ^S_^W¥ROVO¥ YOZ]_ `SQO_O Y]¥RbY`W PS_UO¥ab¥U ÔRO XS¥W` Z]UO[$
T2 A
ZbO` ^S¥O[Ô¥U ^S¥UVO¥aO_ YOZ]_$ ^S_PSROO¥ `bVb RO_W bXb¥U%bXb¥U

Z]UO[ aS[Ôa YOZ]_ [S_O[POa$ `S_aO Ô¥XO¥U XOZO¥ fO¥U RWZOZbW ]ZSV YOZ]_&
ES_^W¥ROVO¥ YOZ]_ `SaWO^ ÒabO¥ dOYab RW_b[b`YO¥ `SPOUOW PS_WYba&
Gambar 7.16
Hantaran kalor
4* i 4) !/i+("
.)@*
"4 !/i+)"
. ) @*
@SaS_O¥UO¥2
. 4 YOZ]_ fO¥U [S_O[POa ^S_ÒabO¥ dOYab !?'` OaOb dOaa"
@ 4 Y]STW`WS¥ Y]¥RbY`W aS_[OZ gOa !?'[`@ OaOb K'[@"
* 4 ZbO` ^S¥O[Ô¥U POaO¥U ![*"
4 Ô¥XO¥U POaO¥U !["

>ABEL .%, RO¥ >ABEL .%- [S[^S_ZWVOaYO¥ Y]STW`WS¥ Y]¥RbY`W aS_[OZ
gOa PbYO¥ Z]UO[ RO¥ Z]UO[&
>ABEL .%, >ABEL .%-
@]STW`WS¥ @]¥RbY`W HS_[OZ LOa @]STW`WS¥ @]¥RbY`W HS_[OZ A]UO[
7bYO¥ A]UO[ FOaO%FOaO FOaO%FOaO
;AMA 3AHAN !7&MSZ4" ;AMA 3AHAN !7&MSZ4"

:` )$. ES_OY ,(.
7OaO [S_OV ($. HS[POUO +0-
7Sa]¥ ($0 6Zb[W¥Wb[ *(-
@OQO ($0 @b¥W¥UO¥ )(1
@Ofb YS_W¥U ($)* HW[POZ +,$/
<OPb` ($(, 7OXO -($*
Gaf_]T]O[ ($() FOYÒ 0$+
@OW¥ aSPOZ ($(,
IRO_O ($(*,
Sumber: Fisika Universitas, 2002 Sumber: Fisika Universitas, 2002
2. Perpindahan Kalor Secara Konveksi

EORO ÒOa 6¥RO [S[O¥O`YO¥ OW_ RW ROZO[ Ô¥QW$ YOZ]_ OYO¥ Tantangan
PS_^W¥ROV RO_W ROÒ_ Ô¥QW YS ^S_[bYOO¥ OW_ `SQO_O Y]¥cSY`W&
ES_^W¥ROVO¥ YOZ]_ `SQO_O Y]¥cSY`W RW`S_aOW US_OYO¥ [O`Ò OaOb US_OYO¥
untuk Anda
Ô_aWYSZ%Ô_aWYSZ gOa ^S_O¥aO_O¥fO& @]¥cSY`W VO¥fO aS_XORW ÔRO gOa fO¥U Berapa kalor yang diperlukan untuk
ROÔa [S¥UOZW_ !TZbWRO"&
mengubah 500 g es dari –10°C
6RO RbO QO_O ^S_^W¥ROVO¥ YOZ]_ [SZOZbW VO¥aO_O¥ !Y]¥cSY`W"$ fOWab

menjadi uap bersuhu 120°C (kalor
lebur, dan kalor uap dapat dilihat
Y]¥cSY`W `SQO_O OZO[WOV RO¥ Y]¥cSY`W ÔYÒ& pada Tabel 7.2 dan Tabel 7.3).
a. Konveksi Alamiah
BWÒZYO¥$ 6¥RO [S[O¥O`YO¥ `SÔ¥QW OW_ `S^S_aW ÔRO 6AMBAR .%(.&
GSaSZOV OW_ RW POUWO¥ POdOV Ô¥QW [S¥S_W[O YOZ]_$ OW_ aS_`SPba OYO¥
[S[bOW `SVW¥UUO [O`Ò XS¥W`¥fO ZSPWV YSQWZ RO_WÔRO [O`Ò XS¥W` OW_ RW
POUWO¥ OaO`& ES_PSROO¥ [O`Ò XS¥W` aS_`SPba [S¥UOYWPOaYO¥ Ô_aWYSZ%
Ô_aWYSZ OW_ fO¥U PS_[O`Ò XS¥W` ZSPWV YSQWZ OYO¥ PS_US_OY YS OaO`&
HS[Ôa fO¥U RWaW¥UUOZYO¥ Ô_aWYSZ OW_ fO¥U PS_[O`Ò XS¥W` ZSPWV YSQWZ
OYO¥ aS_W`W ]ZSV Ô_aWYSZ OW_ fO¥U PS_[O`Ò XS¥W` ZSPWV PSÒ_& ES_WàWdO
aS_`SPba PS_ZO¥U`b¥U aS_b`%[S¥S_b` `SVW¥UUO Ô_aWYSZ%Ô_aWYSZ OW_ ROZO[
Ô¥QW PS_^baO_ ¥OWY RO¥ ab_b¥& 6ZW_O¥%OZW_O¥ Ô_aWYSZ fO¥U PS_US_OY
aS_`SPba RW`S_aOW RS¥UO¥ ^S_^W¥ROVO¥ YOZ]_& ES_^W¥ROVO¥ YOZ]_ RS¥UO¥
[S¥UOZW_YO¥ Ô_aWYSZ%Ô_aWYSZ OW_ `S^S_aW W¥W RW`SPba @DCJ;@G> 7A7B>7=&
@]¥cSY`W OZO[WOV PO¥fOY RWXb[ÔW RW ÔP_WY%ÔP_WY fO¥U [S¥U%
Ub¥OYO¥ QS_]P]¥U OÒ^& <O` VO`WZ ^S[POYO_O¥ [S[WZWYW [O`Ò XS¥W` ZSPWV
YSQWZ RO_WÔRO [O`Ò XS¥W` bRO_O RW `SYWaO_¥fO& 6YWPOa¥fO$ UO` VO`WZ
^S[POYO_O¥ OYO¥ [S¥UOZW_ YS OaO`& HS[Ôa fO¥U RWaW¥UUOZYO¥ ]ZSV UO`
Gambar 7.17
Peristiwa konveksi alamiah
VO`WZ ^S[POYO_O¥ OYO¥ RWW`W ]ZSV bRO_O `SYWaO_ fO¥U [S[WZWYW [O`Ò XS¥W`
ZSPWV PSÒ_ RO_WÔRO [O`Ò XS¥W` UO` VO`WZ ^S[POYO_O¥&
6¥UW¥ ZOba RO¥ O¥UW¥ RO_Oa aS_XORW PS_ROÒ_YO¥ Y]¥cSY`W OZO[WOV
bRO_O& 6¥UW¥ ZOba RO¥ O¥UW¥ RO_Oa fO¥U RW[O¥TOOaYO¥ ¥SZOfO¥ b¥abY
PS_ZOfO_$ aS_XORW [SZOZbW Y]¥cSY`W OZO[WOV bRO_O$ RW [O¥O Ô¥O` RW^W¥ROV%
YO¥ RO_W `bOab aS[Ôa YS aS[Ôa ZOW¥ RS¥UO¥ ^S_US_OYO¥ Ô_aWYSZ fO¥U
Kalor 161
RW^W¥ROVYO¥& EORO `WO¥U VO_W$ RO_OaO¥ ZSPWV QSÔa Ô¥O` RO_WÔRO ZOba
`SVW¥UUO bRO_O Ô¥O` RW OaO` RO_OaO¥ ¥OWY RO¥ aS[Ôa¥fO RWUO¥aWYO¥
bRO_O RW¥UW¥ RO_W OaO` ZOba$ W¥W fO¥U RW`SPba O¥UW¥ ZOba& EORO [OZO[ VO_W$
aS_XORW `SPOZWY¥fO& 9O_OaO¥ ZSPWV QSÔa RW¥UW¥ RO_WÔRO ZOba `SVW¥UUO
bRO_O RW OaO` ZOba ¥OWY RO¥ aS[Ôa¥fO RWUO¥aWYO¥ ]ZSV bRO_O RO_W OaO`
RO_OaO¥ fO¥U RW`SPba O¥UW¥ RO_Oa&
b. Konveksi Paksa
@]¥cSY`W ÔYÒ PO¥fOY RWUb¥OYO¥ ÔRO `WàS[ ^S¥RW¥UW¥ [S`W¥$
pipa-pipa [WÒZ¥fO ÔRO [S`W¥ []PWZ$ [S`W¥ YOÔZ ZOba$ [S`W¥ RWS`SZ àO`W]¥S_$ RO¥
kecil YWÔ` O¥UW¥&
@]¥cSY`W ÔYÒ `S^S_aW ÔRO 6AMBAR .%(/ RWÔYOW ROZO[ `WàS[
saluran
kipas air dalam
^S¥RW¥UW¥ [S`W¥ []PWZ& 6W_ [S¥UOZW_ RW `SYWaO_ _bO¥U [S`W¥ [SZOZbW ^WÔ%
pompa air mesin
^WÔ RWPO¥ab ]ZSV `SPbOV ^][Ô OW_ !K7H;F EIBE"& @OZ]_ fO¥U RWaS_W[O
[S`W¥ []PWZ RO_W VO`WZ ^_]`S` ^S[POYO_O¥ [S¥QOÔW `bVb )&.((h8& EORO
`bVb W¥W [S[b¥UYW¥YO¥ [S`W¥ []PWZ [S[bOW [SZSPWVW POaO` YSO[O¥O¥
RO¥ [S¥UOYWPOaYO¥ POUWO¥%POUWO¥ [S`W¥ []PWZ [S¥XORW ZS[OV& @S_bÒYO¥
^S_aO[O fO¥U `S_W¥U RWXb[ÔW OROZOV ÔRO Y]^ `WZW¥RS_ [S`W¥ [S¥XORW
[SZS¥UYb¥U& ES¥UO_bV PS_WYba¥fO cW`Y]`WaO` [W¥fOY ^SZb[O` [S¥XORW
_S¥ROV !S¥QS_"&
EO¥O` ÔRO [S`W¥ []PWZ PS_^W¥ROV ]ZSV `W_YbZO`W OW_ [S¥bXb YS _O%
Gambar 7.18
RWOa]_& IRO_O RW¥UW¥ RO_W ZbO_ [S`W¥ RWaO_WY ]ZSV `SPbOV YWÔ` b¥abY
Sistem peredaran pendingin air pada
mobil.
[S¥RW¥UW¥YO¥ OW_ ÔRO _ORWOa]_ `SVW¥UUO OW_ fO¥U RW¥UW¥ W¥W YS[POZW
[S¥UOZW_ RO¥ PS_`S¥abVO¥ RS¥UO¥ PZ]Y%PZ]Y [S`W¥ b¥abY [S¥UbZO¥U
`W_YbZO`W PS_WYba¥fO& ?ORW$ Tb¥U`W _ORWOa]_ OROZOV [S¥XOUO `bVb [S`W¥
OUO_ aWROY [SZO[ÔbW POaO` Ô¥O` fO¥U RWWgW¥YO¥&
?b[ZOV S¥S_UW YOZ]_ ^S_ ÒabO¥ dOYab fO¥U RWaS_W[O ]ZSV TZbWRO
`SYWaO_¥fO `SQO_O Y]¥cSY`W OROZOV `SPO¥RW¥U RS¥UO¥ ZbO` ^S_[bYOO¥
PS¥RO fO¥U PS_`S¥abVO¥ RS¥UO¥ TZbWRO RS¥UO¥ PSRO `bVb "t & GSQO_O
[OaS[OaW`$ RWabZW`2
) =* "4 !/i*+"
Q
t
OaOb
Tantangan
. ) =* "4 !/i*,"
untuk Anda
Misalkan Anda menyeduh @SaS_O¥UO¥2
secangkir kopi dengan air panas, . 4 Xb[ZOV YOZ]_ ^S_ ÒabO¥ dOYab !?'`"
= 4 Y]STW`WS¥ Y]¥cSY`W aS_[OZ !?'`[*h8"
lalu Anda mengaduknya dengan
sendok yang terbuat dari logam.
Mengapa sendok itu terasa lebih * 4 ZbO` ^S¥O[Ô¥U ^S_^W¥ROVO¥ YOZ]_ ![*"
panas dibandingkan jika Anda
mengaduknya menggunakan
"t 4 ^S_PSROO¥ `bVb fO¥U RWÔ¥O`W RS¥UO¥ `bVb TZbWRO !h8"
sendok yang terbuat dari plastik? CWZOW Y]STW`WS¥ Y]¥cSY`W aS_[OZ = PS_UO¥ab¥U ÔRO PS¥abY RO¥ YSRbRbY%
O¥ ^S_[bYOO¥ OW_ XS¥W` TZbWRO fO¥U PS_`S¥abVO¥ RS¥UO¥ ^S_[bYOO¥&
Contoh 7.7
GbVb bRO_O ROZO[ `SPbOV _bO¥UO¥ `SPSÒ_ *(h8$ `SRO¥UYO¥ `bVb ^S_[bYOO¥ XS¥RSZO
ÔRO _bO¥UO¥ aS_`SPba +(h8& 7S_OÔ ZOXb YOZ]_ fO¥U RWaS_W[O ]ZSV XS¥RSZO YOQO `SZbO` )$-
[*$ XWYO Y]STW`WS¥ Y]¥cSY`W bRO_O ÒOa Wab /$- j )(i) YOZ'` [*h85

7AWAB1
"4 4 H*i H)
4 +( h8 i*( h8 4 )( h8
* 4 )$- [*
= 4 /$ - j )(i) YOZ'` [* h8 Informasi
. ) = * "4 4 !/$- j )( YOZ'` [ h8" !)$- [ " !)(h8"
i) * * untuk Anda
4 ))$*- YOZ
?ORW$ ZOXb YOZ]_ fO¥U RWaS_W[O ]ZSV XS¥RSZO YOQO ))$*- YOZ& Alat Penukar Kalor
3. Perpindahan Kalor secara Radiasi

EO¥O` [OaOVO_W [S_bÔYO¥ `b[PS_ S¥S_UW aS_PSÒ_ POUW YSZO¥U`b¥UO¥
VWRb^ [OYVZbY RW Pb[W& EO¥O` RO_W [OaOVO_W Ò[ÔW YS 7b[W aWROY [SZOZbW
VO¥aO_O¥ !Y]¥RbY`W" OaOb^b¥ OZW_O¥ !Y]¥cSY`W" `SPOP Y]¥RbY`W RO¥
Y]¥cSY`W [S[S_ZbYO¥ gOa ^S_O¥aO_O$ `SRO¥UYO¥ O¥aO_O BOaOVO_W RO¥
7b[W aS_ROÔa _bO¥U VO[Ô OaOb RS¥UO¥ YOaO ZOW¥ aWROY ORO gOa ^S_O¥aO_O& Seperti namanya, alat penukar
EO¥O` !YOZ]_" RO_W BOaOVO_W Ò[ÔW YS 7b[W aS_XORW `SQO_O _ORWO`W

kalor adalah seperangkat
instrumen di mana terjadi
!Ô¥QO_O¥"& @OZ]_ RO_W BOaOVO_W Ò[ÔW YS 7b[W ROZO[ PS¥abY USZ][PO¥U pertukaran kalor antara dua aliran
SZSYa_][OU¥SaWY& ?ORW$ F7:>7G> OROZOV E;FE>C:7=7C @7ADF :7A7B 8;CHI@ fluida bergerak tanpa pencampur-
<;ADB87C< ;A;@HFDB7<C;H>@&
an. Alat penukar kalor banyak
digunakan diberbagai industri
ES_[bYOO¥ PS¥RO fO¥U PS_dO_¥O VWaO[ ROÔa [S¥fS_O^ RO¥ [S% dengan berbagai model.
[O¥QO_YO¥ S¥S_UW YOZ]_ _ORWO`W RS¥UO¥ POWY$ `SRO¥UYO¥ ^S_[bYOO¥ PS¥RO
Bentuk paling sederhana dari
PS_dO_¥O ^baWV [S¥fS_O^ RO¥ [S[O¥QO_YO¥ YOZ]_ _ORWO`W RS¥UO¥ Pb_bY&

alat penukar kalor adalah penukar
kalor pipa ganda, yakni tersusun
EO¥SZ `b_fO !GDA7F E7C;A" RWUb¥OYO¥ b¥abY [S¥fS_O^ RO¥ [S[O¥QO_YO¥ oleh dua pipa konsentris dengan
_ORWO`W `W¥O_ BOaOVO_W& DZSV YO_S¥O Wab$ PWRO¥U Z]UO[ PS_]¥UUO¥fO RWPS_W
diameter berbeda. Satu fluida
mengalir di dalam pipa, dan fluida
dO_¥O VWaO[& :¥S_UW YOZ]_ _ORWO`W RW[O¥TOOaYO¥ b¥abY [S[O¥O`YO¥ OW_& lainnya mengalir pada pipa yang
B]PWZ%[]PWZ aO¥UYW ^S¥UO¥UYba [W¥fOY ÔRO POUWO¥ OaO` aO¥UYW RWQOa menembus ruang antara pipa.
RS¥UO¥ dO_¥O ^baWV& =OZ aS_`SPba RW[OY`bRYO¥ Ub¥O [S¥UVW¥RO_W ^S¥fS%

Kalor dipindahkan dari fluida yang
panas ke fluida yang dingin
_OÔ¥ S¥S_UW Ô¥O` `SQO_O Y]¥cSY`W ]ZSV [W¥fOY& melalui dinding pemisahnya.
ES_[bYOO¥ PS¥RO VWaO[ ZSPWV PO¥fOY [S¥fS_O^ RO¥ [S[O¥QO_YO¥
Terkadang pipa yang berada di
S¥S_UW YOZ]_$ `SPOZWY¥fO ^S_[bYOO¥ PS¥RO PS_dO_¥O ^baWV ZSPWV `SRWYWa

dalam dibuat dua putaran di dalam
selongsong untuk menambah
[S¥fS_O^ RO¥ [S[O¥QO_YO¥ YOZ]_ _ORWO`W& pertukaran kalor.
a. Api Unggun Information for You

ES_¥OVYOV 6¥RO [SZOYbYO¥ 97BE>C< RW ROS_OV ^SUb¥b¥UO¥5 GbROV
[S¥XORW VOZ fO¥U PWOÒ RW ROZO[ ^S_YS[OVO¥ [S[PbOa O^W b¥UUb¥& 6^W
As the name implies, heat
exchangers are devices where two
b¥UUb¥ RWPbOa RO_W _O¥aW¥U%_O¥aW¥U ^]V]¥ YS_W¥U fO¥U RWPOYO_& GSaSZOV RW% moving fluid streams exchange
PbOa O^W b¥UUb¥$ aS¥ab 6¥RO [S¥XORW [S_OÒ VO¥UOa dOZOb^b¥ abPbV heat without mixing. Heat
6¥RO aWROY PS_`S¥abVO¥ RS¥UO¥ O^W& EO¥O` O^W [S¥UOZW_ [SZOZbW bRO_O
exchanger are widely used in
various industries, and they come in
ZSPWV PO¥fOY `SQO_O _ORWO`W RO_W O^W b¥UUb¥ [S¥US¥OW abPbV 6¥RO RO_W% numerous designs.
ÔRO `SQO_O Y]¥cSY`W& The simplest form of a heat

exchanger is a double tube heat
b. Rumah Kaca exchanger. It is composed of two
HWROY `S[bO USZ][PO¥U _ORWO`W `W¥O_ BOaOVO_W ROÔa [S_O[POa [O`bY

concentric pipes of different
diameters. One fluids flows in the
YS ROZO[ _b[OV YOQO& =O¥fO QOVOfO aO[ÔY fO¥U ROÔa [S_O[POa RW¥RW¥U inner pipes, and the other in the
YOQO OaOb ^ZOàWY$ `SRO¥UYO¥ `W¥O_ bZa_OcW]ZSa RO¥ `W¥O_ W¥T_O [S_OV RW% annular space between the two
Ô¥abZYO¥ YS[POZW ]ZSV RW¥RW¥U YOQO& :¥S_UW YOZ]_ _ORWO`W RO_W QOVOfO aO[ÔY
pipes. Heat is transferred from the
hot fluid to the cold one through
RW`S_O^ ]ZSV aO¥OV RO¥ aO¥O[O¥ RW ROZO[ _bO¥U _b[OV YOQO& GSPOZWY¥fO$ the wall separating them.
aO¥OV RO¥ aO¥O[O¥ OYO¥ [S[O¥QO_YO¥ YS[POZW USZ][PO¥U _ORWO`W PS_bÔ
Sometimes the inner tube makes a
`W¥O_ W¥T_O[S_OV& EO¥XO¥U USZ][PO¥U fO¥U ZSPWV PSÒ_$ [S¥fSPOPYO¥

couple of turn inside the shell to
increase the heat transfer area.
USZ][PO¥U W¥T_O[S_OV aS_^S_O¥UYO^ ]ZSV RW¥RW¥U YOQO `SVW¥UUO `bVb _bO¥UO¥ Sumber: Thermodynamics, 1998
[S¥XORW ZSPWV VO¥UOa RO¥ aO¥O[O¥ ROÔa VWRb^ RS¥UO¥ `SUO_&
Kalor 163
IO^ OW_ fO¥U RWYSZbO_YO¥ ]ZSV aO¥OV RO¥ aO¥O[O¥ [S¥fSPOPYO¥
^S¥UbOÔ¥ aS_^S_O¥UYO^ ]ZSV RW¥RW¥U YOQO& 6ZW_O¥ bO^ OW_ YS OaO` `SQO_O
Y]¥cSY`W aWROY PS_XOZO¥ `SVW¥UUO bO^ OW_ YS[POZW XOabV YS ROZO[ aO¥OV
RO¥ aO¥O[O¥ ROZO[ PS¥abY gOa QOW_& EORO OYVW_¥fO$ YSZS[POPO¥ bRO_O
ROZO[ _b[OV YOQO ROÔa aS_XOUO `SÔ¥XO¥U _ORWO`W YOZ]_ BOaOVO_W PS_%
ZO¥U`b¥U&
c. Radiasi Benda Hitam
7OSEPH =TEFAN !)0+-i)01+" RO¥ 9UDWIG 3OLTYMANN !)0,,i)1(."
[S¥fOaOYO¥ POVdO PSÒ_¥fO S¥S_UW fO¥U RWÔ¥QO_YO¥ ]ZSV `bOab
^S_[bYOO¥ ^S_ ÒabO¥ dOYab ^S_ ÒabO¥ ZbO` `SPO¥RW¥U RS¥UO¥ Ô¥UYOa
S[Ôa `bVb ^S_[bYOO¥ Wab$ ROÔa RWabZW` RS¥UO¥ ^S_Ò[OO¥2
- ) ;) 4 , !/i*-"
@SaS_O¥UO¥2
- 4 S¥S_UW fO¥U RWÔ¥QO_YO¥ OaOb RW`S_O^ ^S_ ÒabO¥ dOYab ^S_ ÒabO¥
ZbO` !?'`[* OaOb dOaa'[*"
) 4 Y]¥àO¥aO b[b[ GaSTO¥%7]Zag[O¥¥ 4 -$ ./ j )(i0 dOaa'[*@,
4 4 `bVb [baZOY !@"
; 4 S[W`WcWaO` ^S_[bYOO¥ !aWROY PS_ÒabO¥"
I¥abY PS¥RO VWaO[ `S[^b_¥O VO_UO ; 4 )$ PS¥RO%PS¥RO ZOW¥ VO_UO
Y]STW`WS¥ S[W`WcWaO`¥fO ZSPWV YSQWZ RO_WÔRO Òab$ `SRO¥UYO¥ b¥abY PS¥RO
PS_dO_¥O ^baWV `S[^b_¥O ; 4 (& =O_UO ; PS_UO¥ab¥U ÔRO YSOROO¥ ^S_%
[bYOO¥ PS¥RO$ fOWab YSYOÒ_O¥¥fO `S_aO dO_¥O RO_W PS¥RO& :¥S_UW fO¥U
RWÔ¥QO_YO¥ ]ZSV `SPbOV PS¥RO ROZO[ ÒabO¥ X]bZS RWaS¥abYO¥ RS¥UO¥
^S_Ò[OO¥2
6 ) ;) 4 , *H !/i*."
@SaS_O¥UO¥2
6 4 S¥S_UW fO¥U RWÔ¥QO_YO¥ ]ZSV ^S_[bYOO¥ PS¥RO !?"
Tantangan * 4 ZbO` ^S_[bYOOO¥ PS¥RO ![*"
H 4 ZO[O dOYab S[W`W S¥S_UW !`SY]¥"
?WYO RWPO¥RW¥UYO¥ aS_VORO^ ZW¥UYb¥UO¥ fO¥U PS_`bVb 4($ ^S_Ò[OO¥%
untuk Anda
Seorang petinju profesional setelah
¥fO OYO¥ [S¥XORW2
!
selesai bertanding berada di ruangan
6 ) ;) 4 i 4( *H
, ,
!/i*/"
yang bersuhu 15°C. Berapa laju energi
yang dikeluarkan tubuhnya jika suhu
tubuhnya saat itu 34°C, emisivitasnya
ES¥S_OÔ¥ Y]¥`S^ _ORWO`W ROZO[ YSVWRbÔ¥ `SVO_W%VO_W PO¥fOY RW%

0,7, dan luas tubuhnya yang
berhubungan langsung dengan udara
adalah 1,5 m2? Xb[ÔW$ Q]¥a]V¥fO ^S[POYO_O¥ ÔRO OZOa ^S[O¥UUO¥U !DJ;C"$ ^S¥US_W¥UO¥
Y]^W RO¥ aS[POYOb$ RO¥ `WàS[ ^S¥RW¥UW¥ OaOb ^S[O¥OÒ¥ _b[OV$&
Contoh 7.8
GSPbOV PS¥RO [S[WZWYW ^S_[bYOO¥ VWaO[ `S[^b_¥O PS_`bVb )*/h8& AbO` ^S_[bYOO¥
+(( Q[* [S[O¥QO_YO¥ S¥S_UW YS ZW¥UYb¥UO¥ fO¥U PS_`bVb */h8& HS¥abYO¥ S¥S_UW ^S_
ÒabO¥ dOYab fO¥U RWÔ¥QO_YO¥ PS¥RO aS_`SPba&
7AWAB1
; 4 ) !PS¥RO VWaO["
4) 4 !*/+ # )*/" 4 ,(( @
4* 4 !*/+ # */" 4 +(( @
* 4 +(( Q[* 4 + j )(i* [*

) 4 -$./* j )(i0 dOaa'[* @,
Kata Kunci
4 ;) 4 # 4( ! *
6 , ,
H
• konduksi
• konveksi
4 !)"!-$./* j )(i0"M!,((", i !+((",N!+ j )(i*" 4 *1$/0 K • radiasi
?ORW$ PSÒ_ S¥S_UW ^S_ ÒabO¥ dOYab fO¥U RWÔ¥QO_YO¥ ]ZSV PS¥RO aS_`SPba OROZOV • rumah kaca
*1$/0 K&
• radiasi benda hitam
Contoh 7.9
EORO `bVb *&((( @$ `SPbOV PS¥RO [S[O¥QO_YO¥ S¥S_UW `SPSÒ_ ,0( ?'`& 7S_OÔ S¥S_UW
fO¥U RWÔ¥QO_YO¥ PS¥RO aS_`SPba ÔRO `bVb +&((( @5
7AWAB1
9WYSaOVbW2
6) 4 ,0( ?'`3 4* 4 +&((( @
4 ) 4 *&((( @
6) 2 6* 4 ;) 4) 2 ;) 4*
, ,
6) 2 6* 4 4), 2 4*,
,0( 2 6* 4 !*&(((", 2 !+&(((" ,
6* 4 *&,+( ?'`
?ORW$ S¥S_UW fO¥U RWÔ¥QO_YO¥ PS¥RO ÔRO `bVb +&((( @ OROZOV *&,+( ?'`&

8ERJAKANLAH DALAM BUKU LATIHAN%
(& HSV Ô¥O` PS_`bVb 0/h8 RWabO¥UYO¥ YS ROZO[ RbO O& YSQSÔaO¥ OZW_O¥ YOZ]_ ÔRO OZW_O¥ YOZ]_ ÔRO
PbOV aSY] fO¥U Òab aSY] YS_O[WY dO_¥O VWaO[ ^S¥UORbY$
!; 4 ($0" RO¥ Òab¥fO ZOUW aSY] [S¥UWZOa !; 4 ($+"& P& YOZ]_ fO¥U [S¥UOZW_ [SZOZbW ^S¥UORbY `SZO[O
?WYO `bVb _bO¥U */h8$ PS_OÔ YSQSÔaO¥ VWZO¥U¥fO ) XO[&
YOZ]_ RO_W `SaWO^ aSY] YS ZW¥UYb¥UO¥ XWYO ZbO` *& @]^W Ô¥O` PS_`bVb //h8 RWabO¥UYO¥ YS ROZO[
^S_[bYOO¥ aSY] OROZOV * j )(i* [*5 QO¥UYW_ YS_O[WY dO_¥O Q]YSZOa !; 4 ($-"& ?WYO `bVb
)& ES¥UORbY aS_PbOa RO_W OZb[W¥Wb[ RS¥UO¥ ZbO` _bO¥U */h8$ aS¥abYO¥ YSQSÔaO¥ VWZO¥U¥fO YOZ]_ RO_W
^S¥O[Ô¥U - [[* RO¥ Ô¥XO¥U )( Q[& ?WYO `bVb OW_ QO¥UYW_ YS ZW¥UYb¥UO¥& !ZbO` QO¥UYW_ *( Q[*"
ROZO[ PSXO¥O .(h8$ `bVb RW bXb¥U ^S¥UORbY .*h8$
RO¥ Y]¥RbYaWcWaO` aS_[OZ 4 *(( K'[h8$ aS¥abYO¥2
Rangkuman
)& @OZ]_ OROZOV S¥S_UW fO¥U RW^W¥ROVYO¥ RO_W ,& 6Ò` 7ZOQY [S¥fOaOYO¥ POVdO Xb[ZOV YOZ]_
`bOab PS¥RO YS PS¥RO fO¥U ZOW¥& fO¥U RWZSÔ` ÔRO `bOab `WàS[ OYO¥ Ò[O
*& @OZ]_ XS¥W` ROÔa RWRSTW¥W`WYO¥ `SPOUOW RS¥UO¥ Xb[ZOV YOZ]_ fO¥U RWaS_W[O&
PO¥fOY¥fO YOZ]_ fO¥U RW^S_ZbYO¥ `bOab gOa -& ES[bOWO¥ ÔRO gOa ÔROa ROÔa RWO[OaW [S%
b¥abY [S¥OWYYO¥ `bVb ) YU gOa aS_`SPba ZOZbW ^S_bPOVO¥ Ô¥XO¥U$ ZbO`$ RO¥ c]Zb[S&
`SPSÒ_ )h8& .& EORO b[b[¥fO$ ^S[bOWO¥ gOa QOW_ VO¥fO
+& @OÔ`WaO` YOZ]_ OROZOV PO¥fOY¥fO fO¥U ROÔa RWO[OaW [SZOZbW ^S_bPOVO¥ c]Zb[S
RW^S_ZbYO¥ b¥abY [S¥OWYYO¥ `bVb PS¥RO ÒXO&
`SPSÒ_ )h8&
Kalor 165
/& @OZ]_ OROZOV S¥S_UW fO¥U RW^W¥ROVYO¥ RO_W Ô_aWYSZ gOa aS_`SPba ÒQO_O ^S_[O¥S¥ RW`SPba
`bOab PS¥RO YS PS¥RO fO¥U ZOW¥& VO¥aO_O¥ OaOb Y]¥RbY`W&
0& 6RO aWUO PS¥abY ^S_^W¥ROVO¥ YOZ]_$ fOWab )(& ES_^W¥ROVO¥ YOZ]_ `SQO_O Y]¥cSY`W !OZW_O¥"
Y]¥RbY`W$ Y]¥cSY`W$ RO¥ _ORWO`W& RW`S_aOW US_OYO¥ [O`Ò OaOb US_OYO¥ Ô_aWYSZ
1& ES_^W¥ROVO¥ YOZ]_ [SZOZbW gOa ^S_O¥aO_O ^S_O¥aO_O¥fO !TZbWRO"&
RS¥UO¥ aWROY RW`S_aOW ^S_^W¥ROVO¥ Ô_aWYSZ% ))& FORWO`W OROZOV ^S_^W¥ROVO¥ YOZ]_ ROZO[
PS¥abY USZ][PO¥U SZSYa_][OU¥SaWY&
Peta Konsep
BSZSPb_ BS[PSYb BS¥UbO^ BS¥US[Pb¥ BS¥fbPZW[
Q]¥a]V
^S_WàWdO¥fO
ES[bOWO¥ ES_bPOVO¥
7S¥RO KbXbR
`SVW¥UUO aS_XORW @]¥cSY`W !6ZW_O¥"

ROÔa
ES_bPOVO¥ GbVb ROÔa 8ALOR PS_^W¥ROV @]¥RbY`W !=O¥aO_O¥"
[S¥fSPOPYO¥ `SQO_O
XS¥W`¥fO
FORWO`W !EO¥QO_O¥"
ES[bOWO¥ EO¥XO¥U ES[bOWO¥ AbO` ES[bOWO¥ J]Zb[S
Refleksi
Setelah Anda mempelajari bab ini, tentunya Anda Bagaimana dari cara perpindahan tersebut yang belum
telah memahami tentang perubahan wujud zat akibat Anda pahami? Diskusikan dengan teman Anda tentang
perubahan kalor. Dapatkah Anda menerangkan materi yang belum Anda pahami tersebut. Jika masih
mengenai cara perpindahan kalor pada suatu zat? menemui kesulitan, bertanyalah kepada guru Fisika Anda.

2% <ILIHLAH SALAH SATU JAWABAN XANG PALING TEPAT DAN KERJAKANLAH PADA BUKU LATIHAN%
)& 9OZO[ `WàS[ ÒabO¥ W¥aS_¥O`W]¥OZ$ PSÒ_O¥ `bVb /& ESZOa aW^W` RO_W Z]UO[ Ô¥XO¥U¥fO )( Q[ RO¥ ZSPO_¥fO
[S[WZWYW ÒabO¥ &&&& )- Q[ ÔRO `bVb *(h8& ?WYO ^SZOa aS_`SPba RWÔ¥O`YO¥
O& ¥Sda]¥ R& YSZcW¥ Ò[ÔW RS¥UO¥ `bVb )((h8$ aS_¥fOaO ZbO`¥fO )-($)-
P& dOaa S& YOZ]_W Q[*& @]STW`WS¥ [bOW Ô¥XO¥U Z]UO[ aS_`SPba OROZOV &&&&
Q& X]bZS O& )$*- j )(i-'h8 R& )$-( j )(i.'h8
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S& 1$+( j )(i-'h8
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GbVb QO[^b_O¥¥fO OROZOV &&&& XS¥W` S[O` aS_`SPba ÔRO `bVb )((h8 OROZOV &&&&
O& -h8 R& 0+h8 O& )1&+*. YU'[+ R& )1&*-+ YU'[+
P& *(h8 S& 1(h8 P& )1&+)( YU'[ +
S& )1&*+1 YU'[+
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fO¥U Ô¥XO¥U¥fO .( Q[ XWYO RWÔ¥O`YO¥ RO_W (h8 Ò[ÔW O& *( A R& *$- A
)*1h8 OROZOV &&&& P& )( A S& ($* A
O& ($-( [[ R& )$*( [[ Q& +$- A
P& ($.( [[ S& *$,( [[ )(& GbOab UO` WRSOZ `SPO¥fOY , A ÔRO aSYO¥O¥ )$- Oa[
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Y]STW`WS¥ [bOW ZW¥SO_ ! $ " 4 )0 j )(i. ['h8& EORO (h8$ UO` `SYO_O¥U OROZOV &&&&
XO_W%XO_W¥fO ) [& ?WYO P]ZO aS_`SPba RWÔ¥O`YO¥ Ò[ÔW O& ($- Oa[ R& *$( Oa[
0(h8$ ^S_aO[POVO¥ ZbO` ^S_[bYOO¥ P]ZO OROZOV `SPSÒ_ P& )$( Oa[ S& *$- Oa[
!ROZO[ [*" &&&& Q& )$- Oa[
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W¥W$ fO¥U [S¥b¥XbYYO¥ VbPb¥UO¥ fO¥U PS¥O_ RO_W )
*(h8 ÔRO U_O[ OW_ OROZOV &&&&
YSaWUO¥fO OROZOV &&&& *
O& , YOZ R& ) YOZ
O& 9 4 *7 R& *9 4 +8
P& + YOZ S& ($- YOZ
P& *7 4 +9 S& +9 4 *8
Q& * YOZ
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POaO¥U aS_`SPba $ $ ^S_aO[POVO¥ Ô¥XO¥U POaO¥U
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OROZOV &&&&
R& [O`Ò PS¥RO
O& ($ H) S& ZbO` ^S_[bYOO¥ PS¥RO
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0
S& P& `SZb_bV S` [S¥QOW_ RO¥ `bVb¥fO (h8

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Q& aWROY `SZb_bV S` [S¥QOW_ RO¥ `bVb¥fO (h8
R& `bVb `SZb_bV `WàS[ RW POdOV (h8
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Kalor 167
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`bVb .(h8& ?WYO [O`Ò `SaWO^ P]ZO ($- YU RO¥ + YU$ YOZ]_ O& * YOZW `S[bZO R& 0 YOZW `S[bZO
XS¥W` Z]UO[ OROZOV +$, j )(+ ?'YU@ RO¥ YOZ]_ XS¥W` OW_ P& , YOZW `S[bZO S& ). YOZW `S[bZO
OROZOV ,$* j )(+ ?'YU@$ `SZW`WV YOZ]_ fO¥U RWaS_W[O Q& . YOZW `S[bZO
YSRbO P]ZO OROZOV &&&& )1& 7]ZO fO¥U ^S_[bYOO¥¥fO VWaO[ `S[^b_¥O [S[WZWYW
O& +$(.( j )(- ? R& .$*(- j )(- ? `bVb Y]¥àO¥ )&((( @& 7SÒ_¥fO S¥S_UW fO¥U
P& +$/0( j )(- ? S& /$..- j )(- ? RWÔ¥QO_YO¥ aWO^ RSaWY ]ZSV ^S_[bYOO¥ P]ZO aS_`SPba
Q& ,$*0( j )(- ? XWYO Y]¥àO¥aO GaSTO¥%7]Zag[O¥¥ 4 -$./ j )(i0 K'
).& HS_XORW¥fO ^S_^W¥ROVO¥ YOZ]_ ÔRO `bOab gOa YO_S¥O [*@, OROZOV &&&&
USaO_O¥ Oa][%Oa][¥fO RW`SPba &&&& O& -$./ j )(, K'[*
O& _ORWO`W R& Y]¥RbY`W P& -$./ j )(- K'[*
P& Y]¥cSY`W S& _]aO`W Q& ))$+, j )(, K'[*
Q& a_O¥`ZO`W R& ))$+, j )(- K'[*
)/& AS[^S¥U aS[POUO aSPOZ¥fO *( Q[ RO¥ ZbO` ^S¥O[% S& +($+- j )(- K'[*
Ô¥U¥fO , [*& ES_[bYOO¥ fO¥U Òab [S[WZWYW `bVb *(& 9bO PS¥RO VWaO[ fO¥U `SXS¥W` [O`W¥U%[O`W¥U PS_`bVb
*/+ @$ `SRO¥UYO¥ fO¥U ZOW¥ PS_`bVb +/+ @& ?WYO +*/h8 RO¥ */h8& ?WYO YSRbO PS¥RO aS_`SPba
Y]¥RbYaWcWaO` aS_[OZ aS[POUO 4 +1( ?'[`@$ PSÒ_% [S[O¥QO_YO¥ S¥S_UW ROZO[ PS¥abY _ORWO`W$ ^S_PO¥RW¥U%
¥fO YOZ]_ fO¥U [S_O[POa aWO^ `SY]¥ OROZOV &&&& O¥ Xb[ZOV S¥S_UW ^S_ RSaWY fO¥U RWÔ¥QO_YO¥ OROZOV &&&&
O& /$0 j )(, ? R& +$1 j )(- ? O& ) 2 , R& ). 2 )
P& /$0 j )(- ? S& )$+. j )(, ? P& , 2 ) S& 0 2 +
Q& +$1 j )(, ? Q& ) 2 ).
3% 7AWABLAH PERTANXAAN BERIKUT INI DENGAN TEPAT%

)& EORO `bVb *-h8$ `SPbOV YbPb` V][]US¥ Ô¥XO¥U _b`bY% -& 9bO ^bZbV U_O[ `bOab gOa RWPS_W YOZ]_ ,&0(( YOZ `SVW¥UUO
_b`bY¥fO *( Q[& ?WYO Y]STW`WS¥ [bOW Ô¥XO¥U YbPb` Wab `bVb PS¥RO aS_`SPba PS_bPOV RO_W *(h8 [S¥XORW /(h8&
($((()'h8$ PS_OÔYOV c]Zb[S YbPb` ÔRO `bVb )*-h85 7S_OÔYOV YOZ]_ fO¥U RWZSÔ`YO¥ OUO_ `bVb PS¥RO
*& 9bO _SZ POXO [O`W¥U%[O`W¥U Ô¥XO¥U¥fO +( [ ÔRO `bVb ab_b¥ RO_W )((h8 [S¥XORW *(h85
)(h8 OYO¥ RWÒ[Pb¥U b¥abY [S[PS¥abY `bOab ZW¥aOÒ¥ .& GbVb ÔRO YSRbO ^S_[bYOO¥ YS^W¥U PS`W fO¥U
YS_SaO& ?WYO `bVb [OY`W[b[¥fO ,(h8$ PS_OÔYOV ZSPO_ [S[WZWYW ZbO` -( Q[* RO¥ aSPOZ * Q[ OROZOV 0(h8 RO¥
QSZOV [W¥W[b[ fO¥U VO_b` RW`SRWOYO¥ RW O¥aO_O )((h8& ?WYO Y]¥RbYaWcWaO` PS`W 4 ($) YOZ'`Q[h8$
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c]Zb[S¥fO -(( QQ& ?WYO Y]STW`WS¥ [bOW c]Zb[S P]a]Z PS¥RO VWaO[& ?WYO ZbO` ZbPO¥U 4 ) Q[* RO¥ `bVb¥fO
RO¥ QOW_O¥ PS_ab_ba%ab_ba ($((((,'h8 RO¥ ($(((,'h8$ Ò[O RS¥UO¥ `bVb ab¥UYb$ fOWab )&/*/h8$ PS_OÔ YOZ]_
PS_OÔYOV QOW_O¥ fO¥U ab[ÔV XWYO RWÔ¥O`YO¥ Ò[ÔW fO¥U RW_ORWO`WYO¥ ZbPO¥U `SaWO^ `SY]¥5
/(h85 0 7]ZO fO¥U _ORWb`¥fO * Q[ [S[WZWYW S[W`WcWaO` 4 ($0&
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`bVb OYVW_ QO[^b_O¥ -( U S` fO¥U `bVb¥fO i-h8 PS_ORO `SYO_O¥U5
ROZO[ YOZ]_W[SaS_ fO¥U YOÔ`WaO` Ô¥O`¥fO ,( YOZ' h8$
RWabO¥UW )(( U OW_ fO¥U PS_`bVb .(h8&

Bab
8
Sumber: Young Scientist,1994
Nyala lampu pada malam hari, selain berfungsi sebagai penerangan
juga menjadi bagian dari keindahan kota.
Listrik Dinamis
menerapkan konsep kelistrikan dalam berbagai penyelesaian masalah dan berbagai

produk teknologi.
• memformulasikan besaran-besaran listrik rangkaian tertutup sederhana (satu loop); A. Arus Listrik
• mengidentifikasi penerapan listrik AC dan DC dalam kehidupan sehari-hari;
• menggunakan alat ukur listrik.
dan Muatan
B. Hukum Ohm
BOZO[ VO_W aWROY [S¥XORW VO[POaO¥ POUW [OèO_OYOa Y]aO b¥abY dan Hambatan
[SZOYbYO¥ OYaWcWaO`¥eO& =OZ W¥W RW`SPOPYO¥ ^S¥S_O¥UO¥ ZO[^b%ZO[^b
RW VO[^W_ `S[bO `bRba Y]aO `bROV aS_ÔÒ¥U& AO[^b%ZO[^b W¥W [S_bÔYO¥ C. Rangkaian Seri
Q]¥a]V ^S_OZOaO¥ ROZO[ YSVWRbÔ¥ `SVO_W%VO_W eO¥U [S[O¥TOOaYO¥ S¥S_UW dan Paralel
ZWà_WY `SaSZOV RWbPOV [S¥XORW S¥S_UW QOVOeO& AOZb$ POUOW[O¥O S¥S_UW
ZWà_WY W¥W ROÔa [S¥eOZOYO¥ ZO[^b5 6¥RO OYO¥ [S[^SZOXO_W¥eO ÔRO D. Hukum II
POP W¥W& Kirchhoff
6RO RbO XS¥W` O_b` ZWà_WY$ eOWab O_b` ZWà_WY P]ZOY%POZWY !+IQBOK>QFKD E. Sumber Arus
-ROOBKQ 4 68" RO¥ O_b` ZWà_WY `SO_OV !.FOB@Q -ROOBKQ 4 98"& EORO O_b`
ZWà_WY P]ZOY%POZWY$ [bOaO¥ ZWà_WY [S¥UOZW_ ROZO[ RbO O_OV !P]ZOY%POZWY"& Searah dari
6RO^b¥ ÔRO O_b` ZWà_WY `SO_OV$ [bOaO¥ ZWà_WY VO¥eO [S¥UOZW_ ROZO[ Proses Kimiawi
Òab O_OV& 8]¥a]V ^S_OZOaO¥ ZWà_WY eO¥U [S¥UUb¥OYO¥ O_b` `SO_OV$ eOWab
F. Tegangan Listrik
YOZYbZOa]_$ OBJLQB @LKQOLI$ XO[$ RO¥ ZO[^b `S¥aS_& EORO POP W¥W$ OYO¥
RW^SZOXO_W O_b` ZWà_WY `SO_OV& HSRO¥UYO¥ O_b` ZWà_WY P]ZOY%POZWY OYO¥ Searah dan Bolak-
RW^SZOXO_W ZSPWV PO¥eOY RW YSZO` M>>& Balik
169
Tes Kompetensi Awal
>ECELTM MEMPELBJBQI KONREP 9IRSQIK 3INBMIR# KEQJBKBNLBH ROBL$ROBL CEQIKTS DBLBM CTKT LBSIHBN%
)& 6ÔYOV O_OV US_OY O_b` ZWà_WY `SO_OV RS¥UO¥ O_OV US_OY ,& BS¥UOÔ c]Za[SaS_ ROZO[ `bOab _O¥UYOWO¥ VO_b`
SZSYa_]¥5 ?SZO`YO¥ XOdOPO¥ 6¥RO& RWÔÒ¥U `SQO_O Ô_OZSZ5
*& 9O_W ^]aS¥`WOZ [O¥O YS ^]aS¥`WOZ [O¥OYOV O_b` ZWà_WY -& IbZW`YO¥ZOV Q]¥a]V `b[PS_ aSUO¥UO¥ ZWà_WY eO¥U
[S¥UOZW_5 6¥RO YSaOVbW&
+& IbZW`YO¥ZOV TOYa]_%TOYa]_ eO¥U [S[S¥UO_bVW PSÒ_¥eO
`bOab VO[POaO¥ ^S¥UVO¥aO_&
A. Arus Listrik dan Muatan

9W HBE$ 6¥RO aSZOV [S[^SZOXO_W Y]¥`S^ YbOa O_b` RO¥ aSUO¥UO¥
ZWà_WY& EORO POP W¥W$ 6¥RO OYO¥ YS[POZW [S[^SZOXO_W¥eO ZSPWV [S¥ROZO[&
6ÔYOV O_b` ZWà_WY Wab5 7OUOW[O¥O VbPb¥UO¥¥eO RS¥UO¥ aSUO¥UO¥
ZWà_WY5 7OUOW[O¥O 6¥RO [S¥USaOVbW PSÒ_¥eO O_b` ZWà_WY eO¥U [S¥UOZW_
ROZO[ `bOab _O¥UYOWO¥ aS_abab^5 J¥abY [S¥XOdOP ^S_aO¥eOO¥%^S_aO¥eOO¥
aS_`SPba$ ^SZOXO_W `bPPOP W¥W RS¥UO¥ ÒYÒ[O&
1. Pengertian Arus Listrik

+ORP IFPQOFH OROZOV >IFO>K JR>Q>K IFPQOFH PBQF>M PBI>KD S>HQR QBOQBKQR& 9OZO[
`bOab ^S¥UVO¥aO_$ [bOaO¥ eO¥U [S¥UOZW_ OROZOV SZSYa_]¥%SZSYa_]¥ eO¥U
PSPO` PS_US_OY& E_]`S` OZW_O¥ O_b` ZWà_WY [W_W^ RS¥UO¥ OZW_O¥ Ô¥O` RO_W
`bOab PS¥RO PS_`bVb aW¥UUW YS PS¥RO PS_`bVb ZSPWV _S¥ROV& 6ZW_O¥ Ô¥O`
OYO¥ PS_VS¥aW `SaSZOV YSRbO `bVb PS¥RO aS_`SPba Ò[O !`SaW[PO¥U aS_[OZ"&
e e e 9OZO[ OZW_O¥ ZWà_WY XbUO RS[WYWO¥$ XWYO YSRbO aWaWY aSZOV [S[WZWYW
aSUO¥UO¥ Ò[O$ OZW_O¥ [bOaO¥ OYO¥ PS_VS¥aW&
I e I I
6_OV ^S_US_OYO¥ SZSYa_]¥ PS_ZOdO¥O¥ RS¥UO¥ O_OV O_b` ZWà_WY$ ^S_%

e
e I I
VOaWYO¥ 6BMCBQ .%'& 9OZO[ `SPbOV ^S¥UVO¥aO_$ `S`b¥UUbV¥eO ^S[POdO
[bOaO¥ ZWà_WY OROZOV SZSYa_]¥& LOZOb^b¥ RS[WYWO¥$ aSZOV RW`SÔYOaW
Gambar 8.1
Arah arus listrik (I)
dan arah elektron (e) berlawanan arah. POVdO O_OV O_b` ZWà_WY PS_ZOdO¥O¥ RS¥UO¥ O_OV US_OY SZSYa_]¥&
BbOaO¥ ZWà_WY VO¥eO OYO¥ [S¥UOZW_ ROZO[ _O¥UYOWO¥ aS_abab^& EORO
sumber tegangan _O¥UYOWO¥ aS_abab^ `S^S_aW ÔRO 6BMCBQ .%($ OYO¥ aS_XORW PSRO ^]aS¥`WOZ
O¥aO_O YSRbO bXb¥U ^S¥UVO¥aO_& 7SRO ^]aS¥`WOZ W¥WZOV eO¥U [S¥eSPOPYO¥
[bOaO¥ ZWà_WY [S¥UOZW_ !aS_XORW O_b` ZWà_WY"&
2. Kuat Arus Listrik

3R>Q >ORP IFPQOFH !2" RWRSTW¥W`WYO¥ `SPOUOW ?>KU>HKU> JR>Q>K IFPQOFH U>KD
JBKD>IFO A>I>J PR>QR MBKDE>KQ>O PBQF>M P>QR P>QR>K S>HQR& HSQO_O [OaS[OaW`$
Gambar 8.2
Arus listrik akan mengalir dalam
rangkaian tertutup. RWabZW`YO¥ `SPOUOW PS_WYba&
N
2* !0j)"
Q
Contoh 8.1
@SaWYO VbXO¥ ZSPOa$ aS_XORW YWZOa RO¥ aS_RSaSY`W O_b` ZWà_WY `SPSÒ_ + YWZ]O[^S_S [S¥UOZW_
ROZO[ dOYab ($* [WZW`SY]¥& =Wab¥U [bOaO¥ eO¥U RW^W¥ROVYO¥ RO_W OdO¥ PS_[bOaO¥
ZWà_WY YS 7b[W ÔRO ÒOa Wab&
7BVBC0
9WYSaOVbW2
2 4 +&((( 63 Q 4 ($(((* `
N
2 * [OYO N 4 2Q
Q

N 4 !+&((( 6"!($(((* `" sumber tegangan
4 ($. 6`
?ORW$ [bOaO¥ eO¥U RW^W¥ROVYO¥ OROZOV ($. 6` OaOb ($. 8&
3. Mengukur Kuat Arus lampu

J¥abY [S¥UbYb_ YbOa O_b` ZWà_WY ROZO[ `bOab _O¥UYOWO¥ ZWà_WY$
RWUb¥OYO¥ O[^S_S[SaS_ OaOb O[[SaS_& ES¥UbYb_O¥ O_b` ZWà_WY ROZO[ `bOab
^S¥UVO¥aO_ ROÔa RWZOYbYO¥ RS¥UO¥ QO_O [S¥UVbPb¥UYO¥ OZOa bYb_ O_b`
ZWà_WY !O[^S_S[SaS_" `SQO_O `S_W$ `S^S_aW ÔRO 6BMCBQ .%)&
8O_O [S[POQO `YOZO O[^S_S[SaS_ OROZOV `SPOUOW PS_WYba&
`YOZO eO¥U RWab¥XbY

=O`WZ ^S¥UbYb_O¥ 4 k POaO` bYb_ !0j*"
`YOZO [OY`W[b[
Contoh 8.2
9W ZOP]_Oa]_Wb[ `SY]ZOV$ PWOÒ¥eO RWUb¥OYO¥ O[^S_S[SaS_ b¥abY [S¥UbYb_ YbOa O_b`& amperemeter
EORO `bOab ^S¥UbYb_O¥ O_b` ZWà_WY RWROÔa ROaO `S^S_aW RWab¥XbYYO¥ ÔRO UO[PO_ PS_WYba&
IS¥abYO¥ VO`WZ ^S¥UbYb_O¥ O[^S_S[SaS_ aS_`SPba& Gambar 8.3
7BVBC0
Mengukur kuat arus listrik
>¥T]_[O`W eO¥U RW^S_]ZSV RO_W UO[PO_ aS_`SPba$ eOWab `YOZO

eO¥U RWab¥XbY 4 /( 3 `YOZO [OY`W[b[ 4 )((3 POaO` bYb_O¥ 70
4 ($- 6& 0 100
/(
=O`WZ ^S¥UbYb_O¥ 4 k($- 6 4 ($+- 6
)(( 0,5 A
?ORW$ VO`WZ ^S¥UbYb_O¥¥eO ($+- 6&
voltmeter
Contoh 8.3
<_OTWY PS_WYba [S¥b¥XbYYO¥ YbOa O_b` eO¥U [S¥UOZW_ ROZO[ `bOab _O¥UYOWO¥ aS_abab^&
I(A) 7S_ROÒ_YO¥ U_OTWY aS_`SPba$ aS¥abYO¥ PO¥eOY¥eO
[bOaO¥ ZWà_WY eO¥U [S¥UOZW_ ROZO[ _O¥UYOWO¥
`SZO[O . ` ^S_aO[O ROZO[ ÒabO¥ Q]bZb[P !8"&
P lampu Q
4
7BVBC0
arus
h 9O_W Q 4 ( Ò[ÔW $Q 4 * ` RW^S_]ZSV

listrik
2
$Q 4 * j ( 4 * `$ O_b` ÔRO `SZO¥U dOYab W¥W + –
t(s) PS_aO[POV `SQO_O ZW¥SO_& CWZOW _OaO%_OaO¥eO
2 4 6 OROZOV `SPOUOW PS_WYba& baterai
*6#,6
2O>Q>%O>Q>* 4 + 6& voltmeter
* V
?b[ZOV [bOaO¥¥eO2 $N( * 2$Q 4 !+ 6"!* `" 4 . 8
h 9O_W Q 4 * ` Ò[ÔW Q 4 . `$ RW^S_]ZSV $Q 4 . ` j * ` 4 , `& 6_b` ÔRO `SZO¥U dOYab
W¥W aSaO^ 2 4 , 6& ?b[ZOV [bOaO¥¥eO $N ) * 2 $Q 4 !, 6"!, `" 4 ). 8& ×
?ORW$ Xb[ZOV [bOaO¥ eO¥U [S¥UOZW_ [SZOZbW _O¥UYOWO¥ `SZO[O . ` OROZOV
P lampu Q
N 4 $N( # $N ) 4 . 8 # ). 8 4 ** 8&
arus
listrik
+ –
4. Mengukur Beda Potensial baterai
J¥abY [S¥UbYb_ PSÒ_ PSRO ^]aS¥`WOZ OaOb aSUO¥UO¥ RW O¥aO_O bXb¥U%bXb¥U Gambar 8.4
^S¥UVO¥aO_$ RWUb¥OYO¥ c]Za[SaS_ eO¥U RW_O¥UYOWYO¥ `S^S_aW ÔRO 6BMCBQ .%*& Cara mengukur beda potensial.
Listrik Dinamis 171

K]Za[SaS_ RW`b`b¥ Ô_OZSZ !`SXOXO_" RS¥UO¥ `b[PS_ ZWà_WY OaOb ^S_OZOaO¥
Kata Kunci ZWà_WY eO¥U OYO¥ RWbYb_ PSRO ^]aS¥`WOZ¥eO&
• arus listrik
EORO c]Za[SaS_$ aS_ROÔa RbO PbOV YbabP$ eOWab YbabP ^]`WaWT RO¥ YbabP
¥SUOaWT& @babP%YbabP W¥W VO_b` RWVbPb¥UYO¥ `SQO_O PS_`S`bOWO¥ RS¥UO¥
• elektron
• beda potensial
• amperemeter YbabP%YbabP ÔRO _O¥UYOWO¥&
• voltmeter

8EQJBKBNLBH DBLBM CTKT LBSIHBN%
'& ?SZO`YO¥ eO¥U RW`SPba RS¥UO¥2 +& HSPbOV O[^S_S[SaS_ RS¥UO¥ POaO` bYb_ ) [6 RO¥ `YOZO
O& ZWà_WY àOaW`3 -( RWUb¥OYO¥ b¥abY [S¥UbYb_ YbOa O_b` eO¥U [S¥UOZW_
P& ZWà_WY RW¥O[W`& ROZO[ `bOab _O¥UYOWO¥ ZWà_WY& EORO ÒOa ^S¥UbYb_O¥
(& <_OTWY PS_WYba [S¥b¥XbYYO¥ YbOa O_b` eO¥U [S¥UOZW_ XO_b[ O[^S_S[SaS_ [S¥b¥XbYYO¥ O¥UYO ,($ aS¥abYO¥
ROZO[ VO[POaO¥ 8 `SPOUOW Tb¥U`W dOYab& PSÒ_ YbOa O_b` ÔRO ^S¥UbYb_O¥ W¥W&
I(A) ,& IS¥abYO¥ VO`WZ ^S¥UbYb_O¥ PS_WYba&
O& terminal
1 2
0 3
2
negatif 1 2
0 3
0,2 0,4
0 0,6
1
– 0,6 A 3A A
t(s)
3 6 8 terminal 0,6 A
IS¥abYO¥ PO¥eOY¥eO [bOaO¥ ZWà_WY eO¥U [S¥UOZW_
ROZO[ VO[POaO¥ `SZO[O 0 `& P&
1 2
)& 9OZO[ `bOab _O¥UYOWO¥ ZWà_WY [S¥UOZW_ O_b` ZWà_WY

terminal 0 3
negatif
`SPSÒ_ ($(, 6 `SZO[O * [S¥Wa& 7S_OÔ [bOaO¥ eO¥U 0
1 2
3
[S¥UOZW_ ROZO[ _O¥UYOWO¥ aS_`SPba5

0,2 0,4
0 0,6
*& ?WYO `SPbOV SZSYa_]¥ [S[WZWYW [bOaO¥ )$. k )(%)1 8$ PS_OÔ

– 0,6 A 3A
A
PO¥eOY SZSYa_]¥ eO¥U [S¥UOZW_ ROZO[ `SPbOV YOdOa

^S¥UVO¥aO_ eO¥U RWOZW_W O_b` ZWà_WY ($- 6 `SZO[O - `5
terminal 3 A
B. Hukum Ohm dan Hambatan

EORO `bPPOP 6$ 6¥RO aSZOV [S[^SZOXO_W Y]¥`S^ O_b` RO¥ aSUO¥UO¥
`S_aO QO_O ^S¥UbYb_O¥¥eO& EORO `bPPOP W¥W$ 6¥RO OYO¥ [S[^SZOXO_W
VbYb[ DV[ RO¥ VO[POaO¥& 7OUOW[O¥O VbPb¥UO¥ O¥aO_O aSUO¥UO¥$ O_b`
ZWà_WY$ RO¥ VO[POaO¥5 =bYb[ DV[ OYO¥ [S[POVO` VbPb¥UO¥ aS_`SPba&
HSPSZb[ [S[^SZOXO_W POP W¥W ZSPWV XObV$ ZOYbYO¥ YSUWOaO¥ PS_WYba&
Hubungan Tegangan dan Arus Listrik
Tujuan
Mengetahui hubungan antara tegangan
dan arus listrik.
Alat-Alat Percobaan hambatan
tegangan
1. Dua buah baterai geser
sumber A
2. Hambatan tetap hambatan
3. hambatan geser (hambatan yang tetap
dapat diubah-ubah)
4. Amperemeter DC
5. Voltmeter DC
V
1. Susunlah semua peralatan seperti pada gambar.

2. Ubahlah hambatan geser dengan cara menggeser-geser kontak luncur,
bacalah kuat arus I pada amperemeter dan tegangan hambatan tetap pada
voltmeter. Tulislah hasil yang Anda peroleh dalam bentuk tabel.
3. Dari tabel yang Anda tulis, buatlah grafik tegangan V terhadap kuat arus I.
4. Dari grafik tersebut, buatlah kesimpulannya.
1. Hukum Ohm
7S_ROÒ_YO¥ SY`^S_W[S¥ eO¥U RWZOYbYO¥ 6EOQG >IMON ;HM !)/0/j ;!c]Za"
)0-," RWROÔa YS`W[^bZO¥ POVdO HR>Q >ORP IFPQOFH U>KD JBKD>IFO JBI>IRF
-$(
MBKDE>KQ>O PB?>KAFKD ABKD>K QBD>KD>K >Q>R ?BA> MLQBKPF>I PR>QR MBKDE>KQ>O
,$(
IFPQOFH QBOPB?RQ$ MBO?>KAFKD>KKU> PBI>IR HLKPQ>K U>KD AFPB?RQ PB?>D>F E>J?>Q>K&
+$(
ES_¥eOaOO¥ W¥W RWYS¥OZ RS¥UO¥ =bYb[ DV[!
@O_OYaS_WàWY VO[POaO¥ eO¥U aS_PbOa RO_W Z]UO[ RO¥ [S[S¥bVW =bYb[ *$(
DV[ !8 4 Y]¥àO¥" RW`SPba ]V[WY OaOb ZW¥SO_& BWÒZYO¥$ RO_W `bOab VO`WZ )$(
(
^S_Q]POO¥ RW^S_]ZSV ¥WZOW aSUO¥UO¥ ; RO¥ YbOa O_b` 2& 9OaO aS_`SPba ROÔa ($* ($, ($. ($0 ($)(
2!6"
6¥RO ZWVOa ÔRO ?BCEL .%'& IOPSZ aS_`SPba ROÔa [S¥UVO`WZYO¥ `bOab U_OTWY Gambar 8.5
ZW¥SO_ `S^S_aW aO[ÔY ÔRO 6BMCBQ .%+& Grafik linear V terhadap I
?BCEL .%'
CWZOW ISUO¥UO¥ ; RO¥ @bOa 6_b` 2 ÔRO
=O[POaO¥ A]UO[ DV[WY
?EGBNGBN 8TBS 1QTR
# !UOLS" " !BMPEQE"
)$( ($* -
*$( ($, -
+$( ($. -
,$( ($0 -
-$( )$( -
HSQO_O [OaS[OaW`$ ^S_¥eOaOO¥ =bYb[ DV[ ROÔa RWabZW`YO¥
;
8* !0j+"
2
@SaS_O¥UO¥2
; 4 PSRO ^]aS¥`WOZ !K"
8 4 VO[POaO¥ ! " "
2 4 YbOa O_b` !6"
@S[W_W¥UO¥ !aO¥ ( " ÔRO U_OTWY aS_`SPba [S_bÔYO¥ PSÒ_¥eO VO[POaO¥ Tantangan
8 eO¥U [S[WZWYW ¥WZOW Ò[O RO_W `bOab ^S_Q]POO¥& 6YO¥ aSaO^W$ RO_W `SaWO^
^S_Q]POO¥$ aWROY `SZOZb [S¥UVO`WZYO¥ U_OTWY YS[W_W¥UO¥ eO¥U Ò[O& =bPb¥UO¥
untuk Anda
O¥aO_O VO[POaO¥ 8 RO¥ YS[W_W¥UO¥ U_OTWY aO¥ ( RW¥eOaOYO¥ RS¥UO¥ Suatu alat pemanas listrik (heater)
^S_Ò[OO¥2
memakai arus listrik 11 A jika
dihubungkan dengan sumber
!0j,"
potensial 220 V. Hitunglah
8 4 aO¥( hambatan pemanas tersebut.
@SaS_O¥UO¥2
8 4 PSÒ_ VO[POaO¥ ! " "3
aO¥ ( * YS[W_W¥UO¥ U_OTWY3
[OYO ) ]V[ PSÒ_¥eO Ò[O RS¥UO¥ ) c]Za ^S_ O[^S_S !K'6"&
Listrik Dinamis 173

Pembahasan Soal Contoh 8.4
HSPbOV ^S[O¥O` ZWà_WY RWPS_W aSUO¥UO¥ )* K `SVW¥UUO [S¥UOZW_ O_b` ZWà_WY `SPSÒ_
5 ($* 6& =Wab¥U VO[POaO¥ ^S[O¥O` aS_`SPba&
4 7BVBC0
3 9WYSaOVbW2
; 4 )* K
2 4 ($* 6
2
;
1
8 4
2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
)* K
Grafik di atas menunjukkan kuat arus
yang mengalir dalam suatu 8 4 4 .( "
hambatan R, sebagai fungsi waktu. ($* 6
Banyaknya muatan listrik yang
?ORW$ VO[POaO¥ XS¥W` ^S[O¥O` ZWà_WY aS_`SPba OROZOV . " &
mengalir dalam hambatan tersebut
selama 6 sekon pertama adalah ....
a. 8
b. 10
c. 14
d. 18 Contoh 8.5
ES_VOaWYO¥ UO[PO_ PS_WYba&
e. 20
Ebtanas, 1990
V(volt)
Pembahasan B
Diketahui:
Pada t = 0 sampai t = 3s A
q = I $t 60°
q = 4 × (3) 30°
= 12 Coloumb I(A)
A = 4,5040 cm3 IS¥abYO¥ZOV ¥WZOW ^S_PO¥RW¥UO¥ VO[POaO¥ + RO¥ VO[POaO¥ ,&
7BVBC0
Pada t = 0 sampai t = 3s
q = I $t
q = (3) . (1) 9S¥UO¥ [S[S_VOaWYO¥ U_OTWY ; j 2$ RW^S_]ZSV ¥WZOW ^S_PO¥RW¥UO¥ 8+ 2 8,$ eOWab
8+ 2 8, 4 aO¥( + 2 aO¥( ,
= 2 Coloumb
qtotal = 12 Coloumb + 6 Coloumb +
2 Coloumb = 20 Coloumb aO¥ +(g 2 aO¥ .(g4 ) 2 +&
Jawab: E ?ORW$ 8+ 2 8, 4 ) 2 +
2. Hambatan (Resistansi)
HSaWO^ POVO¥ ![OaS_WOZ" POWY Wab Z]UO[ OaOb^b¥ PbYO¥ Z]UO[ [S[WZWYW
VO[POaO¥ aS_aS¥ab& =OZ W¥W PWÒ 6¥RO O[OaW POVdO `bOab POVO¥ aWROY
`SZOZb ROÔa [S¥UVO¥aO_YO¥ O_b` ZWà_WY `SQO_O POWY OÔPWZO RWOZW_W O_b`
ZWà_WY& 6UO_ ROÔa [S[OVO[W¥eO$ ZOYbYO¥ 1KSIUISBR 5IRIKB .%( PS_WYba&

Hubungkan Panjang Kawat dan Nilai Hambatan Logam
Tujuan Percobaan
Menyelidiki pengaruh panjang kawat dari jenis kawat terhadap nilai hambatan
logam.
Alat-Alat Percobaan
1. Amperemeter digital (0 mA – 1,2 mA)
2. Sumber tegangan (DC 1,5 volt)
3. Kawat nikrom (d = 0,5 mm) dan kawat tembaga berlapis email (d = 0,5 mm;
1,0 mm; dan 1,5 mm)
4. Kabel
5. Penjepit
6. Penggaris
7. Mikrometer sekrup
8. Spidol

1. Dengan menggunakan penggaris, ukurlah panjang kawat dari salah satu
ujungnya sepanjang 10 cm. Kemudian, beri tanda dengan spidol. Lakukan
hal yang sama untuk setiap 25 cm berikutnya hingga 100 cm.
2. Susun semua peralatan seperti gambar berikut.
kawat
Penjepit 1 Penjepit 2
Amperemeter
digital
13.21 Sumber potensial
3. Hubungkan kabel negatif sumber tegangan dengan salah satu ujung kawat
(anggap ujung ini sebagai titik nol kawat). Kemudian, hubungkan kabel
positif amperemeter ujung kawat lain yang berjarak 25 cm
4. Catatlah kuat arus yang terbaca pada amperemeter, kemudian tuliskan
hasilnya pada tabel berikut.
No. Panjang Tegangan Kuat Arus (A) Hambatan ( )

Kawat (cm) Sumber (V)
1. 25 . . . . . . . . .
2. 50 . . . . . . . . .
3. 75 . . . . . . . . .
4. 100 . . . . . . . . .
5. 125 . . . . . . . . .
5. Perhatikan data yang telah Anda tuliskan dalam tabel. Kesimpulan apakah
yang Anda peroleh? Bagaimanakah hubungan antara panjang ( ) dengan
hambatan (R)?
6. Ulangi langkah 2, 3, dan 4 untuk kawat tembaga dengan diameter 0,5 mm
dan panjang 50 cm.
7. Hitunglah nilai hambatannya. Bandingkan dengan nilai hambatan untuk
kawat nikrom dengan panjang 50 cm.
8. Mengapa nilai hambatannya sama atau mengapa nilai hambatannya
berbeda?
9. Ulangi langkah 2, dan 3 untuk kawat tembaga lain dengan nilai diameter 1,0
mm dan 1,5 mm, serta panjangnya 50 cm.
10. Catatlah hasilnya pada tabel berikut.
No. Diameter Luas Penampang Tegangan Kuat Arus Hambatan

(mm) (mm2) (V) (A) ( )
1 0,5 ... ... ... ...

2 1,0 ... ... ... ...
3 1,5 ... ... ... ...
11. Bagaimanakah hubungan antara luas penampang kawat tembaga dengan

hambatan (R)?
Listrik Dinamis 175

7S_ROÒ_YO¥ 1KSIUISBR 5IRIKB .%($ 6¥RO ROÔa [S[^S_]ZSV YS`W[^bZ%
O¥ POVdO `S[OYW¥ Ô¥XO¥U YOdOa$ VO[POaO¥¥eO `S[OYW¥ PSÒ_& @S`W[^bZ%
O¥ W¥W ROÔa RWabZW`YO¥ ROZO[ PS¥abY PS_WYba&
8 #
HSZOW¥ Wab$ `S[OYW¥ PSÒ_ ZbO` ^S¥O[Ô¥U YOdOa$ `S[OYW¥ YSQWZ
VO[POaO¥ YOdOa aS_`SPba$ ROÔa RWabZW`YO¥ ROZO[ PS¥abY PS_WYba&
)
8#
+
?WYO YSRbO YS`W[^bZO¥ aS_`SPba RWUOPb¥UYO¥$ OYO¥ RW^S_]ZSV
^S_Ò[OO¥ PS_WYba&
8#
+
HSZOW¥ PS_UO¥ab¥U ÔRO RO¥ +$ 8 XbUO PS_UO¥ab¥U ÔRO XS¥W` VO[%
POaO¥& ?S¥W` ^S¥UVO¥aO_ aS_`SPba RWdOYWZW ]ZSV `bOab PSÒ_O¥ VO[POaO¥
XS¥W` ! ) "$ VO[POaO¥ XS¥W` ROÔa RWabZW`YO¥ `SPOUOW PS_WYba&
8#) !0j-"
+
?BCEL .%(
CWZOW =O[POaO¥ ?S¥W` ÔRO *(g8
2BHBN ! MESEQ"
6Zb[W¥Wb[ *$.- k )(j0
7S`W 1$/) k )(j0
:[O` *$,, k )(j0
ES_OY )$-1 k )(j0
EZOaW¥O )($. k )(j0
IS[POUO )$.0 k )(j0
Ib¥UàS¥ -$. k )(j0
CWY_][ )(( k )(j0
@O_P]¥ !+ j .(" k )(j-
<S_[O¥Wb[ !($() j -" k )(j)
HWZWY]¥ ($) j .(
@OQO )(1 j )()*
CWZOW VO[POaO¥ XS¥W` PSPS_OÔ POVO¥ RWPS_WYO¥ ÔRO ?BCEL .%(&

=O[POaO¥ XS¥W` `bOab ^S¥UVO¥aO_ PS_UO¥ab¥U ÔRO `bVb ^S¥UVO¥aO_
aS_`SPba& HSQO_O [OaS[OaW`$ VbPb¥UO¥ O¥aO_O VO[POaO¥ XS¥W` RO¥ `bVb
RW^S_]ZSV RO_W2 $) # ) % ) t 0
$) # ) 0($:
)a # )( )#($: ! !0j."
@SaS_O¥UO¥2
)a 4 VO[POaO¥ XS¥W` OYVW_ ! " ["3 ) 0 4 VO[POaO¥ XS¥W` [bZO%[bZO ! " ["
( 4 Y]STW`WS¥ `bVb VO[POaO¥3 $: 4 ^S_aO[POVO¥ `bVb !g8"
DZSV YO_S¥O VO[POaO¥ !8" `SPO¥RW¥U RS¥UO¥ VO[POaO¥ XS¥W` ! )"$
^S¥UO_bV `bVb aS_VORO^ VO[POaO¥ XbUO ROÔa RWabZW`2
$8 # 8t % 80
$ 8 # 8 (( $ :
8Q # $8# 8'

8Q * 8'($: # 8'
Kata Kunci
8a # 8( )#($: ! !0j/" • beda potensial
@SaS_O¥UO¥2 • hambatan (resistor)
8Q 4 VO[POaO¥ OYVW_ !""
• hambatan jenis
8( 4 VO[POaO¥ [bZO%[bZO !""

• koefisien suhu hambatan
Contoh 8.6
IS¥abYO¥ VO[POaO¥ `SPOaO¥U OZb[W¥Wb[ eO¥U Ô¥XO¥U¥eO -( Q[ RO¥ ZbO`
^S¥O[Ô¥U¥eO ($- Q[* !RWYSaOVbW2 ) 4 *$/- k )(j0 " ["& ?WYO YSRbO bXb¥U POaO¥U
OZb[W¥Wb[ RWPS_W PSRO aSUO¥UO¥ `SPSÒ_ )$- k )(j+ K$ PS_OÔYOV O_b` eO¥U [S¥UOZW_
ROZO[ ^S¥UVO¥aO_ OZb[W¥Wb[ aS_`SPba5
7BVBC0
4 -( Q[ 4 ($- [3 ) 4 *$/- k )(j0 " [
+ 4 ($- Q[* 4 - k )(j- [*3 ; 4 )$- k )(%+ K
J¥abY [S¥S¥abYO¥ 8 YOdOa ^S¥UVO¥aO_ OZb[W¥Wb[ RWUb¥OYO¥ ^S_Ò[OO¥
8 * ) 4 *$/-k)( " [
+
j0
! ($- [
-k)( j- [ *
4 *$/- k )(j, "
A
7S_ROÒ_YO¥ =bYb[ DV[&
; )$-k)( j+ K
24 * 4 -$- 6
aluminium
8 *$/-k)( j,
"
?ORW$ O_b` eO¥U [S¥UOZW_ ROZO[ ^S¥UVO¥aO_
I V
OZb[W¥Wb[ OROZOV -$- 6&
Contoh 8.7
HSPbOV aS_[][SaS_ RO_W YOdOa ab¥UàS¥ [S[WZWYW VO[POaO¥ ,( " ÔRO `bVb *(g8$
RO¥ VO[POaO¥¥eO [S¥XORW .( " ÔRO ÒOa `bVb )((g8& IS¥abYO¥ZOV `bVb eO¥U
RWab¥XbYYO¥ aS_[][SaS_ aS_`SPba YSaWYO VO[POaO¥ YOdOa¥eO -( " &
7BVBC0
9WYSaOVbW2
:( 4 *(g8 :Q 4 )((g8 8( 4 ,( " 8Q 4 .( "
BSZOZbW ^S_Ò[OO¥ ^S_bPOVO¥ VO[POaO¥$ PSÒ_ VO[POaO¥ XS¥W` OYO¥ RW^S_]ZSV&
( 4 $8 4 !.( j ,("" 4 .$*- k )(j+ g8j)
80 $: ,( " ! 0( g8 !
@SaWYO VO[POaO¥ YOdOa¥eO -( " $ `bVb¥eO OROZOV2
$8 !-( j ,(""
$: 4 4 4 ,(g8
80( ,( " ! .$*-k)( j+ / $ 8 !
`SVW¥UUO
$: 4 :* j :(
,(g8 4 :* j *(g8
:* 4 .(g8
?ORW$ `bVb eO¥U RWab¥XbYYO¥ aS_[][SaS_ OROZOV .(g8&

)& 7S_OÔYOV YbOa O_b` eO¥U [S¥UOZW_ ÔRO `SPbOV *& HSPbOV Y][^]¥S¥ ZWà_WY RWPS_W aSUO¥UO¥ .( c]Za
^S¥UVO¥aO_ eO¥U [S[WZWYW VO[POaO¥ +(( " XWYO RWPS_W )
`SVW¥UUO [S¥UOZW_YO¥ O_b` 6& 7S_OÔYOV YbOa O_b`
aSUO¥UO¥ `SPSÒ_ *(( c]Za5 ,
eO¥U [S¥UOZW_ ÔRO Y][^]¥S¥ aS_`SPba XWYO RWPS_W
aSUO¥UO¥ *,( c]Za5
Listrik Dinamis 177

+& =O`WZ ^S_Q]POO¥ RW^S_]ZSV V (volt) -& ES_VOaWYO¥ UO[PO_ _O¥UYOWO¥ PS_WYba W¥W&
U_OTWY VbPb¥UO¥ aSUO¥UO¥ !;" 3 50 mA
RO¥ YbOa O_b` !2" ÔRO `SPbOV R1
_S`Wà]_ `S^S_aW ÔRO UO[PO_ 150 mA C I3
PS_WYba& ?WYO ; 4 ,$- c]Za$ aS¥% A
abYO¥ PSÒ_ YbOa O_b` eO¥U
I1 R2 B I2
I
[S¥UOZW_& 0,02 (ampere)
60 mA
,& 9O_W UO[PO_ _O¥UYOWO¥ ÔRO `]OZ ¥][]_ -$ aS¥abYO¥
R3
IS¥abYO¥ PSÒ_¥eO G* XWYO K67 OROZOV )$. c]Za&
PSÒ_¥eO 2)$ 2*$ RO¥ 2+&
C. Rangkaian Seri dan Paralel

EORO `bPPOP W¥W$ 6¥RO OYO¥ [S[^SZOXO_W _O¥UYOWO¥ `S_W RO¥ Ô_OZSZ
Y][^]¥S¥%Y][^]¥S¥ ZWà_WY& ES_VOaWYO¥ `WàS[ W¥àOZO`W ZWà_WY RW
_b[OV[b& AO[^b$ Y][^]_ ZWà_WY$ `Sa_WYO ZWà_WY$ aSZScW`W$ _ORW]$ Y][^baS_$
RO¥ ^][Ô OW_ [S_bÔYO¥ OZOa%OZOa _b[OV aO¥UUO eO¥U [S¥UUb¥OYO¥
ZWà_WY `SPOUOW `b[PS_ S¥S_UW¥eO& 6ZOa%OZOa ZWà_WY aS_`SPba RW_O¥UYOW
`SRS[WYWO¥ _bÔ `SVW¥UUO OZOa%OZOa aS_`SPba ROÔa RW¥eOZOYO¥ RO¥ RW[OaW%
YO¥ [O`W¥U%[O`W¥U aO¥Ô ÒZW¥U [S¥UUO¥UUb OZOa%OZOa ZWà_WY ZOW¥& HSPOUOW
Q]¥a]V$ 6¥RO `SRO¥U [S¥]¥a]¥ aSZScW`W$ WPb `SRO¥U [S¥eSa_WYO$ RO¥ OeOV
`SRO¥U [O¥RW& 6ZOa%OZOa ZWà_WY eO¥U `SRO¥U PS_]^S_O`W ÒOa Wab$ eOWab
aSZScW`W$ `Sa_WYO ZWà_WY$ RO¥ ^][Ô OW_& 6Ô eO¥U aS_XORW YSaWYO WPb [S%
[OaWYO¥ `Sa_WYO ZWà_WY5 6ÔYOV aSZScW`W RO¥ ^][Ô OW_ XbUO [OaW5 IS¥ab
aWROY$ PbYO¥5 BS¥UOÔ RS[WYWO¥5
8]¥a]V aS_`SPba [S_bÔYO¥ ÒZOV Òab YSb¥ab¥UO¥ ^S¥UUb¥OO¥
_O¥UYOWO¥ Ô_OZSZ ROZO[ [S_O¥UYOW OZOa%OZOa ZWà_WY& 7OUOW[O¥O XWYO OZOa%
OZOa aS_`SPba RW_O¥UYOW `S_W5 9OZO[ [S[^SZOXO_W _O¥UYOWO¥ `S_W RO¥ Ô_OZSZ$
6¥RO POaO`W ^S¥UUb¥OO¥ Y][^]¥S¥%Y][^]¥S¥ ZWà_WY eO¥U RWUb¥OYO¥&
9OZO[ VOZ W¥W$ 6¥RO OYO¥ [S¥UUb¥OYO¥ _S`Wà]_ `SPOUOW Y][^]¥S¥ ZWà_WY¥eO&
1. Hukum I Kirchhoff
HSPSZb[ [S[^SZOXO_W ZSPWV XObV [S¥US¥OW =bYb[ > @W_QVV]TT$ ZOYbYO¥ZOV
YSUWOaO¥ PS_WYba&
Ingatlah Aktivitas Fisika 8.3

Hukum I Kirchhoff
Perjanjian cara penggambaran
baterai (sumber potensial DC) pada Tujuan
A3
rangkaian adalah sisi yang lebih Memahami Hukum I Kirchhoff.
panjang menandakan kutub A2 P
Alat-Alat Percobaan
positifnya. A4
1. Amperemeter DC (0 – 1 A),
A1
+ – 2. Tiga lampu kecil (masing-masing 1,5 V)
A = amperemeter
3. Sebuah baterai (1,5 V)
4. Kabel penghubung secukupnya.
1. Susunlah peralatan seperti pada gambar, letakkan amperemeter di posisi A1
2. Amatilah, apakah semua lampu menyala?
3. Catat kuat arus yang ditunjukkan amperemeter, kemudian pindahkan
amperemeter ke posisi A2, A3, dan A4.
4. Catat kuat arus yang ditunjukkan amperemeter pada semua posisi tersebut
5. Apakah A1 dan A2 menunjukkan angka yang sama?
6. Jumlahkan angka yang ditunjukkan oleh A 3 dan A 4. Apakah hasil
penjumlahannya sama dengan angka yang ditunjukkan oleh A1 atau A2?
7. Apa kesimpulan Anda dari kegiatan ini?

9O_W YSUWOaO¥ aS_`SPba$ RW^S_]ZSV YS`W[^bZO¥ aS¥aO¥U =bYb[ > @W_QVV]TT&
1RHRJ 2 3FO@EELCC PS_Pb¥eW GRJI>E >ORP IFPQOFH U>KD J>PRH M>A> PR>QR QFQFH
MBO@>?>KD>K P>J> ABKD>K GRJI>E >ORP IFPQOFH U>KD HBIR>O A>OF QFQFH @>?>KD QBOPB?RQ&
=bYb[ W¥W [S_bÔYO¥ ^S_¥eOaOO¥ ZOW¥ RO_W VbYb[ YSYSYOZO¥ [bOaO¥ eO¥U
[S¥eOaOYO¥ POVdO Xb[ZOV [bOaO¥ eO¥U [S¥UOZW_ aWROY PS_bPOV&
ES_VOaWYO¥ 6BMCBQ .%,& <O[PO_ aS_`SPba [S¥b¥XbYYO¥ PSPS_OÔ O_b`
ZWà_WY eO¥U YSZbO_%[O`bY RO_W `bOab aWaWY ^S_QOPO¥UO¥& HS`bOW RS¥UO¥ I1 I3
=bYb[ > @W_QVV]TT$ OYO¥ PS_ZOYb I4
2 [O`bY 4 2 YSZbO_
O
!0j0" I2 I5
9S¥UO¥ RS[WYWO¥$ ÔRO 6BMCBQ .%, PS_ZOYb2 Gambar 8.6

2) # 2* 4 2+ # 2, # 2-
Arus listrik yang memasuki dan
keluar dari titik percabangan O.
Contoh 8.8
2A 8A
P Q 4A
4A 6A
I
IS¥abYO¥ O_OV RO¥ PSÒ_ YbOa O_b` ZWà_WY 2&

7BVBC0
7S_ROÒ_YO¥ UO[PO_$ aS_ROÔa RbO aWaWY QOPO¥U$ eOWab aWaWY E RO¥ F&
h J¥abY aWaWY QOPO¥U E$ [WÒZYO¥ O_b` ÔRO QOPO¥U EF [S[WZWYW O_OV YSZbO_ RO_W
aWaWY QOPO¥U E&
7S_ROÒ_YO¥ =bYb[ > @W_QVV]TT2
I masuk # I keluar
, 6 # 0 6 4 * 6 # 2EF
?ORW$ 2EF 4 )( 6 !PS_O_OV RO_W E YS F"&
h J¥abY aWaWY QOPO¥U F $ [WÒZYO¥ O_OV 2 [O`bY YS aWaWY QOPO¥U F&

7S_ROÒ_YO¥ =bYb[ > @W_QVV]TT
I masuk # I keluar
)( 6 # . 6 # 2 4 , 6
?ORW$ 2 4 j)* +&
!aO¥RO ¥SUOaWT !j" [S¥b¥XbYYO¥ POVdO O_OV 2 PbYO¥ [O`bY$ aSaO^W YSZbO_ RO_W
aWaWY QOPO¥U F"&
Gambar 8.7
Rangkaian seri tiga buah lampu pijar.
2. Rangkaian Seri Resistor

HSPbOV _O¥UYOWO¥ ZWà_WY RW`SPba _O¥UYOWO¥ `S_W XWYO ROZO[ _O¥UYOWO¥ R1 R2 R3
aS_`SPba VO¥eO ORO Òab ZW¥aOÒ¥ eO¥U RWZOZbW O_b` ZWà_WY& EORO _O¥UYOWO¥
a b
`S_W$ YbOa O_b` ZWà_WY eO¥U [SZOZbW `SaWO^ Y][^]¥S¥ Ò[O PSÒ_$ dOZOb^b¥ V1
VO[POaO¥ `SaWO^ Y][^]¥S¥ PS_PSRO& 6BMCBQ .%- [S¥b¥XbYYO¥ _O¥UYOW%
V2 V3
O¥ `S_W RO_W aWUO PbOV ZO[^b ^WXO_&

HSYO_O¥U$ ^S_VOaWYO¥ 6BMCBQ .%. ISUO¥UO¥ ÔRO bXb¥U%bXb¥U 8)$ 8*$
RO¥ 8+ OROZOV ;)$ ;* RO¥ ;+3 `SRO¥UYO¥ aSUO¥UO¥ a]aOZ O¥aO_O aWaWY > RO¥ ? Gambar 8.8
OROZOV ;>?& J¥abY VO[POaO¥%VO[POaO¥ eO¥U RW`b`b¥ `S_W PS_ZOYb2 Susunan seri hambatan
Listrik Dinamis 179

;>?4 ;) # ;* # ;+ !0j1"
DZSV YO_S¥O ;) 4 28) 3 ;* 4 28* 3 ;+ 4 28+3 RO¥ ;>? 4 28QLQ `SVW¥UUO
8a]a4 8) # 8* # 8+ !0j)("
J¥abY K PbOV VO[POaO¥$ PS_ZOYb2
8P4 8) # 8* # 8+ # &&& # 8K !0j))"
ES_Ò[OO¥%^S_Ò[OO¥ PS_WYba b¥abY [S¥eSRS_VO¥OYO¥ RO¥ [S[^S_%

R1 V1 [bROV ^S¥eSZSÒWO¥& ES_VOaWYO¥ 6BMCBQ .%/&
V
O& ?WYO aS_ROÔa * VO[POaO¥ RW`b`b¥ `S_W$ PS_ZOYb
8)
;) 4 ;
R2 V2
!0j)*"
V2 8) " 8*
Gambar 8.9
8*
Rangkaian seri dua buah hambatan.
;* 4 ; !0j)+"
8) " 8*
P& GO¥UYOWO¥ `S_W PS_Tb¥U`W `SPOUOW ^S[POUW aSUO¥UO¥&
;) 2 ;* 2 ;a]a 4 8) 2 8* 2 8a]a !0j),"
3. Rangkaian Paralel Resistor

?WYO `bOab _O¥UYOWO¥ ZWà_WY [S[PS_WYO¥ ZSPWV RO_W Òab ZW¥aOÒ¥ b¥abY
OZW_O¥ O_b` ZWà_WY¥eO$ _O¥UYOWO¥ aS_`SPba RW¥O[OYO¥ _O¥UYOWO¥ Ô_OZSZ&
EORO _O¥UYOWO¥ Ô_OZSZ$ aSUO¥UO¥ ÔRO `SaWO^ Y][^]¥S¥ Ò[O PSÒ_$
dOZOb^b¥ VO[POaO¥ `SaWO^ Y][^]¥S¥ PS_PSRO&
7SPS_OÔ ZO[^b ^WXO_ eO¥U RW`b`b¥ `SQO_O Ô_OZSZ aO[ÔY ÔRO 6BM$
CBQ .%'&& GO¥UYOWO¥ Ô_OZSZ PS_Tb¥U`W `SPOUOW ^S[POUW O_b`&
HS^S_aW eO¥U aSZOV 6¥RO ^SZOXO_W ÔRO =bYb[ > @W_QVV]TT$ ÔRO
6BMCBQ .%''$ YbOa O_b` ZWà_WY eO¥U [SZOZbW 8)$ 8*$ RO¥ 8+ OROZOV 2)$ 2*
RO¥ 2+& 6RO^b¥ YbOa O_b` O¥aO_O aWaWY > RO¥ ? OROZOV 2& EORO _O¥UYOWO¥
Gambar 8.10
Ô_OZSZ PS_ZOYb2
Susunan paralel tiga buah lampu
pijar
R1 2 4 2) # 2* # 2+ !0j)-"
I1
;>? ; ; ;
DZSV YO_S¥O 2) * 3 2* * >? 3 2 + * >? RO¥ 2 * >?
R2
8) 8* 8+ 8M
a I I2 I b
I3
R3
9S¥UO¥ RS[WYWO¥$
) ) ) )
4 # # !0j)."
8 M 8) 8* 8+
b¥abY K PbOV VO[POaO¥ PS_ZOYb2

Gambar 8.11
Susunan paralel hambatan
) ) ) ) )
4 # # " ... " !0j)/"
8M 8) 8* 8+ 8K

HSZOW¥ ROÔa RW`b`b¥ `SQO_O `S_W RO¥ Ô_OZSZ$ Y][^]¥S¥%Y][^]¥S¥
ZWà_WY ROÔa ^bZO RW`b`b¥ `SQO_O UOPb¥UO¥ `S_W%Ô_OZSZ&
Mari Mencari Tahu Tantangan

untuk Anda
>SPbOV _O¥UYOWO¥ aS_abab^ eO¥U aS_RW_W OaO` RbO PbOV _S`Wà]_ RO¥ `SPbOV `b[PS_ Jika Anda telah memahami susunan
aSUO¥UO¥&
seri hambatan pada rangkaian,
tentukan oleh Anda sehingga
diperoleh persamaan (8 – 12),
I1 R1 persamaan (8 –13), dan persamaan
R2 (8 – 14) dengan cara menurunkan
I2 dari persamaan (8 – 9) dan
I I
persamaan (8 – 10).
V
IbUO` 6¥RO OROZOV [S[PbYaWYO¥ ^S_Ò[OO¥%^S_Ò[OO¥ PS_WYba& ES_Ò[OO¥%
^S_Ò[OO¥ PS_WYba PS_Ub¥O b¥abY [S¥eSRS_VO¥OYO¥ RO¥ [S[^S_[bROV
^S¥eSZSÒWO¥&
)& ?WYO aS_ROÔa * VO[POaO¥ RW`b`b¥ Ô_OZSZ$ PS_ZOYb2
;>? 8)
h 2QLQ * h 2* * 2QLQ
8) #8* 8) #8*
8*
h 2) * 2QLQ
8) #8*
*& J¥abY K PbOV VO[POaO¥ eO¥U RW`b`b¥ Ô_OZSZ RO¥ `SaWO^ VO[POaO¥ PSÒ_¥eO
8$ VO[POaO¥ a]aOZ¥eO OROZOV2
'8
8J *
K
+& =O[POaO¥ Ô_OZSZ PS_Tb¥U`W `SPOUOW ^S[POUW O_b` RS¥UO¥ ¥WZOW ^S_PO¥RW¥UO¥
YbOa O_b` ÔRO `SaWO^ QOPO¥U OROZOV2
) ) )
8) 2 8* 2 8QLQ * 2 2
2) 2* 2QLQ
G
R1 R2
,& 7SRO ^]aS¥`WOZ `SaWO^ VO[POaO¥ Ò[O PSÒ_& P R
G
R4 R3
4. Jembatan Wheatstone S
?S[POaO¥ <EB>QPQLKB [S_bÔYO¥ `SPbOV [Sa]RS eO¥U RWUb¥OYO¥ b¥abY V
[S¥UbYb_ VO[POaO¥ eO¥U PSZb[ RWYSaOVbW& HSZOW¥ Wab$ XS[POaO¥ SEB>QPQLKB
RWUb¥OYO¥ b¥abY [S¥U]_SY`W YSÒZOVO¥ eO¥U ROÔa aS_XORW ROZO[
Gambar 8.12
^S¥UbYb_O¥ VO[POaO¥ [S¥UUb¥OYO¥ =bYb[ DV[& Hb`b¥O¥ _O¥UYOWO¥

Rangkaian jembatan Wheatstone
XS[POaO¥ LVSOaà]¥S RWab¥XbYYO¥ ÔRO 6BMCBQ .%'(&

?WYO XO_b[ UOZcO¥][SaS_ 0 [S¥b¥XbYYO¥ O¥UYO ¥]Z !`SaW[PO¥U"$ PS_%
O_aW ÔRO UOZcO¥][SaS_ aWROY ORO O_b` ZWà_WY eO¥U [S¥UOZW_& 6YWPOa¥eO$ R RX
ÔRO YSOROO¥ W¥W aSUO¥UO¥ RW 8)!;67" Ò[O RS¥UO¥ aSUO¥UO¥ RW 8,!;69"
RO¥ aSUO¥UO¥ RW 8*!;78" Ò[O RS¥UO¥ RW 8+!;98" `SVW¥UUO XWYO < 4 ($
G
PS_ZOYb2
8) k 8+ 4 8* k 8, !0j)0"
1 2
<EQRBMBBN !.X'." RWYS¥OZ RS¥UO¥ ^_W¥`W^ XS[POaO¥ LVSOaà]¥S& E S
7S¥abY `SRS_VO¥O `SPbOV XS[POaO¥ LVSOaà]¥S RWab¥XbYYO¥ `S^S_aW

Gambar 8.13
ÔRO 6BMCBQ .%')& @SaWYO ÒYZO_ 9 RWVbPb¥UYO¥$ O_b` [S¥UOZW_ [SZOZbW

Rangkaian sederhana jembatan
Wheatstone
Listrik Dinamis 181

Tugas Anda `b`b¥O¥ _O¥UYOWO¥$ `SRO¥UYO¥ XO_b[ <OZcO¥][SaS_ [S¥eW[Ô¥U YS YW_W
OaOb YS YO¥O¥& ?S[POaO¥ ROZO[ YSOROO¥ `SaW[PO¥U OYO¥ RW^S_]ZSV RS¥UO¥
Turunkan oleh Anda persamaan
[S¥UUS`S_%US`S_ Y]¥aOY `SÔ¥XO¥U YOdOa & EORO YSOROO¥ `SaW[PO¥U$ XO_b[
<OZcO¥][SaS_ OYO¥ [S¥b¥XbYYO¥ O¥UYO ¥]Z `SVW¥UUO RW^S_]ZSV2
(8 – 19) berdasarkan Gambar 8.13.
8= ) #8 * OaOb 8 = # *
8 !0j)1"
)
8= OROZOV VO[POaO¥ eO¥U VS¥ROY RWbYb_$ `SRO¥UYO¥ 8 VO[POaO¥

àO¥RO_ eO¥U `bROV RWYSaOVbW& EO¥XO¥U YOdOa 1 RO¥ 2 ROÔa aS_POQO
[SZOZbW `YOZO Ô¥XO¥U ÔRO YOdOa aS_`SPba&
Contoh 8.9
EO¥XO¥U 68 4 0( Q[& ?O_b[ UOZcO¥][SaS_ OYO¥
`SaW[PO¥U YSaWYO Y]¥aOY 9 PS_ORO .( Q[ RO_W
bXb¥U 6& IS¥abYO¥ ¥WZOW VO[POaO¥ T&
7BVBC0
R = 120 " X
G 89 4 0( Q[ j .( Q[ 4 *( Q[
HeO_Oa XS[POaO¥ ROZO[ YSOROO¥ `SaW[PO¥U
OROZOV
A D C
!T"!69" 4 !)*( " "!89"

T !.( Q[" 4 !)*( " " !*( Q["
60 cm
V S T 4 ,( "
Contoh 8.10
IWUO PbOV _S`Wà]_ [O`W¥U%[O`W¥U )( " $ , " $ RO¥ . " RW`b`b¥ `S_W RO¥ bXb¥U%bXb¥U¥eO
RWVbPb¥UYO¥ RS¥UO¥ POaS_OW .( K `S^S_aW ÔRO UO[PO_ PS_WYba&
10 " 4" 6"
A D
B C
60 V
IS¥abYO¥2
O& YbOa O_b` eO¥U [S¥UOZW_ ÔRO _O¥UYOWO¥3
P& PSRO ^]aS¥`WOZ O¥aO_O 6 RO¥ 73
Q& PSRO ^]aS¥`WOZ O¥aO_O 7 RO¥ 83
R& PSRO ^]aS¥`WOZ O¥aO_O 8 RO¥ 9&
7BVBC0
O& ; +. 4 28+.
.( K 4 2!)( # , # ." "
.( K 4 2!*( " "
2 4+6
?ORW$ YbOa O_b` eO¥U [S¥UOZW_ ÔRO _O¥UYOWO¥ OROZOV + 6&
P& ;+, 4 28+, 4 !+ 6"!)( " " 4 +( K
Q& ;,- 4 28,- 4 !+ 6"!, " " 4 )* K
R& ;-. 4 28-. 4 !+ 6"!. " " 4 )0 K
?ORW$ ;67 4 +( K$ ;,- 4 )* K$ RO¥ ;-. 4 )0 K&

5. Rangkaian Seri dan Paralel Sumber Tegangan
HSPSZb[ [S[POVO` `b`b¥O¥ `S_WjÔ_OZSZ `b[PS_ aSUO¥UO¥$ aS_ZSPWV ROVbZb
OYO¥ RWPOVO` [S¥US¥OW ^S_PSROO¥ UOeO US_OY ZWà_WY RS¥UO¥ aSUO¥UO¥ ZWà_WY&
a. Perbedaan Gaya Gerak Listrik dengan Tegangan Jepit
0>U> DBO>H IFPQOFH !DDI" OROZOV ?BA> MLQBKPF>I >KQ>O> RGRKD%RGRKD HRQR?
PRJ?BO >ORP IFPQOFH HBQFH> PRJ?BO >ORP IFPQOFH QBOPB?RQ QFA>H JBKD>IFOH>K >ORP
IFPQOFH& :BD>KD>K GBMFQ OROZOV ?BA> MLQBKPF>I >KQ>O> RGRKD%RGRKD PRJ?BO >ORP
IFPQOFH HBQFH> PRJ?BO >ORP IFPQOFH QBOPB?RQ QBO?B?>KF >Q>R JBKD>IFOH>K >ORP IFPQOFH&
=bPb¥UO¥ O¥aO_O UUZ RO¥ aSUO¥UO¥ XS^Wa OROZOV
;XS^Wa # , % 28 !0j*("
b. Sumber Tegangan Disusun Seri

J¥abY [S¥ROÔaYO¥ `b[PS_ aSUO¥UO¥ eO¥U ZSPWV PSÒ_ RO_WÔRO aSUO¥UO¥ , 1 # r1 , 2 # r2 , 3 # r3
`SaWO^ `b[PS_ aSUO¥UO¥$ PSPS_OÔ `b[PS_ aSUO¥UO¥ VO_b` RW`b`b¥ `SQO_O `S_W& – + – + – +
IWUO POaS_OW RW`b`b¥ `SQO_O `S_W `S^S_aW ÔRO 6BMCBQ .%'*& ?WYO 6¥RO I R
^S_VOaWYO¥$ YSaWUO POaS_OW RW`b`b¥ PS_RS_Sa RW [O¥O YbabP YSRbO POaS_OW
eO¥U PS_RSYOaO¥ `SZOZb PS_ZOdO¥O¥ aO¥RO&
?WYO `SXb[ZOV `b[PS_ aSUO¥UO¥ OaOb POaS_OW RW`b`b¥ `SQO_O `S_W$
Gambar 8.14
Rangkaian seri tiga sumber
PS_ZOYb2 tegangan atau baterai.
,a]a # ,) #, * #, + #&&& !0j*)"
RS¥UO¥ VO[POaO¥ ROZO[¥eO
Oa]a 4 O) #O* #O+ #&&. !0j**"
@bOa O_b` eO¥U [S¥UOZW_ [SZOZbW _O¥UYOWO¥ ÔRO 6BMCBQ .%'* aS_%
`SPba [S[S¥bVW ^S_Ò[OO¥2
,) # , * # , +
24 !0j*+"
O) # O* # O+ # 8
J¥abY K PbOV `b[PS_ aSUO¥UO¥ eO¥U RW`b`b¥ `S_W$ PS_ZOYb

K,
2* !0j*,"
KO #8
c. Sumber Tegangan Disusun Paralel

?WYO `SXb[ZOV `b[PS_ aSUO¥UO¥ eO¥U [S[WZWYW UUZ Ò[O , 1 4 , 2 4 , 3 4 &&& 4 ,
RW`b`b¥ `SQO_O Ô_OZSZ [OYO PS_ZOYb2
, a]a 4 , !0j*-"
=O[POaO¥ ROZO[¥eO RW_b[b`YO¥ `SPOUOW PS_WYba&
) ) ) )
4 # # #&&. !0j*."
Oa]a O) O* O+
Listrik Dinamis 183

ES_VOaWYO¥ 6BMCBQ .%'+& @bOa O_b` 2 eO¥U [S¥UOZW_ ÔRO _O¥UYOWO¥
, 1 # r1
I OROZOV2
, 2 # r2
2#
', QLQ
, 3 # r3 -) ) )/ !0j*/"
8"1 " " 2
. O) O* O+ 0
R
Gambar 8.15 b¥abY K PbOV `b[PS_ aSUO¥UO¥ RS¥UO¥ UUZ 4 , RO¥ VO[POaO¥ ROZO[ O
eO¥U RW`b`b¥ Ô_OZSZ PS_ZOYb2
Tiga sumber tegangan disusun
paralel.
2#
,
O !0j*0"
8#
K

untuk Anda
IWUO PbOV POaS_OW RW`b`b¥ `SQO_O `S_W `S^S_aW UO[PO_ PS_WYba&
Empat buah hambatan masing- 1,5 V ; 0,2 "
masing besarnya 1 ohm
dihubungkan seperti pada gambar
berikut. 1,5 V ; 0,2 " 1,5 V ; 0,2 "
A
B
R = 4,4 "
Hitunglah hambatan total R antara HSaWO^ POaS_OW [S[WZWYW UUZ )$- K RO¥ VO[POaO¥ ROZO[ ($* " & ?WYO YSaWUO PbOV POaS_OW
titik A dan titik B. aS_`SPba RWVbPb¥UYO¥ RS¥UO¥ `SPbOV VO[POaO¥ 8 4 ,$, " $ aS¥abYO¥ YbOa O_b` eO¥U
[S¥UOZW_ [SZOZbW VO[POaO¥ 8&
7BVBC0
9WYSaOVbW2
, 4 )$- K
O 4 ($* "
K 4+
8 4 ,$, "
J¥abY [S¥S¥abYO¥ YbOa O_b` eO¥U [S¥UOZW_$ RWUb¥OYO¥ <EQRBMBBN !.X(*"
2 *
n,
nr " R
!+"!)$ - K"
4 4 ($1 6
+!($* )+ 4, 4
?ORW$ YbOa O_b` eO¥U [S¥UOZW_ ($1 6&
Contoh 8.12
9bO PbOV POaS_OW RW`b`b¥ `SQO_O Ô_OZSZ `S^S_aW ÔRO UO[PO_ PS_WYba&
I1 , 1 # r1
I
, 2 # r2
I2
2"

?WYO `SaWO^ POaS_OW [S[WZWYW UUZ )$- K RO¥ VO[POaO¥ ROZO[¥eO ) " $ YS[bRWO¥ bXb¥U%
bXb¥U _O¥UYOWO¥¥eO RWVbPb¥UYO¥ RS¥UO¥ ZO[^b ^WXO_ eO¥U [S[WZWYW VO[POaO¥ * " $
Kata Kunci
aS¥abYO¥2 • rangkaian seri
O& YbOa O_b` eO¥U [S¥UOZW_ [SZOZbW ZO[^b ^WXO_3 • rangkaian paralel
P& aSUO¥UO¥ XS^Wa `SaWO^ POaS_OW&
• Hukum I Kirchhoff
• titik percabangan
7BVBC0 • jembatan Wheatstone
9WYSaOVbW2 • galvanometer
, 4 )$- K3 84*"
• gaya gerak listrik
O 4 )"3 K4*
• tegangan jepit
• hambatan dalam
)$- K
4
,
O& 2 * 4 ($. 6
8a]a # Oa]a - )/
*# "
1
. * 20
?ORW$ YbOa O_b` eO¥U [S¥UOZW_ ($. O[^S_S&
)
P& 2) 4 2* 4 2 4 ($+ 6
*
;XS^Wa 4 , j2O 4 )$- K j !($+ k )" K 4 )$* K
?ORW$ aSUO¥UO¥ XS^Wa `SaWO^ POaS_OW OROZOV )$* K&

)& ES_VOaWYO¥ UO[PO_ PS_WYba& O& YbOa O_b` eO¥U [S¥UOZW_ [SZOZbW ZO[^b ^WXO_3
3" P& aSUO¥UO¥ XS^Wa `SaWO^ POaS_OW&
,& 7SPS_OÔ POaS_OW [O`W¥U%[O`W¥U RS¥UO¥ UUZ )$- K RO¥
I1
VO[POaO¥ ROZO[ ($) " RW`b`b¥ Ô_OZSZ$ YS[bRWO¥

RWVbPb¥UYO¥ RS¥UO¥ `SPbOV ZO[^b ^WXO_ eO¥U
I2 4"
VO[POaO¥¥eO ) " & ?WYO YbOa O_b` eO¥U [S¥UOZW_ [SZOZbW

A B
12 V
ZO[^b * 6$ PS_OÔYOV Xb[ZOV POaS_OW eO¥U RW`b`b¥
6"
I3
Ô_OZSZ5
IS¥abYO¥ PSÒ_¥eO2 -& ES_VOaWYO¥ UO[PO_ PS_WYba&
O& VO[POaO¥ a]aOZ O¥aO_O aWaWY 6 RO¥ 73
P& 2)3
5A
I P
Q& 2*3
7A
R& 2+& Q 4A
*& EORO UO[PO_ _O¥UYOWO¥ PS_WYba&

6A 3A
2A
5" 6" 7"
IS¥abYO¥ O_OV RO¥ PSÒ_ YbOa O_b` 2&
.& IS¥abYO¥ PSÒ_ RO¥ O_OV O_b` 2 RO_W UO[PO_ PS_WYba&
A C
9" 6"
9A I
P
B 9" 6" 4" D
IS¥abYO¥2
3,5 A
O& VO[POaO¥ ZWà_WY O¥aO_O aWaWY 6 RO¥ 73

2,5 A
P& VO[POaO¥ ZWà_WY O¥aO_O aWaWY 6 RO¥ 8&

+& AW[O PbOV POaS_OW [O`W¥U%[O`W¥U RS¥UO¥ UUZ )$- K RO¥
VO[POaO¥ ROZO[ ) " RW`b`b¥ `S_W$ YS[bRWO¥ bXb¥U%
bXb¥U¥eO RWVbPb¥UYO¥ RS¥UO¥ `SPbOV ZO[^b ^WXO_ eO¥U
PS_VO[POaO¥ ($0 " & IS¥abYO¥2
Listrik Dinamis 185

D. Hukum II Kirchhoff
1RHRJ 22 3FO@EELCC OaOb RW`SPba XbUO >QRO>K ILLM RWROÒ_YO¥ ÔRO =bYb[
@SYSYOZO¥ :¥S_UW& :¥S_UW ÔRO `bOab _O¥UYOWO¥ aS_abab^ OROZOV YSYOZ&
R
I
1RHRJ 22 3FO@EELCC [S¥eOaOYO¥ POVdO GRJI>E >IG>?>O MBOR?>E>K QBD>KD>K
U>KD JBKDBIFIFKDF PR>QR O>KDH>F>K QBOQRQRM !ILLM" P>J> ABKD>K KLI& HSQO_O
[OaS[OaW` RWabZW` `SPOUOW PS_WYba&
'; 4 (
,2
!0j*1"
arah loop
ES_VOaWYO¥ 6BMCBQ .%',& <OeO US_OY ZWà_WY , RO_W `b[PS_ aSUO¥UO¥

[S¥eSPOPYO¥ O_b` ZWà_WY [S¥UOZW_ `SÔ¥XO¥U Z]]^& 6_b` ZWà_WY RW ROZO[
,1
Z]]^ [S¥ROÔa VO[POaO¥ `SVW¥UUO [S¥UOZO[W ^S¥b_b¥O¥ aSUO¥UO¥& <EQ$

RBMBBN !.X(/" ROÔa RWabZW` `SPOUOW PS_WYba&
Gambar 8.16
Sebuah rangkaian tertutup
', " '28 4( !0j+("
1. Rangkaian dengan Satu Loop

b , 1 # r1 , 2 # r2 c 6BMCBQ .%'- [S¥b¥XbYYO¥ _O¥UYOWO¥ `SRS_VO¥O RS¥UO¥ Òab Z]]^& EORO
_O¥UYOWO¥ aS_`SPba$ O_b` ZWà_WY eO¥U [S¥UOZW_ OROZOV Ò[O$ eOWab 2& BWÒZYO¥$
_O¥UYOWO¥
6¥RO [S¥UO[PWZ O_OV Z]]^ `SO_OV RS¥UO¥ O_OV 2$ eOWab >V?V@VAV>& HSZO¥%
Xba¥eO$ YbOa O_b` 2 ROÔa RWVWab¥U RS¥UO¥ =bYb[ >> @W_QVV]TT PS_WYba&
I arah loop I ', " '28 4(
BOYO ÔRO 6BMCBQ .%'-$ PS_ZOYb2
j,) # , * # 2 O) # O* # 8 ! 4 (
R
a d
Gambar 8.17
Rangkaian dengan satu loop Contoh 8.13
ES_VOaWYO¥ _O¥UYOWO¥ aS_abab^ `S^S_aW UO[PO_ PS_WYba&
, 1 # 36 V , 2 # 16 V
r1 # 2 " R1 = 6 " r2 # 0,5 "
A B
I
R5 = 3 " R2 = 6 "
I
R4 = 6 " R3 = 5 "
D C
, 4 # 12 V , 3 # 20 V
r4 # 0,7 " r3 # 0,8 "
=Wab¥UZOV2
O& YbOa O_b` eO¥U [S¥UOZW_ ÔRO _O¥UYOWO¥3
P& ;,.&
7BVBC0
O& BS¥b_ba =bYb[ >> @W_QVV]TT$ RW ROZO[ _O¥UYOWO¥ aS_abab^ aS_`SPba PS_ZOYb2
', " '28 4( &
BWÒZYO¥$ O_OV Z]]^ `SO_OV RS¥UO¥ ^baO_O¥ XO_b[ XO[ `SVW¥UUO ^S_Ò[OO¥ aS_`SPba
[S¥XORW
j , 1 j , 2 j , 3 # , 4 # 2!8) # O) # O* # 8* # O+ # 8+ # O, # 8, # 8-" 4 (
j +. j ). j *( # )* # 2!. # * # ($- # . # ($0 # - # ($/ # . # +" 4 (

.( K 4 2!+(" "
2 4 *6
Ingatlah
?ORW$ YbOa O_b` eO¥U [S¥UOZW_ OROZOV * 6&
P& 6¥RO ROÔa [S¥UVWab¥U ;79 b¥abY ZW¥aOÒ¥ eO¥U [S¥S[^bV XOZO¥ 769 OaOb Perjanjian tanda ggl dan kuat arus
XOZO¥ 789&
dalam rangkaian tertutup (loop).
a. Kuat arus bertanda negatif jika
J¥abY XOZO¥ 769 searah dengan arah loop, dan
; ,. 4 ', " '28 4 ). # +. # 2!($- # . # * # ." bertanda positif jika
4 -* # !j*!))$-"" 4 -* j *+ 4 *1 K
berlawanan arah dengan arah
loop.
J¥abY XOZO¥ 789 b. , (ggl) bertanda negatif jika
; ,. 4 ', " '28 kutub positifnya lebih dahulu
4 j*( # )* # 2!. # ($0 # - # ($/ # ." 4 j0 # *!)0$-" 4 *1 K

dijumpai daripada kutub
negatifnya ketika mengikuti
?ORW$ ;,. 4 *1 K& arah loop, dan sebaliknya.
2. Rangkaian dengan Dua Loop atau Lebih

GO¥UYOWO¥ eO¥U [S[WZWYW RbO Z]]^ OaOb ZSPWV RW`SPba XbUO _O¥UYOWO¥
[OXS[bY& AO¥UYOV%ZO¥UYOV ROZO[ [S¥eSZSÒWYO¥ _O¥UYOWO¥ [OXS[bY
OROZOV `SPOUOW PS_WYba&
O& <O[PO_ZOV _O¥UYOWO¥ ZWà_WY [OXS[bY aS_`SPba&
P& ISaO^YO¥ O_OV YbOa O_b` b¥abY `SaWO^ QOPO¥U&
Q& IbZW`ZOV ^S_Ò[O¥%^S_Ò[OO¥ O_b` b¥abY aWO^ aWaWY QOPO¥U [S¥UUb¥O%
YO¥ =bYb[ > @W_QVV]TT&
R& ISaO^YO¥ Z]]^ PS`S_aO O_OV¥eO ÔRO `SaWO^ _O¥UYOWO¥ aS_abab^&
S& IbZW`ZOV ^S_Ò[OO¥%^S_Ò[OO¥ b¥abY `SaWO^ Z]]^ [S¥UUb¥OYO¥ =bYb[
>> @W_QVV]TT&
T& =Wab¥U PSÒ_O¥%PSÒ_O¥ eO¥U RWaO¥eOYO¥ [S¥UUb¥OYO¥ ^S_Ò[OO¥%
^S_Ò[OO¥ ÔRO ZO¥UYOV S&
Contoh 8.14
ES_VOaWYO¥ UO[PO_ _O¥UYOWO¥ ZWà_WY PS_WYba&
1" 2,5 "
B
4V 2V
6"
r = 0,5 " r = 0,5 "
A
IS¥abYO¥2 0,5 "
O& YbOa O_b` eO¥U [S¥UOZW_ ROZO[ VO[POaO¥ ) " $ *$- " RO¥ . " 3
P& PSRO ^]aS¥`WOZ O¥aO_O aWaWY 6 RO¥ 7&
7BVBC0
9WYSaOVbW2
GO¥UYOWO¥ ÔRO `]OZ ROÔa RWbPOV [S¥XORW `S^S_aW UO[PO_ PS_WYba&
1" 2,5 "
I1 I3
I2
4V 2V
6"
r = 0,5 " r = 0,5 "
Loop I Loop II
0,5 "
Listrik Dinamis 187

Kata Kunci O& 7S_ROÒ_YO¥ =bYb[ > @W_QVV]TT$
2)# 2+ 4 2* OaOb 2) 4 2* j 2+ iiii& !)"
• Hukum II Kirchhoff 7S_ROÒ_YO¥ =bYb[ >> @W_QVV]TT$ b¥abY A]]^ > RW^S_]ZSV
•
•
rangkaian tertutup (loop)
perubahan tegangan
', " '28 4 (
j , # !($- # )# ($-"2) # .2* 4 (
2)# +2*4 * iiii&!*"
7S_ROÒ_YO¥ =bYb[ @W_QVV]TT >>$ b¥abY A]]^ >> RW^S_]ZSV
', " '28 4 (
* j !*$- # ($-" 2+ j .2* 4 (
+2+ j .2* 4 * iiii&!+"
9S¥UO¥ [S¥`bPàWab`WYO¥ <EQRBMBBN !'"
YS ROZO[ <EQRBMBBN !(" [OYO RW^S_]ZSV
.
2)4 6
1
, *
2*4 6 RO¥ 2+4 j 6
1 1
*
?ORW$ YbOa O_b` eO¥U [S¥UOZW_ ROZO[ VO[POaO¥ ) " OROZOV 6$ eO¥U [S¥UOZW_
1
,
ROZO[ VO[POaO¥ *$- " OROZOV 6 $ RO¥ eO¥U [S¥UOZW_ ROZO[ VO[POaO¥ . "
1
*
OROZOV 6 !aO¥RO !j" [S¥b¥XbYYO¥ POVdO O_OV O_b` PS_ZOdO¥O¥ O_OV RS¥UO¥
1
O_OV ^S[WÒZO¥"&

)& ES_VOaWYO¥ UO[PO_ _O¥UYOWO¥ ZWà_WY PS_WYba& +& ?WYO 8) 4 )- " $ 8* 4 - " $ /) 4 *( K$ RO¥ /* 4 *( K$
aS¥abYO¥2
24 " 2"
4" R1
25 V 16 "
E1 R2
6"
10 " 6"
E2
IS¥abYO¥ YbOa O_b` eO¥U [S¥UOZW_ ROZO[ VO[POaO¥ O& O_b` eO¥U [S¥UOZW_ ÔRO _O¥UYOWO¥3
*, " $ ). " $ RO¥ YbOa O_b` a]aOZ RO_W `b[PS_ aSUO¥UO¥& P& aSUO¥UO¥ ÔRO `SaWO^ _S`Wà]_&
*& ES_VOaWYO¥ UO[PO_ _O¥UYOWO¥ ZWà_WY PS_WYba& ,& ?WYO 88))4
4--""$ $ 8* 4 *( " $ RO¥ /) 4 *( K$ [OYO
B aS¥abYO¥2
2" 5"
8V 2V
E
8"
r = 1" 3" r = 1" R1 R2
A
IS¥abYO¥2
O& YbOa O_b` eO¥U [S¥UOZW_ ROZO[ VO[POaO¥ * " $ O& aSUO¥UO¥ ÔRO `SaWO^ _S`Wà]_3
- " $ RO¥ 0 " 3 P& O_b` a]aOZ3
P& PSRO ^]aS¥`WOZ O¥aO_O aWaWY 6 RO¥ 7& Q& O_b` eO¥U [S¥UOZW_ ÔRO `SaWO^ _S`Wà]_&

E. Sumber Arus Searah dari Proses Kimiawi
6¥RO [b¥UYW¥ ^S_¥OV [SZWVOa RO¥ [S¥US¥OZ POaS_OW eO¥U RWUb¥OYO¥ magnet
ÔRO XO[ RW¥RW¥U OaOb ÔRO _ORW]& 6¥RO XbUO [b¥UYW¥ ^S_¥OV [S¥US¥OZ
`SYSZ][^]Y [OèO_OYOa RW `bOab ROS_OV aS_^S¥QWZ eO¥U [S¥UUb¥OYO¥ `SZ
T]a]c]ZaOWY `SPOUOW `b[PS_ O_b` ZWà_WY b¥abY ^S¥S_O¥UO¥& HS[bO Wab
kumparan
[S_bÔYO¥ `b[PS_ O_b` `SO_OV& komutator

Hb[PS_ O_b` `SO_OV RW`SPba XbUO `b[PS_ aSUO¥UO¥ `SO_OV `SPOP O_b` RW%
aW[PbZYO¥ ]ZSV `b[PS_ aSUO¥UO¥& 7S_WYba Q]¥a]V `b[PS_%`b[PS_ O_b` ZWà_WY&
)& Hb[PS_ SZSYa_][OU¥SaWY$ ROÔa [S¥UVO`WZYO¥ O_b` ZWà_WY YO_S¥O
arus
USXOZO W¥RbY`W SZSYa_][OU¥SaWY& BWÒZ¥eO$ RW¥O[] RW^S_ZWVOaYO¥ ÔRO arus

6BMCBQ .%'.&
*& Hb[PS_ ZWà_WY aS_[]SZSYa_WY$ O_b` ZWà_WY ROÔa RWVO`WZYO¥ RO_W STSY
aS_[]SZSYa_WY& Gambar 8.18
+& Hb[PS_ T]a]ZWà_WY$ PS_OÒZ RO_W `bOab ^_]`S` ;W`WYO eO¥U [S¥UbPOV
Dinamo atau generator adalah
contoh dari sumber
S¥S_UW QOVOeO [S¥XORW S¥S_UW ZWà_WY& elektromagnetik.
,& Hb[PS_ ^WSf]SZSYa_WY$ RWVO`WZYO¥ RO_W STSY ^WSf]SZSYa_WY$ eOWab `WTOa
POVO¥ eO¥U OÔPWZO [S¥S_W[O aSYO¥O¥ RO_W ZbO_ ROÔa [S¥UVO`WZYO¥
O_b` ZWà_WY&
1. Sumber Listrik dari Bahan Kimia

ES¥S[bO¥ `b[PS_ O_b` ZWà_WY RO_W POVO¥ YW[WO RWOdOZW ]ZSV WZ[bdO¥
>aOZWO$ 9TIGI 6BLUBNI !)/+/j)/10"& >O [S¥S[bYO¥ POVdO ]a]a%]a]a YOaOY
eO¥U `bROV [OaW [S¥eS¥aOY XWYO RW`S¥abV RS¥UO¥ RbO Z]UO[ eO¥U PS_PSRO&
ES_YS[PO¥UO¥ PS_WYba¥eO$ 1LERRBNDQO @OLSB [S¥S[bYO¥ POaS_OW !SZS[S¥
YS_W¥U" ^S_aO[O RW Rb¥WO&
HSYO_O¥U$ `b[PS_ O_b` ZWà_WY RO_W POVO¥ YW[WO [S_bÔYO¥ `b[PS_
O_b` ZWà_WY eO¥U PO¥eOY RWUb¥OYO¥& Hb[PS_ O_b` ZWà_WY RO_W POVO¥ YW[WO
RWPSROYO¥ `SPOUOW PS_WYba&
)& /IBJBK MOFJBO$ eOWab SZS[S¥ eO¥U [S[S_ZbYO¥ ^S_UO¥aWO¥ POVO¥%
POVO¥ ^S_SOY`W `SaSZOV [S[PSPO`YO¥ `SXb[ZOV S¥S_UW [SZOZbW
_O¥UYOWO¥ ZbO_¥eO& :ZS[S¥ ^_W[S_ W¥W [S¥UUb¥OYO¥ POVO¥ YW[WO
eO¥U _SOY`W YW[WO¥eO aOY ROÔa RWPOZWYYO¥ `SVW¥UUO SZS[S¥ ^_W[S_
VO¥eO ROÔa RWUb¥OYO¥ Òab YOZW ^S[OYOWO¥& 8]¥a]V¥eO$ `SZ K]ZaO
RO¥ SZS[S¥ YS_W¥U !POaS_OW"&
*& /IBJBK PBHRKABO$ eOWab SZS[S¥ eO¥U POVO¥%POVO¥ ^S_SOY`W¥eO ROÔa
RW^S_PO_bW YS[POZW `SaSZOV aWROY PS_Tb¥U`W ZOUW& 8]¥a]V¥eO$ OYb[bZOa]_
RO¥ POaS_OW W`W bZO¥U&
a. Elemen Primer aliran elektron
:ZS[S¥ W¥W PO¥eOY [OQO[¥eO& 7S_WYba W¥W PSPS_OÔ `b[PS_ O_b` ZWà_WY kutub
eO¥U aS_U]Z]¥U `SPOUOW SZS[S¥ ^_W[S_&
'" 4LEMEN @OLSB
:ZS[S¥ K]ZaO RWaS[bYO¥ ]ZSV 1LERRBNDQO @OLSB& @OLSB [S¥S[bYO¥
Cu Zn
POVdO PS_POUOW Z]UO[ RO¥ ZO_baO¥ OÒ[ OaOb UO_O[ ROÔa RWUb¥OYO¥
`SPOUOW SZS[S¥ `SRS_VO¥O& 6YO¥ aSaO^W$ PWOÒ¥eO eO¥U RWUb¥OYO¥ WOZOV
ZS[^S¥U `S¥U !N¥" eO¥U RWQSZb^YO¥ YS ROZO[ ZO_baO¥ OÒ[ `bZTOa&
Larutan
asam
6BMCBQ .%'/ [S¥b¥XbYYO¥ SZS[S¥ K]ZaO& sulfat
E_]`S` YW[WO eO¥U aS_XORW ÔRO SZS[S¥ K]ZaO ROÔa RWXSZO`YO¥ RS¥UO¥
encer
^S_Ò[OO¥ YW[WO PS_WYba&

=*HD, & *=# #HD*j
Gambar 8.19
, Elemen Volta
Listrik Dinamis 189

HSaWO^ []ZSYbZ OÒ[ `bZTOa RW ROZO[ OW_$ ^SQOV [S¥XORW * W]¥ VWR_]US¥
eO¥U PS_[bOaO¥ ^]`WaWT RO¥ ) W]¥ HD,*% eO¥U PS_[bOaO¥ ¥SUOaWT& 6a][ `S¥U
eO¥U [SZO_ba YS ROZO[ ZO_baO¥ OÒ[ `bZTOa PS_bÔ N¥*#& HSaWO^ Oa][ eO¥U
ZO_ba [S¥W¥UUOZYO¥ RbO SZSYa_]¥ ÔRO ZS[^S¥U `S¥U& :ZSYa_]¥%SZSYa_]¥
W¥WZOV eO¥U [S¥UOZW_ RO_W `S¥U YS aS[POUO !8b" [SZOZbW YOdOa ^S¥UVO¥aO_
`SVW¥UUO aS_XORW O_b` ZWà_WY&
(" 4LEMEN 8EQING !2BST 2BSEQBI"
:ZS[S¥ YS_W¥U OaOb ZSPWV RWYS¥OZ RS¥UO¥ WàWZOV POab POaS_OW [S_bÔ%
YO¥ `b[PS_ O_b` ZWà_WY eO¥U ÔZW¥U PO¥eOY RWUb¥OYO¥& 6BMCBQ .%(& [S%
tutup
¥b¥XbYYO¥ UO[PO_ `b`b¥O¥ ROÒ_ `SPbOV SZS[S¥ YS_W¥U&

kuningan
batang
@babP ^]`WaWT SZS[S¥ YS_W¥U aS_PbOa RO_W YO_P]¥ eO¥U RWYSZWZW¥UW W¥aW eO¥U
aS_PbOa RO_W QO[^b_O¥ ]Y`WRO [O¥UO¥ RO¥ O_O¥U eO¥U RW[O[ÔaYO¥& @babP
karbon
¥SUOaWT SZS[S¥ YS_W¥U aS_PbOa RO_W `S¥U eO¥U `SYOZWUb` [S¥XORW dOROV eO¥U
seng
pasta kimia PS_W`W `S[OQO[ ÔàO O[]¥Wb[ YZ]_WRO& 8O[^b_O¥ ]Y`WRO [O¥UO¥ RO¥ YO_P]¥
RW `SYSZWZW¥U POaO¥U YO_P]¥ PS_aW¥ROY `SPOUOW RS^]ZO_WÒa]_ !^S¥QSUOVO¥
^S¥UYbabPO¥"&
Gambar 8.20 b. Elemen Sekunder
Susunan dasar sebuah elemen :ZS[S¥ `SYb¥RS_ OROZOV `b[PS_ O_b` RO_W POVO¥ YW[WO eO¥U _SOY`W
kering.
YW[WO¥eO ROÔa RWPOZWY& DZSV YO_S¥O¥eO$ SZS[S¥ W¥W ROÔa RW^S_POVO_bW
`SQO_O PS_bZO¥U%bZO¥U& HOZOV Òab Q]¥a]V SZS[S¥ W¥W eO¥U ÔZW¥U RWYS¥OZ
RW [OèO_OYOa OROZOV OYb[bZOa]_ OaOb OYW&
9OZO[ POP W¥W OYO¥ RWPOVO` RbO PbOV Q]¥a]V SZS[S¥ `SYb¥RS_$ eOWab
OYb[bZOa]_ aW[POZ OÒ[ `bZTOa RO¥ OYb[bZOa]_ ¥WYSZ YOR[Wb[&
'" 1KTMTLBSOQ ?IMCBL 1RBM >TLFBS
tutup
lubang atas terminal
6Yb[bZOa]_ W¥W PO¥eOY RWaS[bYO¥ ÔRO [S`W¥ `S^SRO []a]_$ []PWZ OaOb
ÔRO [S`W¥%[S`W¥ eO¥U ZOW¥ `SPOUOW `b[PS_ ZWà_WY& EORO OYb[bZOa]_ XS¥W`
W¥W$ POVO¥ ZO_baO¥ SZSYa_]ZWa eO¥U RWUb¥OYO¥ OROZOV OÒ[ `bZTOa& >abZOV
`SPOP¥eO$ OYb[bZOa]_ XS¥W` W¥W RW`SPba XbUO OYb[bZOa]_ OÒ[ `bZTOa& 7OUWO¥%
POUWO¥ OYb[bZOa]_ OÒ[ `bZTOa RWab¥XbYYO¥ ÔRO 6BMCBQ .%('&
EORO ROÒ_¥eO$ ORO RbO ^_]`S` ^S¥aW¥U ROZO[ OYb[bZOa]_& ES_aO[O$
^_]`S` ^S¥UW`WO¥ OYb[bZOa]_ RO¥ YSRbO$ ^_]`S` ^S¥UUb¥OO¥ OYb[bZOa]_&
EORO ^_]`S` ^S¥UW`WO¥ OYb[bZOa]_$ `SXb[ZOV O_b` ZWà_WY RWOZW_YO¥ ÔRO
OYb[bZOa]_ `SRS[WYWO¥ VW¥UUO PS_bPOV [S¥XORW S¥S_UW YW[WO& 9W ROZO[
OYb[bZOa]_$ ZO_baO¥ SZSYa_]ZWa =*HD, aS_b_OW [S¥XORW *=# RO¥ HD,*%& GSOY`W
YW[WO eO¥U aS_XORW ÔRO ^_]`S` ^S¥UW`WO¥ OROZOV `SPOUOW PS_WYba&
h 9W YOa]RS2
EPHD, # *=# # *Sj & EP # =*HD,
lapisan pelat pelat
pemisah oksida logam
h 9W O¥]RS2
asam
sulfat
Gambar 8.21 EPHD,# HD,*j # *=*D & EPD* # *=*HD, # *Sj
EORO ^_]`S` ^S¥UW`WO¥$ W]¥ = RWOZW_YO¥ YS YOa]RO RO¥ W]¥ `bZTOa RWOZW_YO¥
Bagian-bagian akumulator asam
sulfat.
YS O¥]RO& 6RO^b¥ ÔRO ^_]`S` ^S[OYOWO¥$ YSRbO SZSYa_]RO RWVbPb¥UYO¥
`SVW¥UUO aS_XORW OZW_O¥ SZSYa_]¥ RO_W SZSYa_]RO EP [SZOZbW PSPO¥ ![WÒZ¥eO$
ZO[^b" YS SZSYa_]RO EPD*& EORO ^_]`S` ^S[OYOWO¥$ RW ROZO[ OYb[bZOa]_
OYO¥ aS_XORW _SOY`W YW[WO `SPOUOW PS_WYba&
h >]¥ = ^]`WaWT OYO¥ PS_US_OY [S¥bXb EPD* `SVW¥UUO aS_XORW _SOY`W
EP # EPD* # *=*HD, & *EPHD, # *=*D
@S^W¥U EPD* PS_bPOV [S¥XORW aW[POZ `bZTOa !EPHD,"&

h >]¥ HD,*% PS_US_OY [S¥bXb YS EP `SVW¥UUO aS_XORW _SOY`W Kata Kunci
EP # HD,*j & EPHD, # *Sj
• proses kimiawi
@S^W¥U EP XbUO PS_bPOV [S¥XORW aW[POZ `bZTOa !EPHD,"& • elektromagnetik
@SRbO _SOY`W aS_`SPba aS_b` PS_ZO¥Xba Ò[ÔW YSRbO SZSYa_]RO [S¥XORW

• termoelektrik
• fotolistrik
aW[POZ `bZTOa& HSaSZOV YSOROO¥ W¥W aS_QOÔW$ aWROY ORO ZOUW OZW_O¥ SZSYa_]¥ • piezoelektrik
!aWROY ORO O_b` eO¥U [S¥UOZW_"& 9S¥UO¥ RS[WYWO¥$ OYb[bZOa]_ aWROY
• elemen primer
PS_Tb¥U`W ZOUW&
• elemen sekunder
(" 1KTMTLBSOQ :IKEL$8BDMITM

EORO OYb[bZOa]_ W¥W$ POVO¥ SZSYa_]ZWa eO¥U RWUb¥OYO¥ OROZOV YOZWb[
VWR_]Y`WRO& @babP ^]`WaWT¥eO OROZOV ¥WYSZ RO¥ YbabP ¥SUOaWT¥eO OROZOV
QO[^b_O¥ Z]UO[ YOR[Wb[& 6Yb[bZOa]_ ¥WYSZ%YOR[Wb[ PO¥eOY RWPbOa
RS¥UO¥ PS¥abY `S^S_aW SZS[S¥ YS_W¥U$ aSaO^W VO_UO¥eO XObV ZSPWV [OVOZ
RO_WÔRO POaS_OW PWOÒ& @Sb¥ab¥UO¥¥eO WOZOV ROÔa RWZOYbYO¥ ^S¥UW`WO¥ bZO¥U
RO¥ RW`W[Ô¥ ZO[O&

)& HSPbaYO¥ `b[PS_%`b[PS_ O_b` ZWà_WY& ,& ?SZO`YO¥ eO¥U RW[OY`bR ^_]`S` ^S¥UW`WO¥ RO¥ ^_]`S`
*& 6Ô eO¥U RW[OY`bR SZS[S¥ ^_W[S_ RO¥ SZS[S¥ ^S¥UUb¥OO¥ OYb[bZOa]_&
`SYb¥RS_5 HSPbaYO¥ Q]¥a]V%Q]¥a]V¥eO& -& IbZW`YO¥ _SOY`W YW[WO eO¥U aS_XORW RW YOa]RS RO¥ RW
+& IbZW`YO¥ _SOYO`W YW[WO eO¥U aS_XORW RW ROZO[ SZS[S¥ K]ZaO& O¥]RS ÔRO ^_]`S` ^S¥UW`WO¥ OYb[bZOa]_&
F. Tegangan Listrik Searah dan Bolak-Balik

1. Energi Listrik
6¥RO aSZOV [S¥USaOVbW POVdO O_b` ZWà_WY [S¥UOZW_ RO_W ^]aS¥`WOZ
aW¥UUW YS ^]aS¥`WOZ eO¥U ZSPWV _S¥ROV& HSZOW¥ Wab$ SZSYa_]¥ `SPOUOW ^S[POdO
Ingatlah
[bOaO¥ ZWà_WY [S[S_ZbYO¥ S¥S_UW b¥abY PS_^W¥ROV$ eOY¥W S¥S_UW ^]aS¥`WOZ
eO¥U PSÒ_¥eO [bOaO¥ RWYOZW ^]aS¥`WOZ ZWà_WY¥eO& q
/M 4 N ;
I=
J
DZSV YO_S¥O Wab$ S¥S_UW ZWà_WY OROZOV bÒVO b¥abY [S[W¥ROVYO¥
maka q = I t
[bOaO¥ ZWà_WY aS_`SPba& 7SÒ_¥eO S¥S_UW ZWà_WY aS_`SPba OROZOV

< 4 /M* j /M)
< 4 N;* j N;)
; 4 ;* j ;)
< 4 N;
< 4 ;2Q !0j+)"

< OROZOV PSÒ_ S¥S_UW ZWà_WY$ ; OROZOV aSUO¥UO¥$ 2 OROZOV YbOa O_b`
ZWà_WY$ RO¥ Q OROZOV dOYab& ?WYO [S¥`bPàWab`WYO¥ ; 4 28$ ^S_Ò[OO¥
!0j+)" [S¥XORW
< * 2* 8 Q
!0j+*"
OaOb
;*
<4 Q !0j++"
8
Listrik Dinamis 191

Tokoh @SaS_O¥UO¥2
< 4 S¥S_UW ZWà_WY !?"
; 4 PSRO ^]aS¥`WOZ !K"
2 4 YbOa O_b` !6"
8 4 VO[POaO¥ ! " "
Alessandro Volta
Q 4 `SZO¥U dOab !`"
(1745 – 1827)
6RO^b¥ ROeO ZWà_WY !6" OROZOV Xb[ZOV S¥S_UW ^S_ ÒabO¥ dOYab& 9OeO
ZWà_WY ROÔa RWVWab¥U RS¥UO¥ _b[b`%_b[b` `SPOUOW PS_WYba&
<
6* OaOb 6 * ;2 !0j+,"
Q
;*
6 * 2 8 OaOb 6 4
*
!0j+-"
8
6ZOa%OZOa ^S[O¥O` eO¥U PO¥eOY RWXb[ÔW [S_bÔYO¥ YSPbabVO¥ baO[O
ROZO[ YSVWRbÔ¥ [O¥b`WO$ `S^S_aW `Sa_WYO$ aSY] ZWà_WY$ RO¥ OF@B @LLHBO& :¥S_UW
Sumber: www.physics. com. ZWà_WY eO¥U RWVO`WZYO¥ ]ZSV SZS[S¥ ^S[O¥O` ZWà_WY aS_`SPba `SZO[O Q `SY]¥
`SPSÒ_ < * ;2Q& @S[bRWO¥$ S¥S_UW aS_`SPba RWbPOV [S¥XORW S¥S_UW YOZ]_
`SPSÒ_ 7 4 J@ $: & HSQO_O [OaS[OaW`$ ^S_bPOVO¥ S¥S_UW ZWà_WY < [S¥XORW
Alessandro Volta, adalah Fisikawan
yang dilahirkan di Como, Italia. Dia
menciptakan electrophorus, yaitu S¥S_UW YOZ]_ 7 aS_`SPba ROÔa RWabZW`YO¥ `SPOUOW PS_WYba&
suatu alat untuk membangkitkan
listrik statis pada 1775 dan <*7
menemukan gas metana pada 1778.
2*8Q * J@ $: !0j+."
Dia ditetapkan sebagai profesor
untuk filsuf ilmu alam di Pavia.
Terinspirasi oleh temannya Luigi @SaS_O¥UO¥2
Galvani, Volta menemukan bahwa
J 4 [O`Ò OW_ !YU"
@ 4 YOZ]_ XS¥W` OW_ 4 ,&*(( ?'YUg8
arus listrik dibangkitkan ketika dua
logam berbeda berada pada jarak
yang sangat dekat, dan
mengembangkan baterai listrik
$: 4 YS¥OWYO¥ `bVb OW_ !g8"
pertama pada 1800. Namanya 8OaOaO¥2 <EQRBMBBN !.X)," PS_ZOYb XWYO aWROY aS_XORW ^S_bPOVO¥ dbXbR
diabadikan untuk satuan beda
potensial listrik, volt.
QOW_ !`SPSZb[ aS_XORW ^S¥UbOÔ¥"&
Sumber : www.allbiographies.com
Contoh 8.15
HSPbOV P]ZO ZO[^b RS¥UO¥ `^S`WTWYO`W )(( L3 **( K RWÔÒ¥U ÔRO PSRO ^]aS¥`WOZ
))( K RO¥ RW¥eOZOYO¥ `SZO[O )( [S¥Wa& =Wab¥U S¥S_UW ZWà_WY eO¥U aS_ÔYOW ZO[^b
aS_`SPba&
7BVBC0
9WYSaOVbW2
;) 4 **( K
;* 4 ))( K
6) 4 )(( L
Q 4 )( [S¥Wa 4 .(( `
=O[POaO¥ ZO[^b RWO¥UUO^ Y]¥àO¥ `SVW¥UUO2
*
;)* ;** -; /
84 4 [OYO 6* 4 1 * 2 k 6)
6) 6* . ;) 0
*
- )(( K /
6* 4 1 2 k)(( L & 6* 4 *- L
. **( K 0
< 4 6Q 4 !*- L"!.(( `" 4 )$- k )(, ?
?ORW$ S¥S_UW ZWà_WY eO¥U aS_ÔYOW )$- k )(, ?&

Mari Mencari Tahu
:¥S_UW ZWà_WY Ò¥UOa RW^S_ZbYO¥ ROZO[ YSVWRbÔ¥ [O¥b`WO& :¥S_UW ZWà_WY RW _b[OV
6¥RO PS_OÒZ RO_W EAC& :¥S_UW ZWà_WY W¥W RW O¥aO_O¥eO PS_OÒZ RO_W ES[PO¥UYWa
AWà_WY IS¥OUO 6W_ !EAI6"& ES_¥OVYOV 6¥RO [S¥RS¥UO_ ES[PO¥UYWa AWà_WY
IS¥OUO CbYZW_5 IbUO` 6¥RO$ QO_WZOV W¥T]_[O`W [S¥US¥OW ES[PO¥UYWa AWà_WY
IS¥OUO CbYZW_ W¥W& IbZW`ZOV W¥T]_[O`W aS_`SPba ROZO[ YS_aO` RO¥ RWYb[^bZYO¥
YSÔRO Ub_b 6¥RO& <b¥OYO¥ZOV PbYb%PbYb RW ^S_^bàOYOO¥ `SY]ZOV OaOb ROS_OV$
Y]_O¥$ W¥aS_¥Sa$ RO¥ [SRWO ZOW¥ b¥abY [S¥QO_W W¥T]_[O`W aS_`SPba&
6¥RO aSZOV [S[^SZOXO_W O_b` ZWà_WY `SO_OV$ aSUO¥UO¥ ZWà_WY `SO_OV$

RO¥ `b[PS_ O_b` ZWà_WY `SO_OV$ `S_aO _O¥UYOWO¥ `SRS_VO¥O aS_RW_W OaO` POaS_OW
VW¥UUO RW^S_]ZSV ¥WZOW ; RO¥ 2 eO¥U RW`SPba RS¥UO¥ _O¥UYOWO¥ O_b` `SO_OV&
6_b` RO¥ aSUO¥UO¥ ZWà_WY P]ZOY%POZWY [S[WZWYW ¥WZOW eO¥U `SZOZb PS_%
bPOV%bPOV aS_VORO^ dOYab `SQO_O ^S_W]RWY$ POWY PSÒ_ [Ob^b¥ O_OV¥eO&
7SÒ_O¥ O_b` RO¥ aSUO¥UO¥ P]ZOY%POZWY RWZO[PO¥UYO¥ RS¥UO¥ $
`SRO¥UYO¥ O_b` RO¥ aSUO¥UO¥ `SO_OV RWZO[PO¥UYO¥ RS¥UO¥ & 9SdOÒ
W¥W$ VO[^W_ `S[bO ^S_OZOaO¥ _b[OV aO¥UUO RW]^S_O`WYO¥ RS¥UO¥ S¥S_UW
ZWà_WY O_b` P]ZOY%POZWY$ `S^S_aW aO[ÔY ÔRO 6BMCBQ .%((& 6¥RO aSZOV Sumber: Femina, 1995
[S¥USaOVbW POVdO ^S_PSROO¥ [S¥ROÒ_ O¥aO_O O_b` P]ZOY%POZWY RO¥ O_b`

Gambar 8.22
`SO_OV OROZOV ^]ZO_WaO`¥eO&

Mixer dan bor listrik dioperasikan
dengan energi listrik.
J¥abY [S¥USaOVbW ^]ZO_WaO` O_b` RO¥ aSUO¥UO¥ `SO_OV eO¥U `SZOZb aSaO^
RO¥ O_b` P]ZOY%POZWY eO¥U `SZOZb PS_bPOV ROÔa RWUb¥OYO¥ ]`WZ]`Y]^ [WÒZ¥eO
8G9 !->QELAB 8>U 5P@FILP@LMB"& BSZOZbW OZOa W¥W XbUO RWO[OaW ¥WZOW T_S%
YbS¥`W RO¥ PS¥abY USZ][PO¥U eO¥U RWVO`WZYO¥$ `SRO¥UYO¥ b¥abY [S¥U%
bYb_ ¥WZOW aSUO¥UO¥ RO¥ YbOa O_b` ZWà_WY ROÔa RWUb¥OYO¥ c]Za[SaS_ +-
RO¥ O[^S_S[SaS_ +-&
2. Mengamati Tegangan Listrik DC dan Tegangan Listrik AC Sumber: Phywe
J¥abY [S¥UbYb_ aSUO¥UO¥ .- RO¥ +- [OY`W[b[ !;J" RO¥ aSUO¥UO¥

Gambar 8.23
Osiloskop
^b¥QOY YS ^b¥QOY !;MM" eO¥U PS_OÒZ RO_W XO_W¥UO¥ ZWà_WY EAC$ ROÔa RWZOYbYO¥
RS¥UO¥ [S¥UUb¥OYO¥ ]`WZ]`Y]^$ `S^S_aW ÔRO 6BMCBQ .%()& =bPb¥UYO¥ aS_% (a)
[W¥OZ O[^S_S[SaS_ .- RO¥ @E>KKBI -85 YS _O¥UYOWO¥ `S^S_aW ÔRO 6BMCBQ
.%()& =WRb^YO¥ -85 RS¥UO¥ [S¥SYO¥ a][P]Z ;N& 6[OaW$ OÔYOV XO_b[
Galvanometer
6[^S_S[SaS_ .- [S¥eW[Ô¥U5 IS¥eOaO$ XO_b[ O[^S_S[SaS_ .- aWROY

[S¥eW[Ô¥U `SOYO¥%OYO¥ aWROY ORO O_b` eO¥U [S¥UOZW_ ÔRO _O¥UYOWO¥& JZO¥UW Osiloskop
^S_Q]POO¥ aS_`SPba RS¥UO¥ [S¥UVbPb¥UYO¥ O_b` _O¥UYOWO¥ YS @E>KKBI aSUO¥UO¥ "220 2
+- ÔRO ]`WZ]`Y]^ !-85"& @S[bRWO¥$ ^baO_ c]Za`'RWc$ [WÒZ¥eO ÔRO ^]`W`W *& 220 V 0
R 220 2
6[OaW USZ][PO¥U aSUO¥UO¥ RW ZOeO_ ]`WZ]`Y]^$ [OYO OYO¥ aS_ZWVOa POVdO
aSUO¥UO¥ PS_bPOV `SQO_O ^S_W]RWY `S^S_aW ÔRO 6BMCBQ .%(*B YW_O%YW_O **( *
YS OaO` RO¥ **( * YS POdOV& 6¥RO aSZOV [S¥USaOVbW POVdO aSUO¥UO¥ eO¥U (b)
^]ZO_WaO`¥eO `S^S_aW USZ][PO¥U OROZOV aSUO¥UO¥ ZWà_WY P]ZOY%POZWY& Galvanometer
7OUOW[O¥O XWYO O_b` eO¥U RWZSdOaYO¥ OROZOV O_b` `SO_OV5 ?WYO 6¥RO
[S¥UO[OaW aSUO¥UO¥ `SO_OV eO¥U RWVO`WZYO¥ _O¥UYOWO¥ O_b` `SO_OV RO¥ Osiloskop
POaS_OW [S¥UUb¥OYO¥ ]`WZ]`Y]^$ `SaSZOV 6¥RO [S¥UVbPb¥UYO¥ O_b` .- 220 V
YS QVO¥¥SZ .-$ XO_b[ O[^S_S[SaS_ .- [S¥eW[Ô¥U& 6RO^b¥ ^S_bPOVO¥ 220 V R
aSUO¥UO¥ `SO_OV ÔRO ]`WZ]`Y]^ OYO¥ aS_ZWVOa VO¥eO ROZO[ Òab O_OV `S^S_aW
ÔRO 6BMCBQ .%(*C& Gambar 8.24
HSaSZOV [SZOYbYO¥ ^S¥UO[OaO¥ RO_W ^S_Q]POO¥ aS_`SPba$ 6¥RO ROÔa a. Mengamati arus bolak-balik dengan
[S¥USaOVbW `SXb[ZOV ^S_PSROO¥ O¥aO_O aSUO¥UO¥ .- RO¥ aSUO¥UO¥ +-& amperemeter DC dan osiloskop.
AWà_WY `SO_OV [S[WZWYW aSUO¥UO¥ eO¥U aSaO^ `SaWO^ ÒOa RO¥ U_OTWY aSUO¥UO¥%
b. Mengamati arus searah dengan
amperemeter DC dan osiloskop.
Listrik Dinamis 193

¥eO PS_bÔ UO_W` Zb_b`$ `SRO¥UYO¥ ZWà_WY P]ZOY%POZWY [S[WZWYW aSUO¥UO¥ eO¥U
PS_bPOV%bPOV `SaWO^ ÒOa$ eOWab PS_PS¥abY `W¥b`]WROZ& 7SPS_OÔ ^S_PSROO¥
^_W¥`W^ ZWà_WY `SO_OV RO¥ P]ZOY%POZWY ROÔa 6¥RO ZWVOa ÔRO ?BCEL .%(&
?BCEL .%)
7SPS_OÔ ES_PSROO¥ E_W¥`W^ AWà_WY HSO_OV RO¥ 7]ZOY%7OZWY
>TMCEQ 1QTR =BNGKBIBN
2OLBK$2BLIK >EBQBH
h AOeO_ ]`WZ]`Y]^ [S¥b¥XbYYO¥ h AOeO_ ]`WZ]`Y]^ [S¥b¥XbYYO¥

UO[PO_ aSUO¥UO¥ P]ZOY%POZWY& UO[PO_ aSUO¥UO¥ `SO_OV&
h AWà_WY +- [bROV RWa_O¥`[W`WYO¥ h AWà_WY .- `bZWa b¥abY [S[S¥bVW

RO_W ^S[PO¥UYWa YS _b[OV%_b[OV& YSPbabVO¥ Ô`]YO¥ ROZO[ Xb[ZOV
h 6_b` RO¥ aSUO¥UO¥ +- [S[WZWYW PSÒ_&
aSUO¥UO¥ [OY`W[b[$ aSUO¥UO¥ h 6_b` RO¥ aSUO¥UO¥ +- VO¥eO
^b¥QOY YS ^b¥QOY$ aSUO¥UO¥ [S[WZWYW ¥WZOW STSYaWT¥eO&
`SÒOa$ aSUO¥UO¥ _OaO%_OaO$ RO¥
¥WZOW STSYaWT&
7SÒ_¥eO O_b` RO¥ aSUO¥UO¥ P]ZOY%POZWY ROÔa RWO[OaW RS¥UO¥ Oc][SaS_&

Informasi 6_b` RO¥ aSUO¥UO¥ eO¥U RWab¥XbYYO¥ OZOa W¥W [S_bÔYO¥ VO_UO STSYaWT¥eO&
untuk Anda E]ZO_WaO` ZWà_WY +- eO¥U RWVO`WZYO¥ RO_W XO_W¥UO¥ EAC PS_bÔ U_OTWY `W%
¥b`W]ROZ RS¥UO¥ ;_SYbS¥`W -( =f&
Cara menghubungkan kabel 6_b` STSYaWT ROÔa RW_b[b`YO¥ `SPOUOW PS_WYba&
pemanas air dapat dilakukan
2[OY`
2BC 4
sebagai berikut. Ketiga lubang pada
steker, yaitu dua ujung terminal !0j+/"
pemanas masing-masing *
dihubungkan ke kutub positif dan
negatif, dan kabel lain berwarna biru RS¥UO¥ QO_O eO¥U Ò[O b¥abY aSUO¥UO¥ STSYaWT !;BC" OYO¥ RW^S_]ZSV ^S_%
Ò[OO¥2
menuju netral.
;BC 4 2BC 8
kabel ditanahkan
;[OY`
sekring
;BC 4 !0j+0"
penahan *
kabel
berarus
Contoh 8.16
kabel netral 9O_W ^S¥UO[OaO¥ [SZOZbW ]`WZ]`Y]^$ `b[Pb cS_aWYOZ RWOab_ 1 cm
ÔRO aSUO¥UO¥ + K'Q[$ `SRO¥UYO¥ `SZO¥U dOYab
[S¥b¥XbYYO¥ 0 [`'Q[& HYOZO `SaWO^ Y]aOY [S[WZWYW bYb_O¥
1 cm
Information for You ) Q[ k ) Q[&

IS¥abYO¥2
O& aSUO¥UO¥ [OY`W[b[3
To connect wires of water heater can Vpp
do as below. Three hole on the plug,
that is two edge heater terminals P& T_SYbS¥`W `b[PS_&
connect to positive and negative
7BVBC0
O& EORO UO[PO_$ aS_POQO aSUO¥UO¥ ^b¥QOY !;MM" OROZOV
poles and other blue wires toward
neutral.
, Q[& DZSV YO_S¥O `YOZO cS_aWYOZ + K'Q[ [OYO T

;MM 4 , Q[ k + K'Q[ 4 )* K&
ISUO¥UO¥ [OY`W[b[¥eO OROZOV
) ) Tantangan
;J>HP 4 ;MM 4 !)* K"4 . K
* * untuk Anda
?ORW$ aSUO¥UO¥ [OY`W[b[¥eO OROZOV . K&
Persamaan tegangan bolak-balik
P& ES_W]RS ROZO[ U_OTWY , Q[& HYOZO V]_Wf]¥aOZ 0 [`'Q[ [OYO suatu rangkaian listrik
: 4 , Q[ k 0 [`'Q[ 4 +* [` 4 ($(+* `& memenuhi persamaan
;_SYbS¥`W `b[PS_ OROZOV V = 314 sin 50 V.
) )
Tentukan tegangan rata-rata
C* 4 4 +)$*- =f& yang dihasilkan sumber tersebut.
: ($(+*
Contoh 8.17
HSPbOV _O¥UYOWO¥ eO¥U RWVbPb¥UYO¥ RS¥UO¥ `b[PS_ ZWà_WY P]ZOY%POZWY RWbYb_ RS¥UO¥
c]Za[SaS_ RO¥ [S¥b¥XbYYO¥ O¥UYO *( K& 7S_OÔYOV VO_UO [OY`W[b[ aSUO¥UO¥ P]ZOY%
POZWY `b[PS_5 IbZW`YO¥ ^bZO ^S_Ò[OO¥¥eO XWYO T_SYbS¥`W¥eO .( =f&
7BVBC0
9WYSaOVbW2
;BC 4 *( K3 C 4 .( =f
O& CWZOW aSUO¥UO¥ [OY`W[b[ ;[OY` RWVWab¥U RS¥UO¥ [S¥UUb¥OYO¥ ^S_Ò[OO¥
PS_WYba&
; [OY`4 ;BC *
; [OY`4 *( * K&
P& ES_Ò[OO¥ aSUO¥UO¥ RW^S_]ZSV RS¥UO¥ [S¥UUb¥OYO¥ ^S_Ò[OO¥ PS_WYba&
; 4 Vmaks sin * t
; 4 *( * `W¥)*(! Q &
Contoh 8.18
HSPbOV _O¥UYOWO¥ O_b` P]ZOY%POZWY [S[WZWYW VO_UO aSUO¥UO¥ `SPOUOW Tb¥U`W dOYab$
eOWab ; 4 -( * `W¥ -( Q& =Wab¥UZOV2
O& aSUO¥UO¥ [OY`W[b[ !;J>HP"$ S& ^S_W]RS !:"$
P& aSUO¥UO¥ ^b¥QOY YS ^b¥QOY !;MM"$ T& T_SYbS¥`W !C"$
Q& aSUO¥UO¥ STSYaWT !;BC"$ U& aSUO¥UO¥ `SaSZOV Q 4 ($()-! `&
R& T_SYbS¥`W O¥UbZS_ ! * "$
7BVBC0
9WYSaOVbW&
ES_Ò[OO¥ aSUO¥UO¥ `SPOUOW Tb¥U`W dOYab
; 4 -( * `W¥ -(Q
DZSV YO_S¥O aSUO¥UO¥ [S_bÔYO¥ Tb¥U`W `W¥b`]WROZ aS_VORO^ dOYab [OYO ^S_Ò[OO¥
aSUO¥UO¥ ROÔa RWabZW`YO¥
; 4 ;J `W¥ * Q
* 4 -( _OR'`
O& ISUO¥UO¥ [OY`W[b[$ K[ aS_XORW ÔRO ÒOa `W¥ * Q 4 )
[OYO ;J 4 -( * K
P& ;MM 4 *;J 4 * ! -( * K" 4 )(( * K

; -( *
Q& ;BC 4 J # K 4 -( K
* *
Listrik Dinamis 195

R& * 4 -( _OR'`
*! *! *! !
S& *4 +:# # # `
: * -( *-
) *-
T& C 4 # =f
: !
U& ; 4 -( * `W¥ -(Q 4 -( * `W¥ -(!($()- ! " 4 -( K
3. Pemasangan Listrik di Rumah Tangga

EORO b[b[¥eO$ O_b` ZWà_WY eO¥U RWÒZb_YO¥ YS _b[OV%_b[OV PS_OÒZ
RO_W XO_W¥UO¥ EAC RS¥UO¥ [S¥UUb¥OYO¥ O_b` RO¥ aSUO¥UO¥ P]ZOY%POZWY
!+-"& IOVOÔ¥ [O`bY¥eO O_b` ZWà_WY RO_W aWO¥U XO_W¥UO¥ YS _b[OV OROZOV
`SPOUOW PS_WYba&
6_b` ZWà_WY [O`bY YOZW ^S_aO[O [SZOZbW 4-, !4>FK -FO@RFQ ,OB>HBO"
OaOb ^S[POaO` ROeO eO¥U PS_Tb¥U`W [S[POaO`W ROeO [OY`W[b[ eO¥U
RWUb¥OYO¥$ ZOZb YS YLV [SaS_$ Y]aOY `SY_W¥U$ RO¥ OYVW_¥eO YS `S[bO
^S_OZOaO¥ ZWà_WY&
EORO ROÒ_¥eO$ ^S[POaO` ROeO b¥abY [S[POaO`W YbOa O_b` [O`bY YS
`SaWO^ _b[OV RWaS¥abYO¥ PS_ROÒ_YO¥ ^S[SÒ¥O¥ Xb[ZOV ROeO eO¥U
Sumber: Young Scientists, 1997
RWPbabVYO¥&
H^S`WTWYO`W YbOa O_b` eO¥U aS_`SRWO PWOÒ¥eO [bZOW RO_W * 6$ , 6$ . 6$
Gambar 8.25
Arus listrik disalurkan oleh
jaringan PLN. )( 6$ )- 6& ?WYO ^S[POaO` ROeO PSÒ_¥eO , 6 RO¥ aSUO¥UO¥ ZWà_WY RW
_b[OV **( K$ ROeO [OY`W[b[ eO¥U [O`WV ROÔa RWUb¥OYO¥ OROZOV , 6 k
**( K 4 00( dOaa& >¥W O_aW¥eO$ `S[bO ^S_OZOaO¥ ZWà_WY eO¥U RWÔYOW `SQO_O
PS_Ò[OO¥ aWROY P]ZSV [SZSPWVW 00( dOaa& ?WYO ^S[OYOWO¥ ROeO ZWà_WY
ZSPWV PSÒ_ RO_WÔRO 00( dOaa$ Yb[Ô_O¥ ^S[bab` ROeO OYO¥ [S¥S_W[O
O_b` PS_ZSPWV `SVW¥UUO `SQO_O ]a][OaW` ÒYZO_ ÔRO 4-, [S¥XORW ;FF&
HSYO_O¥U$ Q]PO 6¥RO VWab¥U XWYO ÔRO 4-, aS_QOaOa ¥WZOW O_b` * 6$ PS_OÔ
a]aOZ ROeO ^S_OZOaO¥ ZWà_WY RW _b[OV OUO_ [S¥QOÔW TOYa]_ YSO[O¥O¥5
HOYZO_ ^S[POaO` ROeO OYO¥ ab_b¥ `SQO_O ]a][OaW` YSaWYO aS_XORW
VbPb¥UO¥ `W¥UYOa !Y]_`ZSaW¥U ZWà_WY" RO¥ [S¥UOYWPOaYO¥ O_b` ZWà_WY
kawat sekring aS_^bab`& HSZO¥Xba¥eO$ O_b` ZWà_WY VO_b` [SZSdOaW `SY_W¥U b¥abY [S¥XOUO
YSO[O¥O¥& 7SPS_OÔ ^S_OZOaO¥ ZWà_WY RWVbPb¥UYO¥ `SQO_O aS_^WÒV YS
`SY_W¥U¥eO [O`W¥U%[O`W¥U eO¥U aS_ROÔa ÔRO Y]aOY `SY_W¥U baO[O&
HSY_W¥U !CRPB" aS_PbOa RO_W `SbaO` YOdOa aS[POUO aW^W` RO¥ OYO¥ [S¥XORW
Ô¥O` YSaWYO O_b` [S¥UOZW_ [SZOZbW¥eO& HSY_W¥U OYO¥ aS_POYO_$ YS[bRWO¥
^bab` XWYO RWZSdOaW O_b` PS_ZSPWV&
tutup logam
tabung kaca
tutup logam HSY_W¥U PO¥eOY RWUb¥OYO¥ ÔRO _O¥UYOWO¥ ZWà_WY$ `S^S_aW ÔRO []PWZ$
`S^SRO []a]_$ ^SÒdOa$ _ORW]$ RO¥ aSZScW`W& HSaWO^ `SY_W¥U [S[WZWYW ¥WZOW YbOa
O_b` eO¥U aSZOV RWaSaO^YO¥$ [WÒZ¥eO )6$ +6$ -6$ )+6&
Gambar 8.26
Sekring
Contoh 8.19
HSPbOV `Sa_WYO )&((( L$ *-( K OYO¥ RWZS¥UYO^W RS¥UO¥ `SPbOV `SY_W¥U& ?WYO `SY_W¥U eO¥U
aS_`SRWO PS_¥WZOW + 6$ - 6$ RO¥ )+ 6$ PS_OÔYOV ¥WZOW `SY_W¥U eO¥U OYO¥ RW^WZWV5
Kata Kunci 7BVBC0
@bOa O_b` eO¥U RW^S_ZbYO¥ `Sa_WYO OROZOV
6 )&((( L
• tegangan listrik searah
2 4 4 4,6
• tegangan listrik bolak-balik
• energi listrik ; *-( K
HSY_W¥U eO¥U RWUb¥OYO¥ VO_b` `SRWYWa ZSPWV PSÒ_ RO_WÔRO , 6 `SVW¥UUO eO¥U RW^WZWV
• daya listrik
OROZOV `SY_W¥U PS_¥WZOW - 6&

• osiloskop
• transmisi daya listrik

ES[OÒ¥UO¥ `SXb[ZOV ZO[^b RW _b[OV$ `SPOWY¥eO RWVbPb¥UYO¥ `SQO_O
Ô_OZSZ `S^S_aW 6BMCBQ .%(- RO¥ 6BMCBQ .%(. OUO_ `SaWO^ ZO[^b meteran
[S¥ROÔa aSUO¥UO¥ eO¥U Ò[O& lampu
5A
kotak stop
sekring kontak
sekring
saklar dua saklar saklar
arah sakelar
sumber tegangan stop
kontak
PLN 220 V
60 W 15 W 100 W
Gambar 8.27 Gambar 8.28
Pemasangan lampu secara paralel. Contoh diagram kabel listrik di rumah
transmisi pabrik
pusat
pembangkit tegangan
listrik tinggi
tiang listrik
generator rumah
Gambar 8.29
Bagan transmisi daya listrik jarak jauh
transformator transformator gardu listrik
Tes Kompetensi Subbab F

)& HSPbOV `Sa_WYO ZWà_WY RS¥UO¥ `^S`WTWYO`W .(( L3 **( K .& 9O_W UO[PO_ U_OTWY PS_WYba$ aS¥abYO¥ZOV2
RWÔÒ¥U ÔRO PSRO ^]aS¥`WOZ ))( K RO¥ RW¥eOZOYO¥ I(A)
`SZO[O )- [S¥Wa& =Wab¥U S¥S_UW ZWà_WY eO¥U aS_ÔYOW
`Sa_WYO aS_`SPba& 10
*& EORO `SPbOV ^S[O¥O` ZWà_WY aS_QO¥ab[ `^S`WTWYO`W *$, waktu(s)
YL3 *,( K& IS¥abYO¥2
O& PSÒ_¥eO S¥S_UW eO¥U RWVO`WZYO¥ `SZO[O * [S¥Wa3
P& YbOa O_b` ZWà_WY eO¥U [S¥UOZW_& O& O_b` [OY`W[b[3
+& ESÒdOa IK _OaO%_OaO RW¥eOZOYO¥ . XO[ aWO^ VO_W¥eO& ?WYO P& O_b` STSYaWT3
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[S¥UOZW_ OROZOV *$- 6& ?WYO VO_UO ^S_ YLV G^*(($(($ /& ?WYO `SY_W¥U eO¥U aS_`SRWO PS_¥WZOW + 6$ - 6$ )+ 6$ )- 6$
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[S¥eOZOYO¥ IK `SZO[O `SPbZO¥& !) PbZO¥ 4 +( VO_W"& [S¥S¥abYO¥ ¥WZOW `SY_W¥U eO¥U OYO¥ RWUb¥OYO¥&
,& ?SZO`YO¥ OÔ eO¥U RW[OY`bR RS¥UO¥2
<EQBLBSBN 3BWB ?EGBNGBN >EKQING
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!A" !@" !1"
P& VO_UO [OY`W[b[ YbOa O_b` RO¥ aSUO¥UO¥ P]ZOY%POZWY3
Q& VO_UO _OaO%_OaO YbOa O_b` RO¥ aSUO¥UO¥ P]ZOY%POZWY& AO[^b )(( *-( &&&&
-& Hb[PS_ aSUO¥UO¥ O_b` P]ZOY%POZWY PSÒ_¥eO )(( K& ISZScW`W /( *-( &&&&
HSPbOV `Sa_WYO ZWà_WY RS¥UO¥ VO[POaO¥ *( " RWVbPb¥U% ES¥US_W¥U _O[Pba -(( *-( &&&&
YO¥ YS `b[PS_ aSUO¥UO¥ aS_`SPba& =Wab¥UZOV ¥WZOW ES[O¥UUO¥U _]aW )&*(( *-( &&&&
STSYaWT$ ¥WZOW [OY`W[b[$ RO¥ ¥WZOW _OaO%_OaO b¥abY2 8S_SY ZWà_WY *&/-( *-( &&&&
O& aSUO¥UO¥ `b[PS_$
P& O_b` eO¥U [S¥UOZW_&
Rangkuman
)& 6_b` ZWà_WY OROZOV [bOaO¥ RO_W ^]aS¥`WOZ eO¥U [S¥UOZW_ ROZO[ `bOab ^S¥UVO¥aO_
aW¥UUW YS ^]aS¥`WOZ _S¥ROV& @bOa O_b` `SaWO^ Òab ÒabO¥ dOYab&
ZWà_WY RWRSTW¥W`WYO¥ `SPOUOW [OaO¥ ZWà_WY
Listrik Dinamis 197

*& BS¥b_ba =bYb[ DV[ PS_Pb¥eW aSUO¥UO¥ ,& =bYb[ > @W_QVV]TT [S¥eOaOYO¥ POVdO
OaOb PSRO ^]aS¥`WOZ ObOab ^S¥UVO¥aO_ ZWà_WY Xb[ZOV O_b` ZWà_WY eO¥U [O`bY ÔRO `bOab
`SPO¥RW¥U RS¥UO¥ O_b` ZWà_WY eO¥U [S¥UOZW_ aWaWY ^S_QOPO¥UO¥ Ò[O RS¥UO¥ Xb[ZOV O_b`
[SZOZbW ^S¥UVO¥aO_ aS_`SPba& ES_PO¥RW¥UO¥% ZWà_WY eO¥U YSZbO_ RO_W aWaWY QOPO¥U aS_`SPba&
¥eO `SZOZb Y]¥àO¥ eO¥U RW`SPba `SPOUOW VO[% -& =bYb[ >> @W_QVV]TT [S¥eOaOYO¥ POVdO
POaO¥& Xb[ZOV OZXOPO_ ^S_bPOVO¥ aSUO¥UO¥ eO¥U
+& =O[POaO¥ `bOab _S`Wà]_ PS_UO¥ab¥U ÔRO [S¥USZWZW¥UW `bOab _O¥UYOWO¥ aS_abab^ !Z]]^"
Ô¥XO¥U$ ZbO` ^S¥O[Ô¥U$ RO¥ VO[POaO¥ Ò[O RS¥UO¥ ¥]Z&
XS¥W`& =O[POaO¥ XS¥W` POVO¥ PS_UO¥ab¥U
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Peta Konsep
K]Za[SaS_ D`WZ]`Y]^
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RWVWab¥U RS¥UO¥ aS_XORW ÔRO
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DV[ IS_abab^ @W_QVV]TT
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Refleksi
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, tentunya Anda dapat menggunakan listrikAC dan DC? Materi manakah yang
membuat rangkaian sederhana dan menganalisisnya masih Anda anggap sulit? Diskusikan materi tersebut
menggunakan Hukum Kirchhoff. Dapatkah Anda dengan teman-teman Anda atau dengan guru Fisika
mengidentifikasi alat-alat listrik di rumah yang Anda.

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O& )$)- 6 R& ($-( 6

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bPOV VO[POaO¥ 8 ÔRO PSRO ^]aS¥`WOZ eO¥U aSaO^& RWVO`WZYO¥ ¥eOZO ZO[^b *(( L$ ZO[^b%ZO[^b Wab VO_b`
<_OTWY VbPb¥UO¥ YbOa O_b` !2" RO¥ VO[POaO¥ VO`WZ RWVbPb¥UYO¥ RS¥UO¥ `b[PS_ aSUO¥UO¥ RS¥UO¥ QO_O &&&&
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P& RbO ZO[^b RW`b`b¥ `S_W
Listrik Dinamis 199

Q& aWUO ZO[^b RW`b`b¥ `S_W ).& <O[PO_ PS_WYba W¥W [S¥b¥%
R& aWUO ZO[^b RW`b`b¥ Ô_OZSZ XbYYO¥ `bOab _O¥UYOW O_b` R = 2"
S& Òab ZO[^b RW`b`b¥ Ô_OZSZ RS¥UO¥ RbO ZO[^b `SO_OV& I=2A
ZOW¥ eO¥U RW`b`b¥ `S_W
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)*& AW[O PbOV ZO[^b RS¥UO¥
r
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VO[POaO¥ Ò[O RW`b`b¥ `S^S_aW L1 L2 L5 E = 20 V
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aS_¥eOaO [S¥UVO`WZYO¥ YbOa
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V
O_b` ($- 6& AO[^b eO¥U [S[WZWYW S¥S_UW ZWà_WY ÔZW¥U
PSÒ_ `SaSZOV )( ` OROZOV i& OYO¥ aS_XORW ^S_bPOVO¥ S¥S_UW &&& [S¥XORW S¥S_UW &&&&
O& A- R& A* O& ZWà_WY$ YW[WO R& ZWà_WY$ YOZ]_
P& A, S& A) P& YOZ]_$ [SYO¥WY S& YW[WO$ YOZ]_
Q& A+ Q& YW[WO ZWà_WY
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),& ES_VOaWYO¥ _O¥UYOWO¥ PS_WYba& A )1& HS`S]_O¥U [S[OYOW `Sa_WYO ZWà_WY eO¥U PS_abZW`YO¥ *-(
L3 **( K& HSa_WYO aS_`SPba RWÔÒ¥U ÔRO aSUO¥UO¥
ISUO¥UO¥ O¥aO_O aWaWY 6 RO¥ 8V 2V 3V **( K `SZO[O * XO[& :¥S_UW ZWà_WY eO¥U aS_ÔYOW ]ZSV
7 ÔRO _O¥UYOWO¥ aS_`SPba 2 " 2" `Sa_WYO ZWà_WY Wab OROZOV &&&&
OROZOV &&&K& B
O& -$( k )(* ? R& 1$( k )(- ?
O& * K R& 0 K P& +$( k )( ? ,
S& )$0 k )(. ?
P& , K S& )( K Q& )$. k )( ? -
Q& . K
*(& HSPbOV P]ZO ZO[^b PS_bYb_O¥ +( K3 1( L& ?WYO VS¥ROY
)-& HSPbOV OYW [S[WZWYW UUZ )* K RO¥ VO[POaO¥ ROZO[ RWÔÒ¥U ÔRO `b[PS_ aSUO¥UO¥ )*( K RS¥UO¥ ROeO aSaO^$
($) " & ?WYO OYW W¥W RWW`W RS¥UO¥ O_b` )( 6$ aSUO¥UO¥ O¥aO_O ZO[^b VO_b` RW_O¥UYOWYO¥ `S_W RS¥UO¥ VO[POaO¥ &&&&
YSRbO aS_[W¥OZ¥eO OROZOV &&&& O& )( " R& ,( "
O& ), K R& )) K P& *( " S& -( "
P& )+ K S& )( K Q& +( "
Q& )* K
2% 7BVBCLBH PEQSBNWBBN CEQIKTS INI DENGBN SEPBS%
)& IWUO ^]a]¥U YOdOa eO¥U Ò[O aSPOZ RO¥ Ò[O Ô¥XO¥U P& ?WYO VO[POaO¥ YOdOa ^S_aO[O * ]V[$ VWab¥U
PS_ab_ba%ab_ba aS_PbOa RO_W PS`W$ POXO$ RO¥ aS[POUO RW% VO[POaO¥ ^S¥UUO¥aW `b`b¥O¥ YOdOa W¥W&
Ò[Pb¥U [S¥XORW Òab& 6¥aO_O YSRbO bXb¥U YOdOa RWPS_W +& ES_VOaWYO¥ _O¥UYOWO¥ ZWà_WY ÔRO UO[PS_ PS_WYba&
PSRO ^]aS¥`WOZ -1, K& ?WYO VO[POaO¥ XS¥W` [O`W¥U%[O`W¥U a b c
OROZOV )(j/ " [$ )$0 k )(j/ " [ RO¥ )$/ k )(j0 " [$ I1 4 " I3 I2 5 "
VWab¥U PSRO ^]aS¥`WOZ O¥aO_O YSRbO bXb¥U `SaWO^ YOdOa&
*& ES_VOaWYO¥ UO[PO_ PS_WYba&
32 V 10 " 15 V
a
=Wab¥UZOV 2)$ 2*$ RO¥ 2+ d
,& 9bO PbOV ZO[^b ZWà_WY [O`W¥U%[O`W¥U RS¥UO¥

2" 4"
O& =Wab¥U 2)$ 2*$ RO¥ 2+& `^S`WTWYO`W ))( K3 ,( L RO¥ ))( K3 +( L RW`b`b¥ `S_W
6V
8V
P& 7S_OÔ ;OP5 I3 I1 RO¥ RWVbPb¥UYO¥ YS `b[PS_ aSUO¥UO¥ ))( K&
I2 b 10 V IS¥abYO¥2
+& IWUO PbOV YOdOa RW`b`b¥ Ô_OZSZ& ES_PO¥RW¥UO¥ O& YbOa O_b` eO¥U [S¥UOZW_ ROZO[ _O¥UYOWO¥$
^S¥O[Ô¥U YSaWUO YOdOa aS_`SPba OROZOV ) 2 )$- 2 *$ P& ROeO RW`WÔ`W ÔRO ZO[^b ))( K3 ,( L$
`SRO¥UYO¥ ^S_PO¥RW¥UO¥ Ô¥XO¥U¥eO * 2 ) 2 -& Q& ROeO RW`WÔ`W ÔRO ZO[^b ))( K3 +( L&
O& =Wab¥U O_b` ÔRO YOdOa YS%* RO¥ YS%+ XWYO YOdOa
^S_aO[O . 6&

Bab
9
Sumber: www.boeing.com.
Teknologi satelit, unsur penting pendukung arus komunikasi dan
informasi dunia masa kini.
Gelombang
Elektromagnetik
memahami konsep dan prinsip gelombang elektromagnetik.
• mendeskripsikan spektrum gelombang elektromagnetik;

• menjelaskan aplikasi gelombang elektromagnetik pada kehidupan sehari-hari.
9TePaP X]X$ _T`P]P] bTZ]^[^VX SP[P¥ ZTWXSc_P] aTWP`X%WP`X WP¥_X`

bPZ SP_Pb SX_XaPWZP]& 9X SP[P¥ ¥T]VT¥QP]VZP] bTZ]^[^VX c]bcZ
A. Spektrum
ZTWXSc_P] ¥P]caXP$ ;XaXZP QP]fPZ ¥T¥TVP]V _T`P]P] _T]bX]V& HbcSX
Gelombang
bT]bP]V VT[^¥QP]V QP]fPZ ¥T[PWX`ZP] bTZ]^[^VX%bTZ]^[^VX QP`c fP]V Elektromagnetik
aP]VPb QT`¥P]UPPb QPVX ZTWXSc_P] ¥P]caXP&
9P[P¥ QXSP]V bT[TZ^¥c]XZPaX$ _T]VTbPWcP] bT]bP]V VT[^¥QP]V
B. Jenis-Jenis
T[TZb`^¥PV]TbXZ aP]VPb SX_T`[cZP]& IT[TdXaX$ `PSX^$ bT[T_^] aT[c[T`$ SP]
Gelombang
`XaTb [cP` P]VZPaP aT¥cP]fP ¥T¥P]UPPbZP] VT[^¥QP]V T[TZb`^¥PV]TbXZ& Elektromagnetik
6_PZPW VT[^¥QP]V T[TZb`^¥PV]TbXZ Xbc5 9X¥P]UPPbZP] SP[P¥ P_P aPYP
VT[^¥QP]V T[TZb`^¥PV]TbXZ bTàTQcb5 EPSP QPQ X]X$ 6]SP PZP]
¥T¥_T[PYP`X VT[^¥QP]V T[TZb`^¥PV]TbXZ aT`bP P_[XZPaX]fP SP[P¥
ZTWXSc_P] aTWP`X%WP`X& D[TW ZP`T]P Xbc$ _T[PYP`X[PW QPQ X]X aTRP`P
aPZaP¥P&
201
Tes Kompetensi Awal
=EBEKSL LELOEKAIAPH JNMQEO 5EKNLBAMF 3KEJPNLAFMERHJ# JEPIAJAMKAG QNAK$QNAK BEPHJSR DAKAL BSJS KARHGAM%
)& 6_P fP]V 6]SP ZTbPWcX bT]bP]V VT[^¥QP]V T[TZb`^% +& ?T[PaZP] QPVPX¥P]P VT[^¥QP]V `PSX^ SP_Pb SX_P]RP`%
¥PV]TbXZ5 ZP] ¥T[P[cX [P_XaP] X^]âUT`5
*& BT]VP_P RPWPfP bT`¥PacZ VT[^¥QP]V T[TZb`^% ,& 6_PZPW acP`P PSP[PW VT[^¥QP]V T[TZb`^¥PV]TbXZ5
¥PV]TbXZ5 ?XZP QcZP]$ VT[^¥QP]V P_PZPW acP`P Xbc5
Tokoh A. Spektrum Gelombang Elektromagnetik

EPSP 7PQ .$ 6]SP bT[PW ¥T¥_T[PYP`X RPWPfP aT`bP aXUPb%aXUPb]fP& 8PWPfP
¥T`c_PZP] VT[^¥QP]V T[TZb`^¥PV]TbXZ& 6_PZPW VT[^¥QP]V T[TZb`^¥PV]TbXZ
Xbc5 <T[^¥QP]V T[TZb`^¥PV]TbXZ ¥T¥X[XZX ZTc]XZP]& <T[^¥QP]V T[TZb`^%
Guglielmo Marconi
¥PV]TbXZ SP_Pb QTàXUPb aT_T`bX VT[^¥QP]V$ bTbP_X SP_Pb YcVP QTàXUPb _P`bXZT[&
(1874 – 1937)
<T[^¥QP]V T[TZb`^¥PV]TbXZ SXP¥PbX ZP[X _T`bP¥P ^[TW UXaXZPeP] SP]
¥PbT¥PbXZPeP]$ 7ALEQ 2KEPJ 9AUTEKK !)0+)j)0/1"& 9AUTEKK
Guglielmo Marconi gagal dalam pe-
nerimaan mahasiswa di Universitas
¥T]Vc]VZP_ZP] QPWeP RPWPfP PSP[PW âX[PaX T]T`VX P]bP`P [Xab`XZ SP]

Bologna, Italia, tetapi ayahnya dapat
¥PV]Tb ST]VP] ¥T]T¥_PbZP] WPaX[ _T]T¥cP] 9HCGAEK 4APADAV

mengatur untuk memasukkannya ke
!)/1)j)0./" ZT SP[P¥ QT]bcZ ¥PbT¥PbXZP& @T¥cSXP] VT[^¥QP]V

dalam kuliah-kuliah dan laboratorium.
Setelah belajar mengenai percobaan-
T[TZb`^¥PV]TbXZ SXQP]VZXbZP] SP] SXSTbTZaX aTRP`P TZa_T`X¥T] ^[TW

percobaan dengan radio, ia membuat
6EHMPHCG 6EPRW !)0-/j)01,"$ ST[P_P] bPWc] aTbT[PW 9AUTEKK ¥T]X]VVP[&

ruang kerja di loteng rumahnya. Marconi
sebenarnya tidak menemukan hal
<T[^¥QP]V T[TZb`^¥PV]TbXZ ¥T`P¥QPb bP]_P ¥TSXc¥ _T`P]bP`P& HT_T`bX
baru, karena gelombang radio telah
WP[]fP VT[^¥QP]V RPWPfP$ VT[^¥QP]V T[TZb`^¥PV]TbXZ SP_Pb ¥T]VP[P¥X

ditemukan sebelumnya. Bahkan,
`TU[TZaX !_T¥P]bc[P]"$ `TU`PZaX !_T¥QXPaP]"$ SP] X]bTÙT`T]aX&

desain alat pengirim dan penerima
meniru penemuan ilmuwan lainnya.
9P[P¥ _T`R^QPP]]fP$ 6EPRW ¥T¥QP]VZXbZP] VT[^¥QP]V fP]V

Anak muda ini berpikir tentang ke-
¥T¥X[XZX U`TZcT]aX )( 1 =g& <T[^¥QP]V X]X SXaTQcb VT[^¥QP]V `PSX^&

gunaan baru dari gelombang radio. Ia me-
HTZP`P]V U`TZcT]aX SP[P¥ `T]bP]V X]X SXVc]PZP] c]bcZ ¥T]b`P]a¥XaXZP]

nyadari bahwa ia dapat menggunakan
gelombang radio untuk mengirim
aX]fP[ bT[TdXaX SP] `PSX^& <T[^¥QP]V :B !aTQcbP] c]bcZ VT[^¥QP]V

pesan-pesan tanpa melalui kawat. Tak
T[TZb`^¥PV]TbXZ" bT[PW SXSTbTZaX SP[P¥ `T]bP]V U`TZcT]aX fP]V [TQP`&

seorang pun sebelumnya memikirkan
hal tersebut.
Sumber: Eureka, 2000
9T`TbP] U`TZcT]aX VT[^¥QP]V X]X SXaTQcb a_TZb`c¥ VT[^¥QP]V
T[TZb`^¥PV]TbXZ$ aT_T`bX bT`[XWPb _PSP 5ALBAP .%' QT`XZcb&
Panjang gelombang (m)
102 3 × 104 m 10 6 3 10 10 3 × 10–4 m 10 14 3 × 10–8 m 10 18 3 × 10 –12 m
Inframerah Ultraviolet Sinar gamma

Sinar tampak
Gelombang radio Gelombang micro Sinar-X

(misal: radar)
Gambar 9.1 60 Hz Radio Telepon
AM TV FM TV seluler
Spektrum gelombang
elektromagnetik. 10 2 104 106 10 8 10 10 10 12 10 14 10 16 10 18 10 20
Frekuensi
<T[^¥QP]V `PSX^ SP] VT[^¥QP]V ¥XZ`^ SP_Pb SXQcPb aTRP`P

Sinar tampak
TZa_T`X¥T] ¥T]VVc]PZP] P[Pb& <T[^¥QP]V%VT[^¥QP]V ST]VP] U`TZcT]aX

X]X SP] VT[^¥QP]V [PX]]fP SXWPaX[ZP] ^[TW _`âTa%_`âTa P[P¥X$ aT_T`bX
T¥XaX SP`X Pb^¥%Pb^¥$ ¥^[TZc[%¥^[TZc[$ SP] ]cZ[Tca& EPSP c¥c¥]fP$
VT[^¥QP]V :B SXWPaX[ZP] ^[TW _T`RT_PbP] T[TZb`^]%T[TZb`^] PbPc _P`bXZT[%
_P`bXZT[ QT`¥cPbP] [PX]]fP&
7T`SPaP`ZP] `T]bP]V U`TZcT]aX]fP$ VT[^¥QP]V :B SP_Pb SXQPVX PbPa
QTQT`P_P YT]Xa$ SX P]bP`P]fP PSP[PW ,3?F '<D %?3>B3;1F !KA;"$ B327B:
%?3>B3;1F !B;"$ &756 %?3>B3;1F !=;"$ ,3?F &756 %?3>B3;1F !K=;"&
KA; WP]fP SXVc]PZP] ^[TW ZP_P[ aT[P¥ SP] c]bcZ ¥T]VP[X`ZP] P`ca
_PSP YP`X]VP] [Xab`XZ& HTQP[XZ]fP$ _T]VVc]PP] cbP¥P]fP PSP[PW c]bcZ
¥T¥QPeP Qc]fX QTÙ`TZcT]aX `T]SPW PbPc aTSP]V bT`¥PacZ VTbP`P]
X]U`Pa^]XZ fP]V SXWPaX[ZP] QX]PbP]V& KA; ¥T`c_PZP] _T¥QPeP Qc]fX

aP¥_PX aTZXbP` *( Z=g& KA; YcVP SXVc]PZP] Z^¥c]XZPaX YP`PZ YPcW
!QTQT`P_P `XQc ZX[^¥TbT`" SP] c]bcZ TZa_T`X¥T] ^[TW _P`P X[¥ceP]&
Kata Kunci
=; SXVc]PZP] c]bcZ bcYcP] aXP`P] `TVX^]P[$ aTSP]VZP] B; • gelombang elektromagnetik
SXVc]PZP] c]bcZ aXP`P] X]bT`]PaX^]P[ !D<?92D723 0?</21/@A7;5"& =; WP]fP

• spektrum
¥T¥X[XZX `T]bP]V U`TZcT]aX P]bP`P )$0 B=g aP¥_PX +( B=g fP]V SXZT]P[
• Extra Low Frequency (ELF)
ST]VP] VT[^¥QP]V _T]STZ& <T[^¥QP]V _T]STZ SXVc]PZP] ^[TW aT¥cP

• Very Low Frequency (VLF)
• Medium Frequency (MF)
[PfP]P] `PSX^ SP] ^_T`Pb^` c]bcZ Z^¥c]XZPaX YP`PZ YPcW$ aXP`P]$ SP] ^_T`PaX
• High Frequency (HF)
`PSP` b`P]a%W^`Xg^]&
• Very High Frequency (VHF)
• Ultra High Frequency (UHF)
K=; SP] J=; ¥c[PX SP`X +( B=g aP¥_PX SX PbPa ) <=g SP] SXVc]P%
• sinar inframerah
ZP] c]bcZ aXP`P] bT[TdXaX SP] `PSX^ YcVP c]bcZ Z^¥c]XZPaX bT[T_^] aT[c[T`&
• sinar tampak
9X PbPa U`TZcT]aX X]X$ 6]SP bT¥cZP] VT[^¥QP]V ¥XZ`^& <T[^¥QP]V

• sinar ultraviolet
• sinar-X
X]X QT`PaP[ SP`X P[Pb%P[Pb `c¥PW bP]VVP$ aT_T`bX ^C3; :71?<D/C3$ '<1/9 "?3/
• sinar gamma
(3AD<?8 !A6C"&
H_TZb`c¥ aT[P]Ycb]fP PSP[PW aX]P` X]U`P¥T`PW$ aX]P` bP¥_PZ$ SP] aX]P`
c[b`PdX^[Tb& @T¥cSXP]$ _PSP a_TZb`c¥ bT`PZWX` [PX] SXbT¥cZP] aX]P` "
SP] aX]P` # &
=cQc]VP] P]bP`P U`TZcT]aX !4"$ _P]YP]V VT[^¥QP]V ! % "$ SP] RT_Pb
`P¥QPb RPWPfP !1" PSP[PW2
c f% !1j)"
@TbT`P]VP]2
1 4 RT_Pb `P¥QPb RPWPfP !+ k )(0" ¥'a
% 4 _P]YP]V VT[^¥QP]V !¥TbT`"
4 4 U`TZcT]aX !WT`bg"
Contoh 9.1
GPSX^ _T¥P]RP` ;B SP_Pb SXbP]VZP_ _PSP U`TZcT]aX )$/- B=g& 7T`P_P _P]YP]V
VT[^¥QP]V `PSX^ _T¥P]RP` Xbc5
7ATAB/
9XZTbPWcX2
4 4 )$/- B=g 4 )$/- k )(. =g
1 4 + k )(0 ¥'a
J]bcZ ¥T]fT[TaPXZP]]fP$ Vc]PZP] ;EPQALAAM !.Z'"&
c f % ¥PZP %
c
+k)( 0 ¥'a
f
%4 4 )/)$,+ ¥&
)$/-k)(. =g
?PSX$ _P]YP]V VT[^¥QP]V `PSX^ _T¥P]RP` PSP[PW )/)$,+ ¥&

8EPIAJAMKAG DAKAL BSJS KARHGAM%
)& 6_P fP]V SX¥PZacS ST]VP] VT[^¥QP]V T[TZb`^% fP]V SXQTSPZP] QT`SPaP`ZP] U`TZcT]aX]fP&
¥PV]TbXZ5 6_P _T`QTSPP]]fP ST]VP] VT[^¥QP]V ?T[PaZP] aTbXP_ a_TZb`c¥ QTaT`bP P_[XZPaX]fP
¥TZP]XZ5 SP[P¥ bTZ]^[^VX&
*& 6_P fP]V SX¥PZacS ST]VP] a_TZb`c¥ VT[^¥QP]V ,& IT]bcZP][PW _P]YP]V VT[^¥QP]V T[TZb`^%
T[TZb`^¥PV]TbXZ5 ¥PV]TbXZ SX SP[P¥ `cP]V WP¥_P YXZP SX%
+& EPSP a_TZb`c¥ VT[^¥QP]V T[TZb`^¥PV]TbXZ$ ZTbPWcX U`TZcT]aX VT[^¥QP]V bTàTQcb . B=g&
bT`SP_Pb QT`¥PRP¥%¥PRP¥ YT]Xa VT[^¥QP]V
Gelombang Elektromagnetik 203

B. Jenis-Jenis Gelombang Elektromagnetik
1. Gelombang Radio
<T[^¥QP]V `PSX^ ¥T`c_PZP] VT[^¥QP]V T[TZb`^¥PV]TbXZ SP] ¥T`P¥QPb
ST]VP] ZTRT_PbP] RPWPfP$ fPXbc + k )(0 ¥'a& <T[^¥QP]V `PSX^ ¥T¥X[XZX
SPT`PW U`TZcT]aX P]bP`P )(, =g aP¥_PX )(/ =g SP] SXVc]PZP] aTQPVPX P[Pb
Z^¥c]XZPaX PbPc _T¥QPeP X]U^`¥PaX SP`X acPbc bT¥_Pb ZT bT¥_Pb [PX]&
HXUPb VT[^¥QP]V `PSX^ ¥cSPW SX_P]bc[ZP] ^[TW [P_XaP] X^]âUT` 7c¥X
aTWX]VVP VT[^¥QP]V `PSX^ SP_Pb ¥T]RP_PX bT¥_Pb%bT¥_Pb SX 7c¥X fP]V
YP`PZ]fP aP]VPb YPcW SP`X _T¥P]RP` `PSX^&
<T[^¥QP]V `PSX^ SXVc]PZP] SP[P¥ aXabT¥ _T¥QXRP`PP] YP`PZ YPcW fP]V
bXSPZ ¥T]VVc]PZP] ZPePb _T]VWP]bP`& <T[^¥QP]V T[TZb`^¥PV]TbXZ
QT`bX]SPZ aTQPVPX _T¥QPeP VT[^¥QP]V PcSX^ !acP`P"& 6SP ScP ¥PRP¥
RP`P c]bcZ ¥T¥QPeP VT[^¥QP]V Qc]fX ZT _T]T`X¥P]fP$ fPXbc ST]VP] aXabT¥
P¥_[XbcS^ ¥^Sc[PaX SP] aXabT¥ U`TZcT]aX ¥^Sc[PaX !6B SP] ;B"&
Mari Mencari Tahu

6]SP _PabX ¥T]VTbPWcX `PSX^ ;B SP] `PSX^ 6B$ QcZP]5 7TàP¥P ZT[^¥_^Z QT[PYP`
6]SP$ RP`X[PW X]U^`¥PaX ¥T]VT]PX P_P fP]V SX¥PZacS `PSX^ ;B SP] `PSX^ 6B& 6_P
_T`QTSPP] SX P]bP`P ZTScP]fP$ SP] QPVPX¥P]P YP]VZPcP] U`TZcT]aX ZTScP YT]Xa
`PSX^ bTàTQcb& ?XZP SX_T`[cZP]$ QT`Zc]Yc]V[PW ZT aP[PW aPbc abPaXc] SX SPT`PW 6]SP&
7cPb[PW [P_^`P] SP`X ZTVXPbP] X]X$ SP] Zc¥_c[ZP] bcVPa bTàTQcb ZT_PSP Vc`c 6]SP&
Gambar 9.2
Modulasi amplitudo pada
<T[^¥QP]V Qc]fX QTÙ`TZcT]aX `T]SPW SXQPeP ^[TW VT[^¥QP]V `PSX^

pancaran radio AM. a. Sistem AM (Amplitudo Modulasi)
fP]V QTÙ`TZcT]aX bX]VVX& EPZTb VT[^¥QP]V bTàTQcb SX_P]RP`ZP] ¥T[P[cX

VT[^¥QP]V `PSX^ aTQPVPX _T`cQPWP] P¥_[XbcS^& <T[^¥QP]V `PSX^ ¥T¥X[XZX
ionosfer
P¥_[XbcS^ fP]V QT`QTSP%QTSP aTacPX ST]VP] VT[^¥QP]V Qc]fX fP]V

gelombang
radio
SXQPeP]fP$ ST]VP] U`TZcT]aX VT[^¥QP]V `PSX^]fP bTbP_& B^Sc[PaX
P¥_[XbcS^ _PSP _P]RP`P] `PSX^ ;B SX[cZXaZP] _PSP 5ALBAP .%(&
<T[^¥QP]V acP`P fP]V SXQPeP ^[TW VT[^¥QP]V `PSX^ aTQPVPX PZXQPb
_T`cQPWP] P¥_[XbcS^ SP_Pb ST]VP] ¥cSPW SX_P]bc[ZP] ^[TW [P_XaP] X^]âUT`$
Bumi
fPXbc [P_XaP] P]VZPaP fP]V ¥T]VP]Sc]V ¥cPbP] [Xab`XZ& EP]RP`P] `PSX^

Gambar 9.3
6B SP_Pb ¥T]YP]VZPc bT¥_Pb%bT¥_Pb fP]V YPcW& EP]bc[P] VT[^¥QP]V `P%

Pantulan gelombang radio oleh
ionosfer.
SX^ _PSP [P_XaP] X^]âUT` SX_T`[XWPbZP] _PSP 5ALBAP .%)&
<T[^¥QP]V Qc]fX SXQPeP ^[TW VT[^¥QP]V T[TZb`^¥PV]TbXZ SP[P¥

b. Sistem FM (Frekuensi Modulasi)
QT]bcZ ¥^Sc[PaX U`TZcT]aX$ SX ¥P]P U`TZcT]aX]fP QT`cQPW%cQPW SP]

P¥_[XbcS^]fP bTbP_& HXabT¥ X]X ¥T¥X[XZX ZT[T¥PWP]$ fPZ]X YP`PZ
YP]VZPcP]]fP fP]V bT`QPbPa$ aTQPQ acZP` SX_P]bc[ZP]& B^Sc[PaX U`TZcT]aX
Gambar 9.4
_PSP _T¥P]RP` `PSX^ ;B SX[cZXaZP] _PSP 5ALBAP .%*&

Modulasi frekuensi pada radio
pemancar FM.
HXabT¥ ;B ¥T¥X[XZX ZcP[XbPa acP`P fP]V QPXZ SP] QTQPa SP`X X]bTÙT`T]aX
fP]V ¥T`caPZ aX]fP[%aX]fP[ U`TZcT]aX VT[^¥QP]V$ bTbP_X ¥cSPW ¥T]VP[P¥X VP]VVc%
P] ZT[Xab`XZP] SX cSP`P$ SP] bXSPZ SP_Pb SX_P]bc[ZP] ^[TW [P_XaP] X^]âUT`&
D[TW ZP`T]P VT[^¥QP]V ;B bXSPZ SP_Pb SX_P]bc[ZP] ^[TW [P_XaP]
X^]âUT`$ PZXQPb]fP VT[^¥QP]V ;B X]X bXSPZ SP_Pb ¥T]RP_PX bT¥_Pb%
bT¥_Pb fP]V YPcW& D[TW aTQPQ Xbc$ SXQcbcWZP] abPaXc]%abPaXc] _T]VWcQc]V
!`T[PX" fP]V SP_Pb ¥T¥P]RP`ZP] ZT¥QP[X VT[^¥QP]V%VT[^¥QP]V fP]V
SXbT`X¥P]fP PVP` YP`PZ YP]VZPcP]]fP aT¥PZX] ¥T[cPa& HbPaXc]%abPaXc]
Gambar 9.5
_T]VWcQc]V bTàTQcb SX[cZXaZP] _PSP 5ALBAP .%+&

Untuk mengirimkan gelombang FM
diperlukan antena pemancar.

2. Gelombang Televisi
<T[^¥QP]V bT[TdXaX ¥T¥X[XZX U`TZcT]aX fP]V [TQXW bX]VVX SP`X_PSP
VT[^¥QP]V `PSX^& <T[^¥QP]V X]X ¥T`P¥QPb [c`ca SP] bXSPZ SP_Pb
satelit
SX_P]bc[ZP] ^[TW [P_XaP]%[P_XaP] Pb¥âUT` 7c¥X& <T[^¥QP]V ¥XZ`^ fP]V

SXVc]PZP] c]bcZ aXP`P] bT[TdXaX WP]fP SP_Pb SXbT`X¥P ^[TW _TaPePb
_T]T`X¥P YXZP VT[^¥QP]V bTàTQcb bXSPZ bT`WP[P]V SP`X _T¥P]RP`]fP& =P[
X]X SXZP`T]PZP] VT[^¥QP]V bT[TdXaX bXSPZ SP_Pb ¥T[TePbX [T]VZc]VP]%
[T]VZc]VP] PbPc _T`¥cZPP] bX]VVX `T]SPW]fP !`T[XTU" 7c¥X& J]bcZ
penerima
¥T]VPbPaX WP[ Xbc$ YXZP VT[^¥QP]V bT`WP[P]V ^[TW aTQcPW Vc]c]V ¥PZP SX
pemancar
_c]RPZ Vc]c]V PbPc SX ZPZX Vc]c]V Xbc PZP] SX_PaP]V aTQcPW abPaXc] `T[PX&
6SP_c] c]bcZ Z^¥c]XZPaX YP`PZ YPcW SX_PaP]V aPbT[Xb QcPbP] _PSP
ZTbX]VVXP] bT`bT]bc SP`X 7c¥X& HPbT[Xb SP_Pb SXVc]PZP] aTQPVPX abPaXc]
`T[PX c]bcZ aXP`P] bT[TdXaX$ `PSX^$ bT[T_^]$ bT[TV`P_$ SP] [PX] aTQPVPX]fP& Gambar 9.6
;c]VaX abPaXc] `T[PX PSP[PW c]bcZ ¥T]T`X¥P VT[^¥QP]V T[TZb`^¥PV]TbXZ
Gelombang televisi dipancarkan
SP`X abPaXc] _T¥P]RP`$ ZT¥cSXP] ¥T¥P]RP`ZP] VT[^¥QP]V Xbc ZT SPT`PW

dan disebarluaskan melalui
aTQT`P]V]fP&
satelit.
3. Gelombang Radar
GPSP` aX]VZPbP] SP`X */27< #3A31A7<; /;2 */;57;5 PSP[PW bT`¥PacZ
aP[PW aPbc VT[^¥QP]V T[TZb`^¥PV]TbXZ ST]VP] U`TZcT]aX aTZXbP` )()( WT`bg&
6]bT]P `PSP` SP_Pb QTÙc]VaX aTQPVPX _T¥P]RP` SP] _T]T`X¥P VT[^¥QP]V&
EP]RP`P] VT[^¥QP]V `PSP` bT`P`PW SP[P¥ QT]bcZ _c[aP SP[P¥ aT[P]V ePZbc
bT`bT]bc& ?XZP _c[aP bTàTQcb ¥T]VT]PX aPaP`P]$ ¥XaP[]fP _TaPePb bT`QP]V$
PZP] PSP _c[aP _P]bc[ fP]V aTQPVXP] PZP] SXbT`X¥P ZT¥QP[X ^[TW P]bT]P
`PSP`& ?XZP aT[P]V ePZbc P]bP`P _P]RP`P] SP] _T]T`X¥PP] PSP[PW !t SP]
ZTRT_PbP] _T`P¥QPbP] VT[^¥QP]V `PSP` SX]fPbPZP] ST]VP] 1$ YP`PZ aPaP`P]
ZT `PSP` SP_Pb SXbT]bcZP] aTQPVPX QT`XZcb&
1! A
@! !1j*"
*
HT[PX] ¥T]STbTZaX ^QYTZ aT_T`bX _TaPePb bT`QP]V$ SX >]S^]TaXP `PSP`

SXVc]PZP] c]bcZ _T]VP¥PbP] RcPRP aT_T`bX fP]V SX¥X[XZX A6E6C
!AT¥QPVP ET]T`QP]VP] SP] 6]bP`XZaP CPaX^]P["& 9X P]bP`P]fP A6E6C
¥T¥X[XZX GPSP` 6b¥âUT` @WPbc[XabXeP PbPc $>B/A<?7/9 "A:<@=63?3 */2/?
!$"*" fP]V QT`PSP SX ZTbX]VVXP] Zc`P]V [TQXW 1(( ¥ SX PbPa _T`¥cZPP]
[Pcb$ SX @^b^bPQP]V Hc¥Pb`P 7P`Pb$ aT_T`bX _PSP VP¥QP` 5ALBAP .%,&
GPSP` bTàTQcb SX`P]RP]V aP[PW aPbc]fP c]bcZ ¥T¥P]bPc P`PW$ ZTRT_PbP]
P]VX] SP] bc`Qc[T]aX aTRP`P aTST`WP]P& 8P`P ZT`YP `PSP` ¥T]VX`X¥ZP]
aX]fP[ !_c[aP VT[^¥QP]V" ZT cSP`P& @T¥cSXP]$ _P`bXZT[%_P`bXZT[ _T¥QT]bcZ
RcPRP ¥T¥P]bc[ZP] ZT¥QP[X aX]fP[ SP] SXbT`X¥P ^[TW _T]T`X¥P VT[^¥QP]V
SP[P¥ `PSP` bTàTQcb&
Sumber: www.lapan.go.id
Gambar 9.7
Radar Atmosfer Khatulistiwa atau
GPSXPaX X]U`P¥T`PW ¥T[X_cbX U`TZcT]aX )()) j )(), =g& ;`TZcT]aX X]X SP_Pb
4. Sinar Inframerah Equatorial Atmosphere Radar (EAR)
SXWPaX[ZP] ^[TW VTbP`P] Pb^¥%Pb^¥ SP[P¥ QPWP]& <TbP`P] Pb^¥%Pb^¥ _PSP

acPbc ¥^[TZc[ SP_Pb YcVP ¥T¥P]RP`ZP] VT[^¥QP]V T[TZb`^¥PV]TbXZ _PSP
U`TZcT]aX%U`TZcT]aX fP]V ZWPa SP[P¥ SPT`PW X]U`P¥T`PW& H_TZb`âZ^_X
X]U`P¥T`PW ¥T`c_PZP] aP[PW aPbc P[Pb fP]V _T]bX]V c]bcZ ¥T¥_T[PYP`X
ab`cZbc` ¥^[TZc[& 9X aP¥_X]V Xbc$ ST]VP] ¥T]VVc]PZP] _[Pb%_[Pb _^b`Tb
fP]V _TZP bT`WPSP_ VT[^¥QP]V X]U`P¥T`PW$ _TaPePb cSP`P fP]V bT`QP]V

bX]VVX PbPc_c] aPbT[Xb%aPbT[Xb SX [cP` P]VZPaP SP_Pb ¥T¥QcPb _^b`Tb%_^b`Tb
_T`¥cZPP] Qc¥X ST]VP] ¥T¥_T`Vc]PZP] VT[^¥QP]V X]U`P¥T`PW&
HX]P` fP]V SP_Pb ¥T¥QP]bc _T]V[XWPbP] 6]SP$ PVP` QT]SP%QT]SP

5. Sinar Tampak
bP¥_PZ ^[TW ¥PbP SXaTQcb aX]P` bP¥_PZ PbPc RPWPfP bP¥_PZ& HX]P` bP¥_PZ
QT`PSP SX SPT`PW U`TZcT]aX fP]V RcZc_ aT¥_Xb ST]VP] _P]YP]V VT[^¥QP]V
P]bP`P +&1(( hj/&0(( h ST]VP] a_TZb`c¥ eP`]P2 ¥T`PW$ YX]VVP$ Zc]X]V$
WXYPc$ QX`c$ ]X[P$ SP] c]Vc&
Gambar 9.8 Ungu Biru Hijau Kuning Oranye Merah
Spektrum sinar tampak di antara IR
UV
sinar ultraviolet 400 nm 500 nm 600 nm 700 nm
HX]P` c[b`PdX^[Tb SXWPaX[ZP] ^[TW Pb^¥%Pb^¥ SP[P¥ ]fP[P [Xab`XZ&

6. Sinar Ultraviolet
@TQP]fPZP] Pb^¥ ¥T¥P]RP`ZP] aX]P` ST]VP] U`TZcT]aX fP]V ZWPa SX SPT`PW

aX]P` bP¥_PZ SP] aX]P` c[b`PdX^[Tb& HX]P` c[b`PdX^[Tb ¥T¥X[XZX U`TZcT]aX P]bP`P
)()-j)(). =g& =P[ X]X ¥T¥c]VZX]ZP] _T]VT]P[P] c]ac`%c]ac` SP[P¥ acPbc
QPWP] ST]VP] bTZ]XZ @=38A?<@8<=7& HX]P` c[b`PdX^[Tb fP]V SXWPaX[ZP] ^[TW
¥PbPWP`X$ YXZP ¥T]VT]PX bcQcW aTRP`P [P]Vac]V SP_Pb ¥T]X¥Qc[ZP] _T]fPZXb
Zc[Xb& 7T`c]bc]V$ SX Pb¥âUT` 7c¥X bT`SP_Pb [P_XaP] ^g^] fP]V SP_Pb
¥T]fT`P_ aX]P` c[b`PdX^[Tb& D[TW ZP`T]P Xbc$ aP]VPb _T]bX]V c]bcZ ¥T]YPVP
PVP` [P_XaP] ^g^] bXSPZ WX[P]V&
HX]P`jM X]X SXbT¥cZP] ^[TW @HKGEKL 2NMPAD <XMRFEM$ aTWX]VVP aX]P`%M

7. Sinar-X
aT`X]V SXaTQcb ST]VP] aX]P` G^]bVT]& HX]P`%M SXWPaX[ZP] ST]VP]

Kata Kunci ¥T]T¥QPZZP] T[TZb`^] SP[P¥ bPQc]V `cP]V WP¥_P _PSP _T`¥cZPP]
ZT_X]V [^VP¥& EP]YP]V VT[^¥QP]V aX]P`%M aP]VPb _T]STZ aTWX]VVP ¥T¥X[XZX
SPfP bT¥Qca fP]V ZcPb& ;`TZcT]aX]fP P]bP`P )().j)(*( WT`bg& HX]P`%M X]X
• gelombang radio
QP]fPZ SXVc]PZP] SP[P¥ QXSP]V ZTS^ZbT`P] ¥Pc_c] SP[P¥ QXSP]V

• Amplitudo Modulasi (AM)
• Frekuensi Modulasi (FM)
X]Scab`X&
• radio detection and ranging
(radar)
• Medium Frequency (MF)
HX]P` VP¥¥P ¥T¥X[XZX U`TZcT]aX P]bP`P )(*(j)(*- WT`bg& HX]P` VP¥¥P ¥T`c_P%
• Ionosfer 8. Sinar Gamma
• stasiun pemancar
ZP] VT[^¥QP]V T[TZb`^¥PV]TbXZ fP]V ¥T¥X[XZX U`TZcT]aX bT`QTaP`& HX]P`
• sinar inframerah
VP¥¥P SXWPaX[ZP] ^[TW X]bX%X]bX Pb^¥ fP]V bXSPZ abPQX[& HX]P` VP¥¥P ¥T¥X[XZX
• sinar tampak
SPfP bT¥Qca fP]V aP]VPb QTaP` aTWX]VVP SP_Pb ¥T]T¥Qca _T[Pb QTaX ST]VP]
• sinar ultraviolet
• sinar-X
ZTbTQP[P] QTQT`P_P R¥&

• sinar gamma

8EPIAJAMKAG DAKAL BSJS KARHGAM%
)& 9P[P¥ ZTPSPP] P_PZPW acPbc ¥cPbP] [Xab`XZ PZP] ,& HTQcPW _c[aP VT[^¥QP]V `PSP` SX_P]bc[ZP] ^[TW aTQcPW
¥T`PSXPaXZP] VT[^¥QP]V T[TZb`^¥PV]TbXZ5 _TaPePb bT`QP]V fP]V aTSP]V ¥T[X]bPa _PSP YP`PZ
*& IT]bcZP] `T]bP]V _P]YP]V VT[^¥QP]V c]bcZ RPWPfP bT`bT]bc SP] SXbT`X¥P ZT¥QP[X ^[TW _TaPePb bT`QP]V
bP¥_PZ fP]V ¥T¥X[XZX U`TZcT]aX P]bP`P ,$( k )(), =g SP[P¥ ePZbc ($0 a& 7T`P_P YP`PZ _TaPePb ZT `PSP`5
!RPWPfP ¥T`PW" SP] /$1 k )(), =g !RPWPfP c]Vc"& -& J]bcZ ¥T]VcZc` ZTSP[P¥P] [Pcb SXVc]PZP]
CfPbPZP] YPePQP] 6]SP SP[P¥ ]P]^¥TbT`& VT[^¥QP]V T[TZb`^¥PV]TbXZ SP] SX_P]bc[ZP] ZT¥QP[X
+& HTQcPW `PSP` P]bX _TaPePb cSP`P ¥T]STbTZaX aTQcPW
,
_TaPePb bT`QP]V& =P[ X]X SXZTbPWcX aTbT[PW VT[^¥QP]V SP[P¥ ePZbc .( "s & ?XZP X]STZa QXPa PX` [Pcb $ QT`P_P
`PSP` SX_P]RP`ZP] SP[P¥ aT[P]V ePZbc + k )(j. a& +
ZTSP[P¥P] [Pcb5
7T`P_P YPcW _TaPePb Xbc SP`X `PSP`5

Rangkuman
)& <T[^¥QP]V T[TZb`^¥PV]TbXZ SP_Pb QTàXUPb ,& 6SP ScP ¥PRP¥ RP`P ¥T¥QPeP VT[^¥QP]V Qc]fX
aT_T`bX VT[^¥QP]V SP] YcVP aT_T`bX _P`bXZT[ ZT _T]T`X¥P]fP$ fPXbc ST]VP] aXabT¥ P¥_[XbcS^
*& HTQPVPX VT[^¥QP]V$ VT[^¥QP]V T[TZb`^¥PV]TbXZ ¥^Sc[PaX !6B" SP] U`TZcT]aX ¥^Sc[^PaX !;B"&
SP_Pb ¥T]VP[P¥X `TU[TZaX !_T¥P]bc[P]"$ `TU`PZaX -& HPbT[Xb SXVc]PZP] aTQPVPX abPaXc] `T[PX c]bcZ
!_T¥QXPaP]" SP] X]bTÙT`T]aX& aXP`P] bT[TdXaX$ `PSX^$ bT[T_^]$ SP] bT[TV`P_&
+& 8^]b^W%R^]b^W VT[^¥QP]V T[TZb`^¥PV]TbXZ SX% .& ;c]VaX abPaXc] `T[PX PSP[PW c]bcZ ¥T]T`X¥P
P]bP`P]fP VT[^¥QP]V `PSX^$ VT[^¥QP]V bT[TdXaX$ VT[^¥QP]V T[TZb`^¥PV]TbXZ SP`X abPaXc]
VT[^¥QP]V `PSP`$ aX]P` X]U`P¥T`PW$ aX]P` bP¥_PZ$ _T¥P]RP`$ ZT¥cSXP] ¥T¥P]RP`ZP] VT[^¥%
aX]P` c[b`PdX^[Tb$ aX]P`%M$ SP] aX]P` VP¥¥P& QP]V Xbc ZT SPT`PW aTQT`P]V]fP&
Peta Konsep
5EKNLBAMF
3KEJRPNLAFMERHJ
R^]b^W]fP
<T[^¥QP]V <T[^¥QP]V <T[^¥QP]V HX]P` HX]P` HX]P`

HX]P`%M HX]P` <P¥¥P
GPSX^ IT[TdXaX GPSP` >]U`P¥T`PW IP¥_PZ J[b`PdX^[Tb
Refleksi
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, tentunya Anda telah pada perkembangan teknologi saat ini? Adakah materi
memahami spektrum gelombang elektromagnetik dan yang belum Anda pahami? Diskusikan permasalahan
perbedaan antara sinar-sinarnya. Dapatkah Anda Anda bersama teman-teman Anda dengan bimbingan
menyebutkan penggunaan-penggunaan sinar tersebut guru Anda.

0% ;HKHGKAG QAKAG QARS IATABAM VAMF OAKHMF REOAR DAM JEPIAJAMKAG OADA BSJS KARHGAM%
)& @TRT_PbP] _T`P¥QPbP] VT[^¥QP]V T[TZb`^¥PV]TbXZ .& EPSP a_TZb`c¥ VT[^¥QP]V T[TZb`^¥PV]TbXZ$ fP]V
QT`VP]bc]V _PSP &&&& ¥T¥X[XZX _P]YP]V VT[^¥QP]V bT`_P]YP]V PSP[PW &&&&
P& U`TZcT]aX VT[^¥QP]V P& aX]P` VP¥¥P
Q& _P]YP]V VT[^¥QP]V Q& VT[^¥QP]V `PSX^
R& U`TZcT]aX SP] _P]YP]V VT[^¥QP]V R& VT[^¥QP]V c[b`PdX^[Tb
S& _T`¥XbXdXbPa SP] _T`¥TPQX[XbPa ¥TSXc¥ S& VT[^¥QP]V ¥XZ`^
T& _T`]fPbPP] P$ Q$ R$ SP] S aP[PW T& aX]P`%M
(% <T[^¥QP]V T[TZb`^¥PV]TbXZ bXSPZ SX_T]VP`cWX ^[TW /& EP]YP]V VT[^¥QP]V `PSX^ 6B ST]VP] U`TZcT]aX
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SXaTQPQZP] VT[^¥QP]V T[TZb`^¥PV]TbXZ &&&& P& )(( ¥
P& ¥T¥X[XZX ZTRT_PbP] bX]VVX Q& *(( ¥
Q& bXSPZ QT`¥PaaP R& +(( ¥
R& bXSPZ QT`¥cPbP] [Xab`XZ S& ,(( ¥
S& bXSPZ QT`¥PaaP SP] bXSPZ QT`¥cPbP] [Xab`XZ T& -(( ¥
T& ¥T¥X[XZX U`TZcT]aX fP]V bX]VVX 0& ET`P]P] X^]âUT` SP[P¥ _T`YP[P]P] VT[^¥QP]V `PSX^
+& HX]P`%M ¥T¥X[XZX SPfP bT¥Qca aP]VPb QTaP`$ WP[ X]X PSP[PW aTQPVPX &&&&
SXaTQPQZP] &&&& P& ¥TSXc¥ _T`P¥QPbP]
P& aX]P`%M ¥T`c_PZP] VT[^¥QP]V T[TZ`^¥PV]TbXZ Q& _T¥P]bc[
Q& aX]P`%M ¥T¥X[XZX _P]YP]V VT[^¥QP]V aP]VPb R _T]VWP¥QPb
_T]STZ S& _T]VcPb
R& U`TZcT]aX aX]P`%M aP]VPb ZTRX[ T& _T[T¥PW
S& aX]P`%M ¥T¥X[XZX ZTRT_PbP] fP]V aP]VPb QTaP` 1& ?P]VZPcP] VT[^¥QP]V `PSX^ ;B [TQXW aT¥_Xb SP`X_PSP
T& aX]P`%M bXSPZ QT`¥cPbP] [Xab`XZ VT[^¥QP]V `PSX^ 6B ZP`T]P &&&&
,& <T[^¥QP]V T[TZ`^¥PV]TbXZ ¥T`P¥QPb ST]VP] ZT[PYcP] P& VT[^¥QP]V `PSX^ ;B [TQXW RT_Pb SP`X_PSP
+ k [(0 ¥'a& ?XZP _P]YP]V VT[^¥QP]V T[TZb`^¥PV]TbXZ VT[^¥QP]V 6B
bTàTQcb )(( ]¥$ U`TZcT]aX VT[^¥QP]V bTàTQcb Q& VT[^¥QP] ;B bXSPZ SX_P]bc[ZP] [P_XaP] X^]âUT`
PSP[PW&&&& R& VT[^¥QP]V ;B ¥T¥X[XZX U`TZcT]aX [TQXW `T]SPW
P& +$+ k )(j). =g SP`X_PSP 6B
Q& )$+ k )(j). =g S& VT[^¥QP]V 6B ¥T¥X[XZX U`TZcT]aX [TQXW bX]VVX
R& ($+ k )(j). =g SP`X_PSP ;B
S& +$+ k )(j)- =g T& VT[^¥QP]V ;B _P]YP]V VT[^¥QP]V]fP [TQXW
T& + k )(j)- =g QTaP` SP`X_PSP 6B
-& EPSP a_TZb`c¥ VT[^¥QP]V T[TZb`^¥PV]TbXZ QT`XZcb )(& J]bcZ ¥T¥^b`Tb _T`¥cZPP] 7c¥X$ VT[^¥QP]V fP]V
fP]V ¥T¥X[XZX _P]YP]V VT[^¥QP]V bT`_T]STZ PSP[PW&&&& SXVc]PZP] _TaPePb cSP`P PSP[PW &&&&
P& aX]P` VP¥¥P P& `PSX^
Q& aX]P`%M Q& bT[TdXaX
R& aX]P` c[b`PdX^[Tb R& X]U`P¥T`PW
S& aX]P` X]U`P¥T`PW S& aX]P` bP¥_PZ
T& VT[^¥QP]V ¥XZ`^ T& aX]P` VP¥¥P
1% 7ATABKAG OEPRAMVAAM BEPHJSR HMH DEMFAM REOAR%

)& <T[^¥QP]V `PSX^ ;B ¥T¥X[XZX U`TZcT]aX )(( B=g& ,& <P¥QP`ZP][PW _T`YP[P]P] VT[^¥QP]V `PSX^ SX 7c¥X
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SXVc]PZP]5 ZT _T]T`X¥P&
+& BT]VP_P aX]P`%M ¥T¥X[XZX SPfP bT¥Qca fP]V ZcPb5

Proyek Semester 2
EPSP aT¥TabT` X]X$ 6]SP bT[PW ¥T¥_T[PYP`X bT]bP]V Z^]aT_ RPWPfP SP] ^_bXZ$
aT`bP [Xab`XZ SX]P¥Xa& J]bcZ ¥T]X]VZPbZP] _T¥PWP¥P] ¥T]VT]PX Z^]aT_ bTàTQcb$
6]SP SXbcVPaZP] c]bcZ ¥T[PZcZP] ZTVXPbP] aT¥TabT` aTRP`P QT`ZT[^¥_^Z !+j, ^`P]V"&
AP]VZPW ZTVXPbP] fP]V WP`ca 6]SP [PZcZP]$ SXc`PXZP] _PSP E`^fTZ HT¥TabT` * X]X&
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Tes Kompetensi Akhir 213

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Tes Kompetensi Akhir 215

Kunci Jawaban
Bab 1 Pengukuran dan Besaran ^SY[ ]W SdSZ TSdSf eW¥SgZ , eSfgS`( 9df[`kS& bWdb[`VSZS``kS SVS^SZ * eSfgS` VS`
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Tes Kompetensi Awal bWdb[`VSZS` SVS^SZ hW]fad(
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efS`VSd( BSV[& bW`Yg]gdS` SVS^SZ bdaeWe _W`Yg]gd egSfg aT¥W] g`fg] _W_TS`fg Tes Kompetensi Subbab A
bW_S`XSSfS` aT¥W] fWdeWTgf +( S( V(
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T( fW]S`S` 6 7 7 QERQDRn,QKRn, M+U 7 . eSfgS`
*
U( _a_W`fg_ L 7 IR 7 QERQDRQKRn+ T( M,T 7 n02&. eSfgS`5
/( S( 0/&- U_- M,U 7 +22 eSfgS`
T( 3&,*2 o +*/ U_-
1( 9 7 "+,&0 % *&0,2# __- Tes Kompetensi Subbab B
+( . eSfgS`
Bab 2 Vektor -( 22 & egVgf : VW`YS` eg_Tg'V SVS^SZ +*+&-m
egVgf ; VW`YS` eg_Tg'V SVS^SZ -0&1m
egVgf < VW`YS` eg_Tg'V SVS^SZ +,3&2m
Tes Kompetensi Awal
+( MW]fad SVS^SZ TWeSdS` >[e[]S kS`Y _W_[^[][ SdSZ VS` `[^S[ eWbWdf[ YSkS&
egVgf : VW`YS` ; SVS^SZ +*/&,m
bWdb[`VSZS`& VS` ]WUWbSfS`(
-( :WeSdS` hW]fad VSbSf V[¥g_^SZ]S`& V[]gdS`Y]S`& VS` V[]S^[]S`& fWfSb[ _W_[^[][
SfgdS` fWdfW`fg f[VS] eWbWdf[ abWdSe[ S^¥STSd T[SeS(
/( E[eS^`kS& egSfg bSdf[]W^ TWdYWdS] ]W SdSZ f[_gd eW¥SgZ , eSfgS`& ]W_gV[S` ]W_TS^[

/( <gS TgSZ hW]fad eS^[`Y fWYS] ^gdge ¥[]S , 7 3*m Bab 4 Gerak Melingkar
M+ o M, 7 M+ M, e[` 3* % Tes Kompetensi Awal
M+ o M, 7 M+ M, +( ?WdS] _W^[`Y]Sd SVS^SZ egSfg ]aèWb >[e[]S kS`Y _W_bW^S¥Sd[ TW`VS kS`Y
bSVS eSSf fWdfW`fg eWVS`Y TWdYWdS] bSVS ^[`fSeS` kS`Y TWdTW`fg] ^[`Y]SdS`(
Tes Kompetensi Bab 2 -( 9df[ db_ SVS^SZ ]WbW`VW]S` VSd[ dafSe[ "bgfSdS`# bWd _W`[f& kS[fg eSfgS` YWdS]
A. Pilihan Ganda TW`VS kS`Y ^[`fSeS``kS bWd[aV[] TWdTW`fg] ^[`Y]SdS`(
+( W 1( U +-( T +3( V /( ?WdS] b^S`Wf _W`Y[fSd[ ESfSZSd[ SfSg YWdS] :g^S` _W`Y[fSd[ :g_[(
-( V 3( U +/( V
/( V ++( U +1( U
+( X 7 *&*+. @l5
B. Soal Uraian : 7 1, eW]a`
+( :WeSdS` hW]fad 4 YSkS& ]WUWbSfS`& geSZS& VS` _a_W`fg_ -( 0 7 *&*01 dSV)e
:WeSdS` e]S^Sd 4 bS`¥S`Y& ^gSe& ]W^S¥gS`& VS` ]gSf Sdge ^[efd[] /( h 7 , _)e
-( , eSfgS`
/( ./3&./ egVgf`kS .,&3 G fWdZSVSb eg_Tg'j bae[f[X Tes Kompetensi Subbab B
+( >eb 7 -,* _)e,
-( >eb 7 ,* _)e,
Bab 3 Gerak Lurus /( 8 7 *&*. _
Tes Kompetensi Awal
+( BSdS] SVS^SZ bS`¥S`Y kS`Y V[fW_bgZ a^WZ egSfg TW`VS kS`Y TWdYWdS]& eWVS`Y]S`
+( G^WZ ]SdW`S V[ SfSe ]WUWbSfS` fWdfW`fg adS`Y kS`Y _W`S[][ NKHHBN @K>OPBN eW^S^g
bWdb[`VSZS` SVS^SZ eW^[e[Z S`fSdS ]WVgVg]S` SiS^ fWdZSVSb ]WVgVg]S` S]Z[d _W_[^[][ ]WUWbSfS` eWeSSf ]W SdSZ ^gSd ^[`fSeS` _W^[`Y]Sd fWdeWTgf(
TW`VS kS`Y TWdYWdS]( -( ?WdS] _W^[`Y]Sd :g^S` _W`YW^[^[`Y[ ESfSZSd[(
-( CW^S¥gS` SVS^SZ TWeSd ]WUWbSfS`(
CW^S¥gS` _WdgbS]S` TWeSdS` hW]fad( Tes Kompetensi Subbab D
/( JWfg¥g ]SdW`S eSfg'eSfg`kS YSkS kS`Y _W_bW`YSdgZ[ ]WVgS TW`VS [fg SVS^SZ
+( S( 0 7 ,&*/ dSV)e
YSkS YdSh[fSe[`kS(
T( '- 7 ,.* dSV
Tes Kompetensi Subbab A -( S( , 7 2&-2 dSV)e
+( BSdS] SVS^SZ bS`¥S`Y ^[`fSeS` YWdS] egSfg TW`VS VS` _WdgbS]S` TWeSdS` e]S^Sd& T( ¥g_^SZ bgfSdS` 7 --/&+/ dSV
eWVS`Y]S` bWdb[`VSZS` ZS`kS _W_WdZSf[]S` ]WVgVg]S` SiS^ VS` ]WVgVg'
]S` S]Z[d`kS eWZ[`YYS bWdb[`VSZS` _WdgbS]S` TWeSdS` hW]fad( Tes Kompetensi Bab 4
-( S( O 7 30* _ A. Pilihan Ganda
T( 'j 7 * +( U 1( T +-( U +3( T
-( V 3( V +/( V
Tes Kompetensi Subbab B /( T ++( S +1( T
+( S( DS¥g dSfS'dSfS& R 7 ,* _)e
CWUWbSfS` dSfS'dSfS& N 7 ,* _)e
B. Soal Uraian
-( S( O 7 30* _
T( CWUWbSfS` dSfS'dSfS& N 7 * T( 'j 7 *
-( S( N 7 0 _)e +( S( . dSV)e
T( N 7 +. _)e T( .* F
Tes Kompetensi Subbab C U( 2 _)e,
+( S( CWUWbSfS` SVS^SZ hW]fad TWeSd ¥SdS] fW_bgZ V[TSY[ eW^S`Y iS]fg fWdfW`fg( -( *&. e
T( CW^S¥gS` SVS^SZ TWeSdS` e]S^Sd "`[^S[# VSd[ hW]fad( /( S( 0 7 3. dSV)e
U( CW^S¥gS` dSfS'dSfS SVS^SZ TWeSd bWdb[`VSZS` V[TSY[ eW^S`Y iS]fg( T( R 7 ,2&2 dSV)e
V( CW^S¥gS` eWeSSf SVS^SZ `[eTSZ ¥SdS] kS`Y V[fW_bgZ a^WZ egSfg TW`VS 1( S( , 7 n/ bgfSdS`)e
fWdZSVSb iS]fg fWdfW`fg( T( /* bgfSdS`
W( CWUWbSfS` dSfS'dSfS SVS^SZ ¥SdS] YWdS] egSfg TW`VS V[TSY[ eW^S`Y iS]fg( 3( S( , 7 , bgfSdS`)e,
-( n*&, _)e, T( P 7 / e
/( 'j 7 +- _
Bab 5 Dinamika Gerak
+( -0* _ Tes Kompetensi Awal
-( ,* _)e +( ?SkS SVS^SZ bW`YSdgZ "YS`YYgS`# kS`Y V[]W`S]S` fWdZSVSb egSfg aT¥W](
/( CWVgS bW_TS^Sb TWdfW_g ]Wf[]S bW_TS^Sb 9 fW^SZ TWdYWdS] eW¥SgZ ,/&0 ]_( ?SkS _WdgbS]S` TWeSdS` hW]fad(
-( HSVS TW`VS kS`Y TWdYWdS] ^gdge TWdSfgdS`& YSkS kS`Y V[S^S_[ TW`VS TWdTS`V[`Y
Tes Kompetensi Subbab E ^gdge VW`YS` _SeeS VS` bWdUWbSfS``kS(
+( S( N 7 +, _)e /( ?WdS] ¥SfgZ TWTSe kS`Y V[bW`YSdgZ[ a^WZ YSkS YdSh[fSe[(
T( O 7 ,. _
-( S( , _)e Tes Kompetensi Subbab A
T( -3 _ +( . 7 .(*** F
/( . e -( . 7 +*(*** F
1( P 7 +* - e 5 /( EI>GO 7 /&2- _
E 7 -** _ 1( >OL 7 ,* dSV)e
3( -* _)e, R"L 7 2 _J[fadge
Tes Kompetensi Bab 3 3( +* / _)e
A. Pilihan Ganda
+( W 1( U +-( T +1( S
+( > 7- _)e,5 R 7 R* % +), > P
-( U 3( V +/( V +3( V
/( V ++( T +*
-( >7 _)e,
B. Soal Uraian -
+( *&+ _)e /( S!7 2 _J[fadge
-( P 7 +0 e5
O 7 -,* _ Tes Kompetensi Bab 5
/( ]WdWfS TWdYWdS] eW¥SgZ 3/&,. VS` V[bWd^g]S` iS]fg +3&*/ e A. Pilihan Ganda
1( P 7 -&2 e5 +( V 1( U +-( S +3( T
RP 7 .* _)e -( V 3( T +/( U
2* /( T ++( V +1( U
3( R%7 _)e5
-
RP 7 /* _)e
Kunci Jawaban 217

B. Soal Uraian B. Soal Uraian
+( 3 _)e, +( T 7 -*m
-( S( -, F J 7 ++
T( 0 _)e, -( S( n1,&1m
U( 1/ _
/( S( +&1/ _)e, T( n.*
T( .*&,/ F /( ,&+0 o +*n, _
1( K9 7 +-* F
K: 7 0* F Bab 7 Suhu dan Kalor
3( S( 0(*** F
T( -(0** F Tes Kompetensi Awal
U( -(0** F +( HW_gS[S` SVS^SZ bWd[ef[iS TWdfS_TSZ bS`¥S`Y& ^gSe& SfSg ha^g_W egSfg lSf S][TSf
V( -(0** F SVS`kS bWdgTSZS` egZg(
-( 9[d _W`V[V[Z bSVS egZg fWfSb ¥[]S fW]S`S` f[VS] TWdgTSZ( CWf[]S _W`V[V[Z]S` S[d
Tes Kompetensi Fisika Semester 1 V[ VSWdSZ bWYg`g`YS` "fW]S`S` gVSdS dW`VSZ# iS]fg kS`Y V[bWd^g]S` dW^Sf[X ^WT[Z
A. Pilihan Ganda UWbSf V[TS`V[`Y]S` VW`YS` _W`V[V[Z]S` S[d V[ VSWdSZ bS`fS[ "fW]S`S` gVSdS f[`YY[#
+( V 3( T +1( U
-( V ++( V +3( T
+( 0.(0** B
/( U +-( S -( -+&0.m ;
1( U +/( U /( 7 7 .+ ]]S^
B. Soal Uraian
+( - , _)e VS` ./m
+( 1&3 B)e "fW]a ]WdS_[]#
-( /* F ,&3 B)e "fW]a _W`Y][^Sf#
/( +0 F -( -&3 B)e
Bab 6 Cahaya dan Optik Tes Kompetensi Bab 7

A. Pilihan Ganda
Tes Kompetensi Awal +( V 3( V +1( U
+( :SkS`YS` `kSfS VSbSf ^S`Yeg`Y V[^[ZSf VW`YS` _SfS& eWVS`Y]S` TSkS`YS` _SkS -( U ++( U +3( U
f[VS] VSbSf ^S`Yeg`Y V[^[ZSf VW`YS` _SfS( /( V +-( W
-( HW_T[SeS` SVS^SZ bWd[ef[iS bW_TWâ]S` USZSkS eWfW^SZ _W^WiSf[ T[VS`Y TSfSe 1( S +/( S
egSfg _WV[g_( B. Soal Uraian
A`VW]e T[Se dW^Sf[X SVS^SZ bWdTS`V[`YS` ]WUWbSfS` USZSkS VSd[ egSfg _WV[g_ +( 2 ( +*n- _-
VW`YS` _WV[g_ ^S[`( -( /3+&0 UU
A`VW]e T[Se _gf^S] SVS^SZ bWdTS`V[`YS` ]WUWbSfS` USZSkS VS^S_ egSfg _WV[g_ /( 1&02 ]]S^
VW`YS` ]WUWbSfS` USZSkS bSVS ZS_bS gVSdS( 1( 0.&3 EB
/( EW_Xa]ge]S` SfSg _W`kWTSd]S` USZSkS& _W_bWdTWeSd)_W_bWd]WU[^ TSkS`YS`&
_W_TS^[] TSkS`YS`(
Bab 8 Listrik Dinamis
+( EW`gdgf fWad[ bSdf[]W^& USZSkS SVS^SZ bSdf[]W^ TWdg]gdS` ]WU[^ kS`Y TWdYWdS] Tes Kompetensi Awal
bSVS ^[`fSeS` ^gdge( 9VSbg` _W`gdgf fWad[ YWâ_TS`Y& USZSkS _WdgbS]S` +( K[VS]( EW`gdgf bWd¥S`¥[S`& SdSZ Sdge VS^S_ bW`YZS`fSd TWd^SiS`S` VW`YS`
YWâ_TS`Y kS`Y TWdYWdS] VW`YS` ]WUWbSfS` fWdfW`fg VS^S_ _WV[g_ WfWd( SdSZ YWdS] W^W]fda`(
-( EW`gdgf @gkYWè& f[f[]'f[f[] bSVS _g]S YWâ_TS`Y kS`Y _WdS_TSf VSbSf -( @S_TSfS` ¥W`[e TSZS`& ^gSe bW`S_bS`Y TSZS`& VS` bS`¥S`Y TSZS`(
V[S`YYSb eWTSYS[ TSdg( /( 9]g_g^Sfad& TSfg TSfWdS[& eW^ Ma^fS& ea^Sd UW^^& VS` ^S[`'^S[`(
/( CWVgS`kS TW`Sd( JWTSYS[ bSdf[]W^ USZSkS _W_[^[][ _gSfS`& eWVS`Y]S` eWTSYS[ Tes Kompetensi Subbab A
YWâ_TS`Y USZSkS _WdS_TSf( +( S( ^[efd[] efSf[e SVS^SZ ^[efd[] kS`Y ]WSVSS` _gSfS``kS eW^S^g fWfSb "V[S_#
T( ^[efd[] V[`S_[e SVS^SZ ^[efd[] kS`Y _gSfS``kS VSbSf TWdb[`VSZ "V[ZS`fSd]S`#
-( 7 7 .&2 ;agâ_T
+( 3*G
-( J7 1 /( 1 7 *&2 _9
/( e 7 +* U_ Tes Kompetensi Subbab B
,
+( 17 9 7 *&001 9
+( RG>@> 7 ,&*/ o +*2 _)e -
-( PS& eW_S][` TWeSd ]WdSbSfS` egSfg _WV[g_ _S]S eW_S][` -( 1 7 *&*- 9
TWeSd [`VW]e T[Se`kS(
/( 8' 7 +/* %
/( S#
+( S$ 8P 7 +&- %
# # T( 1& 7 . 9
U( 1' 7 - 9
>+ >, V( 1( 7 , 9
>+ >, 1/
-( 17 9
C+ /2
/( 1 7 ++ 9 "_Seg] bWdUSTS`YS`#
O+ O+ O+ O+
T# :SkS`YS` S]Z[d SVS V[ dgS`Y TSkS`YS` AAA ^WèS ,
+( V[ 8 7 ,. % ) 1 7 *&0 9 -( V[ 8 7 +0 % ) 1 7 *&- 9
+( C 7 +&-- _
+( 9]g_g^Sfad& TSfg TSfWdS[& eW^ ha^fS& ea^Sd UW^^& VS` ^S[`'^S[`(
Tes Kompetensi Bab 6 -( @ , JG . ) ,@% % 2G.,n
/( <[ ]SfaVS HT 2G) # ,@# # ,BW ) HT % @,JG.
A. Pilihan Ganda
+( U 1( U +-( S +3( S
-( U 3( V +/( S <[ SàVS HT 25) # 25 . # ,@'5 ) , @,JG. % ,;n
,n
/( V ++( W +1( T

Tes Kompetensi Subbab F Tes Kompetensi Fisika Semester 2
+( N 7 +-.3..&,. Bag^W A. Pilihan Ganda
-( @SdYS 7 Ib +3(2** +( T 1( W +-( V +3( W
/( S( <WX7 +** , ha^f -( W 3( S +/( T
<_7 +** ha^f /( S ++( T +1( T
<d7 0-&0 ha^f
T( 1WX7 / , 9 B. Soal Uraian
1_7 / 9 +( /&2 U_
1d7 -&+2 9 -( *&+2 %
1( JW]Wd[`Y ^S_bg 7 *&/ 95 KM 7 *&- 95 HW`YWd[`Y dS_Tgf 7 - 95 /( G^WZ ]SdW`S iSd`S _WdSZ bSVS ebW]fdg_ USZSkS fS_bS] _WdgbS]S` iSd`S
HW_S`YYS`Y daf[ 7 / 95 ;WdW] ^[efd[] 7 +- 9 kS`Y bS^[`Y TWeSd bS`¥S`Y YWâ_TS`Y`kS eWZ[`YYS _SfS ][fS ^WT[Z _gVSZ
_W`S`Y]Sb`kS VSd[ ¥SdS] kS`Y ^WT[Z ¥SgZ V[TS`V[`Y]S` g`fg] iSd`S USZSkS
Tes Kompetensi Bab 8 fS_bS] ^S[``kS(
A. Pilihan Ganda
+( V 1( V +-( T +3( W Tes Kompetensi Akhir
-( U 3( T +/( V A. Pilihan Ganda
/( S ++( U +1( S +( V ++( S ,+( U -+( S
B. Soal Uraian -( U +-( T ,-( U --( S
/( T +/( T ,/( V -/( U
+( <+ 7 1
$
"+*n1# ha^f 1( T +1( W ,1( V -1( U
* 3( U +3( T ,3( T -3( T
<, 7 1 "+&2 o +*n1# ha^f

$ B. Soal Uraian
* +( 2 eW]a`
<- 7 1
$
"+&1 o +*n2# ha^f -( S( / _)e
* T( +* e
/( -*&. F
-( S( 1, 7 0* 95 1- 7 .&2 9 1( 1(,/* ]S^
T( 8b 7 *&+1 % 3( /0 _9
/( S( +&/. _9
T( ,-&0 N
U( +-&0 N
Bab 9 Gelombang Elekromagnetik
Tes Kompetensi Awal

+( ?Wâ_TS`Y W^W]fda_SY`Wf[] SVS^SZ YWâ_TS`Y kS`Y TWdSeS^ VSd[ ZSe[^ bWdYWfSdS`
bSdf[]W^ TWd_gSfS`( HWdS_TSfS``kS f[VS] _W_Wd^g]S` _WV[g_(
-( ?Wâ_TS`Y dSV[a _W_[^[][ bS`¥S`Y YWâ_TS`Y kS`YdW^Sf[X ]WU[^ eWZ[`YYS
W`WdY[`kS f[VS] Ug]gb ]gSf g`fg] _W`W_Tge ^Sb[eS` [aàeXWd( G^WZ ]SdW`S [fg&
YWâ_TS`Y dSV[a V[bS`fg^]S` ]W_TS^[ a^WZ ^Sb[eS` [aàeXWd(

+( $ ?Wâ_TS`Y TWd_gSfS` W^W]fda_SY`Wf[] SVS^SZ YWâ_TS`Y kS`Y eg_TWd
YWfSd`kS TWdSeS^ VSd[ YWfSdS` bSdf[]W^(
$ ?Wâ_TS`Y W^W]fda_SY`Wf[] _WdS_TSf fS`bS _W_Wd^g]S` _WV[g_&
TWdTWVS VW`YS` YWâ_TS`Y _W]S`[] kS`Y _W_Wd^g]S` _WV[g_(
-( $ ?Wâ_TS`Y dSV[a VS` YWâ_TS`Y _[]da V[_S`XSSf]S` g`fg] ]WbWd^gS`
]a`hW]e[ eWbWdf[ dSV[a& KM& VS` fW^ba` eW^g^Wd(
$ ?Wâ_TS`Y [`XdS_WdSZ TS`kS] V[Yg`S]S` g`fg] ]WbWd^gS` fdSèbadf VSfS
¥SdS] bW`VW] SfSg eWèad'eWèad eWbWdf[ VS^S_ dW_af ]a`fda^
$ ?Wâ_TS`Y =E g^fdSh[a^Wf& e[`Sd'T& VS` e[`Sd YS__S T[SeS`kS V[_S`XSSf]S`
VS^S_ bW`YaTSfS` bW`kS][f ]S`]Wd(

+( <S^S_ ]WSVSS` TWdYWdS]& bSdf[]W^ TWd_gSfS` _W`YZSe[^]S` YWâ_TS`Y =E
-( ¥SdS]`kS 7 3** _
/( ]WVgVg]S``kS SVS^SZ +-(/** _

A. Pilihan Ganda
+( U /( S 3( T
-( T 1( U
B. Soal Uraian
+( . # -_
-( CSdW`S e[`Sd'O _W_bg`kS[ bS`¥S`Y YWâ_TS`Y kS`Y bW`VW]
/(
satelit
penerima
pemancar
Kunci Jawaban 219

Apendiks
Simbol-Simbol Matematika
7 4 eS_S VW`YS` 'T 4 bWdgTSZS` T
4 f[VS] eS_S VW`YS` T 4 `[^S[ STea^gf T
& 4 ZS_b[d eS_S VW`YS` J! 4 J"J n +#"J n ,# ((( +
4 VS^S_ adVW + 4 ¥g_^SZ
1 4 eWTS`V[`Y VW`YS` ^[_ 4 ^[_[f
8 4 ^WT[Z TWeSd VSd[ 'P ) * 4 'P _W`VW]Sf[ à^
" 4 ^WT[Z TWeSd eS_S VW`YS` AT
4 fgdg`S` T fWdZSVSb P
" 4 ¥SgZ ^WT[Z TWeSd VSd[ AP
6 4 ^WT[Z ]WU[^ #T
4 fgdg`S` bSde[S^ T fWdZSVSb P
4 ^WT[Z ]WU[^ eS_S VW`YS` #P
!
! 4 ¥SgZ ^WT[Z ]WU[^ VSd[ $ 4 [`fWYdS^
Rumus Trigonometri
e[` , - " Uae, - # + fS` ,- # ,fS` -,

+ ( fS` -
eWU , - ( fS` , - # +
UeU , - ( Uaf , - # + e[` + - # + ( Uae- Uae + -
, , ,
e[` ,- # , e[` - Uae -
# + " Uae- fS` + -
Uae ,- 7 Uae, - ( e[` , - , ,
7 ,Uae, - ( + # + ( Uae -
+ " Uae-
7 + ( ,e[` , -
Turunan Fungsi-Fungsi Tertentu

A, # * VW`YS` SVS^SZ ]aèfS`fS A fS` 0 P # 0 eWU , 0 P
, AP
AP
A P J ! # JP J (+ A B?P # ?B?P
AP AP
A e[` 0P # 0 Uae 0P A ^` ?P # +
AP AP P
A Uae 0P # (0 e[` 0P
AP
Rumus-Rumus Integrasi
$ *AP # *P $B AP # + B?P *P
?P
?
$ *PAP # , *P $ Uae 0PAP # 0 e[` 0P

+ , +
$ *P AP # * JP " + $ e[` 0PAP # ( 0 Uae SP

J
J "+
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$ *P AP # * ^` P
(+

Satuan-Satuan Dasar
HS`¥S`Y EWfWd "_# SVS^SZ ¥SdS] kS`Y V[fW_bgZ 9dge 9_bWdW "9# SVS^SZ Sdge bSVS VgS ]SiSf
a^WZ USZSkS V[ dgS`Y hS]g_ VS^S_ iS]fg bS`¥S`Y bSdS^W^ kS`Y fWdb[eSZ eW¥SgZ +
+),33(13,(./2 eW]a` _WfWd VS` _W`[_Tg^]S` YSkS _SY`Wf[]
NS]fg JW]a` "e# SVS^SZ iS]fg kS`Y V[bWd^g]S` bWd eSfgS` bS`¥S`Y eWTWeSd , o +*n1 F)_
g`fg] 3(+3,(0-+(11* e[]^ge bSVS dSV[Se[ KW_bWdSfgd CW^h[` "C# SVS^SZ +),1-(+0 VSd[ fW_bWdSfgd
kS`Y TWdZgTg`YS` VW`YS` fdSè[e[ S`fSdS fWd_aV[`S_[]S bSVS PNFLHB LKFJP >FN
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6 8
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fW^We]ab T[`fS`Y +-2& +-3& +.,
Indeks 225
Daftar Pustaka
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1. Fisika-Studi dan Pengajaran I. Judul

Hak Cipta Buku ini dibeli oleh Departemen Pendidikan Nasional

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Tes Kompetensi Akhir • 212

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