Teori Pencapaian Tujuan atau The Goal Attainment Theory dikembangkan oleh Imogene M.

(Ayyıldız et al., 2023; Campbell-Yeo et al., 2022; Çelik et al., 2022; Çiftci & Yayan, 2022; Güven &
Çakırer Çalbayram, 2023; Kahraman et al., 2020; Karadag et al., 2022; Kaya & Zengin, 2023;
Murtiningsih & Nurbayanti, 2021; Nimbalkar et al., 2013; Yilmaz & Küçük Alemdar, 2022) King pada
tahun 1960an1. Teori ini berfokus pada interaksi antara perawat, manusia, dan lingkungan
dengan tujuan untuk kesehatan pasien1. Dalam teori ini, interaksi antara perawat dan pasien
akan menimbulkan transaksi, sehingga perawat akan mendapatkan kepercayaan atau
persetujuan dari keluarga pasien1.
Teori ini mengacu pada bagaimana perawat menerapkan pengetahuan dan keterampilannya
ketika merawat pasien2. Manusia atau klien mempunyai hak untuk mengetahui berbagai hal
menyangkut dirinya, hak untuk berpartisipasi dalam pengambilan keputusan yang
mempengaruhi kehidupan dan kesehatan mereka, serta hak untuk menerima atau menolak
perawatan kesehatan2. Kesehatan dipandang sebagai bagian dinamis dalam lingkaran
kehidupan, sedangkan penyakit merupakan bagian dari lingkaran kehidupan tersebut2.
Manusia berinteraksi dengan lingkungannya guna mempertahankan Kesehatan (Sorrentino et
al., 2017)
Teori ini mencakup tiga sistem interaksi, yaitu:
1. Personal systems (individuals): Sistem ini berfokus pada individu dan karakteristik unik
mereka2.
2. Interpersonal systems (groups): Sistem ini melibatkan interaksi antara dua atau lebih
individu2.
3. Social systems (keluarga, sekolah, industri, organisasi sosial, sistem pelayanan kesehatan):
Sistem ini mencakup organisasi atau kelompok yang lebih besar2.
Dalam prakteknya, pola intervensi keperawatan adalah proses interaksi pasien dan perawat
meliputi komunikasi dan persepsi yang menimbulkan aksi, reaksi, dan jika ada gangguan,
menetapkan tujuan dengan maksud tercapainya suatu persetujuan dan membuat transaksi3.
Haris, Abdul., 2023. Imogene M King, Theory Of Goal Attainment.
https://organisasi.co.id/imogene-m-king-theory-of-goal-attainment/

(Belpınar & Yayan, 2023; García-Valdivieso et al., 2023; Kumari et al., 2017)

Ayyıldız, T. K., Tanrıverdi, E., Tank, D. Y., Akkoç, B., & Topan, A. (2023). The effect of swaddling method
applied to preterm infants during the aspiration procedure on pain. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 70,
61–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2022.05.025

Belpınar, A., & Yayan, E. H. (2023). Effect of Yakson touch and mother’s voice on pain and comfort level
during nasal CPAP application in Turkey: A randomized controlled study. Explore, 19(November
2022), 743–748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2023.02.010

Campbell-Yeo, M., Eriksson, M., & Benoit, B. (2022). Assessment and Management of Pain in Preterm
Infants: A Practice Update. Children, 9(2), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9020244

Çelik, F., Sen, S., & Karayagiz Muslu, G. (2022). Effects of Oral Stimulation and Supplemental Nursing
System on the Transition Time to Full Breast of Mother and Sucking Success in Preterm Infants: A
 Randomized Controlled Trial. Clinical Nursing Research, 31(5), 891–900.
https://doi.org/10.1177/10547738211058312

Çiftci, K., & Yayan, E. H. (2022). The effect of three different methods applied during peripheral vascular
access in prematures on pain and comfort levels. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 67, e129–e134.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2022.08.016

Deniz, A. Ö., & Açikgöz, A. (2023). A Randomized Controlled Trial: The Effect of Acupressure and Foot
Reflexology on Pain During Heel-Lancing in Neonates. Clinical Nursing Research, 32(2), 306–312.
https://doi.org/10.1177/10547738211061815

Dezhdar, S., Jahanpour, F., Bakht, S. F., & Ostovar, A. (2016). The effects of kangaroo mother care and
swaddling on venipuncture pain in premature neonates: A randomized clinical trial. Iranian Red
Crescent Medical Journal, 18(4). https://doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.29649

García-Valdivieso, I., Yáñez-Araque, B., Moncunill-Martínez, E., Bocos-Reglero, M. J., & Gómez-Cantarino, S.
(2023). Effect of Non-Pharmacological Methods in the Reduction of Neonatal Pain: Systematic Review
and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(4).
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043226

Güngör, T., & Öztürk Şahin, Ö. (2021). Analysis of two non-pharmacological pain management methods for
vaccine injection pain in infants: A randomized controlled trial. Agri, 33(1), 15–22.
https://doi.org/10.14744/agri.2020.54289

Güven, Ş. D., & Çakırer Çalbayram, N. (2023). The effect of Helfer skin tap technique on hepatitis B vaccine
intramuscular injection pain in neonates: A randomized controlled trial. Explore, 19(2), 238–242.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2022.09.001

Kahraman, A., Gümüş, M., Akar, M., Sipahi, M., Bal Yılmaz, H., & Başbakkal, Z. (2020). The effects of
auditory interventions on pain and comfort in premature newborns in the neonatal intensive care
unit; a randomised controlled trial. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, 61.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.102904

Karadag, O. E., Kerimoglu Yildiz, G., Akdogan, R., Yildiz, S., & Hakyemez Toptan, H. (2022). The effect of
simulative heartbeat nest used in preterm new-borns on vital signs, pain, and comfort in Turkey: A
randomized controlled study. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 62, e170–e177.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2021.10.003

Kaya, L., & Zengin, N. (2023). The effect of postpartum skin-to-skin contact on the pain of the first
intramuscular injection to the Newborn: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Neonatal Nursing,
July. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnn.2023.07.013

Kumari, S., Datta, V., & Rehan, H. (2017). Comparison of the efficacy of oral 25% glucose with oral 24%
sucrose for pain relief during heel lance in preterm neonates: A double blind randomized controlled
trial. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 63(1), 30–35. https://doi.org/10.1093/tropej/fmw045

Lopez, O., Subramanian, P., Rahmat, N., Theam, L. C., Chinna, K., & Rosli, R. (2015). The effect of facilitated
tucking on procedural pain control among premature babies. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 24(1–2),
183–191. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12657

Murtiningsih, & Nurbayanti, S. (2021). The effects of breast feeding and massage on neonatus pain during
intravenous blood sampling procedures. Journal of Neonatal Nursing, 27(2), 129–134.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnn.2020.05.005
Napiórkowska-Orkisz, M., Gutysz-Wojnicka, A., Tanajewska, M., & Sadowska-Krawczenko, I. (2022).
Evaluation of Methods to Minimize Pain in Newborns during Capillary Blood Sampling for Screening:
A Randomized Clinical Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(2).
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020870

Nimbalkar, S. M., Chaudhary, N. S., Gadhavi, K. V., & Phatak, A. (2013). Kangaroo mother care in reducing
pain in preterm neonates on heel prick. Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 80(1), 6–10.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-012-0760-6

Popowicz, H., Mędrzycka-Dabrowskaą, W., Kwiecień-Jaguś, K., & Kamedulska, A. (2021). Knowledge and
practices in neonatal pain management of nurses employed in hospitals with different levels of
referral—multicenter study. Healthcare (Switzerland), 9(1).
https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9010048

Sorrentino, G., Fumagalli, M., Milani, S., Cortinovis, I., Zorz, A., Cavallaro, G., Mosca, F., & Plevani, L. (2017).
The impact of automatic devices for capillary blood collection on efficiency and pain response in
newborns: A randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 72(August 2016),
24–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2017.04.001

Uematsu, H., & Sobue, I. (2019). Effect of music (brahms lullaby) and non-nutritive sucking on heel lance in
preterm infants: A randomized controlled crossover trial. Paediatrics and Child Health (Canada),
24(1), E33–E39. https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxy072

Yilmaz, G., & Küçük Alemdar, D. (2022). The Effect of Supportive Nursing Interventions on Reducing Stress
Levels of Mothers of Infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Clinical Nursing Research, 31(5), 941–951. https://doi.org/10.1177/10547738211047359

(Güngör & Öztürk Şahin, 2021; Sorrentino et al., 2017; Uematsu & Sobue, 2019)

Ayyıldız, T. K., Tanrıverdi, E., Tank, D. Y., Akkoç, B., & Topan, A. (2023). The effect of swaddling method
applied to preterm infants during the aspiration procedure on pain. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 70,
61–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2022.05.025

Belpınar, A., & Yayan, E. H. (2023). Effect of Yakson touch and mother’s voice on pain and comfort level
during nasal CPAP application in Turkey: A randomized controlled study. Explore, 19(November
2022), 743–748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2023.02.010

Campbell-Yeo, M., Eriksson, M., & Benoit, B. (2022). Assessment and Management of Pain in Preterm
Infants: A Practice Update. Children, 9(2), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9020244

Çelik, F., Sen, S., & Karayagiz Muslu, G. (2022). Effects of Oral Stimulation and Supplemental Nursing
System on the Transition Time to Full Breast of Mother and Sucking Success in Preterm Infants: A
Randomized Controlled Trial. Clinical Nursing Research, 31(5), 891–900.
https://doi.org/10.1177/10547738211058312

Çiftci, K., & Yayan, E. H. (2022). The effect of three different methods applied during peripheral vascular
access in prematures on pain and comfort levels. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 67, e129–e134.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2022.08.016
Deniz, A. Ö., & Açikgöz, A. (2023). A Randomized Controlled Trial: The Effect of Acupressure and Foot
Reflexology on Pain During Heel-Lancing in Neonates. Clinical Nursing Research, 32(2), 306–312.
https://doi.org/10.1177/10547738211061815

Dezhdar, S., Jahanpour, F., Bakht, S. F., & Ostovar, A. (2016). The effects of kangaroo mother care and
swaddling on venipuncture pain in premature neonates: A randomized clinical trial. Iranian Red
Crescent Medical Journal, 18(4). https://doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.29649

García-Valdivieso, I., Yáñez-Araque, B., Moncunill-Martínez, E., Bocos-Reglero, M. J., & Gómez-Cantarino, S.
(2023). Effect of Non-Pharmacological Methods in the Reduction of Neonatal Pain: Systematic Review
and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(4).
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043226

Güngör, T., & Öztürk Şahin, Ö. (2021). Analysis of two non-pharmacological pain management methods for
vaccine injection pain in infants: A randomized controlled trial. Agri, 33(1), 15–22.
https://doi.org/10.14744/agri.2020.54289

Güven, Ş. D., & Çakırer Çalbayram, N. (2023). The effect of Helfer skin tap technique on hepatitis B vaccine
intramuscular injection pain in neonates: A randomized controlled trial. Explore, 19(2), 238–242.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2022.09.001

Kahraman, A., Gümüş, M., Akar, M., Sipahi, M., Bal Yılmaz, H., & Başbakkal, Z. (2020). The effects of
auditory interventions on pain and comfort in premature newborns in the neonatal intensive care
unit; a randomised controlled trial. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, 61.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2020.102904

Karadag, O. E., Kerimoglu Yildiz, G., Akdogan, R., Yildiz, S., & Hakyemez Toptan, H. (2022). The effect of
simulative heartbeat nest used in preterm new-borns on vital signs, pain, and comfort in Turkey: A
randomized controlled study. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 62, e170–e177.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2021.10.003

Kaya, L., & Zengin, N. (2023). The effect of postpartum skin-to-skin contact on the pain of the first
intramuscular injection to the Newborn: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Neonatal Nursing,
July. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnn.2023.07.013

Kumari, S., Datta, V., & Rehan, H. (2017). Comparison of the efficacy of oral 25% glucose with oral 24%
sucrose for pain relief during heel lance in preterm neonates: A double blind randomized controlled
trial. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 63(1), 30–35. https://doi.org/10.1093/tropej/fmw045

Lopez, O., Subramanian, P., Rahmat, N., Theam, L. C., Chinna, K., & Rosli, R. (2015). The effect of facilitated
tucking on procedural pain control among premature babies. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 24(1–2),
183–191. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12657

Murtiningsih, & Nurbayanti, S. (2021). The effects of breast feeding and massage on neonatus pain during
intravenous blood sampling procedures. Journal of Neonatal Nursing, 27(2), 129–134.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnn.2020.05.005

Napiórkowska-Orkisz, M., Gutysz-Wojnicka, A., Tanajewska, M., & Sadowska-Krawczenko, I. (2022).

Evaluation of Methods to Minimize Pain in Newborns during Capillary Blood Sampling for Screening:
A Randomized Clinical Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(2).
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020870
Nimbalkar, S. M., Chaudhary, N. S., Gadhavi, K. V., & Phatak, A. (2013). Kangaroo mother care in reducing
pain in preterm neonates on heel prick. Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 80(1), 6–10.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-012-0760-6

Popowicz, H., Mędrzycka-Dabrowskaą, W., Kwiecień-Jaguś, K., & Kamedulska, A. (2021). Knowledge and
practices in neonatal pain management of nurses employed in hospitals with different levels of
referral—multicenter study. Healthcare (Switzerland), 9(1).
https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9010048

Sorrentino, G., Fumagalli, M., Milani, S., Cortinovis, I., Zorz, A., Cavallaro, G., Mosca, F., & Plevani, L. (2017).
The impact of automatic devices for capillary blood collection on efficiency and pain response in
newborns: A randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 72(August 2016),
24–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2017.04.001

Uematsu, H., & Sobue, I. (2019). Effect of music (brahms lullaby) and non-nutritive sucking on heel lance in
preterm infants: A randomized controlled crossover trial. Paediatrics and Child Health (Canada),
24(1), E33–E39. https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxy072

Yilmaz, G., & Küçük Alemdar, D. (2022). The Effect of Supportive Nursing Interventions on Reducing Stress
Levels of Mothers of Infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Clinical Nursing Research, 31(5), 941–951. https://doi.org/10.1177/10547738211047359

Ayyıldız et al., 2023

Campbell-Yeo et al., 2022(Deniz & Açikgöz, 2023; Dezhdar et al., 2016; Lopez et al., 2015;
Napiórkowska-Orkisz et al., 2022; Nimbalkar et al., 2013; Popowicz et al., 2021; Yilmaz & Küçük
Alemdar, 2022)

Çelik et al., 2022

Çiftci & Yayan, 2022
Güven & Çakırer Çalbayram, 2023
Kahraman et al., 2020
Karadag et al., 2022
Kaya & Zengin, 2023
Murtiningsih & Nurbayanti, 2021
Nimbalkar et al., 2013
Thompson et al., 2020
Yilmaz & Küçük Alemdar, 2022)