530.07
DUD DUDI Indrajit
m Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika : untuk Kelas XI Sekolah Menengah Atas/
Madrasah Aliyah Program Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam / penulis, Dudi Indrajit
; penyunting, Ahmad Fauzi, Ahmad Saripudin, ; illustrator, S. Riyadi.
. — Jakarta : Pusat Perbukuan, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, 2009.
vi, 218 hlm, : ilus. ; 30 cm
iii
Penerbit
Bab 1
Analisis Gerak • 1
A. Persamaan Gerak Lurus • 2
B. Gerak Parabola • 14
C. Gerak Melingkar • 20
Rangkuman • 21 Bab 3
Peta Konsep • 22 Usaha, Energi, dan Daya • 67
Refleksi • 22
Tes Kompetensi Bab 1 • 23 A. Gaya Dapat Melakukan Usaha • 68
B. Energi dan Usaha • 72
C. Gaya Konservatif dan Hukum Kekekalan
Energi Mekanik • 77
D. Daya • 84
Rangkuman • 86
Bab 2 Peta Konsep • 87
Refleksi • 87
Gaya • 25 Tes Kompetensi Bab 3 • 88
A. Gaya Gesek • 26
B. Gaya Gravitasi • 35
C. Elastisitas dan Gaya Pegas • 44
D. Gerak Harmonik Sederhana • 51
Rangkuman • 61
Peta Konsep • 62 Bab 4
Refleksi • 62 Momentum, Impuls,
Tes Kompetensi Bab 2 • 63
dan Tumbukan • 91
A. Momentum Linear • 92
B. Tumbukan • 94
C. Jenis Tumbukan • 96
D. Tumbukan Lenting Sebagian pada
Benda Jatuh Bebas • 100
E. Ayunan Balistik • 102
F. Gaya Dorong Roket • 104
Rangkuman • 105
Peta Konsep • 106
Refleksi • 106
Tes Kompetensi Bab 4 • 107
Proyek Semester 1 • 110
Tes Kompetensi Fisika Semester 1 • 111
vi
Bab 6
Fluida • 139 Bab 8
A. Fluida Statis • 140
B. Viskositas Fluida • 150 Termodinamika • 179
C. Fluida Dinamis • 152 A. Usaha pada Berbagai Proses
Rangkuman • 159 Termodinamika • 180
Peta Konsep • 160 B. Hukum I Termodinamika • 184
Refleksi • 160 C. Kapasitas Kalor Gas dan
Tes Kompetensi Bab 6 • 161 Siklus Termodinamika • 187
D. Hukum II Termodinamika • 191
Rangkuman • 193
Peta Konsep • 194
Refleksi • 194
Tes Kompetensi Bab 8 • 195
Proyek Semester 2 • 198
Tes Kompetensi Fisika Semester 2 • 200
vii
1
Sumber: Fundamentals of Physics, 2001
Meriam dengan peluru manusia ditembakkan dengan sudut kemiringan dan kecepatan
awal tertentu agar peluru jatuh tepat pada sasaran.
Analisis Gerak
Hasil yang harus Anda capai:
menganalisis gejala alam dan keteraturan dalam cakupan mekanika benda titik.
(7C@3:=3: @63 ?7>;:3E 3EC3=D; ?7C;3? 67@93@ B7>FCF ?3@FD;3 A. Persamaan Gerak
*3>3: D3EF =7>A?BA= D;C=FD J3@9 E7C=7@3> 67@93@
3EC3=D;
@J3 E3:F@
3@ 363>3: =7>A?BA= D;C=FD =7>F3C93 Lurus
035:;@; (C7DE3D; ?7C7=3 J3@9 E7C53E3E D74393; C7=AC 6;>3=F=3@ A>7: B. Gerak Parabola
?3@F7>035:;@;E3:F@
*33E;EF;347C:3D;>E7C43@9?7>7H3E;E;93
4F3: =;@5;C 63@ ?7@63C3E 6; <3C;@9 D7<3F: ? 63C; E;E;= B7@7?43=3@ C. Gerak Melingkar
(C7DE3D;87@A?7@3>B363=7<36;3@E7CD74FE?7CFB3=3@D3>3:D3EF4F=E;
B7@7C3B3@ =3;63:=3;63: ;D;=3 63>3? :3> ;@; 363>3: 97C3= B3C34A>3
7@93@ =757B3E3@ 3H3> J3@9 DF63: 6;=7E3:F; 63@ DF6FE 7>7G3D; ?7C;3?
E7C:363B :AC;KA@E3> DF63: 6;3EFC ?3=3 E;E;= ?3=D;?F? =7E;@99;3@ 63@
E;E;=E7C<3F:63B3E6;=7E3:F;'>7:=3C7@3;EF?7C7=363B3E?7@7@EF=3@
D7E;@99; 3B3 C;@E3@93@ J3@9 6;9F@3=3@ 63@ 6; ?3@3 :3CFD ?7>7E3==3@
<3C;@9@J3
+3:F=3: @63 43:H3 97C3= B3C34A>3 63B3E 6;3@3>;D;D ?7>3>F;
B7CB36F3@ 6F3 97C3= >FCFD J3@9 E7>3: @63 B7>3<3C; 6; #7>3D / ,@EF=
?7?B7C?F63: 3@3>;D;D 97C3= B7CD3?33@ 97C3= 6;F43: 63>3? 47@EF=
G7=EAC ,@EF= >74;: ?7?3:3?;@J3 B7>3<3C;>3: 434 ;@; 67@93@ 43;=
(363DF4434(7CD3?33@7C3=$FCFD@633=3@
43@J3=?7@99F@3=3@EFCF@3@63@;@E79C3>
5
;EF@9>3:@;>3;EFCF@3@3E3F;@E79C3>47C;=FE
6
(36397C3=B3C34A>33DF?D;97C3=3B3J3@96;9F@3=3@
3
63>3?3C3:DF?4F63@DF?4F
B3=3:B7C47633@=757B3E3@>;@73C63@=757B3E3@
4 !
DF6FE
y
A. Persamaan Gerak Lurus
j 1. Posisi dan Arah Partikel Berdasarkan Vektor
i 3>3?;D;=3BAD;D;DF3EFB3CE;=7>D7>3>F6;EF>;D=3@63>3?DF3EFDF?4F
x =AAC6;@3E *F?4F =AAC6;@3E J3@9 D7C;@9 6;9F@3=3@ J3;EF =AAC6;@3E
k 53CE7D;FD=AAC6;@3ED;>;@67C63@=AAC6;@3E4A>3,@EF=B7?43:3D3@B363
434 ;@; DF?4F =AAC6;@3E J3@9 6;9F@3=3@ 363>3: =AAC6;@3E 53CE7D;FD
z Gambar 1.1 67@93@ BAD;D; B3CE;=7> 6;@J3E3=3@ 63>3? DF?4F- DF?4F- 63@ DF?4F-!
Vektor satuan dalam sumbu-x,
sumbu-y, dan sumbu-z. ,@EF= ;EF =;E3 3B>;=3D;=3@ G7=EAC =3>; B7CE3?3 B363 97C3= >FCFD
a. Vektor Satuan dan Vektor Posisi
3 y
*F3EFG7=EAC63>3?=AAC6;@3E53CE7D;FD?7?;>;=;=A?BA@7@6;DF?4F-
Py
DF?4F- 63@DF?4F-!(363D7E;3BDF?4FE7CD74FEE7C63B3EG7=EACD3EF3@
j
Py J3@947D3C@J3D3EF63@?7?;>;=;3C3:D3?367@93@3C3:DF?4F@J3(363
i+
=
P x
DF?4F- G7=EAC D3EF3@@J3 363>3: ' (363 DF?4F- G7=EAC D3EF3@@J3
P
j
363>3: ( 63@ DF?4F-! G7=EAC D3EF3@@J3 363>3: ) *74393; 5A@EA:
B7C:3E;=3@ +! /
-7=EACJ3@9E7C>7E3=B3634;63@9 63B3E
x
0 i Px 6;EF>;D=3@ 63>3? 47@EF= G7=EAC D74393; 47C;=FE
4 y ' (
63BF@F@EF=G7=EACJ3@9E7C>7E3=63>3?CF3@9 +! /
!
Py j
G7=EAC 63B3E 6;EF>;D=3@ 63>3? @AE3D; G7=EAC D74393; 47C;=FE
P 'J(K)
P
x
Px i
67@93@ 63@ ! ?7CFB3=3@ 47D3C3@ D=3>3C
Pz k
z Gambar 1.2 b. Vektor Perpindahan
(a) Posisi partikel pada
bidang xy. *74F3:B3CE;=7>J3@947C97C3=B363DF3EF4;63@963E3CJ3;EFE7C:363B
(b) Vektor P dalam ruang. DF?4F- 63@ DF?4F- G7=EAC BAD;D;@J3 B363 DF3EF E;E;= 6;EF@<F==3@
D7B7CE;B363 +! / ";=3B3CE;=7>?7>3=F=3@B7CB;@63:3@63C;BAD;D;
y /
=7 BAD;D; / B7CB;@63:3@ BAD;D; E7CD74FE 6;@J3E3=3@ 67@93@ /
(7CB;@63:3@ D74F3: B3CE;=7> / 63B3E 6;B7CA>7: 67@93@ ?7@99F@3=3@
A Dr B
3EFC3@ G7=EAC B7CB;@63:3@ J3;EF D74393; 47C;=FE
r1 //P/
P
r2
";=3G7=EACBAD;D;/
'
(63@G7=EACBAD;D;/' (
x
0
B7CD3?33@ B7CB;@63:3@ / ?7@<36;
Gambar 1.3 /' (P
'
(
/P
'P P
(
Perpindahan vektor
posisi r . ";=3
63@
?3=33=3@6;B7CA>7:
Contoh 1.1
(AD;D;3H3>D74F3:B3CE;=7>363>3:/
'P(?=7?F6;3@B3CE;=7>E7CD74FE47CB;@63:
=7BAD;D;/'(?+7@EF=3@>3:G7=EACB7CB;@63:3@47D3CG7=EACB7CB;@63:3@
63@3C3:B7CB;@63:3@B3CE;=7>;EF
y
4 ! 12
;=7E3:F; /
'P(?
/'(?
-7=EACB7CB;@63:3@ 7
Dr
/ ' ( r2
/ P'PP( Dr = r2 – r1
P'
(? 112,7°
8
7D3CG7=EACB7CB;@63:3@ –5 0 3
x
/
? r1
C3:B7CB;@63:3@ 3C5E3@
N
–5
y
Ay A
c. Menentukan Komponen-Komponen Vektor Jika Arah dan
Besarnya Diketahui
(7C:3E;=3@ +! / (363 93?43C E7CD74FE G7=EAC 6;FC3;=3@
E7C:363B DF?4F- 63@ DF?4F- 363>3: =A?BA@7@ G7=EAC B363
DF?4F- D763@9=3@ 363>3: =A?BA@7@ G7=EAC B363 DF?4F- ";=3
363>3:DF6FEJ3@96;47@EF=A>7:G7=EACE7C:363BDF?4F-47D3C 0 Ax
x
63@ 63B3E 6;:;EF@9 67@93@ ?7@99F@3=3@ B7CD3?33@ 47C;=FE Gambar 1.4
Ax dan Ay merupakan komponen-
5AD 63@ D;@
P komponen vektor A pada sumbu-x
dan sumbu-y.
Contoh 1.2
7@93@?7@97@63C3;D7B763+3C;93@?7@9;=FE;J3@96;D7>7@993C3=3@D7=A>3:@J3
67@93@?7@7?BF:CFE7D7B7CE;6;EF@<F==3@B36393?43C(7CE3?3D7B76347C97C3=
?7@F<F=AE3D7<3F: =?63>3?3C3: N=743C3E>3FE=7?F6;3@47C97C3==7=AE3
D7<3F: =?=7FE3C3+7@EF=3@BAD;D;=AE363@3C3:@J3E7C:363BD7=A>3:+3C;93@
4 ! y (km)
-7=EACB7CB;@63:3@D7B7636;@J3E3=3@D74393;G7=EAC B
63@#A?BA@7@G7=EAC U
5AD
N =?P P=? B T
D;@
N =? =? R
#A?BA@7@G7=EAC A
5AD N =? =? A
30°
D;@ N =?
=? x (km)
Sekolah Tarigan
Analisis Gerak 3
P
#7E7C3@93@
3 =757B3E3@ C3E3C3E3 ?D
/ B7CB;@63:3@ 47@63 ?
Ingatlah D7>3@9 H3=EF D7=A@
Penulisan vektor satuan yang benar ";=3 @63 B7C:3E;=3@ (7CD3?33@
P 63@
P 67@93@ 63@
adalah i, j, dan k atau i , j , dan k .
G7=EAC =757B3E3@ C3E3C3E3 63>3? 6F3 6;?7@D; 363>3:
3 ' (
P
P
#7>3<F3@ C3E3C3E3 47C=3;E3@ 67@93@ <3C3= 4F=3@ B7CB;@63:3@
*7C;@9 =7>3<F3@ C3E3C3E3 D3?3 67@93@ =757B3E3@ C3E3C3E3 E3@B3 363
E3@63 3C3: ?;@FD 3E3F BAD;E;8 &3?F@ :3> ;@; E7C<36; B363 97C3= D3EF
3C3:393;?3@3=7>3<F3@C3E3C3E363@=757B3E3@C3E3C3E3DF3EF47@63
<;=3 97C3= 47C43>;= 3C3: =7 E7?B3E 3H3>
"36; =7>3<F3@ C3E3C3E3 63B3E 6;EF>;D D74393; 47C;=FE
EAE3><3C3=
>3<FC3E3C3E3
t
Contoh 1.3
;=7E3:F;G7=EACBAD;D;DF3EFB3CE;=7>J3@947C97C3=363>3:/
'P(
67@93@63>3??7E7C63@63>3?D7=A@+7@EF=3@>3:
3 BAD;D;47@63B363D33ED7=A@
4 =757B3E3@63@47D3C=757B3E3@C3E3C3E3D7>3?3D7>3@9H3=EFD7=A@:;@993
D7=A@
4 !
;=7E3:F;/
'P(
3 -7=EACBAD;D;B3CE;=7>B363D33ED7=A@363>3:
/1
2'1P2('P( Tugas Anda 1.1
4 -7=EACBAD;D;B3CE;=7>B363D33E
D7=A@363>3:
/1
2'1
P
2(
'P
( Berilah sebuah contoh persamaan
kecepatan sebagai fungsi dari
?3=3=757B3E3@C3E3C3E3B3CE;=7>363>3:
waktu yang berorde 2.
/
/
3 /
i
( ? ' ( ?
D
( ' () ?
'P
(?D
D
63BF@47D3C=757B3E3@C3E3C3E3@J3363>3:
| v | v
?D
3E3F
C
?D
v
Analisis Gerak 5
3 >;? / d /
r1
r2'' 3 >;? t
P
r2' r
B, t2 dt
r2
*753C3 ?3E7?3E;D D7DF3; 67@93@ E38D;C3@ 97A?7EC;D F@EF= EFCF@3@
EFCF@3@ B7CE3?3 63C; DF3EF 8F@9D; B363 DF3EF E;E;= 363>3: 9C36;7@ 93C;D
0 x
D;@99F@9 =FCG3 6; E;E;= E7CD74FE 7@93@ 67?;=;3@ =757B3E3@ D7D33E
Gambar 1.6 63C; DF3EF E;E;= ?3E7C; 63B3E 6;E7@EF=3@ D753C3 9C38;= 3B34;>3 6;=7E3:F;
Ketika B makin dekat dengan A atau
9C38;= B7CB;@63:3@ E;E;= ?3E7C; E7C:363B H3=EF
lim , kecepatan sesaat v di A
t 0 (7C:3E;=3@ +! / ,@EF= 9C38;= B7CB;@63:3@ E7C:363B H3=EF
menyinggung lintasan di A. 63>3?97C3=D3EF6;?7@D;63B3E6;=7E3:F;47D3C=757B3E3@D7D33E47@63";=3
x
93C;D D;@99F@9 =FCG3 6; DF3EF E;E;= ?7?47@EF= DF6FE E7C:363B DF?4F-
47D3C =757B3E3@ D7D33E 47@63 E7CD74FE 63B3E 6;EF>;D D74393; 47C;=FE
v garis
y = x(t) singgung E3@
P
v sesaat +! / ?7?B7C>;:3E=3@ D74F3: E;E;= ?3E7C; B363 4;63@9
-7=EAC =757B3E3@ D7D33E@J3 363>3: 3 ' ( D763@9=3@ 47D3C@J3
?7@<36; =7>3<F3@ D7D33E #7>3<F3@ D7D33E 6;B7CA>7: 67@93@ B7CD3?33@
P
t
0
Gambar 1.7 63BF@ 3C3: =757B3E3@ D7D33E B363 4;63@9 67@93@ ?7>;:3E =757B3E
Kecepatan sesaat suatu benda dapat 3@B363DF?4F-363>3:63@=757B3E3@B363DF?4F- 363>3: D7:;@993
diperoleh dari garis singgung kurva 3=3@ 6;B7CA>7:
lintasan benda untuk satu dimensi.
E3@
P
y "36; =7>3<F3@ B363 DF?4F- 63@ DF?4F- 363>3:
vy
v
5AD 63@ D;@
P
v sin #7E7C3@93@
=7>3<F3@B363DF?4F- ?D
v cos vx
=7>3<F3@B363DF?4F- ?D
Contoh 1.4
*77=AC4FCF@9E7C43@967@93@=757B3E3@ ?D63>3?3C3:NE7C:363B3C3:
:AC;KA@E3>+7@EF=3@>3:=A?BA@7@=A?BA@7@=7>3<F3@4FCF@963@E7@EF=3@<F93
x
0 G7=EAC=757B3E3@@J363>3?G7=EACD3EF3@
Gambar 1.8
Grafik kecepatan sesaat pada bidang 4 !
xy atau bidang dua dimensi. $F=;D>3: E7C>74;: 6F>F G7=EAC =757B3E3@ 63@ =A?BA@7@=A?BA@7@ =757B3E3@
E7C:363BDF?4F-63@DF?4F- 393C?F63:6;B3:3?;
#7>3<F3@B363DF?4F-
5ADN y
?D
?D v = 20 m/s
vy j
#7>3<F3@B363DF?4F-
D;@N
?D
?D
37° vx i
-7=EAC=757B3E3@4FCF@9363>3: 0
x
3 ' (
'
(?D
Contoh 1.6
*74F3:B3CE;=7>47C97C3=67@93@B7CD3?33@>;@E3D3@/P
?67@93@
63>3??7E7C63@63>3?D7=A@+7@EF=3@=757B3E3@B3CE;=7>=7E;=3D7=A@
4 !
#757B3E3@6;B7CA>7:63C;6;87C7@D;3>B7CD3?33@BAD;D;7@93@?7?3DF==3@H3=EF
6;B7CA>7:
/
P
''?D
'''?D
Analisis Gerak 7
P
P
Contoh 1.7
*77=AC=7>;@5;47C<3>3@6;3E3DCF?BFEB3634;63@9 $7E3=3H3>=7>;@5;B363
=AAC6;@3E?#A?BA@7@=757B3E3@@J3363>3:
63@";=3
63@63>3??D63@63>3?D7=A@E7@EF=3@>3:
3 G7=EACBAD;D;=7>;@5;63@
4 BAD;D;=7>;@5;B363D33ED7=A@
4 !
3 #AAC6;@3E3H3>?63@47D3C=A?BA@7@=757B3E3@@J3363>3:
63@D7:;@993
-7=EACBAD;D;=7>;@5;363>3:
/' ('(
4 #AAC6;@3E=7>;@5;B363D33ED7=A@363>3:
?
?
?
?
??
?
"36;G7=EACBAD;D;B363D33ED7=A@363>3:
/
?'
?(
4 +3@63?FE>3=6;9F@3=3@F@EF=?7?3DE;=3@43:H347D3C<3C3=D7>3>F
Gambar 1.9 47CE3@63 BAD;E;8 63BF@ F@EF= ?7@9:;EF@9 47D3C B7CB;@63:3@@J3
(a) Grafik fungsi kecepatan (v) 6;9F@3=3@ B7CD3?33@ 47C;=FE
terhadap waktu (t).
(b) Grafik v–t untuk gerak benda
yang berbalik arah.
4 ! 5
3?43C=3@9C38;= PPE7C>74;:63:F>F67@93@B7C:;EF@93@47C;=FE 4
O +;E;=BAEA@9E7C:363BDF?4F-6;B7CA>7:63C; 3
PP 2
PP –4 –3 –2 –1
1
1 2 3 4 5
P
0
t (s)
63@P
–1
O +;E;=BF@53=9C38;= –2
–3
–4
D7:;@993=757B3E3@6;
D363>3:
P
PP
?D –5
,@EF=D7>3@9H3=EFD7=A@:;@993
D7=A@6;B7CA>7: –6
O (7CB;@63:3@ PP
–7
–8
P
P
PPP?
–9
O "3C3= P P –10
–11
P
–12
P
P
?
Tugas Anda 1.2
4. Percepatan Diskusikan dengan teman
sebangku Anda, apa perbedaan
*7E;3B 47@63 J3@9 ?7@63B3E 93J3
3=3@ ?7@93>3?; B7CF43:3@ antara jarak dan perpindahan?
=757B3E3@ D7:;@993 47@63 E7CD74FE ?7?;>;=; B7C57B3E3@ *3?3 :3>@J3 Bagaimana Anda menerangkan
67@93@ =757B3E3@ B363 B7C57B3E3@ 6;=7@3> <F93 ;DE;>3: B7C57B3E3@ C3E3 konsep jarak dan perpindahan ini
pada kasus mobil F1 yang sedang
C3E363@B7C57B3E3@D7D33E'>7:=3C7@3=757B3E3@E7C?3DF=47D3C3@G7=EAC
balapan di sirkuit? Pada balapan
?3=3B7C57B3E3@<F93?7CFB3=3@47D3C3@G7=EACJ3@9@;>3;@J3?7CFB3=3@ F1, garis start dan finish berada di
EFCF@3@ B7CE3?3 63C; =757B3E3@ ,@EF= 47@63 J3@9 47C97C3= G7CE;=3> =7 tempat yang sama, dan mobil
3E3D B7C57B3E3@ J3@9 6;?;>;=; 363>3: B7C57B3E3@ 9C3G;E3D; 63@ 47C@;>3; hanya bergerak mengelilingi
@793E;8 D763@9=3@ F@EF= 97C3= <3EF: B7C57B3E3@@J3 47C@;>3; BAD;E;8 sirkuit.
a. Percepatan Rata-Rata
(7C57B3E3@C3E3C3E3B36397C3=6F36;?7@D;?7?;>;=;B7@97CE;3@D3?3 v
67@93@ B7C57B3E3@ C3E3C3E3 B363 97C3= D3EF 6;?7@D; J3;EF :3D;> 439; v2 B
B7CF43:3@ =757B3E3@ E7C:363B ;@E7CG3> H3=EF
+! / ?7?B7C>;:3E=3@ 9C38;= :F4F@93@ =757B3E3@ E7C:363B
H3=EF (363 D33E
47@63 47C363 6; E;E;= 67@93@ =757B3E3@ J3@9 a=
v v
6;?;>;=;
(363 D33E 47@63 47C363 6; E;E;= 67@93@ =757B3E3@ J3@9 t
Gambar 1.10
#7E7C3@93@
Percepatan rata-rata.
B7C57B3E3@ C3E3C3E3 ?D
B7CF43:3@ =757B3E3@ ?D
D7>3@9 H3=EF D
Analisis Gerak 9
a x 2 a y 2
P
#7E7C3@93@
B7C57B3E3@ C3E3C3E3 ?D
a 47D3CB7C57B3E3@B363DF?4F-?D
a 47D3CB7C57B3E3@B363DF?4F- ?D
b. Percepatan Sesaat
y *7B7CE;B363=757B3E3@D7D33EB7C57B3E3@D7D33E97C3=D74F3:B3CE;
=7> ?7?4FEF:=3@ D7>3@9 H3=EF J3@9 D3@93E D;@9=3E J3;EF
?7@67=3E;@A>"36;B7C57B3E3@D7D33E?7CFB3=3@EFCF@3@B7CE3?363C;
B7CD3?33@ =757B3E3@ F@EF= D7>3@9 H3=EF ?7@67=3E; @A>
v2 v
a
t
v2 >;? >;? 3 d 3
P
v1 t dt
t2
t1 v1 (7C57B3E3@D7D33E?7CFB3=3@EFCF@3@=76F363C;8F@9D;BAD;D;=3C7@3
3 / '>7:=3C7@3;EF
x
0
3
y 3 /
P
+3:F=3: @63 53C3 ?7@F@<F==3@ BCAD7D >;?;E 63>3? ?7@7@EF=3@
B7C57B3E3@D7D33E47C63D3C=3@9C38;=,@EF=?7@97E3:F;@J3B7C:3E;=3@
v2 v
t
a +! /
v1 v2 (363 +! / 63@ +! / ! G7=EAC 3
63@ 3
t2 ?7CFB3=3@ G7=EAC =757B3E3@ B363 D33E
63@ D763@9=3@ 3 ?7CFB3=3@
t1 v1
x
B7CF43:3@ =757B3E3@
6;4F3E E7E3B D763@9=3@ 6;4F3E ?7@67=3E;
3
0 D7:;@993 7C63D3C=3@ 678;@;D; ?7?;>;=; 3C3: J3@9 D3?3
4
y
67@93@ 3 '>7: =3C7@3 ;EF ?7?;>;=; 3C3: J3@9 D3?3 67@93@ 3 =7E;=3
?7@67=3E; @A> (363 D33E 6;53B3; D7B7CE; 6;EF@<F==3@ +! /
"
63@3
6;EF@<F==3@67@93@63@3D7:;@993 ?7@<36; -7=EAC
B7C57B3E3@ D7D33E D7>3>F ?7@<36; D;D; >7@9=F@9 >;@E3D3@ E;E;= ?3E7C;
D763@9=3@ G7=EAC =757B3E3@ 3 E7E3B ?7@J;@99F@9 >;@E3D3@ 6;
a ";=3B3CE;=7>47C97C3=B3634;63@9 6;63B3E=A?BA@7@=A?BA@7@
B7C57B3E3@ 47C;=FE ;@;
t v d 3 d ' (
x dt dt
0 dv dv
x ' y ( ' (
5 dt dt
Gambar 1.11
@63 E7@EF E7>3: ?7@97E3:F; 43:H3 63@
Percepataan sesaat a = lim
v
t
t 0
merupakan percepatan pada saat 7@93@ 67?;=;3@
63@
t2 – t1 menuju nol atau t menuju
nol. 2 d2y
D7:;@993 d 2x ' 2 (
P
dt dt
Contoh 1.9
*74F3:B3CE;=7>47C97C3=67@93@B7CD3?33@=7>3<F3@
P67@93@
63>3??D63@63>3?D7=A@+7@EF=3@>3:
3 47D3CB7C57B3E3@C3E3C3E397C3=B3CE;=7>F@EF=DD3?B3;67@93@
D
4 47D3CB7C57B3E3@3H3>B3CE;=7>63@
5 47D3CB7C57B3E3@B3CE;=7>B363D33ED7=A@
4 !
3 (7CD3?33@=757B3E3@363>3:
P
,@EF=
D
P ?D
,@EF=
D
P
?D
a
?D
4 (7CD3?33@B7C57B3E3@6;B7CA>7:63C;EFCF@3@B7CE3?3B7CD3?33@=757B3E3@J3;EF
d
P P
dt
7D3CB7C57B3E3@3H3>B3CE;=7>B363D33E 363>3:
P PP?D
5 7D3CB7C57B3E3@B3CE;=7>B363D33ED7=A@363>3:
PP?D
#7E7C3@93@ a dt
0
C38;= 47D3C B7C57B3E3@ E7C:363B H3=EF 63C; 97C3= D74F3: 47@63 Gambar 1.12
Grafik fungsi percepatan (a)
63B3E6;>;:3EB363 +! /
$F3D637C3:J3@96;3CD;CJ3;EF637C3: terhadap waktu (t).
J3@9 6;43E3D; A>7: 9C38;= 47D3C B7C57B3E3@ D74393; 8F@9D; H3=EF 3
67@93@ DF?4F :AC;KA@E3> 363>3: B7CF43:3@ =757B3E3@ 97C3= 47@63
";=3 D74F3: 47@63 47C97C3= B363 6F3 6;?7@D; J3;EF B363 4;63@9
:AC;KA@E3> 63@ 4;63@9 G7CE;=3> 47D3C =A?BA@7@=A?BA@7@ =757B3E3@
E7C:363B DF?4F 63@ DF?4F ?7?7@F:; B7CD3?33@ 47C;=FE
x dt 63@
y dt
P
Analisis Gerak 11
P
PP
7@93@B7C:;EF@93@?3E7?3E;=36;B7CA>7:
D7=A@"3C3=E7C<3F:63B3E
6;:;EF@9?7>3>F;B7CD3?33@
D
?
5AD
P v2 (kecepatan perahu)
v
63BF@<3C3=J3@96;E7?BF:B7C3:F=3C7@3C7DF>E3@=757B3E3@@J3363>3:
#7E7C3@93@
vp
v
s
vs
>743CDF@93; 3 =757B3E3@C7DF>E3@
3. =757B3E3@B7C3:F 30 =757B3E3@3>;C3@DF@93;
4 3 3.30
5AD
Kata Kunci
• arah vektor
• besar vektor
1
5AD 2
1
2 • jarak
?D • kecepatan
• kelajuan
"36;47D3CC7DF>E3@=757B3E3@B7C3:F363>3: ?D • percepatan
5 ?DQD
? • perpindahan
"36;B3@<3@9>;@E3D3@J3@96;E7?BF:B7C3:FD7E7>3:D7=A@363>3:
? • posisi
• vektor satuan
Analisis Gerak 13
*74F3:B3CE;=7>47CB;@63:63C;BAD;D;/
=7BAD;D;/ 3 +7@EF=3@G7=EACBAD;D;63@<3C3=47@6363C;E;E;=
";=3 BAD;D; /
' P ( 63@ BAD;D; /
' ( 3D3>B363D33ED7=A@
E7@EF=3@>3: 4 +7@EF=3@B7CB;@63:3@63@=757B3E3@C3E3C3E3
3 G7=EACB7CB;@63:3@@J363@ 47@6363>3?D7>3@9H3=EF
D7=A@D3?B3;67@93@
4 47D3CB7CB;@63:3@@J3 D7=A@
*74F3:B3CE;=7>47C97C3=47C63D3C=3@8F@9D;=757B3E3@ 5 +FCF@=3@B7CD3?33@F?F?=757B3E3@47@63
67@93@63>3??D63@63>3? 6 +7@EF=3@=7>3<F3@47@63B363D33ED7=A@
D7=A@";=3=A@DE3@E3
?DP?D63@ *74F3:43EF6;>7?B3C=3@G7CE;=3>67@93@B7CD3?33@
?DE7@EF=3@>3:
P67@93@ 63>3??7E7C63@63>3?
3 B7C57B3E3@C3E3C3E3B3CE;=7>F@EF=D7>3@9H3=EF D7=A@+7@EF=3@
D7=A@D3?B3;D7=A@ 3 47D3CB7C57B3E3@43EF63@
4 B7C57B3E3@3H3>B3CE;=7>63@ 4 E;@99;?3=D;?F?J3@96;53B3;43EF
5 B7C57B3E3@B3CE;=7>B363D33ED7=A@ *74F3:CA=7E47C97C3=B3634;63@9 (7C57B3E3@
(7CD3?33@97C3=D74F3:B3CE;=7>6;@J3E3=3@A>7:8F@9D; CA=7E?7?;>;=;=A?BA@7@
?D63@
P
E?D67@93@63>3?D7=A@(363D33E CA=7E
67@93@63>3??7E7C63@63>3?D7=A@
47C3636;E;E;=BFD3E=AAC6;@3E 67@93@=A?BA@7@
3 ;EF@9>3: B7C57B3E3@ C3E3C3E3 63>3? D7>3@9 =757B3E3@3H3>
?D63@ ?DD7:;@993
H3=EFD7=A@D3?B3;67@93@
D7=A@ D753C3G7=EAC6;EF>;D=3@
'(?D
4 ;EF@9>3:=757B3E3@D7D33EB363D7=A@ 3 &J3E3=3@ G7=EAC =757B3E3@ 63@ BAD;D; D74393;
5 ;EF@9>3:B7C57B3E3@D7D33EB363D7=A@ 8F@9D;63C;H3=EF
(AD;D;D74F3:47@636;@J3E3=3@A>7:/P
' 4 7C3B3E;@99;?3=D;?F?J3@96;53B3;CA=7E
(67@93@/63>3??7E7C63@63>3?D7=A@ 5 7C3B3<3C3=E7C<3F:J3@96;53B3;CA=7E
B. Gerak Parabola
+3:F=3:@63J3@96;?3=DF667@93@97C3=B3C34A>3%7@FCFE3>;>7A
bola (A) bola (B) 97C3=B3C34A>363B3E6;B3@63@9D74393;:3D;>B7CB36F3@97C3=>FCFD47C3EFC3@
B363 DF?4F :AC;KA@E3> DF?4F- 63@ 97C3= >FCFD 47CF43: 47C3EFC3@ B363
DF?4F G7CE;=3> DF?4F- D753C3 E7CB;D3: *7E;3B 97C3= E;63= D3>;@9
?7?7@93CF:; 34F@93@ 63C; =76F3 97C3= E7CD74FE 47CFB3 97C3= B3C34A>3
7C3=B3C34A>36;D74FE<F93D74393;97C3=B7>FCF3>3?=7:;6FB3@D7:3C;
:3C; :3> E7CD74FE 63B3E @63 <F?B3; ?;D3>@J3 =7E;=3 @63 ?7@7@63@9
4A>367@93@DF6FEE7@63@93@E7CE7@EF3E3F NE7C:363B4;63@9:AC;KA@E3>
?3=3 >;@E3D3@ 97C3= 4A>3 3=3@ 47C47@EF= B3C34A>3
(7C:3E;=3@ +! / 6F34F3:4A>36;>7B3D=3@63C;=7E;@99;3@
E7CE7@EF A>3 6;>7B3D=3@ 63C; =73633@ 6;3? 3>3? :3> ;@; 97C3=
4A>3 363>3: 97C3= <3EF: 4743D J3@9 6;B7@93CF:; A>7: B7C57B3E3@
9C3G;E3D; F?; (363 D33E J3@9 47CD3?33@ 4A>3 6;47C; 93J3 :AC;KA@E3>
67@93@ B793D $;@E3D3@ 4A>3 D7B7CE; B363 +! / 47CFB3
B3C34A>3(3633H3>@J3=76F34A>3E7C>7E3=B363=7E;@99;3@J3@9D3?3
=7?F6;3@ 6;>7B3D=3@ B363 D33E J3@9 D3?3 3B3E=3: @63 ?7@743=
Sumber: Physics for Scientist & 4A>3?3@3J3@9?7@J7@EF:E3@3:>74;:57B3E
Engineers, 2000
+7C@J3E3 H3=EF J3@9 6;4FEF:=3@ A>7: =76F3 4A>3 :;@993 ?7@J7@EF:
Gambar 1.14 E3@3: 363>3: D3?3 7@93@ 67?;=;3@ =757B3E3@ ?7@63E3C 3=;43E 363@J3
Dua buah bola dilepaskan dari
ketinggian yang sama dengan
93J3E7C:363B4A>3E;63=?7@<36;=3@4A>3?7@J7@EF:E3@3:>74;:57B3E
perlakuan yang berbeda. 7C3= 47@63 J3@9 D7C;@9 6;<36;=3@ D74393; 5A@EA: 97C3= B3C34A>3 363>3:
97C3= B7>FCF J3@9 3C3:@J3 ?7?47@EF= DF6FE 7>7G3D; E7CE7@EF E7C:363B
B7C?F=33@ F?;
v vy = 0
vy vx
vx
vx
Gambar 1.15
vy v
v0 Lintasan gerak parabola. Nilai a
v0 sin ay = –g selalu negatif karena ditetapkan
arah positif adalah arah ke atas, dan
arah gravitasi selalu ke bawah.
vx
x
O(0,0) v0 cos
vy
v
(363 +! /
E7C>;:3E=757B3E3@B363DF?4F-J3;EF367@93@
3C3:63@47D3C@J3D7>3>F=A@DE3@63BF@=757B3E3@B363DF?4F- J3;EF
3 3C3: 63@ 47D3C@J3 6;B7@93CF:; A>7: B7C57B3E3@ 9C3G;E3D; -7=EAC
C7DF>E3@ =757B3E3@ 3 D7E;3B D33E 6; =AAC6;@3E ?7CFB3=3@ C7DF>E3@
63C;=A?BA@7@G7=EAC 63@
";=3 47D3C =757B3E3@ 3H3> B7>FCF 363>3: 47D3C =757B3E3@ 63>3?
3C3: DF?4F- 363>3: 63@ 47D3C =757B3E3@ B363 DF?4F- 363>3:
6;B7CA>7: B7CD3?33@B7CD3?33@ 47C;=FE ;@;
Analisis Gerak 15
c. Tinggi Maksimum
+;@99; ?3=D;?F? J3@9 63B3E 6;53B3; A>7: 47@63 J3@9 ?7>3=F=3@
97C3=B3C34A>363B3E6;53C;67@93@?7@99F@3=3@H3=EFF@EF=?7@53B3;
E;@99;?3=D;?F?=7B7CD3?33@97C3=63>3?DF?4F- 7@93@?7>3=F=3@
DF4DE;EFD;$/0 + , 6 =763>3?$/0 + , 66;B7CA>7:E;@99;
?3=D;?F? D74393; 47C;=FE
D;@
D;@
D;@ " Tantangan
?3=D
D;@ D;@ untuk Anda
P
Apakah tendangan bebas yang
biasa dilakukan oleh pemain
D;@
?3=D
P
sepakbola seperti David Beckham
termasuk gerak parabola?
Contoh 1.14
*74F3:47@636;>7B3D=3@63C;B7D3H3EE7C43@9J3@9D763@9E7C43@9?7@63E3C67@93@
=757B3E3@
?D63@47C363B363=7E;@99;3@ ?6;3E3DE3@3:";=3
?D
47C3B3=3:
3 H3=EFJ3@96;B7C>F=3@47@63:;@993E;436;E3@3:
4 <3C3=?7@63E3C<3EF:@J347@6363@
5 =757B3E3@47@63D747>F??7@J7@EF:E3@3:
Analisis Gerak 17
?D
?D
?D
"36;47D3C=757B3E3@47@63D747>F??7@J7@EF:E3@3:
?D
Contoh 1.15
F34F3:B7>FCF67@93@<3@9=3F3@?7?4FEF:=3@H3=EF
63@F@EF=?7@53B3;
=7E;@99;3@D7?F>3B7>FCF=7?43>;=7E3@3:F=E;=3@43:H3
4 !
5AD 3E3F5AD
D;@ 3E3FD;@
7@93@?7?3DF==3@:3C93D;@ 63@5AD B363CF?FD5AD D;@
@633=3@?7?B7CA>7:
P
,@EF=?7@63B3E=3@@;>3;
63@@63:3CFD?7@53C;@;>3;3=3C3=3CB7CD3?33@
E7CD74FE67@93@?7@99F@3=3@CF?FD47C;=FE
t
34P
5
)
Ingatlah
Untuk mencari nilai akar-akar dari y t
= ax2 + bx + c digunakan rumus abc
berikut ini.
t
x1,2 =
b b 2 4 ac
2a
t t
E7C4F=E;
:
: 1:
"36;B7C43@6;@93@@J3363>3:1:
*74F3:47@636;>7?B3C=3@67@93@DF6FE7>7G3D;N *74F3:D3D3C3@E7C>7E3=B363<3C3=
?63@B363
63@ =757B3E3@ 3H3>@J3
?D ";=3
?D =7E;@99;3@
?7C3B3DF6FE7>7G3D;B7>FCF393C
E7@EF=3@>3: E7?43=3@@J3E7B3E?7@97@3;D3D3C3@<;=3=757B3E3@
3 H3=EFE7?BF:47@636;F63C3 3H3>@J3 ?D
4 E;@99;?3=D;?F?J3@96;53B3;63@
5 <3C3=?7@63E3CE7C<3F:
F=E;=3@ 43:H3 47@63 J3@9 6;>7?B3C=3@ 67@93@
10 m
DF6FE 7>7G3D; 3=3@ ?7@53B3; E;E;= E7C<3F: <;=3
N
100 m
*74F3:47@636;>7?B3C=3@67@93@DF6FE7>7G3D; N
*74F3:D3D3C3@E7C>7E3=B363=AAC6;@3E ?
63@=757B3E3@
?D ;EF@947D3C63@3C3:=757B3E3@
*7D7AC3@9?7>7?B3C=3@43EF67@93@DF6FEN=7
D7E7>3:
3C3:D3D3C3@E7CD74FE63C;BFD3E=AAC6;@3E7C3B3=3:
3 D7=A@63@ =757B3E3@J3@9:3CFD6;47C;=3@393C43EF;EFE7B3E
?7@97@3;D3D3C3@
4 D7=A@
*74F3:B7D3H3EE7?BFC47C97C3=67@93@=757B3E3@
(AD;D;4FCF@9E7C>7E3=B363=AAC6;@3E ?*7AC3@9
?D63@3C3:@J3?7?47@EF=DF6FE N67@93@
3@3=?7>A@E3C=3@43EF67@93@?7@99F@3=3@=3E3 4;63@963E3C#7E;=347C363B363=7E;@99;3@ ?
B7>@J3 B363 DF6FE 7>7G3D; N =7 3C3: 4FCF@9 63C;3C3:G7CE;=3>D74F3:4A?6;>7B3D=3@63C;
7C3B3=3:=757B3E3@J3@9:3CFD6;47C;=3@393C43EF B7D3H3EE7CD74FE";=34A?<3EF:6;E;E;=E7@EF=3@
?7@97@3;4FCF@9E7CD74FE <3C3=
3>3?B7C?3;@3@D7B3=4A>3(FEF?7@7@63@94A>3 60°
67@93@DF6FE7>7G3D; D7:;@993?7@53B3;=7E;@9
9;3@?3=D;?F?
?7E7C7C3B3>3?34A>3:3CFD6;
EF@99F:;@993E;43=7?43>;6;E3@3:
?D 800 m
A B
Analisis Gerak 19
5 3C;$/0 + , 6@;>3; ?7CFB3=3@=A?BA@7@=757B3E3@
Gambar 1.17
63>3? 3C3: DF?4F- 63@ ?7CFB3=3@ =A?BA@7@ =757B3E3@ 63>3?
Sebuah partikel bergerak melingkar.
(a) Posisi dan kecepatan partikel 3C3: DF?4F- (7C:3E;=3@ +! / ! 3C; 93?43C E7CD74FE @63
pada saat tertentu.
(b) Komponen-komponen vektor 3=3@ ?7@97E3:F; 43:H3 P D;@ 63@ D;@ 7@93@ 67?;=;3@
kecepatan. $/0 + , 6 63B3E 6;@J3E3=3@ 67@93@ B7CD3?33@
(c) Percepatan gerak partikel dan
komponen-komponennya.
5AD ' D;@ (
P
-7=EAC B7C57B3E3@ 63@ =A?BA@7@ G7=EAC B7C57B3E3@ 63>3? 97C3=
?7>;@9=3C 6;EF@<F==3@ A>7: +! / " D763@9=3@ 47D3C G7=EAC
B7C57B3E3@ 6;@J3E3=3@ 67@93@ B7CD3?33@
5AD D;@
P
,@EF= ?7@7@EF=3@ 3C3: 63B3E @63 E7@EF=3@ ?7>3>F; DF6FE
D7B7CE; 6;EF@<F==3@ +! / "
*74F3:B3CE;=7>47C97C3=?7>;@9=3C67@93@=757B3E3@ *7AC3@93DECA@3FE47C97C3=63>3?>;@E3D3@?7>;@9=3C
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Analisis Gerak 21
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Refleksi
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, Anda tentu dapat Dengan mempelajari bab ini, Anda dapat
membedakan antara besaran vektor dan besaran skalar menentukan bentuk lintasan gerak suatu benda. Pada
yang ada pada konsep gerak. Anda juga dapat gerak parabola, titik terjauh dan titik tertinggi dapat
menentukan persamaan besaran fisika dari persamaan ditentukan dari persamaan gerak dan waktunya. Nah,
yang diketahui dengan menggunakan operasi integral sekarang coba Anda sebutkan manfaat lain mempelajari
dan diferensial. Dari materi bab ini, bagian manakah yang bab ini.
Anda anggap sulit?
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2
Sumber: F1F1
Sumber: Racing, Mei
Racing, 2003
Mei 2003
Gaya
Hasil yang harus Anda capai:
menganalisis gejala alam dan keteraturan dalam cakupan mekanika benda titik.
=-:0 '=5C ;=9@8- 91=@<-7-: >-8-4 >-?@ /-.-:3 ;8-4=-3- D-:3 A. Gaya Gesek
/@7@< <;<@81= 05 0@:5- )-8-4 >-?@ 2-7?;= D-:3 919.@-? ;8-4=-3- 5:5
<;<@81=-0-8-47-=1:-;8-4=-3-5:591:33@:-7-:?17:;8;35D-:3/-:3354 B. Gaya Gravitasi
)1.-3-5 /;:?;4 .-: D-:3 053@:-7-: ;814 9;.58 ;=9@8- 91958575 C. Elastisitas dan Gaya
@7@=-: 81.-= 0-: ?5:335 74@>@> "1:5> .-: D-:3 053@:-7-: ?50-7 .;814
Pegas
.-:%<;8;>?1?-<54-=@>.-:.1=-8@= )18-5:5?@>5=7@5?4-=@>91:3
3@:-7-:-><-8D-:374@>@>0-:85:?->-:05>1?5-<?57@:3-:4-=@>91958575 D. Gerak Harmonik
7195=5:3-: ?1=?1:?@ Sederhana
<-7-4 :0- ?-4@ -8->-: ?17:5> 05?1=-<7-::D- ?17:;8;35 ?1=>1.@?
'1=-?@=-:?1=>1.@?050->-=7-:<-0-<=5:>5<<=5:>5<5>57-D-:3-7-::0-
<18-6-=5 0-8-9 .-. 5:5 )18-5: 5?@ :0- <@: -7-: .18-6-= ?1:?-:3 3-D-
3=-A5?->5 18->?5>5?-> 0-: 3-D- <13-> >1=?- 31=-7 4-=9;:57 >101=4-:-
25
A. Gaya Gesek
'-0- @9@9:D- >1?5-< .1:0- D-:3 .1=31=-7 91:3-8-95 3-D- 31>17
-D-31>17?59.@87-=1:-0@-<1=9@7--:.1:0-D-:3.1=>1:?@4-: =-4
3-D-31>17>18-8@.1=8-B-:-:01:3-:-=-431=-7.1:0- )@<-D-81.54618->
/;.-8-4 :0- ?-=57 >1.@-4 916- .18-6-= 05 =@-:3 718-> #1?57- 91:-=57
916-:0-919.@?@47-:?1:-3-/@7@<.1>-= )19-75:7->-=<1=9@7--:
8-:?-5 >19-75: .1>-= 3-D- ?-=57 D-:3 :0- 718@-=7-: 19575-: <@8-
>1.-857:D- "-05 .1>-=:D- 3-D- 31>17 -:?-=- 8-5: 05?1:?@7-: ;814 7->-=
Gambar 2.1 -?-@85/5::D-.50-:3D-:3.1=>5:33@:3-: =-43-D-31>17-:?-=-8-:?-5
Ban mobil dibuat bergerigi 0-: 7-75 916- >18-8@ .1=8-B-:-: 01:3-: -=-4 3-D- ?-=57 >145:33- ?1:-3-
untuk memperbesar gaya gesek
sehingga mobil tidak slip. @:?@7 91:-=57 916- ?50-7 >18@=@4:D- .1=3@:- @:?@7 918-7@7-: 31=-7
?1?-<5 >1.-35-: 3-D- ?-=57 458-:3 @:?@7 918-B-: 3-D- 31>17
;:?;4 8-5::D- -0-8-4 3-D- 31>17 -:?-=- .-: 01:3-: 6-8-: <-0-
31=-771:0-=--: =-43-D-31>17>18-8@.1=8-B-:-:01:3-:-=-431=-7
.-: -8 ?1=>1.@? 91:D1.-.7-: 71:0-=--: ?50-7 ?1=3185:/5= 71?57-
9181B-?5 85:?->-: D-:3 :-57 -?-@ ?@=@: '1=4-?57-: * .
piston '1=9@7--:.-:05.@-?.1=31=535-3-=.-:?50-7>185<0-:71:0-=--:0-<-?
ring piston 01:3-: 9@0-4 .1=41:?5 71?57- 71:0-=--: 05=19
-D- 31>17 <-0- 0@- .50-:3 D-:3 .1=>1:?@4-: -0- D-:3 .1=>52-?
stang piston 91=@357-: 1>17-: -:?-=- 05:05:3 >585:01= 01:3-: <5>?;: ?;=-7 D-:3
.171=6-?1=@>91:1=@>0-<-?91:59.@87-:71-@>-:<-0->5>58@-=<5>?;:
poros engkol
'1=4-?57-: * .
#1-@>-: <-0- <5>?;: 91:D1.-.7-: 125>51:>5
Gambar 2.2 1:1=35 31=-7 D-:3 054->587-: 91:6-05 =1:0-4 19575-: 6@3- 31>17-:
Gaya gesek pada mesin -:?-=- >?-:3 <5>?;: 01:3-: <;=;> 1:37;8 91:D1.-.7-: <;=;> 1:37;8
bersifat merugikan.
91:6-05 8;:33-= +:?@7 91:345:0-=5 4-8 ?1=>1.@? .-35-: 91>5: D-:3
.1=>1:?@4-: 0-: >-85:3 .1=31>17-: 05.1=5 95:D-7 <18@9->
-8-9 7->@> 8-5: 31>17-: -:?-=- <1=9@7--: .1:0- D-:3 .1=
rem cakram
>1:?@4-: -0- D-:3 .1=>52-? 91:3@:?@:37-: '-:6-:3 0-: 717->-=-:
8-:0->-: <1>-B-? ?1=.-:3 05=-:/-:3 >1/-=- 501-8 -3-= <1>-B-? 0-<-?
?5:33-88-:0->&"0-:91:0-=-?056-8@=8-:0->-: )18-5:5?@3-D-
31>17 <-0- =19 >1<10- 0-: 71:0-=--: .1=9;?;= 8-5::D- .1=3@:- @:?@7
919<1=8-9.-? 8-6@ >1<10- 9;?;= >--? <1:31=19-: 058-7@7-:
3-D- 91:0-?-= <-0- .-8;7 05<1=.1>-= <-0- >--? D-:3 >-9- 3-D- 31>17 Gambar 2.4
>?-?5><-0-8-:?-56@3-57@?:-57 -8?1=>1.@??1=@>.1=8-:3>@:3>-9<-5.-8;7 Gaya gesek statis fs
0-8-9 71-0--: ?1<-? -7-: .1=31=-7 -?-@ % 9-7>59@9 mempertahankan keadaan
balok agar tetap diam.
$1:@=@? <1=/;.--: 19<5=5> 3-D- 31>17 >?-?5> 9-7>59@9 -:?-=-
0@- <1=9@7--: 71=5:3 ?-:<- <18@9-> 9191:@45 -?@=-: .1=57@? -D-
31>17 >?-?5> 9-7>59@9 > 9-7>59@9 >1.-:05:3 01:3-: 3-D- :;=9-8
D-:3.171=6-<-0->-8-4>-?@<1=9@7--: '1=.-:05:3-:-:?-=-.1>-=
3-D-31>17>?-?5>9-7>59@901:3-:.1>-=3-D-:;=9-805>1.@?7;125>51:
31>17>?-?5> % -:?-=710@-<1=9@7--:?1=>1.@? &8147-=1:-5?@.1>-=
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> 7;125>51: 31>17 >?-?5>
.1>-=3-D-:;=9-8%
*-:0- >-9- 01:3-: .1=8-7@ 657- % .1=:58-5 9-7>59@9
-3-59-:- 91:31?-4@5 .1>-=:D- 3-D- :;=9-8 '1=4-?57-: * .
"57- 4-:D- -0- .1>-= 3-D- .1=-? ) 0-: ?50-7 -0- 3-D- 8-5: <-0- -=-4
>@9.@ A1=?57-8 .1>-= 3-D- :;=9-8 >-9- 01:3-: .1>-= 3-D- .1=-? .1:0-
5?@ >1:05=5 5:3-? @7@9 !!! %1B?;: &814 7-=1:- 5?@ #./*+
5
0-<-? 05?@85>7-:
% %
G
Tantangan
Contoh 2.1 untuk Anda
)1.@-4.-8;7.1=9->>-
73?1=81?-705-?->.50-:30-?-=7->-= -8;705.1=53-D-?-=57 Mengapa koefisien gesek ( ) tidak
%
%
9
>
- >9-7> > >
739
>
%
"-053-D-31>17>?-?5>9-7>59@9<-0-.-8;7-0-8-4%
. -D-8@-=D-:39191:3-=@45.1:0-4-:D-
% 1>-=3-D-?1=>1.@?81.54
71/580-=5<-0-3-D-31>17>?-?5>>145:33-.-8;79->54?1?-<05-9 -8-97->@>
5:5.1>-=:D-3-D-31>17>-9-01:3-:.1>-=:D-3-D-8@-=>G
% "-053-D-
31>17>?-?5>D-:3.1=2@:3>5<-0-.1:0--0-8-4>1.1>-=%
Gaya 27
w w "57- 3-D- ?-=57 .1=?-9.-4 <-0- >--? D-:3 >-9- 3-D- 31>17 >?-?5>
- .
6@3- .1=?-9.-4 >-9<-5 9-7>59@9 )-9<-5 >--? ?1=>1.@? .-8;7 .18@9
N N
a v .1=31=-7 7-=1:- 3-D- 31>17 >18-8@ 0-<-? 91:359.-:35 3-D- ?-=57 "-05
F F a=0 .-8;79->5405-9 '-0->--?.-8;7.1=31=-7.1>-=3-D-?-=57918-9<-@5
fk fk % -D- 31>17 75:1?57 9191:@45 4@7@9 19<5=5> >-9- >1<1=?5 3-D-
w w 31>17>?-?5> &8147-=1:-5?@.1>-=3-D-31>1775:1?570-<-?05=@9@>7-:
/ 0 >1.-3-5 .1=57@?
Gambar 2.6 7 7
G
(a) Balok diam, F < fs maks.
(b) Balok tepat akan bergerak, F = fs maks. '-0-@9@9:D- 7 >>145:33-<-0->--?9@8-5.1=31=-7.-8;7
(c) Balok mengalami percepatan, F > fk.
(d) Balok bergerak dengan kecepatan
>19<-?91:3-8-95<1=/1<-?-: '-0-.-8;7D-:3.1=31=-7?-:<-<1=/1<-?-:
konstan, a = 0. .-8;7?1=@>.1=31=-701:3-:71/1<-?-:7;:>?-:0-:.1>-= 7
>5: G 7
>5: G 7 /;> sin mg cos
mg
7 /;> >5: G
mg
>5: a
7 Gambar 2.7
/;> Sebuah balok bergerak di atas
>5: a bidang miring.
7
G
/;>
1:3-:019575-:7;125>51:31>1775:1?570-<-?0571?-4@501:3-:91:3@7@=
<1=/1<-?-: D-:3 05-8-95 ;814 .1:0- "57- 7;125>51: 31>17 75:1?57 0571?-4@5
.1>-= <1=/1<-?-: .1:0- 0-<-? 0571?-4@5 01:3-: 91:33@:-7-: <1=>-9--:
Contoh 2.2
)1.@-4.1:0-.1=9->>-73?1=81?-7<-0-.50-:395=5:301:3-:>@0@?7195=5:3-:
01:3-:>5: "57-7;125>51:31>1775:1?57-:?-=-.-8;70-:.50-:3
?1:?@7-:.1>-=<1=/1<-?-:.-8;7?1=>1.@? Tantangan
3 untuk Anda
571?-4@5 73>5: 7
N . sin Perhatikan gambar berikut.
-D-3-D-D-:3.171=6-<-0-.1:0-?1=81.540@8@05@=-57-: m
g
m1
1>-=3-D-31>17-:75:1?57 f k=
7 7
7 /;> m2
739
>
% m g . cos
>5:
mg
739
>
% Ketika gerobak diam, balok bermassa
m akan bergerak ke arah balok
1>-=<1=/1<-?-:.-8;705<1=;8140-=5 @7@9!!%1B?;:
bermassa m2 karena pengaruh gaya
F f % % 9
>
berat m2g. Berapa gaya dorong F
minimum yang harus diberikan pada
gerobak supaya sistem berada dalam
"-05.-8;7918@:/@=<-0-.50-:395=5:301:3-:<1=/1<-?-:9
>
keadaan setimbang?
Contoh 2.3
)1.@-4.1:0-73?1=81?-705-?->.50-:30-?-= #;125>51:31>1775:1?57.1:0-
01:3-:<1=9@7--:.50-:30-?-=-0-8-4 1:0-05?-=57;8143-D->1.1>-=
>1<1=?5<-0-3-9.-= )@<-D-.1:0-.1=31=-701:3-:71/1<-?-:7;:>?-:.1=-<-7-4
.1>-=3-D-
D-:34-=@>05.1=57-:9
>
F
3
571?-4@5
73 37°
7
9
>
-D-3-D-D-:3.171=6-<-0-.1:0-05@=-57-:?1=81.540@8@
1:0-.1=31=-78@=@>.1=-?@=-:.1=-=?5
Gaya 29
N
Contoh 2.4
F cos
@-.@-4.1:0-.1=9->>- 0-:
054@.@:37-:01:3-:>1@?->?-85918-8@5>1.@-4
7-?=;8 1:0-.1=9->>- ?1=81?-705-?->916->10-:37-:.1:0-.1=9->>-
?1=3-:?@:3<-0-?-85>1<1=?5<-0-3-9.-= $->>-.1:0-9->5:39->5:3730-:
73
w 1>-=<1=/1<-?-:3=-A5?->59
>
"57-7;125>51:31>1775:1?57-:?-=-.1:0-
Gaya tarik F jika diuraikan atas
.1=9->>- 0-:-8->:D- ?1:?@7-:<1=/1<-?-:710@-.1:0-?1=>1.@?
komponen searah sumbu-x dan
sumbu-y adalah 3
a
Fy = Fsin #10@-.1:0-.1=31=-701:3-:<1=/1<-?-:D-:3>-9-
Fx = Fcos
Besar gaya normal:
7-=1:- 710@- .1:0- 054@.@:37-: ;814 >1@?-> ?-85 m T
'1=4-?57-:3-9.-=.1=57@?
1
Fy 0
571?-4@5 T
F sin + N = w
N = w – F sin
73 a
Jawaban: c
73 m 2
9
>
7
m2 g
N
-8;7 739
>
%
-8;7
)
739
>
% m1 T
-=5.-8;70-:
05<1=;814 fk
)
G 7
T
w1
%G %
m2
%
9
>
w2
"-05.1>-=<1=/1<-?-:710@-.-8;7>-9-D-5?@
9
>
Gambar 2.8
fgesek Sebuah mobil sedang melaju pada
lintasan melingkar dan datar.
R
w
Tugas Anda 2.2
Perhatikan gambar berikut.
<-7-4:0-91:31?-4@561:5>3-D-31>17D-:3.171=6-<-0-7->@> A
T
5:5"57-9;.58919.18;70-8-971-0--:.-:9->54.1=<@?-=3-D-D-:3 T
.171=6- -0-8-4 3-D- 31>17 >?-?5> *1?-<5 71?57- 9;.58 918@:/@= >185< a
3-D- 31>17 D-:3 .171=6- -0-8-4 3-D- 31>17-: 75:1?57 1>-= 71/1<-?-: B
9-7>59@99;.58D-:39185:?-><-0-?57@:3-:6-8-:7->-=91:0-?-=-3-= w
?50-7 >185< 9191:@45 <1=>-9--: >1.-3-5 .1=57@?
Diskusikan dengan teman Anda, apakah
><% benar percepatan sistem tersebut
adalah:
(
9-7> (
9-7> • Jika permukaan bidang datar licin,
% %
$ $
mB
a= g
mA mB
(9-7> $
G
• Jika permukaan bidang datar kasar,
mB k . mA
a= m m g
A b
Contoh 2.5
)1<10-9;?;=918-6@<-0-6-8-:9185:37-=01:3-:6-=56-=585:37-=-::D-9 "57-
3-D-31>179-7>59@9D-:3.171=6--:?-=-.-:0-:6-8-: %9->>-9;?;=01:3-:
<1:@9<-:3:D-73?1:?@7-:718-6@-:9-7>59@9D-:30-<-?05/-<-5;814
9;?;=-3-=?50-7>185<
3
571?-4@5
>< %
73
9
#18-6@-:05<1=;81401:3-:91:33@:-7-:<1=>-9--:.1=57@?
(
><
2
(
%73
9
(
9-7> 9
>
(9-7>
9
>
"-05-3-=?50-7>185<718-6@-:9-7>59-89;?;=4-=@>>1.1>-=
9
>
Gaya 31
N sin
R
Gambar 2.9
Sebuah mobil sedang melaju pada
lintasan melingkar yang miring dan
licin.
w
&8147-=1:-.1>-=3-D-31>17>?-?5>>>-9-01:3-::;805<1=;814
<1=>-9--: 3-D- :;=9-8 >1.-3-5 .1=57@?
+
/;> G
/;>
G
-D- D-:3 91:@6@ <@>-? 85:37-=-: 91=@<-7-: 3-D- >1:?=5<1?-8 D-5?@
>5:
><
>5: (
G
$
1:3-:919.-35#./*+
501:3-:#./*+
505<1=;814
(
>5:
Informasi $
/;>
untuk Anda
(
?-: $g
G
Pernahkah Anda menonton balap
motor di TV? Jika Anda perhatikan, #18-6@-: 9-7>59@9 9;.58 -3-= 0-<-? .1=31=-7 05:D-?-7-: 01:3-:
pada setiap tikungan, pembalap
motor selalu memiringkan badannya.
Apakah Anda tahu alasannya? Jika (9-7> $ g ?-:
G
pembalap motor itu menikung #1?1=-:3-:
dengan kecepatan yang cukup
tinggi, dia membutuhkan gaya >@0@? 7195=5:3-: .18;7-: ?1=4-0-< 4;=5E;:?-8
sentripetal yang lebih besar. Gaya (9-7> 718-6@-: 9-7>59@9 9
>
sentripetal tersebut berupa gaya
gesek dan gaya normal. Untuk
$ 6-=56-=5 ?57@:3-: 9
mendapatkan gaya normal yang <1=/1<-?-: 3=-A5?->5 9
>
arahnya menuju pusat lingkaran,
pembalap tersebut harus *-4@7-4:0-?17:;8;359;.58?1=.-=@D-:3<-85:39@?-745=)5>?19
memiringkan badannya. 7;9<@?1=5>->5 D-:3 ?1=<->-:3 <-0- 9;.58 0-<-? 91:3-?@= <5854-: 0-D-
/1:371=-9=19=;0-D-:3<-85:305.@?@47-:71?57-9;.58918-6@056-8-:
Information for You
91:57@:3 )1/-=- ;?;9-?5> 7-9<-> =19 <-0- >1?5-< =;0- 0-<-? .171=6-
Have you watched motorcycle racing >1>@-5.1>-=71/58:D-0-D-/1:371=-9>1?5-<.-:9;.58?1=4-0-<6-8-:=-D-
on TV? If you watch it, you can see
that the riders always put their bodies
at an angle with road in each corners.
c. Tikungan Miring dan Kasar
Do you know what is their reason? If '-=- -485 91:01>-5: 6-8-: ?57@:3-: 95=5:3 01:3-: 919<1=45?@:37-:
the riders come in the corner at high
velocity, they need bigger centripetal
6-=56-=5 ?57@:3-: $ <1=/1<-?-: 3=-A5?->5 7195=5:3-: 6-8-: >1=?-
force which are from friction and :58-5 717->-=-: 6-8-: "57- :0- <1=4-?57-: #./*+
5 >19-75:
normal force. To get normal force .1>-= >@0@? 7195=5:3-: 6-8-: >19-75: .1>-= 6@3- 718-6@-: 9-7>59@9
which has direction to the center of
circle, the riders should put their 71:0-=--: D-:3 05<1=.;8147-: @:?@7 9181B-?5 ?57@:3-: ?1=>1.@?
bodies at an angle.
(
9-7>
>5: >/;>
G
r
$;.58 ?50-7 .1=31=-7 <-0- >@9.@-+ >145:33-
+ -9.58-=-471-?-><;>5?52
/;> G ,% >5:
/;> G >>5:
"57- #./*+
5
05.-35 01:3-: #./*+
5 05<1=;814
/;> >5: %
/;> (
9-7>
g $
/;> % >5:
/;>
% ?-:
(9-7> g$ ?-:
G
%
Kata Kunci
-=5 <1=>-9--: ?1=>1.@? 0-<-? 05>59<@87-: .-4B- >@0@? 7195=5:3-: • gaya gesek kinetik
6-8-: 0-:717->-=-:6-8-: >.1=<1:3-=@4?1=4-0-<8-6@9-7>59@9 • gaya gesek statis
• koefisien gaya gesek
9;.58 @:?@7 919.18;7 -3-= ?50-7 ?1=6-05 >185<
Contoh 2.6
$;.589181B-?5?57@:3-:6-8-:D-:36-=56-=57181:37@:3-::D-9 "57->@0@?
7195=5:3-:6-8-: F?1:?@7-:71/1<-?-:9-7>59@99;.58D-:305<1=.;8147-:
@:?@77;:05>5
- 6-8-:85/5:7-=1:-.1=-5=31>17-:05-.-57-:
. 6-8-:71=5:301:3-:7;125>51:31>17-:>?-?5>
-9.589
>
3
- +:?@77;:05>56-8-:85/5:3@:-7-:<1=>-9--:
(9-7> $ ?-: 9
>
9 ?-:
(9-7> 9
>
Gaya 33
1:0-.1=9->>-73?1=81?-705-?->.50-:30-?-= '1=4-?57-:3-9.-=.1=57@?
1>-=7;125>51:31>17-:>?-?5>-:?-=-.1:0-0-:-8->
-0-8-4 "57-9
>
.1=-<-.1>-=3-D-D-:3 m
=8
B
05.@?@47-:@:?@791:-=57.1:0-71?57-?1<-?-7-: kg
.1=31=-7
-8;7.1=9->>-73?1=81?-705-?->8-:?-57->-= '-0-
.-8;70571=6-7-:3-D-91:0-?-=%-3-=.-8;7?1<-? mA = 2 kg
-7-:.1=31=-7 )1?18-4.-8;7.1=31=-705<1=8@7-:3-D-
%45:33-.-8;7.1=31=-701:3-:71/1<-?-:?1?-< )--?0581<->7-:710@-.1:0-91958575<1=/1<-?-:
5?@:37;125>51:31>17-:>?-?5><-0-.-8;70-:8-:?-5
9
>
"57->5: .1=-<-7;125>51:31>17-:?-=-
1:0-.1=9->>-73?1=81?-7<-0->1.@-4.50-:30-?-=
'-0-.1:0-.171=6-3-D-4;=5E;:?-8>1.1>-=
% "57- .1:0-0-:.50-:3
7;125>51:31>17-:75:1?57-:?-=-.1:0-0-:.50-:3 *53-.@-4.1:0-05>@>@:>1<1=?5<-0-3-9.-=
.1=-<-7-4<1=/1<-?-:D-:305-8-95.1:0- A B
-8;7.1=9->>-
73?1=81?-705-?->8-:?-50-:05?-=57 4 kg 3 kg
;8143-D-%95=5:371-?->0-:919.1:?@7>@0@?
F 01:3-: -=-4 4;=5E;:?-8 "57- 7;125>51: 31>17-:
75:1?57 0-: >?-?5> 9->5:39->5:3 0-: >1=?-
<1=/1<-?-:3=-A5?->59
>
?1:?@7-:3-D-31>17-: 3 kg C
D-:3.171=6--:?-=-.-8;70-:8-:?-5
F #;125>51: 31>17 75:1?57 .1:0- 0-: ?1=4-0-<
.50-:30-?-=.1=?@=@??@=@? 0-: "57-.1:0-
37°
0581<->7-: .1=-<-7-4 <1=/1<-?-: 71?53- .1:0-
?1=>1.@?
1:0-.1=9->>-73?1=81?-7<-0-.50-:37->-= )1.@-4?57@:3-:6-8-:=-D-D-:30-<-?05-:33-<>1.-3-5
-=571-0--:05-9.1:0-05.1=53-D- .-35-:85:37-=-:.1=6-=56-=59-7-:05.-:3@:;814
?1?-<%>18-9-
>17;: )1?18-491:19<@46-=-7 >1;=-:3-485.-:3@:-: +:?@771<1=8@-:?1=>1.@?-485
9 71-0--: .50-:3 9@8-5 85/5: >19<@=:- .-:3@:-: 91:-:D-7-: 71<-0- >1;=-:3 -485 25>57-
1=-<-7-4<1=<5:0-4-:.1:0- .1=-<-7-47195=5:3-:?57@:3-:>145:33-9;.580-<-?
918-6@ 01:3-: 71/1<-?-: 9
> ?-:<- 718@-= 0-=5
85:?->-:9
>
B. Gaya Gravitasi
-D- D-:3 919.@-? .1:0- 6-?@4 71 ?-:-4 -0-8-4 3-D- D-:3 >-9-
01:3-:3-D-D-:3919.@-?<8-:1?<8-:1??1=@>91:35?-=5$-?-4-=5 /!
#30,+5-8-4;=-:3<1=?-9-D-:391:31?-4@54-85:5 '-0-?-4@:
%1B?;: 918-8@5 .@7@:D- $!# 91:618->7-: .-4B- <8-:1?<8-:1?
91:35?-=5 $-?-4-=5 7-=1:- -0-:D- 3-D- 3=-A5?->5 D-:3 91:-=57 <8-:1?
<8-:1? 71-=-4 $-?-4-=5 %1B?;: 6@3- 0-<-? 91:@:6@77-: .-4B- .1>-=
3-D- 3=-A5?->5 -:?-=- $-?-4-=5 0-: <8-:1? .1=3-:?@:3 <-0- 6-=-7 -:?-=-
710@-:D- )19-75: 6-@4 6-=-7 <8-:1? 0-=5 $-?-4-=5 3-D- 3=-A5?->5 D-:3
.171=6- >19-75: 71/58 %1B?;: 6@3- 0-<-? 91:@:6@77-: .-4B- 3-D-
?-=573=-A5?->5-:?-=-0@-.@-4.1:0-.1=3-:?@:3<-0-9->>-710@-:D-
)19-75: .1>-= 9->>- .1:0- >19-75: .1>-= <@8- 3-D- ?-=57:D-
G
$
#1?1=-:3-:
Gaya 35
Contoh 2.7
*1:?@7-:.1>-=3-D-3=-A5?->5-:?-=-0@-.1:0-.1=9->>-730-:
73D-:3?1=<5>-4
<-0-6-=-7
/9
3
m1 = 8 kg m2 = 12 kg
571?-4@5
F F
73
73
r = 0,25 m
$
/9
9
HG%9
73
1>-=3-D-3=-A5?->505<1=;81401:3-:<1=>-9--:
Tantangan
untuk Anda $
Berapakah massa dua benda pada 73
73
HG%9
73
HG%
jarak 1 meter agar memiliki gaya
9
gravitasi sebesar 1 N?
91:34->587-:
$
$
(
$
G
@95 91:318585:35 $-?-4-=5 0-8-9 >-?@ <1=5;01 91:19<@4
85:?->-:>-?@<@?-=-:<1:@4
= "-05 718-6@-: <1=<@?-=-:@95-0-8-4
6-=-7?19<@4
$
(
G
B-7?@?19<@4
"57- :0- >@.>?5?@>57-: #./*+
5
71 #./*+
5
4->58:D- -0-8-4
$ $
$
G
#1?1=-:3-:
9->>- $-?-4-=5 73
$ 6-=-7 @95 0-=5 $-?-4-=5 9
<1=5;01@95>
HG%9
73
Gaya 37
r1
)1<1=?5 4-8:D- 3-D- 3=-A5?->5 <1=/1<-?-: 3=-A5?->5 6@3- 91=@<-7-:
.1>-=-:A17?;= "-05.1>-==1>@8?-:<1=/1<-?-:3=-A5?->5D-:3.171=6-<-0- g1 g
>1.@-4?5?57-75.-?910-:3=-A5?->5D-:3054->587-:;8140@-.@-4.1:0-
.1=9->>- 0-:
4-=@> 0545?@:3 <@8- >1/-=- A17?;= '1=4-?57-:
* .
1>-==1>@8?-:710@-<1=/1<-?-:3=-A5?->5?1=>1.@?-0-8-4
/;>
G
g2 r2 m2
Gambar 2.14
#1?1=-:3-: Resultan percepatan gravitasi
g
0-: g
$ $
Pembahasan Soal
Contoh 2.9
@-.@-4.1:0-.1=9->>-730-:73 *1=0-<-?>1.@-4?5?57D-:3.1=6-=-7>-9-
0-=5.1:0-0-:.1:0-
D-5?@9D-:3919.1:?@7>@0@?F>1<1=?5<-0-3-9.-= "57- Perbandingan antara jari-jari sebuah
planet (Rp) dan jari-jari Bumi (Rb) adalah
7;:>?-:?-3=-A5?->5HG%9
73
?1:?@7-:7@-?910-:3=-A5?->505?5?57 2 : 1, dan perbandingan massanya 10 : 1.
3 Jika berat Butet di Bumi 100 N, di
571?-4@5 m1 = 5 kg planet tersebut beratnya menjadi ....
$ $
9 a. 100 N
b. 200 N
73
5m
c. 250 N
73 d. 400 N
g1
e. 500 N
$
73
9 g
Soal UMPTN Tahun 1990
Pembahasan:
60°
$
73
9
M
Percepatan gravitasi g =
O g2 5m R2
#@-?910-:3=-A5?->505<1=;8140-=5<1=>-9--: m1 = 15 kg
2
gp Rb M p
/;>
=
gb R p Mb
2
1 10
/;> = = 2,5
2 1
gp = 2,5 gb
maka wp= 2,5 wb
HG%
73 w = 2,5 (100 N)
= 250 N
"-057@-?910-:3=-A5?->5HG%
73 Jawaban: c
Gaya 39
Gaya 41
Contoh 2.12
'1=5;01$1=7@=5@>91:318585:35$-?-4-=5-0-8-44-=5>10-:37-:<1=5;01@95
91:318585:35$-?-4-=5-0-8-44-=5 "57-6-=-7@9571$-?-4-=5-0-8-4H9
?1:?@7-:8-46-=-7$1=7@=5@>71$-?-4-=5
3
571?-4@54-=5$4-=5$$H9
Gaya 43
=2>?.@A.;9A.?=2;.:=.;416?2/A@@24.;4.;(20.>.:.@2:.@6?@24.;4.; el
t as F3
1.=.@ 16@A96? ?2/.4.6 /2>68A@ ba
F2
F F1
H daerah elastis
Gaya 45
3. Hukum Hooke
!68. ?2/A.5 =24.? 16/2>6 4.;44A.; ?256;44. =24.? :2>2;44.;4 /2>.>@6
=24.?16@.>68.@.A:2>.=.@/2>.>@6=24.?16@28.;=.1.=24.?.8.;/282>7.
4.D.=2:A965D.;4.>.5;D.?29.9A:2;A7A@6@68.?.92;4.;8.@.9.6;/2?.>
4.D. =2:A965 =.1. =24.? 6;6 ?2/.;16;4 12;4.; 4.;44A.; .@.A ?6:=.;4.;
D.;4 16/2>68.; =.1. =24.? &2>;D.@..; @2>?2/A@ 1682;.9 12;4.; A8A:
<<82 (20.>. :.@2:.@6? A8A: <<82 16@A96? ?2/.4.6 /2>68A@
! .@.A
! x H
"2@2>.;4.;
2?.>4.D.=2:A965=24.?$
! "<;?@.;@.=24.?$:
x ?6:=.;4.;=.1.=24.?:
*;@A892/65:2:.5.:6/2?.>8<;?@.;@.29.?@6?6@.?=24.?!9.8A8.;
9.5 8246.@.; /2>68A@ 6;6
Contoh 2.13
(2A@.?8.C.@=.;7.;4;D. 0:1.;9A.?=2;.:=.;4;D.0:(2/A.54.D. $
/282>7.=.1.8.C.@@2>?2/A@?256;44.8.C.@/2>@.:/.5=.;7.;4:2;7.16 0:
6@A;49.5
. >24.;4.;()' $8.C.@
/ @24.;4.;()'((8.C.@1.;
0 :<1A9A?29.?@6?6@.?8.C.@
0
682@.5A6
0: :
0:I
H:
$
0:I
H
:
. '24.;4.;
I
:
I
I
:
/ )24.;4.;
$
: I
$:
0 #<1A9A?29.?@6?6@.?
I
$:
I
$:
I
!.16/2?.>>24.;4.;@24.;4.;1.;:<1A9A?29.?@6?6@.?/.@.;4@2>?2/A@/2>@A>A@@A>A@
.1.9.5
I
HI
$:1.;
I
$:
Gambar 2.18
(a) Sepeda motor yang
menggunakan
monoshockbreaker
(b) Sepeda motor yang
menggunakan double
shockbreaker
Sumber: Dokumentasi Penerbit
. /
Gaya 47
!? !
!
!
!
!? H
!
!
"2@2>.;4.; !? .1.9.5 8<;?@.;@. =24.? A;@A8 =24.? D.;4 16?A?A; ?2>6
b. Pegas Disusun secara Paralel
A. /A.5 =24.? 16?A?A; ?20.>. =.>.929 ?2=2>@6 =.1. ) ,
?2@6.= =24.? :2:69686 8<;?@.;@. ! 1.; ! !68. =.1. A7A;4 =24.? D.;4
@2>?A?A; ?20.>. =.>.929 @2>?2/A@ 16/2>68.; 4.D.
/2?.> 4.D.
16/.46
:2;7.16 1A. =.1. 821A. =24.? @2>?2/A@ :6?.9;D.
1.;
k1 k2 F
!
-
!
-
F ! - ! -
F1 F2
&.1. =24.? D.;4 16?A?A; =.>.929 /2>9.8A
F
Gambar 2.20
Pegas disusun paralel. ! & - & !
- ! -
&2>@.:/.5.;=.;7.;4=24.?@<@.9?.:.12;4.;=2>@.:/.5.;=.;7.;4?2@6.=
=24.?.@.A x1 x 2 x p?256;44.=2>?.:..;8<;?@.;@.=24.?=.>.929
:2;7.16
!&!
! H
Contoh 2.15
A./A.5=24.?16?A?A;?20.>.=.>.929?2@6.==24.?:2:696868<;?@.;@.=24.? $:
!68.=.1.?A?A;.;=.>.929=24.?@2>?2/A@16/2>64.D./2>.@ $56@A;49.5=2>@.:/.5.;
=.;7.;4=24.?
0
682@.5A6
$
k1 k2
!
$:
! $:
! $:
! @<@.9 !
! $: $: $: k3
!@<@.9 x
$ $: x F
x
:
0:
!.16=2>@.:/.5.;=.;7.;4=24.?@2>?2/A@?2/2?.>
0: Gambar 2.21
Susunan pegas secara paralel-seri.
c. Pegas Disusun secara Paralel-Seri
)64./A.5=24.?16?A?A;?20.>.=.>.929?2>6?2=2>@6=.1.) , shockbreaker
?2@6.= =24.? :2:69686 8<;?@.;@. =24.? !
! 1.; ! &.1. A7A;4 =24.?
D.;4 @2>?A?A; ?20.>. =.>.929?2>6 @2>?2/A@ 16/2>68.; 4.D. ?2/2?.>
2;4.; :2;44A;.8.; >A:A?.; 8<;?@.;@. =24.? =.1. ?A?A;.; ?2>6
1.; ?A?A;.; =.>.929 8<;?@.;@. =24.? @<@.9 1.=.@ 16@2;@A8.; .>.;D.
12;4.; :2;D212>5.;.8.; ?A?A;.; =24.? =.1. ) ,
&2>@.:.8<;?@.;@.=24.?!
1.;!16.;44.=:2;7.16=24.??A?A;.;
=.>.929 @.;=. 4.;44A.; 1.>6 =24.? 82 %925 8.>2;. 6@A =2>?.:..;
8<;?@.;@. =24.? !
1.; ! :2;7.16
!&!
!
"2:A16.; ;69.6 8<;?@.;@. =24.? @2>?2/A@ 164./A;48.; ?20.>. ?2>6
12;4.; =24.? 82 ?256;44. Sumber: Kamus Visual, 2004
! & ! Gambar 2.22
!?2>6 ! & ! .@.A!?2>6 ! & ! H
Sistem pegas yang digunakan pada
shockbreaker mobil. Dapatkah Anda
memperhitungkan gaya yang
bekerja pada setiap shockbreaker?
Gaya 49
6k 2k
. m / m
0
(A?A;.;=24.?=.1.) ,@2>16>6.@.?@64./A.5=24.?D.;416?A?A;
Kata Kunci =.>.929!&!!!!!.16!&!
• gaya pulih !!! &!
• konstanta pegas (A?A;.;?2>612;4.;=24.?!:.8.!? !.@.A!(!
• regangan ! & ! ! !
• susunan pararel (A?A;.;=24.?=.1.) , :2>A=.8.;=24.?D.;416?A?A;?20.>.=.>.929.@.A
• susunan seri !=!!!!.16!&!
• tegangan
! & !
!!
(A?A;.;?2>612;4.;=24.?!.1.9.5!?
!.@.A!(!
! & ! ! !
&2>/.;16;4.;=2>6<12?A?A;.;=24.?=.1.) ,1.;?A?A;.;=24.?=.1.
) , .1.9.5
# #
! !
! !
! !
!.16 1: 2
:2:69686?6:=.;4.;:.8?6:A:
D.;416?2/A@.:=96@A1<2?.>=><D28?6
16 @6@68 =.1. ?A:/A-.1.=.@ 16@A96?
?6; )
?6; ) H
!68. @6@68 .C.9 /2>42>.8 :A9.6 1.>6 ",-)* 2 1.=.@ 16@A96? Gambar 2.23
Sebuah titik bergerak dari posisi Po
?6; )
?6; ) H
ke posisi P.
"2@2>.;4.;
?6:=.;4.;:
3>28A2;?6 E
.:=96@A1<:
0 ?A1A@ .C.9 >.1
) C.8@A ?28<;
3>28A2;?6 ?A1A@ >.1?
2?.>?A1A@D.;416@2:=A5?2/A.5@6@681.9.:3A;4?6?6;A?16?2/A@(**)
2 t
( 2?.> ?A1A@ 3.?2 .1.9.5 ) !68.
)
T
16:.;.
.1.9.53.?242@.>.;=2>?.:..;3.?242@.>.;;D.
Gaya 51
1.; =.1. ?..@ ) :2:69686 3.?2
sebuah bangunan di Pisa diamati
oleh Galileo. Hal tersebut :.8./21.3.?2)1.;)A;@A8))
.1.9.5
memberikan inspirasi kepadanya
bahwa periode sebuah bandul tidak ) H )
H
bergantung pada amplitudonya.
Information for You &.1. 42>.8 5.>:<;68 ?212>5.;. /21. 3.?2 16;D.@.8.; <925 .;48.
1.>6;<9?.:=.612;4.;?.@A21.3.?2A;@A8/69.;4.;/A9.@@61.8=2>9A
One time Galileo saw a lamp swinged
2>9.C.;.; 3.?2
.@.A
$ H
Tokoh "2@2>.;4.;$ .1.9.5 /69.;4.; 0.0.5
1.; ?2@2>A?;D.
82?A:/A=<?6@63.>.5=2>02=.@.;.:2;A7A82?A:/A;24.@63*;@A8 x
aY +
92/65 729.?;D. =2>5.@68.; ) ,
Y–
#2;A>A@ A8A: $2C@<; .>.5 =2>02=.@.; . ?.:. 12;4.; .>.5
4.D.=2:A9654.D.D.;4?29.9A:2;A7A@6@6882?26:/.;4.;(.:.5.9;D.
12;4.; 8202=.@.; :.8?6:A: ;69.6 =2>02=.@.; . .8.; :.8?6:A: 768. Gambar 2.24
?6; )
.@.A ) >.1 !.16 =2>?.:..; =2>02=.@.; :.8?6:A: Arah simpangan Y dan percepatan
ay pada gerak harmonik sederhana
42>.8 5.>:<;68 .1.9.5 selalu berlawanan.
#
H
"2@2>.;4.;
# =2>02=.@.; :.8?6:A: :?
y
3>28A2;?6 ?A1A@ >.1? ymak
.:=96@A1<: A
&.1.) ,
@2>965.@@64./A.54>.368D.6@A4>.368?6:=.;4.; 0 a
y
t
. @2>5.1.= C.8@A ) 4>.368 8202=.@.; +D @2>5.1.= C.8@A ) 1.; 4>.368 .
=2>02=.@.; . @2>5.1.= C.8@A ) &.1. ?..@ ) 4>.368 ?6:=.;4.; . vy
:2;A;7A88.;5.>4.:6;6:A:. 16@6@68?2@6:/.;4>.3688202=.@.;
+ A
+D:2;A;7A88.;5.>4.:.8?6:A:+:
1.;4>.368=2>02=.@.; 0 t
:2;A;7A88.; 5.>4. :6;6:A: (2/.968;D. =.1. ?..@ ;69.6 ?6:=.;4.;
:2;0.=.6 :.8?6:A:
;69.6 8202=.@.; :6;6:A: +D 1.; /
ay
;69.6 =2>02=.@.; .8.; :.8?6:A: :.8?
– A
Contoh 2.17 t
(2/A.5/2;1.:29.8A8.;42>.85.>:<;68?212>5.;.?2=.;7.;4?A:/A.&2>?.:..; 0
?6:=.;4.;;D.16;D.@.8.;?2/.4.6?6; ) 12;4.;1.9.::2@2>1.;) Gambar 2.25
Grafik gerak harmonik sederhana:
1.9.:?28<;)2;@A8.; (a) simpangan terhadap waktu,
. .:=96@A1<3>28A2;?61.;=2>6<1242>.8;D. (b) kecepatan terhadap waktu, dan
/ =2>?.:..;=2>02=.@.;1.;8202=.@.; (c) percepatan terhadap waktu.
0 ?6:=.;4.;8202=.@.;1.;=2>02=.@.;=.1.?..@)?28<;
1 8202=.@.;:.8?6:A:1.;=2>02=.@.;:.8?6:A:
0
. &2>?.:..;?6:=.;4.;42>.85.>:<;68?212>5.;.D.6@A
?6; ) 0
.;16;48.;12;4.;=2>?.:..;?6:=.;4.;?6; )
16=2><925
:1.; >.1?:.8.
Gaya 53
+D 0<?
0<? F
:?
DH ?6;
?6; F:?
1 .>6=2>?.:..;?6:=.;4.;=.1./A@6>.16=2><925
Gambar 2.26 +#
:?
Percobaan untuk menghasilkan #
:?
grafik simpangan terhadap waktu.
.@.A H
garis
setimbang "2@2>.;4.;
/ =2>6<12 ?28<;
Gambar 2.27 3>28A2;?652>@EE
Periode dan frekuensi pada
(a) pegas, (b) bandul, dapat 5. Gaya Pemulih pada Pegas dan Bandul
ditentukan dari besar
simpangannya. .9.:42>.85.>:<;68?212>5.;./282>7.>2?A9@.;4.D.D.;4.>.5;D.
?29.9A:2;A7A@6@6882?2@6:/.;4.;4.D.6;616?2/A@.&#*" /2?.>;D.
/2>/.;16;4 9A>A? 12;4.; =<?6?6 /2;1. @2>5.1.= @6@68 82?2@6:/.;4.;
. / 0
&2>5.@68.; ) ,
&24.? 1.9.: @64. 821A1A8.; :A9.:A9.
/2;1.=.1.=<?6?6?2@6:/.;41682:A16.;16@.>6882/.C.5?27.A5H.
+y
9.9A /2;1. 1692=.?8.; 2>?.:..; 12;4.; ?..@ =24.? 16@.>68 /282>7.
–F +y ?2/A.54.D.B2>@68.982.@.?/2>@.;1.=<?6@631.;/2;1.:292C.@6@6@68
P
82?2@6:/.;4.; 56;44. :2;0.=.6 @6@68 @2>@6;446 . =.1. =<?6?6 @2>?2/A@
–y F
–y /2;1./2>52;@6?2?..@ &.1.=<?6?66;6=A9.=.1./2;1./282>7.
4.D. =2:A965 B2>@68.9 82 /.C.5 :2;A7A @6@68 82?2@6:/.;4.; *;@A8
821A. 8.96;D. /2;1. .8.; :2;A7A @6@68 @2>2;1.5 9.46
Gambar 2.28
Arah gaya pemulih pada pegas &.1. ?..@ =<?6?6 @2>2;1.5 8202=.@.; /2;1. 82:/.96 /2>;69.6 :6;6
selalu berlawanan tanda dengan :A: + 2:686.; ?2@2>A?;D. 42>.8 5.>:<;68 =.1. =24.? /2>
simpangan.
9.;4?A;4?20.>./2>A9.;4A9.;4!.1642>.85.>:<;68=.1.=24.?.1.9.5
#0<? .D. 6;6 ?29.9A ?26:/.;4 @2>5.1.= 4.D. @24.;4 @.96 ?256;44. mg
Gambar 2.29
/.;1A9/2>42>.8@2@.==.1.96;@.?.;;D."<:=<;2;4.D.9.6;;D..1.9.5 Gaya pemulih pada ayunan selalu
#?6; .D. @2>?2/A@ ?29.9A :2;A7A @6@68 82?2@6:/.;4.; .DA;.; 1.; menuju titik kesetimbangan.
@24.89A>A?@2>5.1.=@24.;4.;@.96.D.D.;4.>.5;D.?29.9A:2;A7A@6@68
82?2@6:/.;4.; .1.9.5 4.D. =2:A965 2?.> 4.D. =2:A965 =.1. .DA;.;
?212>5.;. 1.=.@ 16;D.@.8.; 12;4.; =2>?.:..;
0# ?6; H
"2@2>.;4.;
/2?.>4.D.=2:A965$
/2?.> =202=.@.; 4>.B6@.?6 :?
# :.??. /2;1. 84
?A1A@ ?6:=.;4.;
a. Periode Gerak Harmonik pada Pegas
&2>6<12 42@.>.; =.1. =24.? 1.=.@ 16@2;@A8.; 12;4.; :2;44A;.8.;
A8A: $2C@<; D.6@A #. 12;4.; ;69.6 =2>02=.@.; 42>.8 /2;1.
garis
. 0 2 . .D. =2:A965 =.1. =24.? .1.9.5 0! ?256;44. 768. seimbang
16296:6;.?68.;.;@.>.=2>?.:..;A8A: $2C@<;1.;=2>?.:..;4.D. y
=2:A965 16=2><925
! 1 #. !. # 0 .
! !
!#
# # mg
%925 8.>2;. 8202=.@.; ?A1A@ :.8.
Gambar 2.30
Sebuah pegas ditarik hingga
# merenggang sejauh y.
H
!
>28A2;?6 =24.? /2>/.;16;4 @2>/.968 12;4.; =2>6<12 =24.? ?256;44.
/2?.> 3>28A2;?6 =24.? 16;D.@.8.; 12;4.; =2>?.:..;
!
H
#
"2@2>.;4.;
3>28A2;?6 42@.>.; =24.? E
# :.??./2/.;84
=2>6<12 ?28<;
! @2@.=.;=24.?$:
Gaya 55
H
"2@2>.;4.;
=2>6<12 42>.8 /.;1A9 ?
/2?.> =2>02=.@.; 4>.B6@.?6 :?
=.;7.;4 @.96 :
*;@A8 92/65 :2:.5.:6 =2>6<12 =.1. /.;1A9 ?212>5.;. 9.8A8.;9.5
.8@6B6@.? /2>68A@
Contoh 2.18
!68.=2>6<12.DA;.;/.;1A9?212>5.;.D.;4=.;7.;4;D.
0:.1.9.5?28<;
@2;@A8.;/2?.>=2>02=.@.;4>.B6@.?6169<8.?6.DA;.;@2>?2/A@
!.16=2>02=.@.;4>.B6@.?616@2:=.@@2>?2/A@.1.9.5:?
Contoh 2.19
.>64>.368?6:=.;4.;@2>5.1.=C.8@A?2=2>@6@.:=.8=.1.4.:/.>@2;@A8.;
. .:=96@A1<
/ =2>6<121.;
0 3>28A2;?642@.>.;
y
5
0 t
3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24
–5
0
. :=96@A1<.1.9.5?6:=.;4.;:.8?6:A:1.>64.>6?:2;1.@.>D.6@A:
/ &2>6<12.1.9.5?29.;4C.8@AD.;416=2>9A8.;A;@A8:2:/2;@A8@64.
@6@68=<@<;4/2>A>A@.;=.1.?A:/A-)12;4.;)
?28<;
0 >28A2;?642@.>.;
E
&.1.?A:/A-.1.;?A:/A-)D.;4?.:.9A86?9.51A.4>.368.H)42>.85.>:<;68
12;4.;=2>6<1242@.>.;?2@2;4.5=2>6<1242@.>.;
1.;.:=96@A1<42@.>.;
?2@2;4.5.:=96@A1<42@.>.;
0
!68.A;@A84>.368.H)42>.85.>:<;68
16.:/69.:=96@A1<
=2>6<12
1.;
3>28A2;?6
:.8.A;@A84>.368.0)42>.85.>:<;68/2>9.8A
.:=96@A1<
=2>6<12
1.;3>28A2;?6
>.36842>.8.H)42>.85.>:<;68
16;D.@.8.;<9254.>6?A@A51.;4>.368.H)
42>.85.>:<;6816;D.@.8.;<9254.>6?=A@A?=A@A??2=2>@6=.1.4.:/.>/2>68A@
simpangan (y)
Grafik gerak harmonik (1)
Amplitudo A1, periode T1 Frekuensi f1
T2
A1 q
A2
waktu (t)
Gaya 57
!
#+ ! #
0<? t
.@.A ! !
0<? t
12;4.;! # H
;2>46 =<@2;?6.9 42>.8 5.>:<;68 16 ?2@6.= ?6:=.;4.; .1.9.5
t
&
! !
?6;
& #
?6; t
H
# #
!
H
Energi
Ep = E M Ep = 21 kA2 .@.A #
# H
;2>46 :28.;68 =.1. 42>.8 5.>:<;68 ?212>5.;. /2?.>;D. @61.8 /2>
4.;@A;4=.1.?6:=.;4.;42>.81.;;69.6;D.?29.9A@2@.=16?2@6.=@6@6896;@.?.;
2;4.; 12:686.; 2;2>46 :28.;68 1.9.: 42>.8 5.>:<;68 ?29.9A @2@.=
Ep
;2>46=<@2;?6.942>.85.>:<;68:2:2;A56=2>?.:..;& !
–A +A
Ep = 0 &2>?.:..; @2>?2/A@ :2>A=.8.; 3A;4?6 8A.1>.@ @2>5.1.= >.368 2;2>46
=<@2;?6.9@2>5.1.=?6:=.;4.;/2>/2;@A8=.>./<9.:29.9A6@6@68=A?.@
Energi
E k = EM 2:686.; =A9. 12;4.; 2;2>46 86;2@68 &2>5.@68.; ) , ;2>46
86;2@68 16=2><925 1.>6 ",-)* 2 D.6@A
Ek
Ek = 0 ! !
0 H
–A +A
Gambar 2.32 2>1.?.>8.; ",-)* 2 1.=.@ 16@A96?
Grafik energi potensial dan energi
.:=96@A1<:
! 8<;?@.;@. =24.? $:
# :.??. /2;1. 84
Contoh 2.20
(2/A.5=24.?/2>@.:/.5=.;7.;4
:?..@16@.>6812;4.;/2;1./2>:.??. 84
D.;4164.;@A;4=.1.=24.?@2>?2/A@965.@4.:/.>"2:A16.;16@.>689.46?27.A5
:
1.>6@6@6882?2@6:/.;4.;1.;1692=.?8.;
+y
0,150 m
m 0,100 m
m
Gaya 59
1 @<@ !
$:
: I
H!
2 .>6/161.=.@8.;.H
:0<? )
.>6016=2><925+ :??6; )
!.162;2>46=<@2;?6.91.;86;2@68?2/.4.63A;4?61.>6C.8@A.1.9.5
= !.
$:
I
H!
8@<@H=I
HH
I
H!I
H!
(2/A.5.DA;.;?212>5.;.?2=2>@6=.1.4.:/.>@2>/A.@
(2/A.5=24.?12;4.;8<;?@.;@.=24.?
$:
1.>6/.;1A9/2>:.??. 84D.;41668.@?2A@.?@.96D.;4 164.;@A;4B2>@68.9&.1.A7A;4;D.16/2>6/2/.;?2/2?.>
=.;7.;4;D. 0: 4>.:/2/.;16@.>6882/.C.59.9A1692=.?)2;@A
8.;9.5=2>6<1242@.>=24.?1.;3>28A2;?642@.>;D.
80 cm
!68..:=96@A1<42@.>.;.:=96@A1<42@.>.;@2@.=6
=2>6<12
=2>6<129A86?9.54>.368.H)1.>61A.
r
m= 0,3 kg
42>.85.>:<;68@2>?2/A@
(2/A.5/2;1.:29.8A8.;42>.85.>:<;68?212>5.;.
10 cm
?2=.;7.;4?A:/A.&2>?.:..;?6:=.;4.;16;D.@.8.;
!68.=2>02=.@.;4>.B6@.?6
:?@2;@A8.;/2?.>
4.D.=2:A965=.1./.;1A9
?2/.4.6
?6; ) 12;4.;.1.9.::2@2>1.;
(2/A.5=24.?=.;7.;4;D. 0:!68.=24.?16/2>6 )1.9.:?28<;)2;@A8.;
/2/.; 4=.;7.;4;D.:2;7.16 0:"2:A16.; . .:=96@A1<3>28A2;?68202=.@.;1.;=2>02=.@.;
/2/.;=.1.=24.?@2>?2/A@1642@.>8.;!68.1682@.5A6 / =2>?.:..;8202=.@.;1.;=2>02=.@.;
:?@2;@A8.;9.5=2>6<1242@.>.;=24.? 0 ?6:=.;4.;8202=.@.;1.;=2>02=.@.;=.1.?..@
)
?28<;
(2/A.5/2;1.#164.;@A;48.;=.1.?2/A.5=24.?
1 8202=.@.;:.8?6:A:1.;=2>02=.@.;:.8?6:A:
D.;4/2>42@.>12;4.;3>28A2;?6 E"2@68.
/2/.; D.;4 :.??.;D. 4 16@.:/.58.; =.1.#
3>28A2;?642@.>.;:2;7.16
E)2;@A8.;9.5
;69.6#
2>.842?28@6:/A9768.1A./A.5/2;1./2>?2;@A5.; 4.>?.@296@@2@.=/2>.1.=.1.96;@.?.;;D.?.@296@
.D.42?28?@.@6?/2>;69.6:A9.61.>6 56;44.:2;0.=.6 5.>A?:2:696868202=.@.;42>.8?2/2?.>
(
(:.8?6:A: ( +
'
.D.42?2886;2@68/2>;69.68<;?@.;D.6@A
2;1.=.1.@:2:69686/2;@A8B<9A:2@2@.=?2>@.
! !
:2:=A;D.6?63.@29.?@6?
2;1.D.;416?6:=.;16.@.?/2;1.:6>6;4:.8.
)'((@24.;4.;=.1./2;1.16;D.@.8.;12;4.;
8<236?62;42?28?@.@6?D.;4@2>7.16.1.9.5
=2>?.:..;
( @.; 12;4.; .1.9.5 ?A1A@ 82:6>6;4.;
/61.;4
"202=.@.; :.8?6:.9 :</69 D.;4 16=2>/<9258.;
Gaya 61
A8A:<<82 &24.?1.;.;1A9
:2;0.>6 :2:69686
"<;?@.;@.=24.?
.D.=2:A965 &2>6<12 ;2>46
Refleksi
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, tentu Anda dapat Pada bab ini, Anda dapat mempelajari gaya gesek.
mengetahui jenis-jenis gaya yang sering Anda Kita dapat berjalan atau mobil dapat melaju karena
temukan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Anda juga adanya gaya gesek.Ternyata, banyak manfaat dengan
tentu dapat menjelaskan perbedaan antara jenis gaya adanya gaya gesek, meskipun memang ada kerugian-
yang satu dan gaya yang lainnya. Dari materi bab ini, nya pada kasus-kasus tertentu. Coba Anda cari manfaat
bagian mana yang dianggap sulit? Coba diskusikan lain mempelajari bab ini.
dengan teman atau guru Fisika Anda.
.
: 1 kg
/
:
!68.7.>67.>6A:61.;/2>.@/2;1.16=2>:A8..;
0 : A:6,/2>.@/2;1.@2>?2/A@=.1.82@6;446.;1.>6
1 : =2>:A8..;A:6.1.9.5
2
: . ,
.D.42?28:.8?6:A:@2>7.16=.1.?..@/2;1. / ,
. @2=.@.8.;/2>42>.8 0 ,
/ /2>42>.882/.C.5 1 ,
0 16.: 2 ,
1 :29A;0A>82.@.?
!68.:.??.A9.;
8.96:.??.A:61.;7.>67.>6A9.;
2 /2>42>.8/2>9.C.;.;.>.5
#</69/2>:.??.
84:29A;0A>12;4.;8202=.@.;
8.967.>67.>6A:6=2>/.;16;4.;4.D.@.>68A:6
8:7.:16>2:12;4.;4.D.!68.8<236?62;42?28.;
86;2@68.;@.>.><1.1.;7.9.; 1.;:</69/2>52;@6 @2>5.1.=A9.;.1.9.5
?2@29.5
12@68/2?.>4.D.=2;42>2:.;
.1.9.5 .
. $ /
/
$ 0
0
$ 1
1
$ 2
2
$
Gaya 63
!68.7.>67.>6A:6:21.;4>.B6@.?616=2>:A8..;
1 /2>@.:/.5=.;7.;4
A:6/2?.>;D.:21.;4>.B6@.?6=.1.82@6;446.;
2 /2;@A8;D.@61.8/2>A/.5
1.>6=2>:A8..;A:6.1.9.5
#2;A>A@A8A:<<82=2>@.:/.5.;=.;7.;4?2/A.5
. /.@.;4D.;416@.>68<925?A.@A4.D.
. /2>/.;16;49A>A?12;4.;/2?.>4.D.@.>68
/ /2>/.;16;49A>A?12;4.;9A.?=2;.:=.;4/.@.;4
/
0 /2>/.;16;4 @2>/.968 12;4.; :<1A9A? +<A;4
/.@.;4@2>?2/A@
0 1 /2>/.;16;4@2>/.96812;4.;=.;7.;4:A9.:A9.
2 /2>/.;16;49A>A?12;4.;=.;7.;4:A9.:A9.
1
(2/A.5=24.?=.;7.;4.C.9;D. 9A.?=2;.:=.;4
1.;:<1A9A?+<A;4;D.2?.>;D.8<;?@.;@.4.D.
2 =24.?!D.;416:69686<925=24.?@2>?2/A@.1.9.5
.
682@.5A6=2>/.;16;4.;7.>67.>6?2/A.5=9.;2@=
1.; 7.>67.>6 A:6 .1.9.5
?21.;48.;
=2>/.;16;4.;:.??.=9.;2@=1.;:.??.A:6 /
.1.9.5
!68./2>.@&A@A16A:6
$16=9.;2@
/2>.@&A@A:2;7.16
0
.
$
/ $ 1
0 $
1
$ 2
2 $
@2@.=
/ 963@?21.;4/2>42>.882/.C.512;4.;8202=.@.;
@2@.=
0 963@?21.;4/2>42>.882.@.?12;4.;=2>02=.@.;
@2@.=
1
8:? . ?28<;
2
8:? /
?28<;
0
?28<;
1
?28<;
2 ?28<;
&.1.?A?A;.;/2;1./2;1.?2=2>@6=.1.4.:/.>:.??. A./2;1.@2>?A?A;?2=2>@64.:/.>
/2;1.1.;?.:.D.6@A84
I
g
5k
A=
II
B = 5 kg
!68.8<236?62;4.D.42?2886;2@68.;@.>./2;1.1.; #.??./2;1. 841.;:.??./2;1.
84
"<236?62;42?28.;86;2@68/2;1. 12;4.;/61.;4?.:.
/61.;4:6>6;4 k 1.;@.; /2>.=.8.5
12;4.; 1.;=2>02=.@.;4>.B6@.?6;D.
:?
=2>02=.@.;?2@6.=/2;1.768.821A./2;1.1692=.?8.; 6@A;49.5=2>02=.@.;821A./2;1.1.;@24.;4.;@.96
(2/A.5/2;1.D.;4/2>:.??.84@2>92@.8=.1./61.;4 =2;45A/A;4821A./2;1.
1.@.>12;4.;8<236?62;42?28.;?@.@6?;D.
F
. )2;@A8.; 4.D. :6;6:.9 A;@A8 :2;442>.88.; A B
/2;1.@2>?2/A@
/ !68./2;1.@2>?2/A@16=2;4.>A564.D.?2/2?.>
$ A. /2;1. 1.; 165A/A;48.; 12;4.; @.96
D.;4 ?27.7.> 12;4.; .>.5 /61.;4 /.4.6:.;. >6;4.;?2=2>@6=.1.4.:/.>#.??.841.;
82.1..;/2;1.@2>?2/A@ :.??.84
:?!68.4.D.
:2;1.@.>
?2/2?.>$1.;8<236?62;42?28.;/2;1.12;4.;
9.;@.6 @2;@A8.;
. =2>02=.@.;D.;4@6:/A91.;
/ @24.;4.;@.96
Gaya 65
: )2;@A8.;/2?.>8<;?@.;@.4.D.=24.?1.>6;2>.0.=24.?
1.;I
H
3
Sumber: Fundamentals of Physics, 2001
Pada saat atlet angkat besi mengangkat beban, sebetulnya ia sedang
melakukan kerja pada beban yang disimpan sebagai energi potensial.
menganalisis gejala alam dan keteraturan dalam cakupan mekanika benda titik.
67
@1;18 @141 B52D18 2?<1 H1>7 1;1> 49C5>41>7
@1@5A25411>41H141>5>5A79
C5A41@1C5>5A79@?C5>B91<
1. Pengertian Usaha
*141B11C49;5<1B>4125ADB18125<1:1A=1;B9=1<D>CD;=5=@5A?<58
>9<19C9>779
%5C9;125<1:1A>41=5>77D>1;1>C5>17141>@9;9A1>
1<1=
;5894D@1> B581A9 81A9 DB181 494569>9B9;1> B521719 @5;5A:11> H1>7
49<1;D;1> D>CD; =5=@5A?<58 CD:D1> H1>7 499>79>;1>
'5>DADC >41
1@1;18@5>75AC91>DB18141<1=69B9;1B1=145>71>@5>75AC91>DB18141<1=
F
;5894D@1> B581A9 81A9 C5AB52DC .B181 41<1= 69B9;1 B5<1<D 25A8D2D>71>
45>71> CA1>B65A 5>5A79 41> 71H1
,9=1;<18 3?>C?8 25A9;DC
,52D18 =?29<
s
=?7?;494?A?>7?<58-?71A45>71>71H1B589>771=?29<25A@9>418C5=@1C
B5:1D8 4 41A9 @?B9B9 1F1<>H1
%5C9;1 -?71A =5>4?A?>7 =?29< C5AB52DC
Gambar 3.1 B589>771=?29<25A75A1;-?71A=5<1;D;1>DB181H19CD=5>CA1>B65A5>5A79
Togar melakukan usaha(W) dengan =5<1<D9 71H1 4?A?>7 @141 =?29< B589>771 =?29< 25A75A1; 41> 25A@9>418
mentransfer energi melalui gaya
dorong F sehingga mobil berpindah B5:1D8 4
5B1A DB181 H1>7 49<1;D;1> -?71A D>CD; =5>4?A?>7 =?29<
sejauh s. ?<5871H1B1=145>71>81B9<;1<971H1 45>71>@5A@9>4181> 4
Gambar 3.2 1
J
(a) Usaha oleh gaya F yang
membentuk sudut terhadap
.>CD; J 1A1871H1B51A1845>71>1A18@5A@9>4181>B589>771
perpindahan benda s. 49@5A?<58
(b) Penguraian vektor F menjadi
, 3?BJ
komponen-komponennya.
, K
3
J
%51411> 9>9 =5>H1C1;1> 218F1 1A18 71H1 25A<1F1>1> 45>71> 1A18
@5A@9>4181> B589>771 49@5A?<58
,3?B
J
,K
4, K
?>C?8 DB181 >571C96 H19CD B5?A1>7 @5>75>41A1 B5@541 H1>7 B541>7
=5=13D B5@541>H1 C921 C921 =5>75A5= B5@541>H1
.B181 H1>7
49<1;D;1> ?<58 71H1 75B5; H1>7 C5A:149 1>C1A1 ;54D1 21> B5@541
45>71> :1<1> 25A>9<19 >571C96 ;1A5>1 71H1 75B5; 25A<1F1>1> 1A18
45>71> 1A18 @5A@9>4181> B5@541
5B1A>H1 DB181 >571C96 C5AB52DC
B521>49>745>71>71H175B5;41>@5A@9>4181>H1>749C5=@D8B5@541
B5<1=171H175B5;25;5A:1
5>71>45=9;91>B5@541=5>71<1=975A1; F
49@5A<1=21C
4
*5A@9>4181>25>41,
*141 $/%$3
14<9 B541>7 25A49A9 B1=29< =5>775>4?>7 C1B
-1B
C5AB52DC =5=9<9;9 71H1 25A1C B525B1A 0 45>71> 1A18 ;5 21F18
5B1A
71H1 C1A9; C1<9 C1B ?<58 @D>77D>7 14<9 B1=1 45>71> 25B1A 71H1
25A1C C1B 8 B589>771 C1B 41<1= ;51411> B5C9=21>7
!1H1 A51;B9 ;5 w
1C1B?<58@D>77D>7 14<9@141C1<9C1BC5AB52DCC941;4989CD>7B521719
DB181;1A5>1C941;141@5A@9>4181>@141C1B1;921C71H1A51;B9
1A9 Gambar 3.3
(34$/$$0
; 4941@1C;1> 218F1 Fadli sedang menggendong tas.
, 3?B
3?B
?>C?8<19>141<18B5?A1>71>1;H1>725AB1>41A@14149>49>7$/%$3
9>49>7 C941; 25A75B5A ;1A5>1 71H1 H1>7 49<1;D;1>>H1 C941; F
*5A<D >41 ;5C18D9 B1CD1> DB181 141<18 :?D<5 49B9>7;1C $ -.
$).& # #(#,#%( ,!# ,+ .," 2(! #&%.%( )&" !2 ,,+ ,-.
Gambar 3.4
(0-)(.(-.%''#("%((,$.",-.'-+
Seorang anak sedang bersandar
pada dinding.
Contoh 3.1
,52D1871H1C5C1@B525B1A(25;5A:1@141B52D1825>41H1>725A=1BB1;7
$9;1
BD4DCH1>74925>CD;1>C1A171H141>2941>741C1A141<18J25A1@1DB181H1>7
49<1;D;1>71H19CDC5A8141@25>41B5<1=145C9;
F
$8$%
9;5C18D9 (';7 J
), '
(3?B F cos
3?B =B
' ;7 s
Contoh 3.2
,52D1825>4125A=1BB1;7C5A<5C1;491C1B2941>741C1A;1B1A45>71>;?569B95>
75B5;;9>5C9;
5>41C5AB52DC49C1A9;B5:1D8=5C5A45>71><1:DC5C1@
5A1@1;18
DB181H1>74981B9<;1>?<5871H1C1A9;C5AB52DC:9;1C1A9;1>>H1B5:1:1A45>71><1>C19
49;5C18D9!
=B
N
$8$%
9;5C18D9 ';7 , = F
fk
;
=B
w
Tokoh 5B1A>H1DB181?<5871H1C1A9;141<18
4
3?B , s
)<58;1A5>1
3=1;125B1ADB181141<18
James Prescott Joule ,
(1824–1907) 5B1A71H1=1B9825<D=49;5C18D9
)<58;1A5>1<1:D25>41C5C1@=1;125B1AA5BD<C1>71H1
14 %@141BD=2D-1
41> 240@141BD=2D-2
B589>771
3?BJ4 %
B9>J40
,D2BC9CDB9;1>
;549@5A?<58
4 % 0
% '!
;7
=B
(
$149DB181H1>749<1;D;1>71H1C5AB52DC141<18$
,5@541=?C?A25A85>C9/C
/ C /-
=BB
K=B
,
/ - -
=BB
K=BB=K
=
=
, ;1A5>11A1871H1B5:1:1A45>71>@5A@9>4181>25>41
',
;7K=B
BK
$
$149DB181H1>749<1;D;1>B5<1=1@5>75A5=1>141<18K ;$
Perpindahan
*141DA191>B525<D=>H171H1H1>7497D>1;1>25A>9<19;?>BC1>D>CD; F=s F(t)
5A41B1A;1>7A169;C5AB52DC25B1ADB181H1>74981B9<;1>?<5871H1;?>BC1> s1 s s2 s
AC99>C57A1<@141(34$/$$0
;141<18<D1B415A18H1>7491AB9A
491>C1A1;DAE125B1A71H141>25B1A@5A@9>4181> , s1 s2 s
Gambar 3.7
Contoh 3.4 Usaha merupakan luas daerah
arsir di antara s1 dan s2 pada
,5@?C?>7 21<?; ;1HD H1>7 =1BB1>H1 ;7 F (N) kurva antara gaya F dan
C5A<5C1;491C1B2941>741C1A
%5=D491> 40
B C perpindahan s.
21<?;;1HDC5AB52DC=5>71<1=975A1;<DADB
H1>749B5212;1>?<5871H1H1>725B1A>H1 D E G
25AD218 D218C5A8141@;54D4D;1>21<?; A 2 4 5 7 s
B5@5AC9C1=@1;@14171=21A
-5>CD;1>C?C1<
DB181 H1>7 49<1;D;1> 71H1 @141 21<?; –40
F
89>77125A@9>418B5:1D8=
$8$%
<D1BCA1@5B9D=
:?D<5
<D1B
!
<D1BB579C971 !
!N! NKK$ Kata Kunci
$149DB181C?C1<D>CD;1141<18
• usaha negatif
C?C1< ! • usaha nol
• usaha positif
K$$
B52D18=5B9>C9;H1>7=1BB1>H1;789>771;5C9>7791>
,52D18 71H1 H1>7 25AD218 D218 25;5A:1 @141
=!=B B52D1825>41B589>77125>41=5>71<1=9@5AD2181>
,52D1825>41H1>7=1BB1>H1;7=5<D>3DA45>71> B5@5AC97A169;@14171=21A25A9;DC
;535@1C1>
=B
)<58;1A5>1141@5>71AD871H1 F (N)
4
75B5;1>C1A1<1>C1941>25>4125>4125A85>C9B5C5<18
25A75A1;45C9;
-5>CD;1>DB181H1>749<1;D;1>?<58
71H175B5;@14125>41C5AB52DC
6 7 8
,52D18 25>41 25A=1BB1 ;7 49C1A9; ;5 1C1B @141 2 x (cm)
4
2941>7=9A9>7;1B1A?<5871H1(B51A1845>71>
2941>7
,D4DC;5=9A9>71>2941>7C5A8141@8?A9I?>C1<
–4
141<18 C1> B589>771 25>41 25A@9>418
"9CD>7 DB181 H1>7 49<1;D;1> ?<58 71H1 @141
25>41D>CD;:1A1;B5:1D8=
!1H1 C5AB52DC 25;5A:1 @141 25>41 25A=1BB1 ' 41> 1;1> =5>781B9<;1>
@5A35@1C1>
'5>DADC "D;D= ## (5FC?> 25B1A @5A35@1C1> C5AB52DC
141<18
41@D> @5AB1=11> 25B1A @5A@9>4181>>H1 141<18
'
,
/- /
.B181 H1>7 49<1;D;1> ?<58 71H1 C5AB52DC 141<18
,',
'/- '/ K
$8$%
9;5C18D9
'N
K;7 Tugas Anda 3.1
/3=B=B Amatilah perubahan energi yang
terjadi di sekitar Anda. Diskusikanlah
% '/ N
K;7=B hal tersebut bersama teman Anda,
apakah perubahan energi yang terjadi
N
K$
akan memengaruhi usaha yang
$1495>5A79;9>5C9;H1>749=9<9;9;5<5A5>7141<18
N
K$
dilakukan?
Contoh 3.6
*1;D25A=1BB17C5A<5@1B41A9C1>71>B5?A1>7CD;1>7;1HD
%5C9;1@1;D=5>H5>CD8
C1>18 ;5<1:D1>>H1 =B
$9;1 71H1 75B5; @1;D C5A8141@ C1>18 B525B1A (
89CD>7<18;541<1=1>@1;DH1>7=5>1>31@41<1=C1>18
$8$%
9;5C18D9 F
' 7
/
=B
(
s
m /22 /12
, K
N
K;7K=B
, ,
=
$149;541<1=1>@1;DH1>7=5>1>31@41<1=C1>18141<18=
h
5B1A 5>5A79 @?C5>B91< 7A1E9C1B9 H1>7 49=9<9;9 25>41 25>41 @141
3?>C?8 49 1C1B 25A71>CD>7 @141 ;54D4D;1> 25>41 C5AB52DC C5A8141@
mg
13D1> C5AC5>CD
*141 $/%$3
D>CD; =5>71>7;1C B55;?A 9;1> H1>7
Gambar 3.10 25A1C>H10B5C9>779"DB181H1>749<1;D;1>*1;,9=2?<?>141<18
"
Usaha yang dibutuhkan Pak
Simbolon untuk mengangkat 1A18 71H1 B51A18 @5A@9>4181> 25>41 1C1D 49CD<9B
ikan setinggi h adalah W = mgh.
'!" K
%5C5A1>71>
'
=1BB1 25>41 ;7
!
25B1A @5A35@1C1> 7A1E9C1B9 =B
y2
"
C9>779 25>41 =
5>41H1>725A141@141;5C9>7791>"41A9C9C9;13D1>=5=9<9;95>5A79
s
Ftangan= mg @?C5>B91< D>CD; =5<1;D;1> DB181 B525B1A '!"
$149 25>41 =5=9<9;9
@?C5>B91< 7A1E9C1B9 H1>7 25B1A>H1
h ' *'!" K
Fgravitasi=mg
6%60)$0$05$3$(0(3)+215(04+$.)3$7+5$4+'$064$*$
*5A81C9;1>$/%$3
A18E5AC9;1<;51C1BBD=2D-249C5C1@;1>
y1 B521719 1A18 @?B9C96 B541>7;1> 71H1 7A1E9C1B9 25A1A18 ;5 BD=2D-2 >571C96
;5 21F18
Contoh 3.7
1CD25A=1BB1;7:1CD82521B41A9;5C9>7791>=491C1BC1>18
-5>CD;1>@5AD2181>
5>5A79@?C5>B91<41>DB181H1>749<1;D;1>71H125A1C21CDC5AB52DC@141B11C=5>31@19
;5C9>7791>=491C1BC1>18
$8$%
9;5C18D9
'
;7"
="=
2
.B181H1>749<1;D;1>71H125A1C
K'!"K"K;7
=B=K=$
.B181@?B9C96;1A5>11A1871H125A1CB51A1845>71>1A18@5A@9>4181>
$149DB181H1>749<1;D;1>71H125A1CB525B1A:?D<5
Contoh 3.8
5A1@1;18 5>5A79 @?C5>B91< H1>7 49=9<9;9 ?<58 = 19A H1>7 25A141 @141
Sumber: Fisika untuk Sains dan Teknik, 1998
;5C9>7791>=:9;1=1BB1:5>9B19A
;7=41>@5A35@1C1>7A1E9C1B949C5=@1C
Perhatikan gambar di atas. Jika C5AB52DC
=B
seorang ahli gizi menyatakan
bahwa pada pizza isi daging dan
$8$%
keju tersebut mengandung energi 9AC5A:D>C5AB52DC=5=9<9;9=1BB1
16 megajoule, bagaimana '
;7==N
;7
pendapat Anda jika dikaitkan >5A79@?C5>B91<H1>749=9<9;919AC5A:D>141<18
dengan konsep Fisika? Bagaimana
cara mendapatkan angka tersebut? * '!"
N
;7
=B=N
$
$1495>5A79@?C5>B91<H1>749=9<9;919AC5A:D>141<18N
:?D<5
*5A81C9;1>$/%$3
*141$/%$3
$=D<1 =D<1@571B41<1=
;51411>B5C9=21>7 >5A79 @?C5>B91< @571B 41> 5>5A79 ;9>5C9;>H1 >?<
*141
1 2 3 $/%$3
%41>$/%$3
&@571B=5=9<9;9B9=@1>71>B5:1D82
41> 2 @1>:1>7 2
2
)<58 ;1A5>1 141 C1A9;1> B525B1A %2 41>
@571B =5>1A9; ;5=21<9 25>41 B5BD19 "D;D= ### (5FC?> @571B K%
y2' 5B1A>H1DB181H1>749<1;D;1>@571B41A9;51411>2
;522B1=1
25B1A45>71>@5AD2181>5>5A79@?C5>B91<@571B1>C1A12
41>22
y2 2 2
2
2
2
Gambar 3.13
(a) Keadaan awal benda dalam %2 2
posisi seimbang.
%2
(b) Pegas ditarik sejauh
simpangan y2.
(c) Posisi benda kembali ke titik 5>71> 45=9;91> 25B1A>H1 DB181 H1>7 49<1;D;1> ?<58 71H1 @571B
setimbang karena gaya
pegas F = –ky2. 49>H1C1;1> 45>71> @5AB1=11>
@571B @ @571B
45>71> @@571B
%2 K
%5C9;1 @571B 49<5@1B;1> @571B 1;1> =5<1;D;1> 75A1; 81A=?>9;
F
(
%
(=
1
=
$9;1
( (
F (
1
(==
%
(=
Kata Kunci
* %1
(==
$
• energi kinetik
$14925B1A5>5A79@?C5>B91<5<1BC9B@571B141<18
$
• energi potensial
B589>77125B1A5>5A79;9>5C9;H1>749=9<9;9>H1141<18 1
"9CD>7<18DB181H1>749<1;D;1>71H17A1E9C1B9
:?D<5
"9CD>7;5<1:D1>21CDC5AB52DC
@14125>41C5AB52DC
'?29< 25A=1BB1
;7 B541>7 25A75A1; 45>71> 2
"9CD>7<1825A;DA1>7>H15>5A79@?C5>B91<7A1E9C1B9
;535@1C1>;=:1=C921 C92149A5=41>25A85>C9 25>41C5AB52DC
B5C5<18=5>5=@D8:1A1;=
-5>CD;1><18
5>41'25A=1BB1
;7:1CD8=5>775<9>39A41A91C1B
1
71H1A5=@141=?29<41> 2941>7=9A9>745>71>BD4DC;5=9A9>71>J
5>41
2
DB181H1>749@5A?<5841A9@5>75A5=1>
C5AB52DC=5>D=2D;B52D18@571BH1>7C5A<5C1;
=
%5A5C1 =19>1> H1>7 =1BB1>H1 ;7 49<5@1B;1> 41A9 41A9<5C1;'B5=D<1
$9;1%(=41>@571B
@D>31;2941>7=9A9>7<939>45>71>BD4DC;5=9A9>71> C5AC5;1>=1;B9=D=B5:1D8
3=89CD>7;?569B95>
JC5A8141@8?A9I?>C1<
$9;1@1>:1>7<9>C1B1>2941>7 75B5;1>C1A121<?;'45>71>2941>7=9A9>7
k
Energi Mekanik m
*5A81C9;1> $/%$3
$
,52D18 @571B 49<5C1;;1> 49 1C1B <1>C19 licin
41> B1<18 B1CD D:D>7>H1 499;1C;1> @141 49>49>7
%5=D491> B52D18 21<?; 2 x
25A=1BB1'=5<D>3DA45>71>;535@1C1>C5@1C;51A18@571B
$9;1<1>C19
41C1A41><939>B5AC1@571B>H19451<B9BC5=1;1>=5=5>D89"D;D="??;5 m
K% 9 45>71> 141<18 71H1 @141 @571B B11C D:D>7 2521B>H1 25A75B5A
B5:1D8
%51411> H1>7 499>79>;1> @141 B9BC5= C5AB52DC 141<18 5>5A79 licin x1
;9>5C9;C5A@DB1C@141=1BB121<?;B589>7715>5A79;9>5C9;@571B491219;1>
3 v x = x2 – x1
;921C>H1 =1BB1 @571B 491>771@ B1>71C ;539< 41A9@141 =1BB1 21<?;
%5C9;121<?;=5>H5>CD8@571B<1:D21<?;25A;DA1>7B1=@191;89A>H1 m
25A85>C9 ;1A5>1 71H1 @571B H1>7 =5<1F1> 71H1 4?A?>71> 41A9 21<?;
x2
licin
*5A81C9;1>$/%$3
%
%5=D491>1A1821<?;25A21<9;1;921C71H1 Gambar 3.14
@571B 25;5A:1
;921C>H1 21<?; =5=@5A?<58 5>5A79 ;9>5C9;>H1 ;5=21<9 Gaya pada pegas merupakan gaya
B5@5AC9 B11C 21<?; =5>H5>CD8 @571B F1<1D@D> 1A18>H1 25A2541
1<?; konservatif.
&
*5A81C9;1>$/%$3
,52D18@5C949@9>418;1>;5C5=@1C<19>
B5C9>779 " .B181 H1>7 49@5A<D;1> D>CD; =5=9>418;1> @5C9 141<18
K'!"-1>41>571C96C9=2D<;1A5>11A1871H125A1C25A<1F1>1>
Gambar 3.15 45>71> 1A18 75A1; @5C9
Seseorang sedang melakukan .B181 ;5C9;1 =5=9>418;1> @5C9 C941; 25A71>CD>7 @141 @1>:1>7
usaha memindahkan peti.
<9>C1B1>H1>749<1<D9@5C9C5C1@925A71>CD>7@14125B1A@5AD2181>C9>779
@5C941A9;54D4D;1>1;89A;5;54D4D;1>1F1<>H1
$9;1@5C949@9>418;1>
<179;5@?B9B91F1<>H1DB181H1>749<1;D;1>>H1141<18'!"
,531A1
=1C5=1C9B DB181 C?C1< H1>7 49<1;D;1> D>CD; =5=9>418;1> @5C9 41A9
21F18 ;5 1C1B
<1<D 49@9>418;1> <179 ;5 21F18 141<18
C?C
K'!" '!"
5B1A DB181 @5=9>4181> B52D18 @5C9 41A9 ;54D4D;1> 1F1< 89>771
Tugas Anda 3.2 ;5=21<9 ;5 ;54D4D;1> 1;89A>H1 25A>9<19 >?<
$149 41@1C 49B9=@D<;1>
Sebutkan contoh-contoh gaya 218F1 DB181 H1>7 49<1;D;1> ?<58 71H1 ;?>B5AE1C96 1;1> 25A>9<19 >?<
konservatif yang ada di sekitar Anda.
:9;1 ;54D4D;1> 1;89A 25>41 ;5=21<9 ;5 ;54D4D;1> 1F1<>H1
Gambar 3.16
K@ 4@
K Balok dijatuhkan dari ketinggian
tertentu.
*141 @?B9B9
;535@1C1> 25>41 /
;5=D491> 25>41 CDAD> 89>771
@141 @?B9B9 45>71> ;535@1C1> / *141 ;51411> C5AB52DC ;535@1C1>
25>41 25AC1=218 ;1A5>1 @5>71AD8 @5A35@1C1> 7A1E9C1B9 B589>771 DB181
H1>7 49<1;D;1> 25>41 B1=1 45>71> @5AD2181> 5>5A79 ;9>5C9; H19CD
; 4;
K
5A41B1A;1> (34$/$$0
; 41> (34$/$$0
;
49@5A?<58
@
K@;K;
Contoh 3.10
,52D182?<125A=1BB1'49<5=@1A;1>E5AC9;1<;51C1B45>71>;535@1C1>1F1<B525B1A
-5>CD;1>
1
C9>779=1;B9=D=H1>74931@1941>
2
;535@1C1>;5C9;12?<1=5>31@19C9>779B5C5>718=1;B9=D=
! m v1 = v0
2
*
%
*%
$8$%
1
*%*%
'!"
m / 2A '!"
'/
m/0 2
'!"
h
/
/ !" "
! v0
/
$149C9>779=1;B9=D=H1>74931@1921CD
!
"
2
3?B
/
" K 3?B
!
Tugas Anda 3.3 K 3?B
/
Apakah Anda tahu olahraga bungee !
jumping? Selidikilah Hukum Kekekalan
Energi yang bekerja saat orang / !
3?B
melakukan bungee jumping.
Contoh 3.12
1<?;H1>725A=1BB1;7=5>775<9>39A41A91C1BB52D182941>7=9A9>7H1>7BD4DC
=9A9>7>H1J
1<?;C5AB52DC;5=D491>=5>D=2D;@571BH1>7C5A<5C1;=41A9
@?B9B9B5=D<1
$9;1;?569B95>75B5;1>C1A121<?;45>71>2941>7=9A9>725A1@1
=5C5A@571BC5AC5;1>9;5C18D9;?>BC1>C1@571B(=
$8$%
.B181H1>749<1;D;1>71H1@571B141<18>571C96;1A5>1@571B=5<1F1>71H1C5;1>
21<?;
AC9>H1;5C9;1@571BC5AC5;1>@571B=5<1F1>71H1C5;1>B589>77171H1
@571B41>1A18@5A@9>4181>25A<1F1>1>1A18
*5A81C9;1>71=21A25A9;DC
N/m
3
;7
=B
=K
4=
= b. mv 2 e. 1
4
mv 2
3 2
c. 4 mv
=4=K=
Soal UMPTN Tahun 1989
Pembahasan:
hB = 2hA
Berarti, EpB = 2 EpA
Sesuai dengan Hukum Kekekalan
Energi Mekanik maka
EpB – EpA = EkA – EkB
EkB = 2 EkA
K=C941;C5A@1;19
1
= 2 2 mv
2
= = mv2
$149@571BC5AC5;1>B5:1D8=
Jawaban: b
Contoh 3.13
?<141@1C25A75A1;C1>@175B5;1>@141<9>C1B1>B5@5AC971=21A25A9;DC
,11C49C9C9;
2?<125A;535@1C1>3=B
5A1@1<1:D49C9C9;41>
A
C
80 cm
50 cm
$8$% B
*141B9BC5=25A<1;D%5;5;1<1>>5A79'5;1>9;B589>771
1
'!" '/'!" '/
=B= =B /
/ =B=B
$149;5<1:D1>2?<149C9C9;141<18=B
2
'!" '/'!" '/
=B= =B
=B= /
/
=B
=B
$149;5<1:D1>2?<149C9C9;141<18
=B
*5A81C9;1> $/%$3
%5>41A11> C1>@1 =5B9> =5>77D>1;1> 21>
25A:1<1>)(/2)+&-D>CD;>19;;5@D>31;2D;9C=5<1<D9<9>C1B1>H1>7
C941; C5A<1<D 3DA1=
C
%5C9;1+)&&+),-+25A14149C9C9;C5AC9>77941A9<9>C1B1><??@H19CD
49C9C9;B5@5AC9H1>7>41<981C@141$/%$3
71H1B5>CA9@5C1<>H1
N c mg 141<18 A5BD<C1> 41A9 71H1 C5;1> 41> 25B1A 71H1 25A1C @5>D=@1>7
'! B589>771
/
B3'! '
B
Gambar 3.18
Lintasan roller coaster dengan ,H1A1C ;5<1:D1> =9>9=1< 49 C9C9; 141<18 B589>771 49@5A?<58
loop berbentuk lingkaran.
/
'!
'
/ Cmin !+
%5C9;1 +)&&+ ),-+ 25A141 49 C9C9; C5A5>418 H19CD C9C9;
*
%*
%3*3
'/ '!" '/'!"
%1<9;1> ;54D1 AD1B @5AB1=11> C5AB52DC 45>71> B589>771 49@5A?<58
'
!"/
!"/
)<58;1A5>1"
"
41>/
!=1;1
@5AB1=11> =5>:149
/
!!
/=9> ! K
%5C9>7791> 1F1< =9>9=1< <D>3DA1> 49 C9C9; 41@1C >41 89CD>7
=5<1<D9 @5>5A1@1> "D;D= %5;5;1<1> >5A79 '5;1>9; 49 C9C9; 41>
171A +)&&+ ),-+ =1=@D =5<5F1C9 <??@ 45>71> 1=1>
$8$%
A B
v
NB mg
hA
R
1
!D>1;1>AD=DB;5<1:D1>=9>9=D=@141C9C9;C5A5>418(34$/$$0
;
*%*%
' ! " '/ ' ! " '/
' ! " '!
"
$149;5C9>7791>=9>9=D=171A21<?;=5>31@19C9C9;141<18
2
5B1A@5A35@1C1>49C9C9;141<18@5A35@1C1>B5>CA9@5C1<
5A41B1A;1>71=21A Kata Kunci
49C9C9;
B'! • energi mekanik
• gaya konservatif
',
'!49=1>1 • gaya sentripetal
,! • kelajuan minimal
$149@5A35@1C1>21<?;49C9C9;141<18,!
• konstanta pegas
D12D1825>4141>H1>725A=1BB1=1B9>7 =1B9>7 5A1@1DB181C?C1<H1>749C5A9=1?<582D;DC5AB52DC
':1CD82521B41A9;5C9>7791>"=5C5A41>"=5C5A
-97121CD21C1H1>7C521<>H13=49<5C1;;1>491C1B
$9;1=5>H5>CD8C1>1845>71>;535@1C1>/=B B52D18 =5:1
"9CD>7<18 DB181 D>CD; =5>D=@D;
C5>CD;1><18 5>5A79 ;9>5C9; 25>41 B11C 1;1> ;5C97121CD21C1C5AB52DC41<1=B1CDCD=@D;1>:9;1
=5>H5>CD8C1>18
=1BB1B5C91@21CD21C1
;7
,52D18;5A5C1=5<5F1C9<9>C1B1>+)&&+),-+45>71>
,52D18@5<DAD49C5=21;;1>=9A9>7;51C1B45>71>
491=5C5A=
71A;5A5C141@1C=5<9>C1B45>71> BD4DC5<5E1B9J41>5>5A79;9>5C9;B525B1A
$
D. Daya
>41 C5<18 25<1:1A C5>C1>7 31A1 =5>789CD>7 DB181 41A9 71H1 H1>7
49<1;D;1>
921>49>7;1> =5>75C18D9 25B1A DB181 <5298 =5>1A9; =5>75
C18D9 B525A1@1 <1:D DB181 C5AB52DC 49;5A:1;1>
-5>CD>H1 25B1A1> F1;CD 49
41<1= 2181B1> 9>9 =5>:149 B1>71C 25A@5A1>
,11C DB181 @5A B1CD1> F1;CD
494569>9B9;1> =D>3D<<18 9BC9<18 41H1
*5A<D>419>71C218F141H1C941;49C5>CD;1>?<5825B1A5>5A79H1>7
49=9<9;9 BD1CD 25>41
.>CD; <5298 =5=181=9>H1 @5A81C9;1> 3?>C?8
25A9;DC
.3?; 41> DC5C 25A=1BB1 B1=1 H19CD ;7 =5>19;9 <1>C19 4D1
B5;?<18>H1 B5C9>779 =5C5A
%54D1>H1 =5=9<9;9 5>5A79 B1=1 25B1A D>CD;
=5<1;D;1>DB181
:?D<5
>5A79@?C5>B91<H1>749=9<9;9=5A5;1B1=1
F1<1D@D>;5>H1C11>>H1.3?;B1=@1949<1>C194D1<529835@1C
1A9DA191>
3?>C?8 C5AB52DC 49;5C18D9 218F1 1AC9>H1 DB181 25<D= 41@1C =5=25A9;1>
9>6?A=1B9<5298<5>7;1@C5>C1>7@5A@9>4181>1;921C@5>71AD871H1
1<1=
@5A9BC9F1 9>9 41@1C 49;1C1;1> 218F1 .3?; =5=9<9;9 41H1 <5298 25B1A
41A9@141 DC5C F1<1D@D> ;54D1>H1 =5=9<9;9 ;5=1=@D1> D>CD; =5>7
81B9<;1> 5>5A79 H1>7 B1=1
8@F1CC;0
Contoh 3.15
+9>C?H1>725A=1BB1;7=5>19;9C1>771;5<1>C19C971B5C9>779
=B5<1=1=5>9C
5A1@1;1841H1A1C1 A1C1H1>749<1;D;1>+9>C?
$8$%
9;5C18D9
';7
"
=
-=5>9C
'!"
- -
;7
=B
=
F1CC
B
$149+9>C?=5>75<D1A;1>41H1B525B1AF1CC
Contoh 3.16
,52D18=5B9>@?=@1B5>CA96D71<41@1C=5=9>418;1>;719A;521;H1>7C9>779>H1
=5C5AB5<1=1=5>9C
$9;1569B95>B9=5B9>@?=@1C5AB52DC81>H125A1@1;18
41H1A1C1 A1C1<9BCA9;H1>749@5A<D;1>
$8$%
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Refleksi
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, tentu Anda dapat Dengan mempelajari konsep usaha, Anda dapat
memahami konsep usaha, energi, dan daya. Anda juga menentukan usaha dengan menentukan lintasan yang
tentu dapat mengetahui hubungan antara usaha, energi, lebih efisien untuk dilakukan. Hal tersebut adalah salah
dan daya. Nah, dari materi-materi bab ini, bagian satu manfaat mempelajari bab ini. Coba Anda sebutkan
manakah yang Anda anggap sulit? Coba diskusikan manfaat lain setelah mempelajari bab ini.
dengan teman atau guru Fisika Anda.
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4
Sumber: www.savannah.com
Petinju secara rutin berlatih meningkatkan kecepatan pukulan dan berusaha
mempersingkat interaksi dengan sasarannya. Petinju juga menggunakan
sarung tangan ketika bertinju.
Momentum,
Impuls, dan Tumbukan
Hasil yang harus Anda capai:
menganalisis gejala alam dan keteraturan dalam cakupan mekanika benda titik.
*8DA4;>4; A74 @8ABAFBA C8DF4A7<A:4A F<A=G 7< ,. ,<A=G A. Momentum Linear
@8DGC4>4A E4?4; E4FG B?4;D4:4 J4A: 6G>GC 7<:8@4D< +854:4< 58>4? E44F
58DF4A7<A: E8BD4A: C8F<A=G @8?4F<; CG>G?4AAJ4 E864D4 F8D4FGD 74A B. Tumbukan
<AF8AE<9 +8C8DF< J4A: A74 ?<;4F C474 :4@54D 7< 4F4E E8BD4A: C8F<A=G C. Jenis Tumbukan
@8?4F<; CG>G?4AAJ4 C474 EG4FG E4E4D4A 78A:4A @8@4>4< E4DGA: F<A=G
*8F<A=G58D?4F<;E864D4<AF8AE<94:4DD89?8>E74A>868C4F4ACG>G?4AE8@4><A D. Tumbukan Lenting
@8A<A:>4F +8@4><A E<A:>4F <AF8D4>E< CG>G?4A 78A:4A E4E4D4A E8@4><A Sebagian pada Benda
54<> >G4?<F4E CG>G?4A Jatuh Bebas
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E4DGA: F<A=G C4>4; C8A:4DG; J4A: 7<D4E4>4A C8F<A=G >8F<>4 ?4I4AAJ4 E. Ayunan Balistik
@8@G>G? 78A:4A E4DGA: F<A=G '8A:4C4 C8F<A=G 7<FGAFGF @8@<?<>< F. Gaya Dorong Roket
CG>G?4A E868C4F @GA:><A *8DF4AJ44AC8DF4AJ44A F8DE85GF 74C4F A74
=4I45 =<>4 A74 74C4F @8@4;4@< <E< 545 <A<
A. Momentum Linear
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, @B@8AFG@ 58A74 >: @
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Jika Anda bersepeda dengan
>87G4 7<>4<F>4A 78A:4A @B@8AFG@ #4 @8A:4F4>4A @B@8AFG@ E854:4<
kecepatan tinggi, manakah yang >G4AF<F4E :8D4> "G>G@ ## (8IFBA @8A:4F4>4A 54;I4 C8DG54;4A @B
memiliki momentum lebih besar, @8AFG@ 58A74 F<4C E4FG4A I4>FG E854A7<A: 78A:4A :4J4 D8EG?F4A J4A:
sepeda atau Anda? Apakah hal tersebut
dapat memberikan penjelasan, 58>8D=4C47458A7474A58D4D4;E4@478A:4A4D4;:4J4F8DE85GF +864D4
mengapa Anda akan terpelanting ke @4F8@4F<E 74C4F 7<FG?<E E854:4< 58D<>GF
depan ketika sepeda berhenti
mendadak? ,
M
)
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, #1 1
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kerangka satu-dimensi, penulisan
notasi vektornya dapat diganti ,
dengan notasi skalar. #F<74>58D?4>GF8F4C<"G>G@##(8IFBA58AFG> F8F4C58D?4>G
)
1. Hukum Kekekalan Momentum Linear
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,
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)
92 DiFisika
Mudah dan Aktif Belajar unduh dariXI:
untuk Kelas Bukupaket.com
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Kata Kunci
@
• impuls
@
• momentum linear )
E
-AFG>:8D4>=4FG;5854E58D?4>GC8DE4@44AE854:4<58D<>GF
+1 =
+2 =
B. Tumbukan
*8D<EF<I4 FG@5G>4A 74C4F A74 F8@G< C474 7G4 58A74 J4A: E4?<A:
58DF45D4>4AE4FGE4@4?4<A *8D@4<A4AJ4A:@8@4A944F>4AE864D4?4A:EGA:
Ingatlah C8D<EF<I4 FG@5G>4A 474?4; C8D@4<A4A 5<?<4D 74A 5BI?<A: ,4;G>4; A74
4FGD4A C8D@4<A4AC8D@4<A4A F8DE85GF
Jika berlaku Hukum Kekekalan *474 GD4<4A EG5545 E858?G@AJ4 F8?4; 7<>8F4;G< 54;I4 <@CG?E E4@4
Momentum Linear, momentum 78A:4A C8DG54;4A @B@8AFG@ 8D<>GF <A< 4>4A 7<=8?4E>4A C8DG54;4A
linear awal sama dengan
momentum linear akhir.
@B@8AFG@J4A:F8D=47<C474E8F<4C58A74J4A:E4?<A:58DFG@5G>4AE8DF4
>4<F4A 4AF4D4 E8F<4C C8DG54;4A @B@8AFG@ F8DE85GF
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'<E4?AJ44747G45G4;58A74J4A:E4?<A:58DFG@5G>4AE8C8DF<C474
)- 58D<>GF
vA vB
vA vB
setelah tumbukan
%8D8F474A>8D8F4E858?G@58DFG@5G>4A@4E<A:@4E<A:@8@<?<><
@4EE4#74A#74A>868C4F4A74A %87G4>8D8F4F8DE85GF58D474
C474E4FG5<74A:74F4D74A@8@<?<><4D4;:8D4>J4A:E4@4 $<>4>868C4F4A
>8D8F4 ?85<; 58E4D 74D<C474 >868C4F4A >8D8F4 >8D8F4 C474 E44F
F8DF8AFG 4>4A @8A45D4> >8D8F4 %8F<>4 >8D8F4 @8A45D4> >8D8F4
E8EG4<78A:4A"G>G@###(8IFBA>8D8F44>4A@8@58D<>4A:4J44>E<
E858E4D
74A >8D8F4 4>4A @8@58D<>4A :4J4 D84>E< E858E4D
4:4<@4A4 58E4D :4J4 D84>E< F8DE85GF C474 >8D8F4 $<>4 "G>G@
%8>8>4?4A 'B@8AFG@ &<A84D 58D?4>G C474 C8D<EF<I4 FG@5G>4A 4AF4D4
>8D8F474A58E4D>87G4:4J4F8DE85GF4>4A E4@458E4D >4AF8F4C<
4D4; >87G4 :4J4 58D?4I4A4A 4D4; E8;<A::4 E864D4 @4F8@4F<E 74C4F
7<FG?<E>4A E854:4< 58D<>GF
,4I4? ,4>;<D
,4I4?,4I4? ,4>;<D, 4>;<D
#1#1 #1 #1 M
%8F8D4A:4A
#1 #1 =G@?4;@B@8AFG@E858?G@FG@5G>4A
#1 #1 =G@?4;@B@8AFG@E8EG74;FG@5G>4A
BAFB;?4<A74D<C8D<EF<I4FG@5G>4AJ4A:74C4F7<?4>G>4AC8A78>4F4A
78A:4A"G>G@%8>8>4?4A'B@8AFG@&<A84D474?4;C474C8D@4<A4A%#
%# ' < 5858D4C4 >BF4 58E4D C8D@4<A4A <A< 7<E85GF =G:4 @B5<? E8A::B?
'B5<? F8DE85GF 7<:8D4>>4A B?8; 8A8D:< ?<EFD<> J4A: 7<C8DB?8; 74D< =4D<A:
=4D<A:?<EFD<>7<4F4EAJ4 %868C4F4A@4>E<@G@E8F<4C@B5<?474?4;E4@4>4D8A4
8A8D:< ?<EFD<> J4A: 7<EGC?4< B?8; =4D<A:=4D<A: ?<EFD<> 7< 4F4EAJ4 =G:4 E4@4 Sumber: Dokumentasi Penerbit
>4A F8F4C< 58D4F C8AG@C4A:AJ4 58D5874 >868C4F4A @B5<? =G:4 58D5874 Gambar 4.3
%8F<>4 F8D=47< 58AFGD4A 4AF4D4 7G4 @B5<? 4F4G ?85<; 898> :GA64A:4A J4A: Hukum kekekalan momentum
terjadi pada bom-bom car yang
C4?<A:>8D4E4>4A7<F8D<@4B?8;@B5<?78A:4A58D4FC8AG@C4A:C4?<A:>86<? bertumbukan.
*8D;4F<>4A)- G45G4;58A74C4745<74A:74F4D58D:8D4>
58D?4I4A4A %8@G7<4A E8F8?4; F8D=47< FG@5G>4A >87G4 58A74 F8DE85GF
58D:8D4> 58D?4I4A4A 4D4; 74D< 4D4; E8@G?4 %868C4F4A E8F<4C 58A74
474?4; 1 74A 1
+8EG4< 78A:4A "G>G@ %8>8>4?4A 'B@8AFG@ &<A84D
7<74C4F>4A C8DE4@44A E854:4< 58D<>GF
#1#
1
#1#
1
Tugas Anda 4.2 #1 /1#
1
/1
M
Anggota polisi sering menggunakan
rompi anti peluru dalam melaksanakan '8AGDGF "G>G@ %8>8>4?4A A8D:< %<A8F<> 7<74C4F>4A C8DE4@44A
tugasnya. Dalam beberapa kejadian,
rompi tersebut bisa tembus oleh 58D<>GF
peluru. Mengapa hal tersebut bisa !!
!!
terjadi?
# +
#
+
#+
#
+
M
4D< "-.)* 4
4>4A 7<C8DB?8; C8DE4@44A E854:4< 58D<>GF
#+
#
+
#+
#
+
#+
/+
#
+
/
#+ ++ /+#
+
+
+
/+
M
+ +
4F4G M
+ +
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"4D:4 C474 "-.)* 4 @8AJ4F4>4A !% ( $ '() )*( GAFG>
FG@5G>4A ?8AF<A: E8@CGDA4 +864D4 G@G@ "-.)* 4 7<FG?<E
+ +
M
+ +
4?4@;4?<A<474?4;>B89<E<8AD8EF<FGE< "-.)*458D?4>G
GAFG> E8@G4 =8A<E FG@5G>4A
Contoh 4.2
G458A74J4A:58D@4EE4
>:74A>:58D:8D4>58D?4I4A4A4D4;78A:4A>868C4F4A
@
E74A@
E ,8AFG>4A>868C4F4A>87G458A74E8F8?4;FG@5G>4A=<>4FG@5G>4A
?8AF<A:E8@CGDA474AFG@5G>4A?8AF<A:E854:<4A
2
<>8F4;G<#
>:#>:+
@
E+M@
E
*8D;4F<>4A )?8; >4D8A4 >87G4 58A74 58D:8D4> 58D?4I4A4A 4D4; @4>4 >87G4
>868C4F4A;4DGE58D?4I4A4AF4A74 *4746BAFB;EB4?<A<+7<4A::4CCBE<F<974A+
7<4A::4CA8:4F<9
4D<"G>G@%8>8>4?4A'B@8AFG@7<74C4F
# +# +# +# + Ingatlah
>:@
E>:M@
E
>:+>:+
@
EM@
E
++ • Pada tumbukan lenting
M
@
E+
+@
E sempurna, koefisien restitusinya
adalah e = 1.
*474FG@5G>4A?8AF<A:E8@CGDA4@4>4 • Pada tumbukan lenting sebagian,
+ ’ +B ’ + A ’ + B ’ koefisien restitusinya 0 < e < 1,
A
+ + M ( ) sedangkan pada tumbukan tidak
A B lenting sama sekali, koefisien
/++ @
E restitusinya adalah e = 0.
4D<8?<@<A4E<C8DE4@44A74A7<C8DB?8;
M
+
+ +M
M
+
@4>4
M++ @
E
+ @
E+
+ @
EM
@
EM
+
+ @
E
Contoh 4.3
G45G4;58A74F8D?8F4>C474E4FG5<74A:74AE8:4D<E 8A74C8DF4@458D@4EE4#
>:74A58A74>87G4#
>: %87G458A7458D:8D4>58D?4I4A4A4D4;78A:4A
>868C4F4A+
@
E74A+
M@
E ,8AFG>4A>868C4F4AE8F<4C58A74E8F8?4;
F8D=47<FG@5G>4A 8D4C48A8D:<><A8F<>J4A:58DG54;@8A=47<8A8D:<C4A4E=<>4F8D=47<
4 FG@5G>4A?8AF<A:E8@CGDA4
5 FG@5G>4A?8AF<A:E854:<4A
74A m1 = 8 kg m2 = 12 kg
6 FG@5G>4AF<74>?8AF<A:E4@4E8>4?< v1 v2
m1 m2
2
<>8F4;G< sebelum tumbukan
# >: #
>:
v1 v2
+
@
E +
M@
E
Tantangan 4 -AFG>FG@5G>4A?8AF<A:E8@CGDA4
m1 m2
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$47<C474FG@5G>4A?8AF<A:E8@CGDA48A8D:<><A8F<>E858?G@74AE8EG74;
FG@5G>4A474?4;F8F4C
5 -AFG>FG@5G>4A?8AF<A:E854:<4A
m1 = 8 kg m2 = 12 kg
v 1 v2 v1 ' v2'
m1 m2 m1 m2
4D<"G>G@%8>8>4?4A'B@8AFG@7<74C4F;4E<?E8C8DF<"-.)*
*474FG@5G>4A?8AF<A:E854:<4A
"-.)*4@8A=47<
@
EM+
+G5EF<FGE<>4A"-.)*>874?4@"-.)*E8;<A::47<C8DB?8;
;4E<?
+M
@
E
+
@
E
A8D:<><A8F<>E8F8?4;FG@5G>4A Kata Kunci
• tumbukan lenting sebagian
!!
#+
#
+
• tumbukan lenting sempurna
• tumbukan tidak lenting sama
>:M
@
E
>:@
E
sekali
=BG?8
$47<8A8D:<><A8F<>J4A:58DG54;@8A=47<C4A4E474?4;
$' ! $) !("*#)*#*!$/$' ! $) !()")*#*!$
=BG?8M=BG?8
=BG?8
Tantangan
6 -AFG>FG@5G>4AF<74>?8AF<A:E4@4E8>4?< untuk Anda
m1 = 8 kg m2 = 12 kg Berikut ini ukuran diameter, massa
v 1 v2 jenis, dan periode rotasi dari
m1 m2 m1 m2 v' planet-planet.
,4A74 A8:4F<9 C474 + @8A4A74>4A 4D4; 5B?4 >8 54I4; 74A F4A74
CBE<F<9 C474 + @8A4A74>4A 4D4; 5B?4 >8 4F4E %B89<E<8A D8EF<FGE< 4AF4D4
5B?4 74A ?4AF4< 74C4F 7<C8DB?8; 74D< C8DE4@44A
+ +
+ +
m
m
m
m
h1
h2 h3 M
h4
"-.)*474C4F7<:GA4>4AC47458A74=4FG;>8?4AF4<74A
Gambar 4.6 >8@G7<4A @8@4AFG? 5858D4C4 >4?< +854:4< 6BAFB; C8D;4F<>4A >4EGE
Tinggi pantulan bola yang
mengalami tumbukan lenting
C474 )-
*474 >4EGE F8DE85GF C8DE4@44A >B89<E<8A D8EF<FGE<
sebagian. @8A=47<
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M
Contoh 4.4
Pembahasan Soal
+85G4;5B?47<=4FG;>4A=4FG;5854E74D<EG4FGF<F<>* &B>4E<F<F<>*7<FGA=G>>4A
C474:4@54D B?458D:8D4>5854EE8C4A=4A:F4?4A:?<6<A=4D<=4D<F4?4A: <G=GA: Perhatikan gambar berikut.
F4?4A:F8D74C4F5B?4J4A:@4EE4AJ4
>4?<@4EE4 %87G4AJ458DFG@5G>4AE864D4
8?4EF<EE8@CGDA4
4 "<FGA:>868C4F4A5B?4E8E44FE858?G@@8AG@5G>
5B?4 P
5 "<FGA:>868C4F4A5B?4E8E44FE8F8?4; A
M
58DFG@5G>4A78A:4A5B?4 x
B
6 8D4C4F<A::<@4>E<@G@J4A:7<64C4<B?8;58A74 R h H
m
R Sebuah ayunan yang bandulnya
+B4?'8AG=G)?<@C<478+4<AE#A7BA8E<4
bermassa M dinaikkan pada
2 ketinggian H dan dilepaskan. Pada
*8D;4F<>4A:4@54D ,<A::<5B?474D<C8D@G>44A P 5 bagian terendah dari lintasannya,
1 A bandul membentur suatu balok
-
F4?4A:E858?G@=4FG;474?4; F4A -F4A X bermassa m yang mula-mula diam
B di atas permukaan dataran yang
@4EE45B?4## 2
R
4 licin. Jika setelah tumbukan kedua
@4EE45B?4#
# R benda saling menempel,
ketinggian h yang dapat dicapai
4 %868C4F4A5B?4E8E44FE858?G@@8AG@5G> keduanya adalah ....
5B?4E4@478A:4A>868C4F4AC474CBE<E<
3 2
m
1 a. H
@4>4 #+
#-#F4A m + M
2
m
+
F4A b.
m + M
H
5 %868C4F4A5B?4E8E44FE8F8?4;58DFG@5G>4A78A:4A5B?4@8@8AG;<"G>G@ M
c. m + M H
%8>8>4?4A'B@8AFG@
#+#+ #+#+ M
2
#+ #+
#+ d. m + M H
+ ++ M
2
2
e. H
F4A ++ m + M
Soal UMPTN Tahun 2001
"G>G@%8>8>4?4AA8D:<'8>4A<>
Pembahasan:
# +
#+
#+
#+
Mv = (M + m)v'
M 2g H = (M + m) 2g H
#+
#+
#+
M2 2gH = (M + m)2 2gh
M 2H M
E. Ayunan Balistik
,G@5G>4A F<74> ?8AF<A: 58D?4>G =G:4 C474 C8D<EF<I4 4JGA4A 54?<EF<>
J4<FG 58A74 J4A: F8D7<D< 4F4E E8CBFBA: 54?B> >4JG J4A: 7<<>4F>4A C474
E8GF4E F4?< %8@G7<4A 7<:4AFGA:>4A E878@<><4A DGC4 4:4D 54?B> 74C4F
vmp 58D:8D4> 78A:4A 5854E JGA4A E8C8DF< <A< 74C4F 7<:GA4>4A E854:4< E4?4;
E4FG64D4GAFG>@8A:G>GD>8?4=G4AC8?GDG *8?GDGJ4A:4>4A7<G>GD>8?4=G
4AAJ47<F8@54>>4A74D<E85G4;E8A=4F4>84D4;54?B>F8DE85GF *8D;4F<>4A
hmaks
vp )- '<E4?>4A54?B>J4A:F8D:4AFGA:@8@<?<><@4EE4#E874A:>4A
C8?GDG F8DE85GF @8@<?<>< @4EE4 #* *8?GDG J4A: 7<F8@54>>4A F8DE85GF
mp
mp + mb 58DE4D4A: 74?4@ 54?B> 74A 58D:8D4> 58DE4@4E4@4 78A:4A >868C4F4A +
E8;<A::4 54?B> 58D4JGA 74A @8A64C4< >8F<A::<4A '8AGDGF "G>G@
Gambar 4.7
Ayunan balistik mencapai tinggi
%8>8>4?4A 'B@8AFG@ &<A84D 7<74C4F C8DE4@44A
maksimum hmaks = (1 – cos ). #*+C #*#+
+C
# # + M
#
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'8AGDGF "G>G@ %8>8>4?4A A8D:< '8>4A<> 8A8D:< ><A8F<> J4A: Informasi
7<@<?<><C8?GDG74A54?B>C474CBE<E<E4@478A:4A8A8D:<CBF8AE<4?J4A: untuk Anda
7<@<?<>< C8?GDG 74A 54?B> >8F<>4 @8A64C4< >8F<A::<4A @4>E<@G@ +864D4
@4F8@4F<E >84744A F8DE85GF 74C4F 7<FG?<E>4A E854:4< 58D<>GF Gaya dorong pada roket
# # +
# # dihasilkan akibat semburan gas
* * panas dengan kecepatan tinggi.
Gas panas tersebut dihasilkan dari
+
M
proses pembakaran hidrogen cair
dan oksigen cair. Untuk mengatasi
4D< "-.)* 4 74A "-.)* 4 7<C8DB?8; pengaruh gravitasi Bumi, roket
memiliki percepatan 3 kali
# # percepatan gravitasi Bumi. Oleh
+
#
M
karena itu, gaya dorong yang
harus diberikan oleh roket harus
%8F8D4A:4A lebih dari 3 × 107 N.
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Rangkuman
'B@8AFG@J4A:7<@<?<><EG4FG58A74474?4;;4E<? #+#
+
#+#
+
C8D>4?<4A 4AF4D4 @4EE4 74A >868C4F4A C474 E44F +
M+M+
M+
F8DF8AFG 'B@8AFG@ @8DGC4>4A 58E4D4A H8>FBD 4F4G>B89<E<8AD8EF<FGE<
J4A:4D4;AJ4E4@478A:4A4D4;>868C4F4AAJ4 *474FG@5G>4AF<74>?8AF<A:E4@4E8>4?<>87G4
, #1 58A74J4A:58DFG@5G>4A4>4A58DE4FG74A58D:8D4>
#@CG?E474?4;;4E<?>4?<:4J474AE8?4A:I4>FGE8?4@4 58DE4@4E8F8?4;FG@5G>4A *474=8A<EFG@5G>4A<A<
:4J458>8D=4 "G>G@ %8>8>4?4A A8D:< %<A8F<> F<74> 58D?4>G
) 8A8D:<E854:<4A;<?4A:@8A=47<8A8D:<>4?BD8A8D:<
#@CG?EJ4A:58>8D=4C474EG4FG58A7458E4DAJ4E4@4 5GAJ<74A@8AJ8545>4AC8DG54;4AIG=G7C474
78A:4AC8DG54;4A@B@8AFG@J4A:7<4?4@<58A74 58A74
#+#
+
##
+
# 1 #1
M#1
*474FG@5G>4A?8AF<A:E854:<4A58D?4>GC8DE4@44A
"G>G@%8>8>4?4A'B@8AFG@@8AJ4F4>4A54;I4
#+#
+
#+#
+
=G@?4;@B@8AFG@E858?G@74AE8EG74;FG@5G>4A
474?4;E4@4J4<FG + +
#
1
#1#
1
#1
+ +
"G>G@##(8IFBA@8AJ4F4>4A54;I4:4J4J4A:
8A74J4A:58D:8D4>=4FG;5854E@8DGC4>4A=8A<E
7<58D<>4AC474EG4FG58A7458E4DAJ4E4@478A:4A
FG@5G>4A?8AF<A:E854:<4A %B89<E<8AD8EF<FGE<AJ4
C8DG54;4A @B@8AFG@ 58A74 E8F<4C E4FG E4FG4A
474?4;
I4>FG
, # 1
# 1 4F4G
) ) %868C4F4A C8?GDG 74C4F 7<G>GD 78A:4A 4JGA4A
%B89<E<8A D8EF<FGE< 474?4; G>GD4A >8?8AF<A:4A
54?<EF<>78A:4A@8@4A944F>4ACD<AE<CFG@5G>4AF<74>
8?4EF<E<F4EE85G4;FG@5G>4A
?8AF<A:E4@4E8>4?<
+ +
# #
+ +
+
#
"G>G@%8>8>4?4A'B@8AFG@58D?4>GC474E8@G4
=8A<EFG@5G>4A *474FG@5G>4A?8AF<A:E8@CGDA4
58D?4>G
+)"*/0)),0(.!*0)0'*
@8@54;4E
"G>G@%8>8>4?4A
58D?4>G 'B@8AFG@ #@CG?E
'B@8AFG@
7<:GA4>4A
GAFG> @8A:4A4?<E<E
=8A<EAJ4
Refleksi
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, tentu Anda dapat Dengan mempelajari bab ini, Anda dapat
memahami konsep momentum, impuls, dan tumbukan. mengetahui bahwa untuk mengukur kecepatan peluru
Anda juga tentu dapat menjelaskan jenis-jenis tumbukan tidak harus memasang alat ukur pada peluru. Anda cukup
yang mungkin terjadi dan hukum apa saja yang berlaku menghitung jejak yang ditinggalkannya, seperti pada
di dalamnya. Dari keseluruhan materi yang telah Anda bandul balistik. Nah, coba sebutkan manfaat lain
pelajari, bagian manakah yang menurut Anda sulit? Coba mempelajari bab ini.
Anda diskusikan dengan teman atau guru Fisika Anda.
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Tes Kompetensi Bab 4
%(%$($.($./0&2*3*#,(%*#/",/!*'"-&'*($,!0'0(/%$*
<@8AE<<@CG?E474?4; 6 p
4 2'32&32,3M
5 2'32&32,3M
6 2'32&3M2,3M
7 2'32&3M
2,3 t
8 2'32&3
2,3
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114 DiFisika
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Bab
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Sumber: Contemporary College Physics, 1993
115
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23<5/< /?/6 >BA/?/< 8/?B; 8/; !=;>=<3< 5/E/ E/<5 ;3<E30/09/< membuka mur pada roda mobil.
(b) Diagram momen gaya atau torsi
;B?03?=A/@7/2/:/6@7< E/7AB9=;>=<3<5/E/E/<5A35/9:B?B@A3?6/2/> yang bekerja saat membuka mur
%:369/?3</7AB03@/?;=;3<5/E/E/<5276/@7:9/</2/:/6 pada roda mobil.
'
I
?/62/?7;=;3<5/E/ 2/>/A27A3<AB9/<03?2/@/?9/<9=<C3<@7/A/B
93@3>/9/A/< 03?79BA 7<7 79/ /?/6 >BA/?/< A=?@7 @3/?/6 23<5/< /?/6
>BA/?/< 8/?B; 8/; ;=;3< 5/E/ 03?<7:/7 >=@7A74 79/ /?/6 >BA/?/<
A=?@703?:/D/</</?/623<5/</?/6>BA/?/<8/?B;8/;;=;3<5/E/
03?<7:/7 <35/A74
2. Momen Inersia
<2/A3<AB;3<53A/6B70/6D/@3A7/>03<2/;3;7:7979313<23?B<5/<
B<AB9 ;3;>3?A/6/<9/< 93/2//< 53?/9<E/ /:/; 53?/9 :7<3/? @3A7/>
03<2/E/<527/;/9/<A3A/>27/;2/>B<03<2/E/<5@32/<503?53?/9
:B?B@ 03?/AB?/< ;3;7:797 9313<23?B<5/< B<AB9 A3A/> 03?53?/9 :B?B@
03?/AB?/<931B/:7/2/?3@B:A/<5/E/E/<5;3;3<5/?B67<E//:A3?@30BA
@3@B/7 23<5/< B9B; $3DA=< !313<23?B<5/< 03<2/ B<AB9 ;3;>3?
A/6/<9/< 93/2//<<E/ 27@30BA $'( /A/B #((
3;797/< >B:/ 6/:<E/ 23<5/< 27</;79/ 53?/9 ?=A/@7 3<2/ E/<5
@32/<5 03?=A/@7 ;3;7:797 9313<23?B<5/< B<AB9 A3A/> ;3;>3?A/6/<9/<
53?/9 ?=A/@7<E/ !313<23?B<5/< A3?@30BA 27</;/9/< #%#$ $'(
#=;3<7<3?@7/E/<503?=A/@727>3<5/?B67=:36;/@@/2/<>=:/27@A?70B@7
;/@@/ A3?6/2/> @B;0B >BA/?
a. Momen Inersia Benda Diskrit (Partikel)
79/ @30B/6 >/?A793: E/<5 03?;/@@/ # 03?>BA/? ;3<53:7:7<57 @B;0B
>BA/? E/<5 03?8/?/9 ' 2/?7 >/?A793: A3?@30BA 2/>/A9/6 <2/ ;3<567AB<5
m
r
03@/?<E/ 3<3?57 97<3A79 2/?7 >/?A793: A3?@30BA &3?6/A79/< * .
/:/; 53?/9 ;3:7<59/? 9313>/A/< :7<3/? 27<E/A/9/< 23<5/< +
?
v
23<5/<
9313>/A/< @B2BA %:36 9/?3</ 7AB 03@/? 3<3?57 97<3A79 ?=A/@7
Gambar 5.7
Partikel bermassa m berputar
2/?7 >/?A793: 2/>/A 27<E/A/9/< 23<5/<
mengelilingi sebuah sumbu putar
23<5/<E/<5:/7<<E/@3?A/8/?/9<E/A3A/>#=;3<7<3?@7/<E/;3?B>/9/<
r
8B;:/6 2/?7 ;=;3< 7<3?@7/ @3;B/ >/?A793: 7AB E/9<7 #' 9/<
A3A/>7B<AB9@30B/603<2/E/<5;3;7:79727@A?70B@7;/@@/E/<59=<A7<B
/A/B A72/9 2/>/A 27>7@/69/< @3>3?A7 * . 03?:/9B >3?@/;//< sumbu o x
rotasi
' # I
)30B/6 03<2/ 03?;/@@/ # E/<5 03?03<AB9 0/A/<5 23<5/< >/<8/<5 Gambar 5.8
Momen inersia benda pejal
A/;>/9 @3>3?A7 * . 3<2/ A3?@30BA ;3;7:797 ;=;3< 7<3?@7/ dihitung dengan metode integral
A3?6/2/> >=?=@<E/ 27 % #=;3< 7<3?@7/<E/ 27A3<AB9/< 23<5/< 1/?/ terhadap r2 dm.
7<A35?/@7 2/?7 @3:B?B6 ;/@@/ E/<5 /2/ 23<5/< ' /2/:/6 8/?/9 3:3;3< y
;/@@/#93@B;0B>BA/?*7<8/B@30B/60/A/<5E/<5;3;7:797;/@@/#
@3?0/ @/;/ 2/< >/<8/<5 0/A/<5 /?7 #./*+ 4
2793A/6B7 L
0/6D/'-2/<# @3?A/0/A/@0/A/@7<A35?/:<E//2/:/6-
2/< x
0
x1 x2
- /9/< 27>3?=:36 dm
x
Gambar 5.9
-
- - I
Sebuah batang homogen memiliki
-
+<AB9 @B;0B >BA/? E/<5 A3?:3A/9 >/2/ B8B<5 0/A/<5 @3>3?A7 * . y
23<5/<-
2/<-;/9/;=;3<7<3?@7/0/A/<5;3<8/27
- -
-
x
I
0
L
+<AB9 @B;0B >BA/? E/<5 A3?:3A/9 >/2/ >3?A3<5/6/< 0/A/<5 @3>3?A7 Gambar 5.10
Momen inersia untuk sumbu putar
- -
-
x
0
–1L 1L
I
2
Gambar 5.11
2
0/A/<5 @7:7<23? ;3:/:B7 >B@/A
Ingatlah
0/A/<5 @7:7<23? ;3:/:B7 B8B<5
R ;3:/:B7 @B;0B
@7:7<23? >38/:
R @3>3?A7 A/;>/9
@7:7<23? >38/:
>/2/ 5/;0/?
L
R
0=:/ >38/: ;3:/:B7 27/;3A3?
R
0=:/ 03?=<55/ ;3:/:B7 27/;3A3?
R ;3:/:B7 @/:/6
0=:/ >38/: @/AB 5/?7@
@7<55B<5<E/
03<2/A3A/>74=9B@>/2/5/;0/?A3?@30BA27D/97:7=:36A7A79E/<503?8/?/9
' A3?6/2/> @B;0B ?=A/@7 /E/ A/<53<@7/: 0393?8/ 27 A7A79 @367<55/ P
03<2/ 03?53?/9 ?=A/@7 23<5/< >3?13>/A/< A/<53<@7/: A 9=<@A/< #3<B?BA r
B9B; $3DA=< 03@/? 5/E/ A/<53<@7/: A3?@30BA /2/:/6 O
x
Garis kerja F
A#A I Lengan
momen
79/?B/@97?72/<?B/@9/</<2/?7#./*+4 279/:79/<23<5/<
8/?78/?7 ' /9/< 27>3?=:36 Gambar 5.12
Gaya F bekerja pada sebuah partikel
A'#A ' P pada benda tegar menghasilkan
torsi .
B0B<5/</<A/?/>3?13>/A/<A/<53<@7/:A2/<>3?13>/A/<@B2BA
/2/:/6A '%:369/?3</7AB27>3?=:36
A'# '#' I
Kata Kunci
*3:/6 2793A/6B7 0/6D/
A ' %:36 9/?3</
) A35/9 :B?B@ ' ;/9/
• benda diskrit
27>3?=:36 >3?@/;//<;=;3<5/E/@303@/? • benda tegar
• energi kinetik rotasi
#' I • energi kinetik translasi
!3A3?/<5/< • momentum sudut
• sumbu putar
03@/?;=;3<5/E/$; • torsi
03@/? >3?13>/A/< @B2BA ?/2@
;=;3<7<3?@7/95;
Contoh 5.1
)30B/60/A/<56=;=53<;3;7:797>/<8/<52/<;/@@/#/A/<5A3?@30BA2703?7
3<5@3:@367<55/2/>/A03?=A/@7@3>3?A7A/;>/9>/2/5/;0/?/A/<52/:/;93/2//<
27/;>/2/>=@7@76=?7F=<A/:*3<AB9/<:/603@/?>3?13>/A/<@B2BA 2/<03@/?
>3?13>/A/<A/<53<@7/:>/2/B8B<50/A/<5A93A79/0/A/<527:3>/@9/<
2 1
2
/E/03?/AE/<50393?8/>/2/0/A/<5/2/:/6
#
Tantangan
23<5/<8/?/9 "2/?7>B@/A?=A/@73<5@3: untuk Anda
mg
@367<55/ dL I
dt
#./*+ 4 ;3<E/A/9/< 0/6D/ 8B;:/6 A=?@7 39@A3?</: @/;/
23<5/< :/8B >3?B0/6/< ;=;3<AB; @B2BA #./*+ 4
@303</?<E/
272/>/A2/?7>3<B?B</<>3?@/;//<A=?@72/<5/E/2/:/;03<AB9;=;3<AB;
/>/A9/6 <2/ ;3<B?B<9/< >3?@/;//< A3?@30BA 79/ !()'$" <7:/7
/9/< 9=<@A/< @367<55/ C39A=? ;=;3<AB; @B2BA A=A/: @7@A3; >/?A793: A3A/>
9=<@A/< &3?<E/A//< A3?@30BA ;3?B>/9/< B9B; !3939/:/< #=;3<AB;
)B2BA E/7AB 879/ ;=;3<AB; @B2BA<E/ 9=<@A/<
3<5/< ;3<5B0/6 @B@B</< 0/57/<0/57/<<E/ 93:3;0/;/< ?=A/@7
03<2/ A3?@30BA /9/< 03?B0/6 79/ A72/9 /2/ A=?@7 39@A3?</: >3?B0/6/<
93:3;0/;/< ?=A/@7 /9/< 277;0/<57 =:36 9313>/A/< @B2BA
03<2/ /5/?
@/:7<5;3<7/2/9/<%:369/?3</7ABB9B;!3939/:/<#=;3<AB;)B2BA
2/>/A 27AB:7@9/< @30/5/7 03?79BA
/A/B
I
&/2/ * . @3@3=?/<5 03?27?7 27 /A/@ >7?7<5/< E/<5 @32/<5
03?>BA/?>/2/932B/A/<5/<<E/;/@7<5;/@7<5;3;35/<5@30B/6030/<
79/ @B;0B >BA/? 27/;07: 03?7;>7A 23<5/< @B;0B AB0B6 =?/<5 7AB 2/<
Gambar 5.14 ;/@@/ 030/< E/<5 27>35/<5<E/ A3?:3A/9 8/B6 2/?7 @B;0B >BA/? E/7AB
Momentum sudut ketika
kedua tangan direntangkan adalah Ia
a.
@38/B6>/<8/<5?3<A/<5/<A/<5/<<E/;=;3<7<3?@7/030/</9/<03?<7:/7
03@/? /: A3?@30BA A3?8/27 9/?3</ 030/< A3?:3A/9 8/B6 2/?7 @B;0B >BA/?
2/<
I
!3A3?/<5/<
;=;3< 7<3?@7/ 93/2//< 95;
a 03@/? 9313>/A/< @B2BA 93/2//< ?/2@ Gambar 5.15
Momentum sudut ketika kedua
03@/? ;=;3< 7<3?@7/ 93/2//< 95; tangan dirapatkan (Ib
b).
b 9313>/A/< @B2BA 93/2//< ?/2@
>:79/@7:/7<2/?7B9B;!3939/:/<#=;3<AB;)B2BA/2/:/653?/9
>:/<3A 2/:/; ;3<53:7:7<57 #/A/6/?7 =6/<<3@ !3>:3? ;3<E/A/9/< 0/6D/ Planet X
2/:/;@3:/<5D/9ABt E/<5@/;/@30B/6>:/<3A/9/<;3<E/>B:B/@2/3?/6
E/<5 @/;/ &3?6/A79/< * .
)30B/6 >:/<3A 03?53?/9 2/?7 >=@7@7 A
93>=@7@7@367<55/:B/@2/3?/6E/<527:/:B7<E//2/:/6
5/;0/?E/<5 Matahari
C
A1 A2
27/?@7? "B/@ 2/3?/6
/2/:/6 D
B
/:/@A7<557 '' '
' '
#'
Gambar 5.16
) ) # # Lintasan sebuah planet
mengelilingi Matahari
)
berbentuk elips.
I
#
#3<B?BAB9B;!3>:3?:B/@072/<5
@/;/23<5/<:B/@072/<5
79/ 6/: 7<7 279/7A9/< 23<5/< B9B; !3939/:/< #=;3<AB; )B2BA
;=;3<AB;@B2BA>:/<3A2/:/;93/2//<
:7<A/@/<2/<>/2/93/2//<
:7<A/@/<
/2/:/6@/;/!=<@39B3<@7:=57@2/?76/:7<7/2/:/693:/8B/<
>:/<3A2/:/;;3<53:7:7<57#/A/6/?7A72/99=<@A/<&/2/A7A79>3?763:7=<A7A79
>/:7<5 239/A 23<5/< #/A/6/?7 93:/8B/<<E/ >/:7<5 03@/? 2/< >/2/ A7A79
/>63:7=< A7A79 >/:7<5 8/B6 23<5/< #/A/6/?7 93:/8B/<<E/ >/:7<5 9317:
Contoh 5.2
)3=?/<5>3?3</<503?;/@@/ 95;3:=<1/A;3<7<55/:9/<>/>/<AB;>B2/:/;
9=<475B?/@7:B?B@23<5/<9313>/A/<@B2BA >BA/?/<>3?@39=<A3?6/2/>>B@/A
;/@@/<E/!3;B27/<>3?3</<5;3<55B:B<59/<AB0B6<E/2/<5B:B<5/<A3?@30BA
03?8/?78/?797?/97?/ 1;3<5/<;3<5/<55/>>3?3</<5@30/5/7@30B/60/A/<5
6=;=53<23<5/<>/<8/<5
;@3@//A@3A3:/6;3:=<1/A2/<;7?7>@30B/60=:/
6=;=53<@//A03?5B:B<5>3?97?/9/<9313>/A/<@B2BA<E/@//A03?5B:B<5
2
793A/6B7 95
>BA/?/<@ 1;
;
&/2/@//A/D/:>3?3</<503?03<AB90/A/<523<5/<>=?=@27A7A79A3<5/6@367<55/
;=;3<7<3?@7/<E//2/:/6
Ingatlah
95
;
95; Hukum Kekekalan Momentum Sudut
berlaku jika tidak ada momen gaya
&/2/@//A;3<55B:B<5>3?3</<503?03<AB90=:/23<5/<;=;3<7<3?@7/<E//2/:/6 luar yang bekerja pada sistem.
95 ;
95;
/A/B
@367<55/
95 ;
J >BA/?/<@
>BA/?/<@
95 ;
2
793A/6B7#
95
$ 1; ; fg
$
/ )7:7<23?;3:B<1B?@3:7> ;@ mg
#
95
0 )//A@7:7<23?;3<553:7<27<55B</9/<#./*+4
23<5/< #
$
;/9/ ;@
#
95
)39/?/<51=0/A3<AB9/<>3?13>/A/<@B2BA<E/
Contoh 5.4
)30B/6@7:7<23?>38/:6=;=53<03?;/@@/95;3;7:7978/?78/?71;!3;B27/<
@7:7<23?A3?@30BA27A3;>/A9/<>/2/072/<5;7?7<523<5/<@B2BA93;7?7<5/<G
*3<AB9/<:/6>3?13>/A/<E/<527/:/;7@7:7<23?879/
/ A72/9/2/53@39/<:/<A/7:717<
0 @7:7<23?;3<553:7<27<5
# #
0
R R
#
M
/A/B I
#
F T
79/9/A?=:03?B>/@7:7<23?>38/:23<5/<;/@@/;=;3<7<3?@7/
Gambar 5.20
(a) Gaya-gaya pada benda m. #./*+ 4
;3<8/27
(b) Gaya-gaya pada katrol.
#
#
#
I
#
I
#9I
#9I
)B0@A7AB@79/<6/?5/
2/<2/?753?/9A?/<@:/@7932/:/;>3?@/;//<53?/9
?=A/@7;/9/27>3?=:36
T2
a
# #
# # #
m1. g
!
m2. g
95 95
;@
95 ;@
;@
95 95 95 95
/27>3?13>/A/<:7<3/?@7@A3;/2/:/6
;@
0 *35/<5/<A/:7
2/<
#
#
95
;@95
;@$
#I#95
;@I95
;@$
/27A35/<5/<A/:7
2/<03?AB?BAAB?BA/2/:/6$2/<$
6. Energi dalam Gerak Rotasi v
! #+ I
Gambar 5.21
#3<57<5/A+'
;/9/! #'
#'
Benda bergerak translasi dengan
kecepatan v sambil berotasi dengan
kecepatan sudut
.
!?=A/@7
I
!3A3?/<5/<
! 3<3?57 97<3A79 A?/<@:/@7 8=B:3
! ?=A/@7 3<3?57 97<3A79 ?=A/@7 8=B:3
;=;3< 7<3?@7/ 03<2/ 95;
93:/8B/< @B2BA ?/2@
b. Energi Kinetik Translasi dan Rotasi
*3:/6<2/93A/6B70/6D/@30B/603<2/E/<503?53?/9;3<553:7<27<5
/9/< ;3;7:797 2B/ 53?/9/< E/7AB 53?/9 :7<3/? 2/< 53?/9 ?=A/@7 /0B<5/<
53?/9:7<3/?2/<8/?/9?=A/@727@30BA53?/9A?/<@:/@73?/9A?/<@:/@7;3;7:797
9313>/A/<:7<3/?+@32/<59/<53?/9?=A/@7<E/;3;7:7979313>/A/<@B2BA
3<2/ E/<5 ;3<553:7<27<5 ;3;7:797 3<3?57 97<3A79 A?/<@:/@7 2/< 3<3?57
97<3A79 ?=A/@7 )31/?/ ;/A3;/A7@ ;3;3<B67 >3?@/;//<
#
#+
B
+<AB90=:/>38/: # 2/<+
@367<55/
+
# # #+
+ +
+ +
!3:/8B/<0=:/93A79/03?53?/9;3:B<1B?23<5/<072/<527/<55/>:717<
&!& !
&3?6/A79/<5/;0/?03?79BA7<7
10 N
30°
O ;>/A0B/6>/?A793:;/@7<5;/@7<5;/@@/<E/#/
12 N 95#095#1
952/<#2
95@3>3?A7
9N
A/;>/9>/2/5/;0/?*3<AB9/<;=;3<7<3?@7/@7@A3;
b 879/@B;0B>BA/?<E/
/ ;3:/:B7@B;0B
*3<AB9/<:/6;=;3<5/E/A=A/:E/<50393?8/>/2/?=2/ 0 ;3:/:B7@B;0B
A3?6/2/>>=?=@879/
1;2/<1;
A B
)30B/6@7:7<23?>38/:23<5/<8/?78/?72/<03?;/@@/
275B</9/<@30/5/79/A?=:B<AB9;3<5/;07:/7?@B;B?
23<5/<@30B/63;03?#/@@/3;03?#2/<0/A/<5 A 3 kg B 2 kg C 1 kg D 4 kg
@7:7<23?27/<55/>:717<*3<AB9/<>3?13>/A/<3;03?
2m 2m 2m
@//A8/AB693@B;B?
A’ B’
1
"3<5/<A=?@7, 1=@
2
"3<5/<A=?@7 1=@ A
/27 lengan lengan
1 torsi fB torsi w
@7< 1=@ , 1=@ I
2 Gambar 5.24
/?793A75/>3?@/;//<A3?@30BA<2/2/>/A;3<53A/6B7<7:/72/?75/E/ Lengan torsi dari setiap gaya
53@39/<A/?/:/<A/72/<0/A/<55/E/<=?;/::/<A/72/<5/E/<=?;/:27<27<5 yang bekerja pada tangga.
Contoh 5.7
)30B/60/A/<5E/<5>/<8/<5<E/
;3A3?03?@/<2/?>/2/27<27<5:717<27A7A79
)B2BAE/<52703<AB90/A/<52/?7/:/@<E/G@32/<59/<03?/A0/A/<5, 79/
>/2/@//A0/A/<5A3>/A/9/<A3?53:7<17?A3<AB9/<:/69=347@73<53@39/<A/?/0/A/<5
2/</:/@<E/
2 fB= 0
793A/6B7 "
; G03?/A03<2/,
H
- I/ / B NB
s A3>/A/9/<A3?53:7<17?
=4m
Ingatlah
H
. I, , NA
Keadaan setimbang berarti
w
H >B@/A27
F = 0 dan = 0.
fA
1=@ I, 1=@ 1=@ ,1=@ A
1=@ , ,
)B0@A7AB@79/<&3?@/;//<2/<93>3?@/;//<
27>3?=:36
Contoh 5.8
)30B/60/A/<56=?7F=<A/:23<5/<03?/A $2/<>/<8/<5;
2703?7 3<5@3: >/2/ @30B/6 27<27<5 +8B<5 E/<5 @/AB<E/
27A=>/<523<5/<@3BA/@9/D/A2/<;3;03<AB9@B2BAG T Kata Kunci
A3?6/2/>6=?7F=<A/::76/A5/;0/?>/07:/@3@3=?/<5E/<5
03?/A<E/ $03?27?7>/2/8/?/9;2/?727<27<5A3<AB9/< • momen gaya
• lengan torsi
A35/<5/<9/D/A2/<5/E/?3/9@7>/2/0/A/<5 53°
5m
0
- -I-
Ingatlah 1=@ I*1=@
T
1=@ I*1=@
R
Ty 1=@ *
Batang homogen adalah batang
yang letak titik beratnya tepat di Ry
. ..I,
I,
tengah-tengah.
Rx Tx @7< @7<
w1 @7<
w2
/E/5/E/?=A/@7
53@393<5@3:
:3<5/<;=;3< @7<
:3<5/<;=;3<,
@7<
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w1
Pembahasan Soal w2 1
2
Jarak sumbu roda depan dan sumbu =5m
roda belakang sebuah truk yang
bermassa 1.500 kg adalah 2 m. Pusat )B0@A7AB@79/<93
2/<27>3?=:36
massa truk 1,5 m di belakang roda 1=@
depan. Jika g = 10 m/s2. Beban yang
diterima roda depan adalah ....
$
a. 1.250 N @7<
b. 2.500 N @7<
$
c. 3.750 N
@7<
d. 5.000 N A/<
e. 6.250 N 1=@
Soal UMPTN Tahun 1995
$
Pembahasan: $
=0
mg AP – NB AB = 0 /275/E/?3/9@73<5@3:/2/:/6
mg AP
$
NB =
AB @7<
1.500 10 0,5
$
= 2m
= 3.750 N
$
Jawaban: c
1m 4m 3m
A B
30°
A B C D 0,5 m 2,5m
)30B/6>/>/<79:/<03?;/@@/95;3<3;>3:>/2/
@30/A/<5>7>/E/<503?/A<E/27/0/79/<2/<>/<8/<5 w = 60 N
<E/
;)/:/6@/ABB8B<5<E/2779/A23<5/<A/:7
@32/<59/<B8B<5E/<5:/7<;3<3;>3:>/2/27<27<5 &/2/8/?/9
;3A3?2/?7275/<AB<59/<@30B/6030/<
@3>3?A7A/;>/9>/2/5/;0/? E/<503?/A<E/ $*3<AB9/<;/@7<5;/@7<55/E/
A35/<5A/:72/<03@/?@B2BA
B
T 1 L
C 4
30°
3 L
0,5 m 4
Sumber Ilmu
1m 53° 2.000 N
A
*3<AB9/<:/6A35/<5/<E/<527;7:797A/:7 )30B/60/A/<503?/A<E/
$)30B/63<5@3:
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F @37;0/<567AB<5:/6
/ A35/<5/<A/:7
0 03@/?5/E/3<5@3:@7<G
R
40 cm
Rangkuman
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(
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) )
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)
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23<5/<<=:
Peta Konsep
#.(,0/&
;3;0/6/@
Refleksi
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, tentu Anda dapat Membuka mur dengan kunci bertangan panjang
mengetahui konsep momen gaya dan momen lebih mudah dibanding dengan kunci bertangan
inersia serta pengaruhnya terhadap gerak rotasi. pendek. Pengetahuan ini diperoleh dengan mem-
Selain itu, Anda juga dapat mengetahui konsep pelajari bab ini. Nah, coba Anda sebutkan manfaat lain
momentum sudut, gerak rotasi, dan gerak translasi. mempelajari bab ini.
Dari keseluruhan materi, bagian manakah yang sulit
dipahami? Coba diskusikan dengan teman atau guru
Fisika Anda.
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;;/@@/
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A3?@30BA/2/:/6
/ 2
/ 95; 2
95;
0 95;
3 95;
0 3
1 95;
1 )30B/6?=2/2/>/A;3<5
53:7<27<5A/<>/@3:7>>/2/
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;7?7<5E/<5;3;03<AB9@B2BA GA3?6/2/>072/<5 8/?78/?7<E/ 1; (=2/
6=?7F=<A/:7<17<A3?@30BA27:3>/@9/<2/?793/2//< 27A/?7923<5/<5/E/
$@367<55/03?53?/923<5/<
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@3D/9AB;3<1/>/79/97072/<5;7?7<5/2/:/6 / <=: 2 $;
/
;@ 2 ;@ 0 $; 3 $;
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79/2B/?=2/;/@7<5;/@7<503?8/?78/?7
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@B2BA
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1 1 @7<
6
Sumber: www.chez.com
Pesawat dapat terbang karena mengalami gaya angkat yang bebas pada sayapnya.
Fluida
Hasil yang harus Anda capai:
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9>C6B>G
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139
A. Fluida Statis
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1. Tekanan
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Gambar 6.1
Tekanan yang %>@6<6L6
7:@:F?6H:<6@AIFIGE696E:FBI@66C7:C96G:AI6G 7:G6FCL6
dilakukan seorang anak H:@6C6C G:86F6 B6H:B6H>G 9>HIA>G@6C G:76<6> 7:F>@IH
terhadap meja.
%
P
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2. Tekanan Hidrostatik
A +:F=6H>@6C )-
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% +
w
P
Gambar 6.2
Tekanan hidrostatik :F96G6F@6C"-.)*4
96E6H9>G>BEIA@6C76=K6E:FG6B66C
pada dasar tabung. H:@6C6C =>9FDGH6H>@ 696A6=
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air
#
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Gambar 6.4
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tekanan di A sama dengan
@H>J>H6G !>G>@6 7:F>@IH >C>
tekanan di B.
Contoh 6.1
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A>H:F6>F
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8
<6L6=>9FDGH6H>@E696H>H>@L6C<7:F?6F6@B96F>E:FBI@66C6>F
Fluida 141
s = 60 cm
B
B
B
6
%
@<BQ
BGQB
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7
%
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)
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Contoh 6.2
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6>F
<8B
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1 minyak
>@:H6=I> tanah
6>F
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7:CG>C <8B h2 h3
B>CL6@ <8B
P h1{
8B A B
piston 8B
/:@6C6C=>9FDGH6H>@9>H:@6C6C=>9FDGH6H>@9>
6>F
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Q
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p2
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Fluida 143
Contoh 6.4
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8B7:F6969>96A6B6>F
%>@6B6GG6?:C>G6>F
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6H6I H:C<<:A6B
a. Benda Mengapung
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1
"
#
#
#
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JDAIB:7:C96L6C<H:F8:AIEB
Gambar 6.9
JDAIB:7:C96G:AIFI=CL6B
Perahu dapat terapung di atas air
karena massa jenisnya lebih kecil "-.)* 4 B:CIC?I@@6C 76=K6 GIE6L6 7:C96 B:C<6EIC<
dari massa jenis air. B6GG6?:C>G7:C96=6FIGA:7>=@:8>A96F>E696B6GG6?:C>GM6H86>F
C
1
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.:E:FH> E696 )- G:AIFI= 7:C96 B6GI@ @: 96A6B M6H 86>F Gambar 6.10
G:=>C<<6 JDAIB:7:C96G6B69:C<6CJDAIB:M6H86>FL6C<9>E>C96=@6C
Penyelam dan ikan-ikan
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Tahukah Anda, mengapa
?:C>G M6H 86>F 696A6= G6B6
ikan dan penyelam dapat
melayang dalam air?
c. Benda Tenggelam
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96F>E696 <6L6 H:@6C @: 6H6G
:C96 L6C< H:C<<:A6B 6@6C B:CL:CHI=
96G6FH67IC<G:E:FH>L6C<H:FA>=6HE696)-
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1
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#
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*A:=@6F:C6JDAIB:7:C96L6C<H:C<<:A6BG6B69:C<6CJDAIB:M6H Gambar 6.11
Batu tenggelam dalam air
86>F L6C< 9>E>C96=@6C L6>HI 96E6H 9>HIA>G@6C 76=K6 karena massa jenis batu lebih
besar daripada massa jenis air.
P
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7:C96 6@6C H:C<<:A6B
Contoh 6.5
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7:C96H:FG:7IHG:DA6= DA6=B:C?69>)
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6>F
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Fluida 145
696C@6E6A9>7I6H7:FDC<<66<6F96E6HB:B>C96=@6CJDAIB:6>FA6IHA:7>=
7:G6F G:=>C<<6 B6GG6 ?:C>G @6E6A B:C?69> A:7>= @:8>A 96C <6L6 6C<@6H DA:=
6>FA6IHG:B6@>C7:G6F
6F>@:H:F6C<6C>C>96E6H9>@:H6=I>E:CL:767@6E6A
A6IHL6C<B:B>A>@>B6GG6G6C<6H7:G6F96E6HH:F6EIC<E696E:FBI@66C6>F
(:A6AI>E:FG6B66C=I@IBF8=>B:9:G96E6H9>I@IFB6GG6?:C>GM6H86>F
H:FG:7IH 9:C<6C A6C<GIC< B:A>=6H G@6A6 E696 =>9FDB:H:F
6. Tegangan Permukaan
/6=I@6=C96L6C<9>B6@GI99:C<6CH:<6C<6CE:FBI@66CM6H86>F
+:FC6=@6= C96 B:A>=6H G:F6C<<6 L6C< 96E6H 7:F?6A6C 9> 6H6G 6>F
(:C<6E6 G:F6C<<6 H:FG:7IH 96E6H B:A6@I@6CCL6 /:<6C<6C E:FBI@66C
Gambar 6.14 M6H86>FH:F?69>@6F:C6696CL6@D=:G>L6>HI<6L6H6F>@ B:C6F>@6CH6FE6FH>@:A
Serangga dapat berjalan di atas
air karena adanya tegangan G:?:C>G
DCHD=L6C<B:C<<6B76F@6C696CL6H:<6C<6CE:FBI@66C696A6=
permukaan. 76ADC L6C< H:F7I6H 96F> 6>F G67IC
C96 7>G6 B:B7I@H>@6CCL6 9:C<6C
86F6B:C8:AIE@6CH6C<6CC96@:96A6B6>FG67ICH:FG:7IHA6AI7I6HA6=
A>C<@6F6C 9:C<6C ?6F> ?:BEDA 96C H:AIC?I@ C96 B6@6 6@6C H:FA>=6H 6>F
G67IC L6C< B:B7:CHI@ 7>96C< 96H6F
B +:F=6H>@6C)-
"6B76FH:FG:7IHB:CIC?I@@6C<6L6@D=:G>
L6C<7:@:F?6E696BDA:@IA96CBDA:@IA
(DA:@IAB:C<6A6B><6L6
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BDA:@IA H:FG:7IH 7:F696 96A6B @:G:>B76C<6C
:F7:96 9:C<6C BDA:@IA
A
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<6L6@D=:G>DA:=E6FH>@:A E6FH>@:AL6C<7:F6969>76K6=96C9>G6BE>C<CL6
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@>76HCL6 E696 E:FBI@66C 6>F H:F?69> H6F>@6C @: 76K6= G:=>C<<6
E:FBI@66C M6H 86>F G:E:FH> G:A6EIH H>E>G
B6H>A6= ?>@6 E>G6I G>A:H
Gambar 6.15
9>H:BE6H@6C G:86F6 B:A>CH6C< E696 E:FBI@66C 6>F
26A6IEIC B6GG6
Dua molekul zat cair yang
berbeda posisi memiliki gaya ?:C>GCL6 A:7>= 7:G6F 9>76C9>C<@6C B6GG6 ?:C>G 6>F G>A:H H:FG:7IH 96E6H
kohesi yang berbeda. H:F6EIC< @6F:C6 696CL6 H:<6C<6C E696 E:FBI@66C 6>F
/:H:G6CH:FG:7IH6@6C7:F7:CHI@G:E:FH>7DA6 7DA6@:8>A
"6L6@D=:G>BDA:@IA
BDA:@IA L6C< H:FA:H6@ E696 E:FBI@66C 6>F @: 6F6= 96A6B 6@6C G6B6 7:G6F
G:=>C<<6 H:H:G6C 6>F H:FG:7IH 6@6C 7:F7:CHI@ 7DA6
/:A6= 9>@:H6=I> 76=K6
7DA6 B:FIE6@6C 76C<IC FI6C< L6C< B:B>A>@> AI6G E:FBI@66C H:F@:8>A
+:F
BI@66C 6>F >C> B:CL:FIE6> G:A6EIH H:<6C< L6C< :A6GH>G
pada kawat.
P
&:H:F6C<6C
H:<6C<6C E:FBI@66C )B 96E6H 9>6C<<6E G:76<6> <6L6 G:H>6E Pembahasan Soal
G6HI6C E6C?6C<
E6C?6C< @6K6H B Sebuah benda terapung di atas per-
mukaan air yang berlapiskan minyak.
%>@6 ' 696A6= E:FE>C96=6C @6K6H "-.)* 4 96E6H 9>HIA>G Sebanyak 50 % volume benda berada
G:76<6> 7:F>@IH
di dalam air dan 30 % di dalam minyak.
Jika massa jenis minyak = 0,8 g/cm3
' IG6=6
P
maka massa jenis benda tersebut
' AI6G adalah ....
a. 0,62 g/cm3
%69> H:<6C<6C E:FBI@66C 96E6H EIA6 9>6FH>@6C G:76<6> IG6=6 G:H>6E b. 0,68 g/cm3
G6HI6CAI6G96CG6HI6CCL6696A6=?DIA:B:H:F%B
0CHI@A:7>=B:B6 c. 0,74 g/cm3
=6B>;:CDB:C6H:CH6C<H:<6C<6CE:FBI@66CA6@I@6CA6=@H>J>H6G!>G>@6 d. 0,78 g/cm3
7:F>@IH >C>
e. 0,82 g/cm3
Soal UMPTN Tahun 1993
Aktivitas Fisika 6.2 Pembahasan:
Tegangan Permukaan
Tujuan Percobaan
30 % minyak
Memahami fenomena tegangan permukaan
Alat-Alat Percobaan 50 % air
1. Panci berisi air
2. Jarum
3. Kertas tisu
4. Minyak pelumas Benda dalam keadaan setimbang,
5. Detergen maka gaya berat benda sama dengan
gaya angkat Archimedes oleh air dan
Langkah-Langkah Percobaan
minyak.
1. Ambil jarum yang sudah diolesi minyak pelumas, kemudian simpan jarum
mbg = FA (air) + FA (minyak)
tersebut di atas kertas tisu.
bVb g =
aVa g +
mVm g
2. Letakkan jarum dan kertas tisu secara perlahan-lahan di atas permukaan air.
Va V
3. Amati yang terjadi pada jarum dan kertas tisu tersebut.
b =
a +
m m
Vb Vb
4. Taburkan detergen secara perlahan-lahan di sekitar jarum yang terapung,
= (1 g/cm3)(50 %) +
kemudian amati yang terjadi pada jarum tersebut. (0,8 g/cm3)(30 %)
5. Dari hasil Aktivitas Fisika 6.2, lakukanlah diskusi tentang hasil kegiatan tersebut = 0,74 g/cm 3
bersama teman dan guru Fisika Anda. Kemudian, presentasikan hasil diskusi
Jawaban: c
tersebut.
Fluida 147
cair tersebut dipanaskan? %6FIB 6@6C H:C<<:A6B @:H>@6 7I7I@ 9:H:F<:C 9>H67IF@6C 9> G:@>H6F
?6FIB L6C< H:F6EIC<
#6A H:FG:7IH 9>G:767@6C B:C<:8>ACL6 H:<6C<6C
E:FBI@66C 6>F @6F:C6 9:H:F<:C 7:F:6@G> 9:C<6C B>CL6@ E:AIB6G E696
?6FIB
@>76HCL6 ?6FIB B:C?69> 76G6= 96C H:C<<:A6B
Contoh 6.6
.:76H6C<@6K6H9>7:C<@D@@6CG:E:FH>=IFI;0
&:BI9>6C
@6K6H@:8>A+,L6C<7:FB6GG6<9>E6G6C<E696@6K6H
H:FG:7IHG:E:FH>E696<6B76F
.:A6C?IHCL6@6K6H @6K6H
>C>9>8:AIE@6C96A6BA6E>G6CG67IC96C9>6C<@6HJ:FH>@6A
G:=>C<<6H:F7:CH6C<G6HIA6E>G6CG67IC
/6BE6@@6K6H
@:8>A +, B:C<6A6B> <6L6 H6F>@ @: 6H6G
<6F H:F?69>
@:G:H>B76C<6CB6@6E696@6K6H@:8>A+,9><6CHIC<@6C P Q
B6GG6G:7:F6H<F6B
0,2 gram
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8B=>HIC<A6=H:<6C<6CE:FBI@66CA6E>G6CG67ICH:FG:7IH
$C<6HA6E>G6CG67ICB:B>A>@>E:FBI@66CL6>HI9:E6C96C7:A6@6C<
1
+696@:6966CG:H>B76C<<6L6 <6L6L6C<7:@:F?6G6B67:G6F
"6L6@:76K6=696A6=
7:F6H@6K6H96C7:F6H7:76C
96EIC<6L6@:6H6G696A6=<6L6H:<6C<E:FBI@66C
+@+
" "7
Kata Kunci "@"7 @
• gaya Archimedes >@:H6=I>
• kapilaritas "@<Q
P@<"<Q
P@<
• melayang
• mengapung
BG
8B
B
B
pipa kapiler
b. Kapilaritas
! %!&(' 696A6= E:F>GH>K6 C6>@ 6H6I HIFICCL6 E:FBI@66C M6H
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A6H L6C< 96E6H 9><IC6@6C
ICHI@ B:C<6B6H> <:?6A6 @6E>A6F>H6G 696A6= E>E6 @6E>A:F
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9>B6GI@@6C@:96A6BH67IC<L6C<7:F>G>6>FE:FBI@66C6>F9>96A6BE>E6
Gambar 6.19
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@6C H:H6E> ?>@6 Gejala kapilaritas pada pipa
E>E6@6E>A:F9>B6GI@@6C@:96A6BH67IC<F6@G6E:FBI@66CF6@G69>96A6B kapiler.
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#
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&-#
Gambar 6.20
G:=>C<<6 9>E:FDA:= H>C<<> M6H 86>F 9> 96A6B E>E6 @6E>A:F L6>HI Pada keadaan setimbang, gaya
8DG tegangan permukaan di titik A
- P
sama dengan di titik B.
#&
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8BAI6GE:C6BE6C<7:?6C68B
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Fluida 149
6
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B. Viskositas Fluida
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+A6GB696F6=
Q
H=>A6A@D=DA
Q
P 1. Hukum Stokes
*A>.
Q
P
"A>G:F>C
Q
P !AI>96>9:6A696A6=;AI>96L6C<H>96@B:B>A>@>J>G@DG>H6G@:@:CH6A6C
096F6
Q
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P %>@6 G:7I6= 7:C96 7:F<:F6@ 9> 96A6B ;AI>96 >9:6A 7:C96 H:FG:7IH H>96@
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P 6@6C B:C<6A6B> <6L6 <:G:@6C
%69> H:@6C6C ;AI>96 G:7:AIB 96C G:GI96=
Sumber: Physics, 1993 B:A:K6H> GI6HI E:C<=6A6C< H>96@ 6@6C 7:FI76= 6H6I 7:G6FCL6 H:H6E
-:GIAH6C <6L6 L6C< 7:@:F?6 E696 G:H>6E H>H>@ 6A>F6C ;AI>96 696A6= CDA
"#PPG
Gambar 6.22
G "#P P Gaya-gaya yang bekerja pada
kelereng di dalam fluida.
&
*( P
Contoh 6.7
.:7I6=@:A:F:C<L6C<7:F?6F> ?6F>8B9>?6HI=@6C@:96A6BB>CL6@E:AIB6GL6C<
7:F69696A6BH67IC<
/:CHI@6CA6=@:8:E6H6CH:FB>C6AL6C<9>86E6>@:A:F:C<?>@6
B6GG6?:C>GB>CL6@@<B@D:;>G>:CJ>G@DG>H6GB>CL6@Q
P+6GB6GG6?:C>G
@:A:F:C<Q
@<B96CE:F8:E6H6C<F6J>H6G>
BG
Kata Kunci
1 • gaya stokes
& 8BQ
PB
bQ
@<B • kecepatan terminal
Fluida 151
* H
&
B Q
BGQ
@<BP@<B
+6 G
BG
%69>@:8:E6H6CH:FB>C6A@:A:F:C<696A6=BG
C. Fluida Dinamis
turbulen 6A6B ;AI>96 L6C< 7:F<:F6@ ;AI>96 9>C6B>G G:H>6E E6FH>@:A E696
;AI>96 H:FG:7IH B:B>A>@> @:8:E6H6C ICHI@ G:H>6E EDG>G>CL6
*A:= @6F:C6
laminer >HI ;AI>96 9>C6B>G 96E6H 9><6B76F@6C G:76<6> B:96C @:8:E6H6C *&
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P Q R
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X Y ;AI>96 >9:6A L6C< 9>C6B6@6C 6A>F6C GH6G>DC:F
v1 1. Persamaan Kontinuitas
A1 +:F=6H>@6C)-
+696<6B76FH:FG:7IHM6H86>FB:A6AI>G:7I6=
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A2
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Gambar 6.25
?IBA6= M6H 86>F L6C< B:C<6A>F B:A6AI> E:C6BE6C<
6@6C G6B6 9:C<6C
Fluida mengalir pada ?IBA6=M6H86>FL6C<B:C<6A>FB:A6AI>E:C6BE6C<
1DAIB:M6H86>FE696
penampang yang berbeda. E:C6BE6C<
G6B69:C<6CJDAIB:M6H86>FE696E:C6BE6C<
Fluida 153
+:F=6H>@6C)-
%>@6 M6H 86>F 96A6B H67IC< H>96@ 7:F<:F6@
Gambar 6.26 B6@6 H>C<<> E:FBI@66C M6H 86>F E696 E>E6 E>E6 96C E>E6 6@6C
Fluida mengalir. G6B6
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?>@6 M6H 86>F H:FG:7IH B:C<6A>F @: @6C6C
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p1 CL6 0CHI@ B:C<:H6=I> ?6K676C H:FG:7IH E:F=6H>@6C )-
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% *( P
Gambar 6.27
Perbedaan ketinggian fluida
0G6=6 HDH6A L6C< 9><IC6@6C ICHI@ B:C<6A>F@6C ;AI>96 96F> @:6966C
mengalir.
@: @:6966C G6B6 9:C<6C E:FI76=6C :C:F<> B:@6C>@ ;AI>96
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P %
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%
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*
( "*
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(1700–1782)
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7:G6F EIA6
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7:G6F EIA6 <6L6 6C<@6HCL6
Contoh 6.9
.:7I6=E:G6K6HH:F76C<9:C<6CAI6GE:C6BE6C<G6L6EB7:F<:F6@G:=>C<<6
B:C<=6G>A@6CE:F7:966C@:8:E6H6C6A>F6CI96F6E69676<>6C6H6GG6L6EE:G6K6H96C
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Setelah mempelajari bab ini, Anda tentu dapat dipahami? Coba Anda diskusikan dengan teman atau
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bab ini, bagian manakah yang menurut Anda paling sulit Anda peroleh setelah mempelajari materi pada bab ini.
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Sumber: www.dailytimes.com.pk
Balon udara dapat terbang karena di dalamnya berisi udara panas
yang lebih ringan daripada udara di sekitarnya.
#1.54 0-=5 >1-.-0 C-:3 8-8@ .-8;: @0-=- 05.@-? >1.-3-5 >-=-:- A. Gas Ideal
?=-:><;=?->5*-4@7-4:0-.-3-5-9-:-<=5:>5<71=6-.-8;:@0-=-'=5:>5<
71=6- .-8;: @0-=- -3-= 0-<-? ?1=.-:3 >-:3-? >101=4-:- C-5?@ 01:3-: B. Prinsip Ekuipartisi
919-:2--?7-: 9->>- 61:5> 3-> 0-: 1:1=35 75:1?57 C-:3 05958575 3-> Energi
'-0- .-. 5:5 :0- -7-: 919<18-6-=5 ?1;=5 75:1?57 3-> C-:3 C. Kecepatan Efektif
91:1=-:37-: ?1:?-:3 >52-?>52-? 3-> .1=0->-=7-: 31=-7 -/-7 <-=?5718
<-=?5718:C- C-:3 .1=8-:3>@:3 ?1=@> 91:1=@> 0-<@: 3-> C-:3 -7-:
Partikel Gas
05.-4-> -0-8-4 3-> 501-8 C-5?@ 3-> C-:3 >1/-=- ?1<-? 9191:@45 4@7@9
4@7@93->)18-5:5?@:0--7-:919<18-6-=5<=5:>5<17@5<-=?5>51:1=35
0-: 71/1<-?-: 1217?52 0-=5 <-=?5718 3->
163
A. Gas Ideal
*-4@7-4 :0- C-:3 059-7>@0 01:3-: 3-> 501-8 -3-59-:-7-4
.1:?@70-=5<1=>-9--:3->501-8+:?@791:31?-4@5:C-<18-6-=58-4@=-5-:
.1=57@? >1/-=- >-7>-9-
1. Pengertian Gas Ideal
-8-9 .-. 5:5 :0- -7-: 919<18-6-=5 ?1;=5 75:1?57 3-> <-0- 3->
501-8 '-0- 71:C-?--::C- >52-?>52-? 3-> 501-8 ?50-7 ?1=0-<-? 05 -8-9
7-:?1?-<5<-0->@4@7-9-=0-:?17-:-:?1=?1:?@3->0-<-?91958575
>52-? C-:3 91:017-?5 3-> 501-8
)1/-=- 957=;>7;<5> 3-> 501-8 91958575 >52-?>52-? >1.-3-5 .1=57@?
- -> ?1=05=5 -?-> <-=?5718<-=?5718 0-8-9 6@98-4 C-:3 .1>-= 0-: ?50-7
?1=6-05 5:?1=-7>5 -:?-=<-=?5718 3-> ?1=>1.@?
. )1?5-< <-=?5718 >18-8@ .1=31=-7 71 >19.-=-:3 -=-4
/ '-=?5718<-=?5718 3-> ?1=>1.-= 91=-?- 0-8-9 =@-:3 C-:3 >19<5?
0 !-=-7 -:?-=<-=?5718 6-@4 81.54 .1>-= 0-=5<-0- @7@=-: <-=?5718
y
1 +7@=-: <-=?5718 3-> 0-<-? 05-.-57-:
l 2 *50-7 ?1=0-<-? 3-C- -:?-=<-=?5718 71/@-85 657- ?1=6-05 ?@9.@7-:
3 @7@9 %1B?;: ?1:?-:3 31=-7 .1=8-7@ <-0- >5>?19 3-> ?1=>1.@?
A
x
2. Persamaan Gas Ideal
0$'24 08-' F >1;=-:3 589@B-: '=-:/5> 918-7@7-:
<1=/;.--:0-:<1:3-9-?-:@:?@791:31?-4@54@.@:3-:-:?-=-?17-:-:
z
0-:A;8@913->0-8-9>@-?@=@-:3?1=?@?@<<-0->@4@7;:>?-:@.@:3-:
Gambar 7.1
Gerak arah partikel-partikel gas
?1=>1.@? 05@:37-< <-0- ?-4@: 0-: 0571:-8 01:3-: @7@9 ;C81
dalam ruang tertutup. @7@9 ;C81 91:C-?-7-: .-4B- 657- 0-8-9 >@-?@ =@-:3 ?1=?@?@<
?1=0-<-? 3-> 501-8 C-:3 >@4@:C- 05@>-4-7-: ?1?-< ?17-:-: 3-> -7-:
.1=.-:05:3 ?1=.-857 01:3-: A;8@91 3-> $1:@=@? ;C81 <1=>-9--:
71-0--: 3-> 4-:C- 05?1:?@7-: ;814 ?17-:-: 0-: A;8@91 3->
>145:33- <-0- 3-> -7-: .1=8-7@ <1=>-9--:
tekanan (p)
p2 "1?1=-:3-:
100 K isotermal
?17-:-:% 9-?-@'-
p1 A;8@919
volume (V) '23#.##/ 9 0571:-8 >1.-3-5 @7@9 ;C81 0-: .1=8-7@ @:?@7
V1 V2
4-9<5=>19@-3->01:3-:71=-<-?-:=1:0-4=-2574@.@:3-:-:?-=-?17-:-:
Gambar 7.2 0-: A;8@91 3-> ?-9<-7 <-0- #.$#2
!57- ?17-:-: 05?@=@:7-:
Grafik hubungan tekanan (p)
terhadap volume (V) pada
A;8@91 3-> -7-: :-57 )1.-857:C- 657- ?17-:-: 3-> 05:-577-: A;8@91
suhu konstan. 3-> -7-: 91:31/58 01:3-: >C-=-? >@4@ 3-> ?1?-<
-?-@
F
p2 F
)18-5: 0-<-? 05:C-?-7-: 0-8-9 6@98-4 9;8 <1=>-9--: @9@9 3->
p3 501-8 6@3- 0-<-? 05:C-?-7-: 0-8-9 6@98-4 <-=?5718 3-> ?1=>1.@?
!@98-4<-=?57183->91=@<-7-:4->587-856@98-49;83->?1=>1.@?01:3-:
.58-:3-: A;3=-0;
T (K)
Gambar 7.3
Grafik hubungan volume (V) F
terhadap suhu mutlak (T)
secara isobarik dengan
p1 > p2 > p3.
!57-'23#.##/ 9 05>@.>?5?@>57-: 71 0-8-9 '23#.##/ 9
-7-: 05<1=;814 <1=>-9--: .1=57@?
p (Pa)
V1
"
Pada suhu kamar dan tekanan 1:3-:91:33@:-7-:<1=>-9--:05<1=;814
tertentu, gas dapat memiliki sifat
9
9;8
! 79;8"
Contoh 7.2
)-?@85?1=3->91958575?17-:-:-?9<-0-?19<1=-?@=F
E1=-<-7-4?17-:-:
3->?1=>1.@?657-A;8@91:C-91:6-05
85?1=0-:?19<1=-?@=:C-91:6-05E
#7#$
571?-4@5
F
"
85?1=
"-?9
85?1=
"
01:3-:91:33@:-7-:<1=>-9--: -?-@
-8-94-85:5 7;:>?-:>145:33-
!57-0595>-87-:9->>--B-83->0-:9->>--745=3->0-8-9?-.@:3-0-8-4
0-<-?05?@85>
"
&8147-=1:-9->>-3->C-:3?1=>5>-
.1=-=?5?18-4718@-=3->>1.-:C-7
C-5?@ F
1:3-:019575-:<1=.-:05:3-:-:?-=-9->>-3->C-:3718@-=0-:9->>-3->-B-8:C-
-0-8-4
Contoh 7.4
!57-71/1<-?-:<-=?57183->91:6-050@-7-8571/1<-?-:>19@8-?1:?@7-:8-4.1>-=:C-
?17-:-:C-:3054->587-:
#7#$
"
@.@:3-:?17-:-:?1=4-0-<718-6@-:"-0-8-4
&8147-=1:-:58-5 7;:>?-::58-5>1.-:05:301:3-: " >145:33-
" "
" "
!-05?17-:-:3->91:6-0519<-?7-85?17-:-:>19@8-
Contoh 7.5
)1.@-4?-.@:301:3-:A;8@91
9
91:3-:0@:39;8185@9<-0->@4@E
1:3-:91:3-:33-<185@9>1.-3-53->501-8?1:?@7-:
- 1:1=3575:1?573->185@9
. 1:1=3575:1?57=-?-=-?->1?5-<9;83->185@9?1=>1.@?
#7#$
- 571?-4@5
A;8@91?-.@:3
9
9;8
"
"!
Sebuah ban sepeda memiliki volume
100 cm3. Tekanan awal dalam ban !-051:1=3575:1?57?;?-83->-0-8-46;@81
sepeda adalah 0,5 atm. Ban tersebut . !@98-49;817@83->-0-8-4
dipompa dengan suatu pompa yang
volumenya 50 cm3. Jika diasumsikan
9;8
G
9;817@8 9;8
G
temperatur tidak berubah, tekanan :1=3575:1?57=-?-=-?->1?5-<9;817@8-0-8-4
!
dalam ban sepeda setelah dipompa 4
6;@81
kali adalah ....
a. 0,1 atm d. 4,5 atm
b. 2,5 atm e. 5,0 atm
+:?@77->@>A;8@913->?50-705<1=45?@:37-:
c. 4,0 atm
Soal Tes ITB Tahun 1975 2. Energi Kinetik dan Energi Dalam Gas
Pembahasan: -8-9?5:6-@-:957=;>7;<5><-=?5718<-=?57180-8-93->>18-8@.1=31=-7
Volume ban = V1 = 100 cm2
p1 = 0,5 atm
>145:33-<-=?5718<-=?5718?1=>1.@?919585751:1=3575:1?57'1=>-9--:1:1=35
V2 = 4 × 50 cm3 = 200 cm3 75:1?57 <-0- <-=?5718 3-> 501-8 0-<-? 05?@=@:7-: >1.-3-5 .1=57@?
p2 = 76 cmHg = 1 atm
Setelah pemompaan ban selesai maka
"
akan berlaku:
pban Vban = p1V1 + p2V2
)@.>?5?@>5 0-=5 710@- <1=>-9--: ?1=>1.@? -7-: 91:34->587-: <1=
pban =
p1V1 + p2V2
>-9--: .1=57@?
Vban
"
=
0,5 atm100 cm3 + 1atm200 cm3
100 cm3
= 2,5 atm. "
Jadi, tekanan ban setelah dipompa
sebesar 2,5 atm.
Jawaban: b
"
"
F
$@:/@8:C- 2-7?;= <1:3-85
<-0- '23#.##/ 9 05>1.-.7-: ;814
<1=>-9--: =-?-=-?- 7;9<;:1: A17?;= 71/1<-?-:
""#"$"% 01:3-:"#"$"%
"
"#
&8147-=1:-5?@2-7?;=<1:3-85
.1=7-5?-:01:3-:01=-6-?71.1.->-:
31=-7 <-=?5718 C-:3 .1=?=-:>8->5 71 -=-4 >@9.@-# $ 0-: % '23#.##/
9 .1=8-7@@:?@73->9;:;-?;957C-:3.1=?17-:-:=1:0-4;:?;4
3-> 9;:;-?;957 -0-8-4 4185@9 1 :1;: %1 0-: -=3;: =
+:?@73->05-?;957>1<1=?5&0-:%<-0->@4@0-:?17-:-:
=1:0-4 1:1=35 75:1?57:C- 7-: ?1?-<5 .1=0->-=7-: 17><1=591:
050-<-?7-: .-4B- <-0- >@4@ >10-:3 1:1=35 75:1?57:C- >1.1>-=
'-0- >@4@ 0-: ?17-:-: ?5:335 1:1=35 75:1?57:C- >1.1>-= *-4@7-4
:0- 91:3-<- 019575-:
'1=4-?57-: #.$#2 '-0- 3-> 05-?;957 0@- -?;9:C- 05-:33-<
>1.-3-5 .;8- 71/58 C-:3 054@.@:37-: ;814 >1.@-4 <13-> '@>-? 9->>-
<-=?5718 918-7@7-: 31=-7 ?=-:>8->5 01:3-: 7;9<;:1: 71/1<-?-: <-0-
>@9.@-# >@9.@-$ 0-: >@9.@-% >145:33- 91958575
01=-6-? 71.1.->-:
@:?@7 31=-7 ?=-:>8->5 #.$#2 #
7 F
'-0->@4@0-:?17-:-:?5:335<-=?57183->05-?;9570-<-?918-7@7-:
?53- 31=-7-: C-5?@ .1=?=-:>8->5 .1=;?->5 0-: .1=A5.=->5 1=-7 A5.=->5
91958575 0@- 61:5> 7;:>?=5.@>5 1:1=35 C-5?@ 1:1=35 75:1?57 0-: 1:1=35
x y
<;?1:>5-8 18->?57 1=-7 A5.=->5 ?1=>1.@? 91:34->587-: 0@- 01=-6-?
71.1.->-: 1:3-: 019575-: 1:1=35 75:1?57 3-> 05-?;957 <-0- >@4@ / z
0-: ?17-:-: ?5:335 91:6-05
7 F
1:3-: 019575-: .1>-=:C- 1:1=35 75:1?57 <-=?5718 .1=3-:?@:3 <-0-
>@4@0-:?17-:-:C-:3-7-:9191:3-=@4531=-7-:0-=5<-=?5718?1=>1.@?
x
'-0->1?5-<31=-7-:?=-:>8->5=;?->50-:A5.=->5>1?5-<<-=?571891958575
y
/-=- @:?@7 91:C59<-: 1:1=35:C- Gambar 7.6
'1:5:6-@-: 1:1=35 75:1?57 >1<1=?5 5:5 05:-9-7-: ! Gerak molekul diatomik:
'=5:>5<5:591:C-?-7-:.-4B-@:?@7>@-?@>5>?19<-=?57183-><-0- (a) gerak translasi dari pusat
massa;
>@4@ 9@?8-7 01:3-: >1?5-< <-=?5718:C- 91958575 01=-6-? 71.1.->-: (b) gerak rotasi terhadap
1:1=35 75:1?57 =-?-=-?- >1?5-< <-=?5718 7 -0-8-4 sumbu kartesius; dan
(c) gerak vibrasi sepanjang
sumbu molekul.
7
F
&8147-=1:-3->?1=05=5-?-><-=?57186@98-4>18@=@41:1=3575:1?57
<-=?5718 3-> 0-8-9 >@-?@ =@-:3 ?1=?@?@< 05>1.@? 6@3- 1:1=35 0-8-9 3->
05:C-?-7-: 01:3-: <1=>-9--:
F
+:?@73->05-?;957>1<1=?53->&0-:%919585751:1=350-8-9
>1.-3-5 .1=57@?
'-0->@4@=1:0-4
"
?53-01=-6-?71.1.->-:
Ingatlah
7 F
• Untuk gas monoatomik, f = 3.
• Untuk gas diatomik suhu
'-0->@4@>10-:3
"859-01=-6-?71.1.->-: sedang, f = 5.
• Untuk gas diatomik suhu
7 F tinggi, f = 7.
Contoh 7.6
)1.@-4?-:375.1=5>59;83->4185@9.1=>@4@
E!57-4185@905-:33-<>1.-3-53->
501-845?@:38-41:1=35?;?-8>5>?190-:6@3-1:1=3575:1?57=-?-=-?->1?5-<9;817@8
#7#$
:1=35?;?-89;817@80-<-?0545?@:301:3-:=@9@> 7-=1:-4185@9-0-8-4
3->9;:;-?;9570-<@:1:1=35=-?-=-?-<1=9;817@80-<-?0545?@:301:3-:
=@9@>
571?-4@5
9;8
! 9;8"
"
9;8
! 9;8"
"
!
G
F
! "
"
G
F!
Contoh 7.7
*1:?@7-:1:1=350-8-90-=5>-?@9;83->9;:;-?;957<-0->@4@E
#7#$
571?-4@5
9;8
*
"
G
9;8
! 9;8"
&8147-=1:-3->9;:;-?;9579-7-
9;8
! 9;8"
"
!
"
" " " "
F
"1/1<-?-:1217?52<-=?57183->"=9>=9> !050125:5
>57-: >1.-3-5 -7-= 0-=5 =-?-=-?- 7@-0=-? 71/1<-?-:
1:3-:
-0-8-49->>-9;817@8=18-?52 -0-8-4.58-:3-:A;3-0=;
0-:-0-8-47;:>?-:?-3->'23#.##/9 0-<-?05?@85>7-:>1.-3-5.1=57@?
"=9> F
'1=:C-?--:71/1<-?-:1217?52<-0-'23#.##/991:@:6@77-:
.-4B-<-0->@4@?1=?1:?@9;817@89;817@83->C-:381.54=5:3-:=-?-=-?-
.1=31=-781.54/1<-?->450=;31:01:3-:9->>-9;817@83 9;8-7-:.1=
31=-719<-?7-8581.54/1<-?0-=5<-0-3->;7>531:*-.18.1=57@?919<1=
854-?7-: 71/1<-?-: 1217?52 "=9> .1.1=-<- 61:5> 3-> <-0- >@4@ ?1=?1:?@
!#$'-
"1/1<-?-:217?521.1=-<--><-0-)@4@
E
#3 #33# .0-(#3 9,(.0- 2.3.3
Informasi
untuk Anda 1
&
Energi Matahari berasal dari reaksi %1
fusi nuklir yang berasal dari
penggabungan 2 buah proton. %-?-@&
Sebenarnya, proton memiliki gaya %&
tolak menolak dengan proton &
lainnya karena muatannya sejenis. )&
9 >
other because of their electrical
73 9
charges and protons of average speed
do not have enough kinetic energy to !-0571/1<-?-:1217?523->-0-8-4
9 >
overcome the repulsion. Very fast
protons with speed can do so,
however and for that reason the sun
can shine. Contoh 7.9
Sumber: Fundamentals of Physics, 2001
*1:?@7-:<1=.-:05:3-:71/1<-?-:1217?52-:?-=-9;817@89;817@83->450=;31:
$=3 9;80-:3->;7>531:
=
3 9;8<-0->@4@?1=?1:?@
#7#$
"=9>
"1/1<-?-:1217?52>1.-:05:301:3-:-7-=0-=571.-857-:9->>-9;817@8=18-?52:C-
)1/-=-9-?19-?5>05?@85>7-:
"=9>
3 9;8 "
=9>
"=9>
3 9;8 "=9>
9 >
75:1?57=-?-=-?-G
F!?1:?@7-:?17-:-:3-> !57-3->?1=>1.@?.1=-0-0-8-9?-.@:3.1=?17-:-:
0-8-9?-:375-?9
G
'- -?9-?9G
'-?1:?@7-:8-49->>-61:5>
1=-<-7-41:1=3575:1?57=-?-=-?-9;817@83-><-0- 3->?1=>1.@?
>@4@
"
Rangkuman
->501-8?50-7-0-05-8-9)@-?@3->0-<-?91958575
:1=35 0-8-9 3-> -0-8-4 6@98-4 >18@=@4 1:1=35
>52-?C-:391:017-?5>52-?3->501-8<-0->@4@7-9-= 75:1?57<-=?57183->0-8-9>@-?@=@-:3?1=?@?@<
0-:?17-:-:?1=?1:?@
'1=>-9--:3->501-8 7
7;:>?-:-?-@ 1=57@?5:51:1=350-8-9@:?@73->05-?;957
!57-9->>-0-:9;83->501-8?50-7?1?-<<1=>-9--: - '-0->@4@=1:0-4
"
?53-01=-6-?
3->501-8.1=@.-491:6-05 71.1.->-:
-?-@ 7
. '-0->@4@>10-:3
"859-01=-6-?
01:3-:
71.1.->-:
'=5:>5<17@5<-=?5>51:1=3591:3-:33-<.-4B-3->
C-:3.1=-0-050-8-9=@-:3?1=?@?@<91=@<-7-: 7
7@9<@8-:0-=5<-=?57183->C-:391958575?17-:-: / '-0->@4@?5:335
"?@6@4
1:1=350-:71/1<-?-:31=-7C-:3>-9- 01=-6-?71.1.->-:
'1=>-9--:3->0-8-9=@-:3?1=?@?@<
< " 7
-?-@
7 "1/1<-?-: 1217?52 <-=?5718 3-> 0-<-? 0571?-4@5
:1=3575:1?573-> 01:3-:<1=>-9--:
"=9>
!'02**/'4*,#3
919.-4->
7;:>?-:?-
-> ->
$;:;-?;957 5-?;957
Refleksi
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, Anda tentu akan menurut Anda sulit dipahami? Coba diskusikan bersama
mengetahui bahwa gas ideal di alam tidak ada. Anda teman atau guru Fisika Anda.
juga tentu menjadi paham tentang prinsip ekuipartisi Anda menjadi tahu alasan mengapa balon gas dapat
energi, energi kinetik, dan energi dalam gas, serta mengapung merupakan manfaat mempelajari bab ini.
kecepatan efektif dari gerak partikel gas. Dari materi Coba Anda cari manfaat lain mempelajari bab ini.
yang dipelajari pada bab ini, bagian manakah yang
kapiler T
T
/ p
A B
N T
3N
)@-?@ 3-> 501-8 <-0- ?17-:-: 0-: >@4@ E
059-9<-?7-:45:33-A;8@91:C-91:6-05>1?1:3-4
)5>?19?1=>1.@?055>501:3-:3->501-8!@98-49;817@8 7-85 >19@8- !57- >@4@:C- 05:-577-: 0@- 7-85 85<-?
0-8-9?-.@:3>-9-01:3-:%0-:0-8-9?-.@:3 91:6-05E?17-:-:3->?1=>1.@?91:6-05
-0-8-4
%!57-3->0-8-9?-.@:3.1=>@4@
" -
0
>@4@3->0-8-9?-.@:3-0-8-4 .
1
-
" 0
" /
.
" 1
"
)@-?@3->501-8059-9<-?7-:>1/-=-5>;?1=95745:33-
/
"
A;8@91:C- 91:6-05 >1?1:3-4 7-85 A;8@91 >19@8-
;C81919.@-?>@-?@4@.@:3-:-:?-=-?17-:-:0-: 75.-?:C-
A;8@910-=5>@-?@3->!57-05:C-?-7-:0-8-93=-257 - ?17-:-:0-:>@4@3->?1?-<
-7-:.1=.1:?@7>1<1=?53=-257 . ?17-:-:3->91:6-050@-7-850-:>@4@3->?1?-<
- p 0 p
/ ?17-:-:3->?1?-<0-:>@4@3->91:6-050@-7-85
>19@8-
V V 0 ?17-:-:3->0-:>@4@3->91:6-050@-7-85>@4@
p >19@8-
. p 1 1 ?17-:-:3->91:6-050@-7-85:C-0-:>@4@3->
91:6-050@-7-85>@4@>19@8-
V V $->>-61:5>>@-?@3->501-8<-0->@4@9@?8-70-:
p ?17-:-: -0-8-4 !57- ?17-:-: 3-> ?1=>1.@?
/
056-057-:0-:>@4@:C-05?@=@:7-:91:6-05
9->>-61:5>3->91:6-05
V - 0
-8-9>-?@-:>5>?19 :?1=:->5;:-8>-?@-:?17-:-:3-> .
1
05:C-?-7-:01:3-: /
- -?9 0 /93
)1.@-4>585:01=3->91958575A;8@91
9
0-:.1=5>5
. % 9 1 6;@81 @0-=-<-0-?17-:-:G
'-"19@05-:>585:01=
/ % 9 05.@7->145:33-.1=4@.@:3-:8-:3>@:301:3-:@0-=-
->0-8-9=@-:3?1=?@?@<.1=>@4@E0-:.1=?17- 8@-=!57->@4@05-:33-<?50-7.1=@.-4A;8@91@0-=-
:-:-?9>1=?-A;8@91:C-85?1=!57-3->05<-:->7-: C-:3718@-=0-=5>585:01=-0-8-4?17-:-:@0-=-8@-=
>-9<-5E?17-:-::-57>1.1>-=-?90-:A;8@91 -0-8-4-?9-?9
'-
3->-7-: -
9
0
9
- .1=7@=-:3
0 .1=?-9.-4
.
9
1
9
. ?1?-< 1 .1=?-9.-4 /
9
/ .1=7@=-:3
!57-";:>?-:?-;8?D9-:
G
F
!1:1=35
=-257-:?-=-?17-:-:3->C-:39->>-:C-?1=?1:?@ 75:1?57>1.@-4-?;94185@9<-0->@4@E-0-8-4
<-0-A;8@91?1?-<>1.-3-52@:3>50-=5>@4@9@?8-7 - G
F! 0 G
F!
-0-8-4 .
G
! F
1 G
F!
/ G
! F
73
$;817@8;7>531:
=
05-?9;>21=@9591958575 .
73 1 73
71/1<-?-:1217?52>175?-=
9 >"1/1<-?-:1217?52 /
73
9;817@8185@9
=05-?9;>21=@95-0-8-4 '1=>-9--:71-0--:3->501-805?@85>0-8-9.1:?@7
-
9 > 0
9 >
.
9 > 1
9 > 58-:3-:?1?-<.1=3-:?@:3<-0-
/
#7#$-#)1'24#/8##/$'2*,54*/*&'/(#/4'1#4
-8-9>@-?@?-.@:3?1=?@?@<+ )1.@-4?-:375C-:3A;8@91:C-85?1=055>53->450=;31:
?1=0-<-? >161:5> 3-> 501-8 !57- >145:33- ?17-:-::C- 91:6-05 -?9 1=-<-7-4
10 cm
gas
?17-:-:@0-=-8@-=
993 A;8@913-><-0->--??17-:-::C-
-?90-:>@4@:C-
A;8@913->
/9
0-:>@4@:C- ?1?-<
E?1:?@7-:A;8@913->?1= raksa ->;7>531:<-0->@4@E91958575A;8@91
85?1=
>1.@?<-0-71-0--::;=9-8
E 0-:?17-:-:
G
% 91=-<-7-4A;8@913->
993 <-0->--??17-:-::C-G
% 90-:>@4@:C-
)@-?@61:5>3->91:19<-?5A;8@91
/9
<-0->@4@
E
E0-:?17-:-:-?9!57->@4@:C-91:6-05
E -8-9 >@-?@ ?-:375 C-:3 ?1=?@?@< ?1=0-<-? 3->
0-:?17-:-:91:6-05-?9?1:?@7-:A;8@91-745= :5?=;31:
=3 9;8>1.-:C-7
85?1=01:3-:
3->?1=>1.@? >@4@E0-:.1=?17-:-:
-?9*1:?@7-:9->>-
$->>-61:5>>@-?@3->501-8<-0->@4@9@?8-70-: 3->?1=>1.@?
?17-:-:-0-8-4
3 /9
!57-?17-:-:3->?1=>1.@? )1.@-4?-:375A;8@91:C-85?1=055>53->450=;31:
056-057-: 0-: >@4@:C- ?@=@: 91:6-05
>145:33- ?17-:-::C- 91:6-05 -?9 1=-<-7-4
?1:?@7-:9->>-61:5>3->?1=>1.@? A;8@913-><-0->--??17-:-::C-
-?90-:>@4@:C-
?1?-<
8
Sumber: Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 2000
Termodinamika
Hasil yang harus Anda capai:
179
)2
.?DE<AB@C6C52B:<6EC292<6B;2H2?85:=2<E<2?@=6982C252=29
, O
Gambar 8.1
Sistem melakukan usaha ,O, O
terhadap lingkungannya.
$6D6B2?82?
EC292 H2?8 5:=2<E<2? C:CD6> 82C
, D6<2?2? 82C <@?CD2?
F@=E>62G2=
p ekspansi W > 0
F@=E>62<9:B
1 luas = W &23".""/ 9
36B=2<E 92?H2 ;:<2 D6<2?2? , <@?CD2? ,6=2>2
2
A6BE3292?F@=E>6D6BC63EDEC29252A2D36B?:=2:A@C:D:72D2E?682D:7
56?82? <6D6?DE2? C63282: 36B:<ED
#:<2 82C >6=2<E<2? 6<CA2?C: A6?86>32?82? EC292 36B?:=2:
A@C:D:7 ,:CD6> >6=2<E<2? EC292 H2?8 >6?H6323<2? F@=E>6?H2
V1 V2
V
36BD2>329
2 #:<2 82C 5:>2>A2D<2? 36B?:=2: ?682D:7 )252 C:CD6> D6BC63ED
p pemampatan W < 0 5:=2<E<2? EC292 @=69 =:?8<E?82? H2?8 >6?H6323<2? F@=E>6?H2
1
luas = W 36B<EB2?8
.C292 H2?8 5:=2<E<2? A252 C:CD6> 5:C63ED 0.$ (0- %E2C 2B62 5:
2
32G29 <EBF2 252=29 EC292 H2?8 5:=2<E<2? @=69 C:CD6> )6B92D:<2?
".#"2
V1 V2
V Contoh 8.1
3 ,E2DE82C52=2>C:=:?56BD6BDEDEA>6?82=2>:AB@C6CC6A6BD: p(kPa)
Gambar 8.2 D2>A2<A25282>32B-6?DE<2?EC292H2?85:=2<E<2? A B
250
(a) Usaha yang dilakukan @=6982CA252
oleh sistem adalah
2 AB@C6C
positif (W = p V ).
(b) Usaha yang dilakukan 3 AB@C6C
oleh sistem adalah 4 AB@C6C 52? 50
C
negatif (W = –p V ). 5 C6=EBE9AB@C6CD@D2= E D V(L)
25 75
O
#<#
.C292D@D2=52A2D;E825:9:DE?8C642B2=2?8CE?8
D@D2= =E2C
<)2O
<)2%O%<#
p
2. Usaha pada Proses yang Dialami Gas
p1
2C H2?8 36B252 52=2> BE2?8 D6BDEDEA 52A2D 5:E329 <62522??H2
>6=2=E: 3636B2A2 AB@C6C H2:DE AB@C6C :C@D6B>2= AB@C6C :C@<9@B:< AB@C6C
:C@32B:< 52? AB@C6C 25:232D:<
a. Proses Isotermal p2
)B@C6C :C@D6B>2= 252=29 AB@C6C A6BE3292? <62522? C:CD6> A252 CE9E
D6D2A".#"2 )B@C6CD6BC63EDC6CE2:56?82?!E<E>@H=6H2:DE, V
<@?CD2?-:?;2E=29A6BC2>22?82C:562=,*(=69<2B6?2CE9E V1 V2
*=?O=?
#25: EC292 H2?8 5:=2<E<2? @=69 C:CD6> A252 AB@C6C :C@D6B>2= 252=29
*=? O
Contoh 8.2
E2>@=82C2B8@?>6>E2:C642B2:C@D6B>2=A252CE9EL52B:F@=E>62G2=
>
>6?;25:
>
-6?DE<2?EC292H2?85:=2<E<2?82CD6BC63ED
# >@=$
"7"#
:<6D29E:
*>@=
/@=E>62G2=
>
/@=E>62<9:B
>
Termodinamika 181
$
untuk Anda .C292H2?85:=2<E<2?82CA252AB@C6C:C@D6B>2=52A2D5:9:DE?856?82?&23".""/
9
Menurut Anda, benarkah angin itu
tidak mendinginkan suhu, * =?
melainkan menaikkan suhu di
>
sekitarnya? >@=
# >@=$
$=?
=?
;@E=6
>
p b. Proses Isokhorik
p1
)B@C6C :C@<9@B:< 252=29 AB@C6C A6BE3292? <62522? C:CD6> A252 F@=E>6
D6D2A ".#"2 -:?;2E=29 <6>32=: A6BC2>22? <62522? 82C :562=
, *
,*F@=E>6D6D2A E?DE<82C:562=56?82?*52?
p2
,
C6=2=E D6D2A <:32D?H2 <@?CD2? 2D2E
V1 = V2
V
, ,
Gambar 8.4 O
Proses isokhorik pada grafik p–V.
)252 AB@C6C :C@<9@B:< C:CD6> D:52< >6?82=2>: A6BE3292? F@=E>6
C69:?882 EC292 H2?8 5:=2<E<2? @=69 82C C2>2 56?82? ?@=
H2:DE,
)6BE3292?D6<2?2?A25282C2<2?>6?H6323<2?
p A6BE3292? CE9E 82C #:<2 CE9E 82C 5:?2:<<2? D6<2?2? 52=2> 82C 2<2?
36BD2>329 C6A6BD: 5:DE?;E<<2? A252 ".#"2
/@=E>6 D:52< D6B
A6?82BE9 A6BE3292? D6<2?2? 82C
Contoh 8.3
T
,63E29D23E?836B:C:
=:D6B82C:562=A252CE9EL52?D6<2?2?P
)2
Gambar 8.5
-23E?8D6BC63ED5:A2?2C<2?9:?882>6?42A2:CE9E
L#:<2F@=E>6D23E?85:3E2D
Grafik p–T pada V konstan.
D6D2AD6?DE<2?D6<2?2?82C5:52=2>D23E?8
"7"#
:<6D29E:
$
$,
P
)2
$
$
)6BC2>22?<62522?82CA252AB@C6C:C@<9@B:<
, , ,
)2 ,
P
)2
$ 600 K
p(Pa)
c. Proses Isobarik
)B@C6C:C@32B:<252=29AB@C6CA6BE3292?<62522?C:CD6>A252D6<2?2?
D6D2A )252 ".#"2 D2>A2< 329G2 A6BE3292? F@=E>6 D:52< >6?8
92C:=<2?A6BE3292?D6<2?2?,6CE2:56?82?A6BC2>22?82C:562=,*
*
V1 V2
V(L) D6<2?2?,D6D2A52? , (=69<2B6?2*52?C6=2=ED6D2A>2<2
Gambar 8.6
Grafik p–V pada tekanan (p) konstan. <@?CD2?2D2E O
V (volume) B27:<9E3E?82?2?D2B252?E?DE<AB@C6C:C@32B:<D2>A2<A252
".#"2)252AB@C6C:C@32B:<D6<2?2?82C5:EC292<2?D6D2AC69:?882
A6BE3292?CE9EA25282C2<2?>6?:>3E=<2?A6BE3292?F@=E>682CE?DE<
>6>A6BD292?<2? 282B D6<2?2? 82C D6D2A
T (suhu) .C292H2?85:=2<E<2?82CA252AB@C6C:C@32B:<252=29C6CE2:56?82?
Gambar 8.7 A6BC2>22? 36B:<ED
Grafik V–T pada tekanan (p) konstan. ,O, O
$
=:D6B
$
$
2 )6BC2>22?82CA252D6<2?2?D6D2A252=29
=:D6B
=:D6B
$
$
C69:?882F@=E>682C>6?;25:=:D6B
3 ,OO
;@E=6
d. Proses Adiabatik
)B@C6C 25:232D:< 252=29 AB@C6C A6BE3292? <62522? C:CD6> D2?A2 p
252?H2 A6BDE<2B2? <2=@B 56?82? =:?8<E?82??H2 2D2E D:52< 252 <2=@B
H2?8 5:=6A2C >2EAE? H2?8 5:D6B:>2 @=69 82C D6BC63ED C69:?882
proses
B27:<A252".#"2>6?E?;E<<2?329G2A252AB@C6C25:232D:< adiabatik
D6B;25:A6BE3292?CE9ED6<2?2?52?F@=E>6)B@C6C:?:36B52C2B<2?-0)0. proses
+%..+* H2?8 5:DE=:C<2? , <@?CD2? 2D2E isotermik
p1
, , O p2
52? D6D2A 2D2E V1 V2
V
2D2E * O O
.C292 H2?8 5:=2<E<2? @=69 82C A252 AB@C6C 25:232D:< 52A2D 5:A6B@=69
56?82? >6?88E?2<2? &23".""/ 9 52? &23".""/ 9
;:<2
<62522?2G2=52?<62522?2<9:B5:<6D29E:@?D@9AB@C6C25:232D:<52=2>
<69:5EA2? C692B:92B: 252=29 A6>E2:2? 82C A2?2C A252 >6C:? 5:6C6= 52?
>6C:? A6?5:?8:?
Contoh 8.5
2C:562=>6?82=2>:6<CA2?C:C642B225:232D:<&E=2>E=236C2BD6<2?2?82C252=29
P
)2,6D6=296<CA2?C:D6<2?2?82C>6?;25:
)2-6?DE<2?F@=E>682C2<9:B
;:<2F@=E>682C>E=2>E=2
>
C6BD2<@?CD2?D2%2A=246
Termodinamika 183
>
$65E2BE2C5:A2?8<2D<2? C69:?8825:A6B@=69
>
>
>
#25:F@=E>682CC6D6=296<CA2?C:252=29
>
=:D6B!:DE?8=29EC292H2?8 56?82?CE9E
L52?D6<2?2?
P
)2-23E?8
5:=2<E<2?@=6982C;:<2 D6BC63ED5:A2?2C<2?9:?882>6?42A2:CE9E
L
2 82C >6>E2: A252 D6<2?2? D6D2A C69:?882 #:<2F@=E>6D23E?85:2?882AD6D2A36B2A2D6<2?2?
F@=E>6?H2<2=:F@=E>6C6>E=252? 82C52=2>D23E?8
3 82C5:>2>A2D<2?A252D6<2?2?D6D2AC69:?882 ,E2DE 82C :562= H2?8 F@=E>6 2G2=?H2
>
F@=E>6?H2 >6?;25: 5E2 A6B D:82 <2=: F@=E>6 5:6<CA2?C:<2? C69:?882 F@=E>6 2<9:B?H2 >6?;25:
C6>E=22D>
)2
>
A252D6<2?2?D6D2A
<)2
-6?DE<2?=29EC292H2?85:=2<E<2?@=6982CE?DE< 2 -6?DE<2?=29 EC292 H2?8 5:=2<E<2? @=69 82C
AB@C6CC6CE2:56?82?5:28B2>,636B:<ED D6BC63ED52B:<62522?2G2=9:?882<62522?2<9:B
p(Pa) p(Pa) 3 ?52:<2?AB@C6C52A2D5:32=:<52B:<62522?2<9:B
14 B 70
B
<6<62522?2G2=36B2A2<2936C2BEC292H2?8
60 5:=2<E<2?@=6982C
.?DE< >6>A6B<64:= F@=E>6 C63E29 82C >6?;25:
10
A A C6D6?829?H2C642B2:C@D6B>2=5:A6B=E<2?EC292
#
V (dm3) 10 V (dm3)
6B2A2<29EC292H2?85:A6B=E<2?E?DE<>6>A6B<64:=
0 200 500 0 200 600 800 F@=E>682CD6BC63ED>6?;25:C6A6BC6AE=E952B:F@=E>6
2 3
p(Pa) 2G2=
,63E29>6C:?82C@=:?>6>:=:<:B2C:@<@>AB6C:H2:DE
50 B B2C:@F@=E>62G2=D6B9252AF@=E>62<9:BC636C2B
#:<2CE9E42>AEB2?3292?32<2BE52B2252=29
L
52? AB@C6C <@>AB6C: 36B=2?8CE?8 C642B2 25:232D:<
20 A 56?82? 36B2A2<29CE9E42>AEB2?3292?
V(dm3) 32<2BD6BC63EDA252<@>AB6C:>2<C:>2=
0 200 400 600
4
B. Hukum I Termodinamika
-29E<29?52D6?D2?8!E<E>"-6B>@5:?2>:<2.?DE<>6?86D29E:?H2
C:>2<=29EB2:2?36B:<ED:?:C642B2C2<C2>2
1. Pengertian Hukum I Termodinamika
!E<E> " D6B>@5:?2>:<2 >6?;6=2C<2? 9E3E?82? 2?D2B2 <2=@B H2?8
5:D6B:>2 2D2E <2=@B H2?8 5:=6A2C<2? @=69 C:CD6> <6 =:?8<E?82? 52? EC292
H2?8 5:=2<E<2? @=69 C:CD6> C6BD2 A6BE3292? 6?6B8: 52=2> H2?8 5:D:>3E=
<2??H2&:C2=<2?CE2DEC:CD6>>6?6B:>2<2=@B>2<2<2=@BD6BC63EDD:52<
92?H25:8E?2<2?E?DE<>6?8E3296?6B8:52=2> D6D2A:;E825:A2<2:
E?DE< >6=2<E<2? EC292 ,642B2 <6C6=EBE92? 6?6B8: D6BC63ED D:52<
.?DE<=63:9>6>292>:!E<E>"-6B>@5:?2>:<2D6BC63EDA6B92D:<2? 3 Q W
".#"2 – –
sistem
)6B;2?;:2? D2?52 E?DE< 52? A252 ".#"2 252=29 C63282:
36B:<ED lingkungan
2 #:<2 C:CD6> >6=2<E<2? EC292 ?:=2: 36BD2?52 A@C:D:7
3 #:<2 C:CD6> >6?6B:>2 EC292 ?:=2: 36BD2?52 ?682D:7 O 4 Q W=0
+
4 #:<2 C:CD6> >6?6B:>2 <2=@B ?:=2: 36BD2?52 A@C:D:7
sistem
5 #:<2 C:CD6> >6=6A2C <2=@B ?:=2: 36BD2?52 ?682D:7 O
?6B8: 52=2> CE2DE 82C :562= >6BEA2<2? E<EB2? =2?8CE?8 52B: CE9E lingkungan
52? D6<2?2? )6BE3292? 6?6B8: 52=2> 92?H2 36B82?DE?8 A252 5 Q=0 W
<62522? 2G2= 52? <62522? 2<9:B D:52< 36B82?DE?8 A252 AB@C6C 3282: +
>2?2 <62522? C:CD6> 36BE329 .?DE< 82C >@?@2D@>:< 56?82? 56B2;2D sistem
<63632C2?"
A6BE3292?6?6B8:52=2>52A2D5:9:DE?8C63282:36B:<ED
lingkungan
O
'O
'
Gambar 8.9
O * O * O Hubungan sistem dan lingkungan.
(a) Sistem menerima kalor sambil
#-6?DE<2?A6BE3292?
6?6B8:52=2> ;:<2
2 C:CD6>>6=2<E<2?EC292
#D6B9252A=:?8<E?82?
3 =:?8<E?82?>6=2<E<2?EC292
#D6B9252AC:CD6>
"7"#
2 ,:CD6>>6?6B:>2<2=@B
#52?C:CD6>>6=2<E<2?EC292
#
&6?EBED!E<E>"-6B>@5:?2>:<2
O
#O
#O
#
3 ,:CD6>>6?6B:>2EC29252B:=:?8<E?82?O
#>2<25:A6B@=69
O
#OO
#
#
-2?52A@C:D:7E?DE< >6?E?;E<<2?329G26?6B8:52=2>C:CD6>36BD2>329
C636C2B
#
Termodinamika 185
&23".""/9
>6?E?;E<<2?329G2<2=@BH2?85:36B:<2?<6A252
Pembahasan Soal CE2DE C:CD6> C6=EBE9?H2 5:8E?2<2? E?DE< >6=2<E<2? EC292
Suatu sistem mengalami proses b. Proses Isokhorik
adiabatik. Pada sistem dilakukan usaha
100 J. Jika perubahan energi dalam )B@C6C:C@<9@B:<252=29AB@C6CH2?85:2=2>:@=69C:CD6>D2?A2252?H2
sistem adalah U dan kalor yang A6BE3292?F@=E>6
C69:?882EC292@=69C:CD6>82C252=29
diserap sistem adalah Q, akan berlaku ....
a. U = –1.000 J
,
)6BE3292?6?6B8:52=2>?H2C6CE2:56?82?A6BC2>22?
b. U = 100 J
* )6?6B2A2?!E<E>"-6B>@5:?2>:<2>6?892C:=<2?* 0
c. U = 10 J
d. Q = 0
*
e. U + Q = – 100 J
O
Soal UMPTN Tahun 1994
.?DE<82C:562=
*>2<2O
* O
Pembahasan:
Hukum I Termodinamika:
Q = U + W #25: <2=@B H2?8 5:36B:<2? <6A252 CE2DE C:CD6> A252 F@=E>6 D6D2A
Pada proses adiabatik, tidak ada kalor
yang diterima atau diserap sistem. Jadi, C6=EBE9?H2 5:8E?2<2? E?DE< >6?2:<<2? 6?6B8: 52=2> C:CD6>
Q = 0.
Pada sistem dilakukan usaha W = –100 J
c. Proses Isobarik
Jadi, )252AB@C6C:C@32B:<C:CD6>D:52<>6?82=2>:A6BE3292?36C2BD6<2?2?
Q = U + W
0 = U – 100 J ,
6C2B?H2 EC292 H2?8 5:=2<E<2? 82C >6>6?E9: A6BC2>22?
U =100 J
, ,O)6?6B2A2?!E<E>"-6B>@5:?2>:<2A252 AB@C6C
Jawaban: b
:C@32B:< >6?892C:=<2?
, O
d. Proses Adiabatik
)252 AB@C6C 25:232D:< D:52< D6B;25: A6BDE<2B2? <2=@B 52B: C:CD6> <6
=:?8<E?82??H2
)6BE3292?6?6B8:52=2>C6CE2:56?82?A6BC2>22?
Tugas Anda 8.1
*O(=69<2B6?2:DEA6?6B2A2?!E<E>"-6B>@5:?2>:<2
Diskusikanlah bersama teman Anda,
apakah ada proses adiabatik di alam ini? A252 AB@C6C 25:232D:< >6?892C:=<2?
2D2E
O O
* O2D2E
* O O
&23".""/ 9 >6?H2D2<2? 329G2 D:52< 252 <2=@B H2?8 >2CE< <6
52=2> C:CD6> C69:?882 EC292 =E2B H2?8 5:=2<E<2? C:CD6> 2<2? >6?8EB2?8:
Kata Kunci 6?6B8:52=2>C:CD6>2B:<66>A2DAB@C6CH2?852A2D5:2=2>:C:CD6>36B?:=2:
• adiabatik A@C:D:7 ;:<2 C:CD6> >6?6B:>2 <2=@B 52? ?682D:7 ;:<2 C:CD6> >6=6A2C<2? <2=@B
• isobarik !E<E> " -6B>@5:?2>:<2 52A2D 5:2A=:<2C:<2? A252 C6>E2 AB@C6C
•
•
isokhorik
isotermal
D6B>@5:?2>:<2 H2?8 36B9E3E?82? 56?82? <6D:82 36C2B2? H2:DE 52?
#52?>6=2<E<2?EC292 #6=2C<2?329G282C52A2D5:A6B=2<E<2?>6?H6BEA2:
# 6B2A2 A6BE3292? 6?6B8: 52=2> C:CD6> 82C <62522?82C:562=A252AB@C6C:C@D6B>:<:C@32B:<52?
D6BC63EDA2<2982CD6BC63ED>6>E2:2D2E5:>2> :C@F@=E>6
A2D<2? )6B92D:<2?8B27:<36B:<ED:?:
,E2DE C:CD6> >6?6B:>2 <2=@B C636C2B
# 52? p (atm)
>6=2<E<2?EC292=E2BC636C2B#A252CE9ED6D2AL D J
6B2A2<29A6BE3292?6?6B8:52=2>C:CD6>D6BC63ED 2,0
,632?H2<>@=82C:562=>@?@2D@>:<56?82?CE9E
2G2=L5:?2:<<2?CE9E?H2>6?;25:LA252
D6<2?2?D6D2A6B2A2<29<2=@BH2?85:A6B=E<2? 1,5 U
N
# >@=$ V (liter)
0,3 0,8
,E2DE82CA252D6<2?2?<@?CD2?C636C2BP
)2
5:>2>A2D<2?52B:F@=E>6=:D6B>6?;25:=:D6B2=2> .?DE< <6D:82 =:?D2C2? '. #. 52? . 52=2>
AB@C6CD6BC63ED82C>6=6A2C<2=@B
;@E=6 82>32B9:DE?8=29
2 6B2A2<29EC292H2?85:=2<E<2?@=6982C 2 EC292H2?85:=2<E<2?@=6982C52?
3 6B2A2<29A6BE3292?6?6B8:52=2>?H2 3 A6BA:?5292?<2=@B52=2>AB@C6C
Termodinamika 187
(<C:86?(
Contoh 8.7
$2B3@? ,E9E<882C?:DB@86?36B2D>@=6<E=8 >@=5:?2:<<2?52B:L>6?;25:
L
>@?@<C:52(
>6=2=E:AB@C6C:C@32B:<!:DE?8<6?2:<2?6?6B8:52=2>52?EC292H2?85:=2<E<2?@=6982C
Sumber: Fundamental of Physics, 2001 "7"#
2C'A252<62522?:?:52A2D5:8@=@?8<2?C63282:82C5:2D@>:<CE9EC652?8C69:?882
<2A2C:D2CA2?2C>@=2B82CA252F@=E>6D6D2A52?A252D6<2?2?D6D2A252=29
Tantangan
1
# >@=$
# >@=$
>@=
>@=
tak. Selidikilah dan diskusikanlah,
8 >@=
apa perbedaan di antara :<6D29E:
keduanya? Mengapa mesin 2 tak
*
>@=
memiliki akselerasi lebih cepat
daripada mesin 4 tak? 1
# >@=$
, # >@=$
$
$
$$
$O$$
3. Efisiensi Mesin
)6B92D:<2?".#"2
2>32BD6BC63ED>6?E?;E<<2?C:<=EC<2=@B
5: 52=2> C63E29 >6C:? )6B32?5:?82? 2?D2B2 36C2B?H2 EC292 H2?8 Kata Kunci
52A2D 5:=2<E<2? @=69 C:CD6> D6B9252A <2=@B H2?8 5:C6B2A 52A2D • efisiensi mesin
>6?6?DE<2?67:C:6?C:CE2DE>6C:?,642B2>2D6>2D:C67:C:6?C:>6C:?52A2D
5:DE=:C<2? C63282: 36B:<ED
P
O
a. Mesin Carnot
7:C:6?C: >6C:? 2B?@D 5:A6B@=69 56?82? 42B2 >6?882?D: EC292
56?82? &23".""/ 9
C69:?882 &23".""/ 9
>6?;25:
P
2D2E P
O
T1
-6=29 5:3292C 329G2 E?DE< CE2DE 82C :562= 6?6B8: 52=2> Q1
C632?5:?8 56?82? CE9E >ED=2< C69:?882 E?DE< >6C:? 2B?@D
&23".""/ 9
52A2D 5:DE=:C C63282: 36B:<ED
W
P
O
Q2
)6?882?D:2? 36C2B2? <2=@B >6?;25: CE9E >ED=2< 52=2>
>6?6?DE<2? 67:C:6?C: C63E29 >6C:? 36B52C2B<2? A252 6?6B8: 52=2> T2
C632?5:?8 56?82? CE9E $6=F:? >6?E?;E<<2? 329G2
Gambar 8.12
Perubahan kalor menjadi kerja:
O
Q1 = kalor masuk;
Q2 = kalor dilepaskan;
$6D6B2?82? W = usaha yang dilakukan;
CE9E B6C6BF@:B D:?88: $ T1 = suhu reservoir tinggi; dan
CE9E B6C6BF@:B B6?529 $ T2 = suhu reservoir rendah.
Termodinamika 189
7:C:6?C:636B2A2&6C:?
&/*3&3*/ '*3*&/3*
&6C:?>@3:=36?C:?
O
Pembahasan Soal &6C:?5:6C6= O
Sebuah mesin Carnot yang
-EB3:?E2AA6>32?8<:D?E<=:B
menggunakan reservoir suhu tinggi -EB3:?E2AA6>32?8<:D32DE32B2
$
a. 900 K d. 1.180 K
b. 960 K e. 1.600 K D6?DE<2?=2936C2B?H2CE9EB6C6BF@:BD:?88:282B67:C:6?C:>6C:?>6?;25:
56?82?
c. 1.000 K 2?882A2?CE9EB6C6BF@:BB6?529D:52<>6?82=2>:A6BE3292?
Soal UMPTN Tahun 1990 "7"#
Pembahasan: )6BD2>2D6?DE<2?CE9EB6C6BF@:BB6?529A252
Keadaan 1:
= 40%
O
T1 = 800 K
T
= 1 – 2 40%
T1
O
$
T2
$
=1–
800 K $65E2D6?DE<2?CE9EB6C6BF@:BD:?88:56?82?>6>A6B8E?2<2?H2?8D6=29
T2 = 480 K 5:9:DE?8D25:E?DE<
Keadaan 2:
= 50% O
T2 = 480 K
$
T
= 1 – 2 50%
O
T1
480 K
=1–
$
$
T1
O
$
T1 = 960 K
Jawaban b #25:CE9EB6C6BF@:BD:?88:H2?85:3EDE9<2?252=29
$
#@E=652B:
CE9EB6C6BF@:BD:?88:92BEC5:?2:<<2? C63E29B6C6BF@:B36BCE9E
$52?>6>3E2?8?H2
&6C:? 2B?@D H2?8 36BCE9E B6C6BF@:B D:?88:
L C636C2B
;@E=6A252CE9E
$2B:52D2D6BC63ED
>6>:=:<:67:C:6?C:
7:C:6?C:52B:>6C:?D6BC63ED D6?DE<2?=29
5:D:?8<2D<2? >6?;25:
6B2A2 56B2;2D CE9E 2 67:C:6?C:>6C:?52?
B6C6BF@:BD:?88:92BEC5:?2:<<2? 3 EC292H2?852A2D5:=2<E<2?
&6C:? 2B?@D >6?6B:>2 <2=@B 52B: B6C6BF@:B H2?8 ,63E29>6C:?2B?@D>6>:=:<:67:C:6?C:
#:<2CE9E
36BCE9ED:?88:L52?>6=6A2C<2??H2A252CE9E B6C6BF@:BD:?88:
$D6?DE<2?=2936C2B?H2CE9E
B6?529L-6?DE<2?67:C:6?C:>6C:?2B?@DD6BC63ED B6C6BF@:B D:?88: 282B 67:C:6?C: >6C:? >6?;25:
&6C:? A6?5:?8:? BE2?82? >6?H6B2A <2=@B C636C2B 56?82? 2?882A2? CE9E B6C6BF@:B B6?529 D:52<
Tokoh
D. Hukum II Termodinamika
!E<E> " -6B>@5:?2>:<2 >6?H2D2<2? D6?D2?8 <6<6<2=2? 6?6B8: H2:DE Nikolaus Otto
6?6B8:D:52<52A2D5:4:AD2<2?2D2E5:>EC?29<2?>6=2:?<2?92?H252A2D5:E329
52B: C2DE 36?DE< 6?6B8: <6 36?DE< 6?6B8: =2:??H2 !E<E> " -6B>@5:?2>:<2
D:52<>6>32D2C:3282:>2?2A6BE3292?6?6B8:D6BC63ED36B=2?8CE?8%2:?92=?H2
56?82?!E<E>""-6B>@5:?2>:<2H2?8>6>:=:<:32D2C2?32D2C2?D6BD6?DE
,63E29 >6C:? 52A2D 36B86B2< 5:C6323<2? 252?H2 6?6B8: <2=@B H2?8
5:36B:<2?A252>6C:?D6BC63EDC642B2D6BEC>6?6BECD6D2A:C632=:<?H2D:52<
>E?8<:? 6?6B8: 86B2< EC292 52A2D >6>36B:<2? <2=@B C642B2 D6BEC
>6?6BEC )252 <6?H2D22??H2 D:52< 252 C63E29 >6C:? AE? H2?8 36<6B;2
>6?H6B2A 6?6B8: <2=@B 52? >6?8E329 C6=EBE9?H2 >6?;25: EC292
6B:<ED:?:92=92=H2?836B<2:D2?56?82?!E<E>""-6B>@5:?2>:<2
H2?8 >6BEA2<2? <6C:>AE=2? 52B: A6?82>2D2?A6?82>2D2? H2?8
5:=2<E<2? @=69 &-6*/ -"/$, 52? -"53*53
&6?EBED $6=F:? 52? )=2?4< D:52< >E?8<:? >6>3E2D >6C:? H2?8 Sumber: Jendela Iptek: Energi, 1997
36<6B;2 52=2> CE2DE C:<=EC >6?6B:>2 <2=@B 52B: C2DE B6C6BF@:B 52? Pada 1876, seorang warga negara
>6?8E329 C6=EBE9 <2=@B D6BC63ED >6?;25: EC292 Jerman, Nikolaus Otto menjadi orang
&6?EBED=2EC:ECD:52<>E?8<:?>6>3E2D>6C:?H2?836<6B;252=2> pertama yang membuat dan menjual
mesin 4 tak yang kemudian menjadi
C2DEC:<=EC>6?82>3:=<2=@B52B:B6C6BF@:BH2?8>6>:=:<:CE9EB6?529 dasar pembuatan kebanyakan mesin.
52?>6>36B:<2??H2 A252B6C6BF@:B H2?8>6>:=:<: CE9ED:?88: D2?A2 Ia menamakan mesinnya Silent Otto
>6>6B=E<2? EC292 52B: =E2B karena mesin tersebut mampu
bekerja tanpa menimbulkan
&6C:?2B?@DH2?836<6B;25:2?D2B2B6C6BF@:BCE9E52?B6C6BF@:B kebisingan. Salah satu ciri mesin 4 tak
H2?8 36BCE9E >6?892C:=<2? 67:C:6?C: H2?8 D:?88: adalah tekanan kompresinya. Jika
bahan bakar berupa gas yang
#25: >6?EBED $6=F:? 52? )=2?4< D:52< >E?8<:? CE2DE >6C:? 92?H2 dimampatkan, akan lebih banyak
>6>:=:<: C63E29 B6C6BF@:B 52? D:52< >E?8<:? C63E29 >6C:? >6>:=:<: energi yang dilepaskan. Gagasan ini
67:C:6?C:
#:<267:C:6?C:
Termodinamika 191
T1
2. Mesin Pendingin (Refrigerator)
!E<E>""-6B>@5:?2>:<236BA682?8<6A252<646?56BE?82?2=2>:29
C:72D<2=@BH2?8C6=2=E>6B2>32DC642B2CA@?D2?52B:36?5236BCE9ED:?88:
Q1
<636?52H2?836BCE9EB6?529<64E2=:;:<2252EC292=E2BH2?8>6>2<C2
>6>:?529<2? <2=@B 52B: C:CD6> 36BCE9E B6?529 <6 =:?8<E?82? H2?8
W 36BCE9E =63:9 D:?88: )252 >6C:? A6?5:?8:? C:CD6> >6?82>3:= <2=@B
52?>6=6A2C<2?<2=@B52AE?EC292H2?85:=2<E<2?252=29,:<=EC
>6C:? A6?5:?8:? 52A2D 5:=:92D A252 ".#"2
Q2
$6D6B2?82? 82>32B
T2 <2=@B H2?8 5:=6A2C<2? A252 CE9E D:?88:
Gambar 8.15 <2=@BH2?85:C6B2AA252CE9EB6?529
Perubahan kerja menjadi kalor. EC292 H2?8 5:=2<E<2? 52B: =E2B
.<EB2? 52H2 C63E29 >6C:? A6?5:?8:? 5:?H2D2<2? 56?82? <@67:C:6?
52H2 8E?2 ,642B2 >2D6>2D:C 52A2D 5:DE=:C<2? C63282: 36B:<ED
Tantangan
untuk Anda O
Mengapa AC menggunakan %6>2B:6C52?A6?5:?8:?BE2?82?>6>:=:<:<@67:C:6?52H28E?252=2>
freon? Apakah freon dapat
digantikan oleh gas lain? ;2?8<2E2?C2>A2:56?82?,6>2<:?D:?88:?:=2:C6>2<:?32:<>6C:?
A6?5:?8:? D6BC63ED
Contoh 8.9
-6>A6B2DEB5:52=2>C63E29=6>2B:6C252=29O
L=E:52<6B;2H2?85:>2>A2D<2?
5:52=2>?H2>6?86>32?8A252D6>A6B2DEBC636C2BL-6?DE<2?=29<@67:C:6?
52H28E?2=6>2B:6CD6BC63ED
"7"#
:<6D29E:
O
$
$
6?82?>6?88E?2<2?A6BC2>22?
$
$
#25:<@67:C:6?52H28E?2=6>2B:6CD6BC63EDC636C2B
G2DD#:<2
=6>2B:6CD6BC63ED CE9EBE2?8A6?5:?8:?OL52?CE9EE52B25:=E2B
,6;E>=29>2<2?2?52=2>=6>2B:6C>6?892C:=<2? L2?882A>6C:?:562=36B2A2<2=@B>2<C:>E>
<2=@BC636C2B
Rangkuman
$2=@B>6BEA2<2?C2=29C2DE36?DE<6?6B8:H2?852A2D D6<2?2?52?F@=E>6.C292H2?85:=2<E<2?82C
36BA:?52952B:CE2DE=:?8<E?82?<6CE2DEC:CD6>2D2E
252=29 *O
C632=:<?H2$2=@B36BA:?52952B:CE9ED:?88:<6CE9E
!E<E>"-6B>@5:?2>:<25:BE>EC<2?C63282:36B:<ED
H2?8=63:9B6?529
,6;E>=29<2=@BH2?85:36B:<2?<6A252C:CD6>5:A2<2:
)
C6328:2? @=69 C:CD6> E?DE< >6=2<E<2? EC292
)252<62522?D6<2?2?D6D2AEC292H2?85:=2<E<2?
,6=:C:96?6B8:OC2>256?82?A6BE3292?6?6B8:
82C252=29
52=2>52B:C:CD6>H2:DE
, ,O,
$2A2C:D2C<2=@B52B:CE2DEI2D5:567:?:C:<2?C63282:
#:<282C>6=2<E<2?6<CA2?C:A6?86>32?82?EC292 32?H2<?H2<2=@BH2?85:A6B=E<2?E?DE<>6?2:<<2?
36B?:=2:A@C:D:7H2?8>6?H6323<2?F@=E>636BD2>329 CE9EI2DD6BC63EDC636C2BC2DE<6=F:?2D2EC2DE56B2;2D
2D2E 46=C:EC
#:<2 82C 5:>2>A2D<2? EC292 36B?:=2: ?682D:7
%:?8<E?82?>6=2<E<2?EC292A252C:CD6>C69:?882
$2A2C:D2C<2=@BE?DE<AB@C6C:C@<9@B:<1D6D2A
2CH2?836B25252=2>BE2?8D6BDEDEA52A2D5:E329
/ *
<62522??H2>6=2=E:3636B2A2AB@C6C
2 )B@C6C"C@D6B>2=D6B;25:A252CE9ED6D2A.C292 $2A2C:D2C<2=@BE?DE<AB@C6C:C@32B:<
,D6D2A
H2?85:=2<E<2?82C252=29* =?
A *
3 )B@C6C"C@<9@B:<D6B;25:A252F@=E>6D6D2A.C292 !E3E?82?2?D2B2A56?82?F252=29
H2?85:=2<E<2?82C252=29 AO/*
,
)252C:<=EC2B?@D82C>6?6B:>2<2=@B52B:B6C6BF@:B
4 )B@C6C"C@32B:<D6B;25:A252D6<2?2?D6D2A.C292 36BCE9ED:?88:52?>6=6A2C<2=@B<6B6C6BF@:B36BCE9E
H2?85:=2<E<2?82C252=29 B6?529,:<=EC2B?@D>6BEA2<2?52C2B52B:>6C:?5:6C6=
,O, >6C:?2B?@DH2:DE>6C:?H2?8A2=:?8:562=
7:C:6?C:>6C:?>6BEA2<2?A6B32?5:?82?2?D2B236C2B
5 )B@C6C5:232D:<D6B;25:A252<62522?C:CD6>82C
EC292H2?852A2D5:=2<E<2?@=69C:CD6>D6B9252A<2=@B
D:52< >6?82=2>: A6BDE<2B2? <2=@B 56?82?
H2?85:C6B2A
=:?8<E?82?)252AB@C6C:?:D6B;25:A6BE3292?CE9E
Termodinamika 193
36B:<ED
2 -:52<>E?8<:?>6>3E2DCE2DE>6C:?H2?852A2D
>6?8E329 <2=@B H2?8 5:D6B:>2 >6?;25: EC292
P
C6=EBE9?H252=2>C2DEC:<=EC
3 $2=@BD:52<A6B?29>6?82=:BCA@?D2?52B:36?52
P
36BCE9EB6?529<636?5236BCE9ED:?88:
4 &6C:?2B?@DH2?836<6B;25:2?D2B2B6C6BF@:B
36BCE9E52?B6C6BF@:BH2?836BCE9E56?82?
>2<267:C:6?C:?H2D:?88:
Peta Konsep
&2.0%*/".*,"
>6>3292C
!E<E>"-6B>@5:?2>:<2 $2A2C:D2C$2=@B
>6>3292C A252
,:<=EC-6B>@5:?2>:<2 !E<E>""-6B>@5:?2>:<2
>6>3292C >6>3292C
76C:6?C:>6C:?
)B@C6C+6F6BC:36= )B@C6C"BB6F6BC:36=
A252
4@?D@9?H2
Refleksi
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, Anda tentu telah manakah yang menurut Anda sulit? Coba diskusikan
memahami Hukum I Termodinamika dan proses-proses dengan teman atau guru Fisika Anda.
yang dapat terjadi di dalamnya. Adapun Hukum II Dari pemahaman yang Anda peroleh, coba
Termodinamika mempelajari tentang perlunya usaha sebutkan beberapa manfaat yang dapat diterapkan
luar dan konsep kapasitas kalor pada proses-proses dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.
termodinamika. Dari keseluruhan materi bab ini, bagian
3 <2=: 6 <@?CD2?
E2>@=82C2B8@?>6>E2:C642B2:C@D6B>2=A252CE9E
$52B:F@=E>62G2=
>
<6F@=E>62<9:B 4 <2=:
>
.C292H2?85:=2<E<2?82C2B8@?252=29
,6;E>=2982C>6?82=2>:C:<=ECC6A6BD:A25282>32B
# <>@=$ 36B:<ED p (N/m2)
2 ;@E=6 5 ;@E=6 5
3
;@E=6 6 ;@E=6 A B
4 ;@E=6
,632?H2< >
82C 96=:E> H2?8 36BCE9E L
5:A2?2C<2?C642B2:C@32B:<C2>A2:L#:<2D6<2?2? 2 D C
82C96=:E>P
' >EC292H2?85:=2<E<2?82C
D6BC63ED252=29 V (m3)
2 4
2
<# 5 <# ,E9E5:D:D:<252=29
$52?CE9E5:D:D:<
3 <# 6
<# 252=29
4 <# 2
$ 5
$
,E2DE 82C H2?8 F@=E>6?H2
>
A6B=292?=292? 3
$ 6
$
5:A2?2C<2?A252D6<2?2?D6D2AC69:?882F@=E>6?H2 4
$
>6?;25:>
#:<2EC292=E2B82CD6BC63ED
P
;@E=6 )6B92D:<2?8B27:<36B:<ED:?:
D6<2?2?82C252=29 p (N/m2)
2 P
' > 5 P
' >
3 P
' >
6 P
' >
2
4
P
' >
)6B92D:<2?A6B?H2D22?A6B?H2D22?36B:<ED
)252AB@C6C:C@<9@B:<82CD:52<>6=2<E<2?EC292 V (m3)
)252AB@C6C:C@32B:<82CC6=2=E>6?86>32?8 1 2
B27:< D6BC63ED >6?E?;E<<2? 9E3E?82? D6<2?2? ,
)252AB@C6C25:32D:<82CC6=2=E>6?86>32?8
D6B9252AF@=E>652B:C6;E>=29>2CC282C:562=.C292
)252AB@C6C:C@D6B>:<6?6B8:52=2>82CD6D2A
H2?85:=2<E<2?82CC6=2>2AB@C6CD6BC63ED252=29
)6B?H2D22?H2?8C6CE2:56?82?<@?C6AD6B>@5:?2>:<2
2 # 5 #
252=29
3 # 6 #
2 52? 5
52?
4
#
3 52?
6
52?
4 52? )6B92D:<2?8B27:<36B:<ED
p (N/m2)
#4"/"3
3 C
%:>2 =:D6B 82C :562= 52=2> C:=:?56B >6C:? 5:6C6= B
>6?82=2>:AB@C6C25:232D:<A252D6<2?2?2D>#:<2
C6D6=29AB@C6C<@>AB6C:5:92C:=<2?F@=E>62<9:B% 1 A
56?82? 36C2B?H2D6<2?2?2<9:B252=29
V (m3)
0 1 2
Termodinamika 195
##:<2A6BE3292?6?6B8:52=2> Q2
V
C:CD6>252=2952?<2=@BH2?85:C6B2AC:CD6>252=29 :<6D29E:<#2?H2<?H2<2=@BH2?85:=6A2C
*5:A6B@=69 @=69>6C:?C6D:2AC:<=EC252=29
2 O
# 5 *
# 2
# 5
#
3
# 6 *
# 3
# 6
#
4
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36C2B2?36C2B2?7:C:CC642B2:C@32B:<252=29 >6>:=:<:67:C:6?C:
#:<267:C:6?C:5:A6B36C2B>6?;25:
B6C6BF@:BCE9ED:?88:?H292BEC5:?2:<<2?C636C2B
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2 $ 5
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3 52?
3
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4
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4 $
5 *, 52? * +6C6BF@:B36BCE9ED:?88:A252>6C:?2B?@D252=29
6 *, 52?
$52?B6C6BF@:BCE9EB6?529?H2
$$2=@BH2?8
.?DE<AB@C6C25:232D:<EC292H2?8D6B;25:A25282C 5:C6B2A@=69>6C:?52B:B6C6BF@:BCE9ED:?88:C636C2B
:562=>@?@2D@>:<252=29
;@E=66C2BEC292H2?85:92C:=<2?>6C:?2B?@D
D6BC63ED252=29
2
5 * 2
# 5
#
3
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#
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-6?DE<2?=29D6<2?2?82CD6BC63EDA252CE9EL p (N/m2)
a
2C:562=>6?82=2>:A6>2?D2A2?C642B225:232D:< 4 × 105
b
C69:?882F@=E>6?H236B<EB2?8
=:D6B#:<2F@=E>6
2G2=?H2 =:D6B 52? D6<2?2??H2 2D>@C76B
D6?DE<2?=29D6<2?2?82CD6BC63EDC6D6=29>6?82=2>: 1 × 105 d
A6>2>A2D2?D6D2A2?%2A=246 c
2=2>CE2DEAB@C6CCE2DE82C>6?6B:>2<2=@B
1 3
V(m3)
<2=@B:-6B?H2D282C52A2D>6=2<E<2?EC292C636C2B 2B:82>32BD6BC63ED36B2A2<29
;@E=6!:DE?8=29A6BE3292?6?6B8:52=2>82C 2 EC292A252C6D:2AAB@C6C
2C>6=2<E<2?EC292C636C2B
;@E=6A252AB@C6C 3 EC292D@D2=82C
25:232D:<6B2A2<2=@B:36C2BA6BE3292?6?6B8:52=2> ,632?H2<>@=82C>6>E2:C642B2:C@D6B>2=A252CE9E
82C<2=@B:# $C69:?882F@=E>6?H236BE32952B:4>
>6?;25:
2C>6?6B:>2<2=@B
<2=@B:>6?892C:=<2?EC292
4>
6B2A2EC292H2?85:=2<E<2?82C
C636C2B
;@E=66B2A2A6BE3292?6?6B8:52=2>
82C<2=@B:#
;@E=652?52A2D>6=2<E<2?EC292
1 × 105 D
;@E=636B2A2CE9EB6C6BF@:B5:?8:??H2
A
V(m3)
1 4 5
Termodinamika 197
Viskositas
5+5"/&(*"4"/
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2 .<EB=2952?42D2DCE9EI2D42:B52=2>D23E?8CD@<6C56?82?>6?88E?2<2?
D6B>@>6D6B8E?2<2?=EA282BA6?8E<EB2?52A2D5:=2<E<2?56?82?=63:9D6=:D:
3 .<EB52?42D2D>2CC2;6?:CI2D42:B56?82?>6?88E?2<2?2B6@>6D6B8E?2
<2?=EA282BA6?8E<EB2?52A2D5:=2<E<2?56?82?=63:9D6=:D:
4 ):=:9C2=29C2DE3@=2A6;2=H2?8D6BC65:2A:=:9H2?8<64:=<6>E5:2?E<EB
52?42D2D5:2>6D6B3@=256?82?>6?88E?2<2?>:<B@>6D6BC6<BEA%2<E<2?
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5 -:>32?8>2CC23@=2A6;2=H2?82<2?5:8E?2<2?4E<EAC2DE<2=:A6?8E<EB2?
)6B92D:<2?A@C:C:C<2=2?@=C636=E>2=2DE<EB5:A6B8E?2<2?
6 &2CE<<2?3@=2<652=2>D23E?8CD@<6CH2?8D6=295:36B:I2D42:BH2?82<2?
5:E<EBF:C<@C:D2C?H2<6>E5:2?2>2D:86B2<3@=29:?8823@=25:2?882A
36B86B2<=EBEC36B2DEB2?
7 6B:=29D2?5232D2C56?82?86=2?8<2G2DA6BD2>2<6D:<23@=25:2?882A
D6=29>6?82=2>:86B2<=EBEC36B2DEB2?N4>5:2D2CA6B>E<22?I2D42:B
8 .<EB;2B2<H2?82<2?5:2>2D:456?82?>6>36B:<2?D2?5256?82?86=2?8
<65E2
9 >3:=3@=2H2?8D6=295:>2CE<<2?D:B:C<2?=2=E>2CE<<2?<6>32=:<6
52=2>D23E?8CD@<6C>2D:52?42D2DG2<DEH2?85:D6>AE93@=2<6D:<2
36B86B2<=EBEC36B2DEB2?C6A2?;2?84
: %2<E<2?=2?8<298O9E?DE<
<2=:A6B4@322?A252;2B2<4H2?836B3652
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3E293@=256?82?>2CC2;6?:CH2?8C2>2D6B3E2D52B:3292?H2?8
C2>252?;2B:;2B:H2?836B3652
± 5 cm
gelang satu
gelang dua
Tabung Stokes
' 5
'
2 5
3
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3
6
4
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)6B92D:<2?82>32B36B:<ED
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'52?5:82?DE?8 y
F2 = 12 N
52=2> <62522? 5:2> C6A6BD: D2>A2< A252 82>32B F1 = 8 N
36B:<ED6C2BD682?82?D2=:252=29
2
'
60° 30°
3
' T2 O T1
x (m)
–1 0 1 2 3
4
' D6B=6D2<5:
6
C:>E>
3'36C2B2H2?8>2C:952A2D5:D292? w = 30 N
@=69D2=:D6BC63ED252=29
2D2?8H2?8A2?;2?8?H2
4>5:36B:3632?5:E;E?8
2
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4
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m1 T1 T1 60° #:<2C63E2932D2?8
H2?8 2 m 1m 3m
36B2D?H25:232:<2?52?<6
B
T2 5E2 E;E?8?H2 5:82?DE?8 A C D
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m2 <2?56?82?D2=:<6>E5:2? w2
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)52?>6;2252=29
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3
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2 > C
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2
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2
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6
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6
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36C2BA6BE3292?252=29
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4
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2 P
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2
3 P
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3
4 P
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5 P
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6
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C6A6B6>A2D328:2?D23E?8D6BC63ED92BEC5:D6>A2D<2? <2? EC292
<)2 52=2>C:CD6>D6BC63ED252=29
2
> 2
<#
3 > 3 <#
4 > 4
<#
5 > 5 <#
6 > 6 <#
,63E29>6C:?2B?@DH2?8>6?88E?2<2?B6C6BF@:B
,63E29>6C:?A6?825E<36B52H2
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82B67:C:6?C:?H2>6?;25:
CE9EB6C6BF@:BCE9E 252?H286C6<2?5:52=2>2:B6?82?>6?82?882AC6>E2
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2
$ E?DE<36<6B;2282BCE9E2:B?2:<L252=29
3
$ 2 >6?:D
4
$ 3
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5
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6
$ 5 >6?:D
6 >6?:D
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> C 52?5:D2B:<<62D2C56?82?A6B46A2D2?> C#:<2
4
> C #
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252=29
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> 5
>
2?D2B2A6B46A2D2?D2?86?C:2=86B2<B@D2C:CE2DEA2BD:<6= 3
> 6
>
52?36C2B2?36C2B2?CE5ED?H2252=29 4
>
2 A6B46A2D2?D2?86?C:2=>6?E?;E<<2?A6BE3292? ,6@B2?8A6=2;2BH2?8>2CC2?H2
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3 A6B46A2D2?D2?86?C:2=C6=2=E>6>:=:<:A2BD:<6=H2?8
4>6?82?56>:<:2?<@?CD2?D2A682C36B?:=2:
36B86B2<>6=:?8<2B 2
' > 5
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4 A6B46A2D2? D2?86?C:2= >6>:=:<: A2BD:<6= H2?8 3 ' > 6
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36B86B2<56?82?=2;E=:?62BD6D2A 4
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5 A6B46A2D2? D2?86?C:2= C632?5:?8 56?82? !
A6B46A2D2?CE5ED52?;2B:;2B:
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6 A6B46A2D2?D2?86?C:2=C6=2=E>6?82B29<6AEC2D 36B:<ED:?:
=:?D2C2?>6=:?8<2B?H2
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5:?H2D2<2?56?82?A6BC2>22?4//>56?82?
k1
/52=2>C6<@?$646A2D2?2G2=36?52252=29 k3 k4
2 > C 5 > C
3 > C 6 > C
4
> C k2
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M
56?82?<646A2D2?D6D2AA252CE2DE3:52?8>:B:?8H2?8
<2C2B:52?8>:B:?8D6BC63ED>6>36?DE<CE5ED
L M
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52?3:52?8D6BC63ED252=29
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2 5 A6B:@56CECE?2?C6B:52?A2B2=6=252=29
2
2
2 5
3 6 3 6
4
4 !
<856?82?=2;E
> C
5 36?5236B>2CC2
<856?82?=2;E> C
6 36?5236B>2CC2
<856?82?=2;E> C
balok
s (m) peluru
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8B2>52?<646A2D2?
> C
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#:<2<646A2D2?36?52C22D.
252=29> C>2<2 $646A2D2?A6=EBEC6D6=29>6?6>3EC32=@<252=29
<646A2D2?36?52C22D.>252=29
> C
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A6BE3292?6?6B8:<:?6D:<52B:.
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> C 5
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