The Mechanics of Material

Behavior vs State-of-the-Arts
Modeling in Structural Softwares
Dradjat Hoedajanto STSi., MEng., PhD., AU-HAKI
(dradjat@hakipusat.com)
 PERAN DARI KOMPUTER DALAM DISAIN
BANGUNAN GEDUNG
• Sebelum lahirnya PC XT (Personal Computer versi 1) di awal tahun 1980,
proses computer aided design dari bangunan Gedung yang tadinya di
dominasi oleh Main Frame Computer dengan software research-nya mulai
diikuti oleh PC XT dengan segala keterbatasannya (keterbatasan memory,
kecepatan proses, dan kecanggihan software struktur yang digunakan);
• Di akhir 80-an/awal 90-an (?) ETABS dengan asumsi rigid floor diaphragm-
nya mulai mengambil porsi disain Gedung Tinggi lebih banyak;
• Saat ini praktis praktisi Ahli Struktur dunia mengandalkan LapTop Computer
untuk melakukan design-nya dengan memanfaatkan software komersial
dengan model mathematics yang jauh lebih baik (akurat?) dari asumsi awal
ETABS;

11/03/2020 dh - u.taruma-negara: structural modeling vs software state-of-the-arts 2

 Mathematical Modeling in Structural Engineering
(Karl S. Pister – Google search – March 2020)

• Structural design can be defined as 1. Description of tentative system configura-

an iterative optimization process in-
volving use of empirical information
resulting from operasional experien-
ce, while at the same time relying on
predicted behavior derived from the-
ories which attempt to replace expe-
rience.
• The ingredients of design by mathe-
matical simulation maybe listed as
follows:
11/03/2020 dh - u.taruma-negara: structural modeling vs software state-of-the-arts
tion;
2. Specification of the operating conditions
(input);
3. Choice of parametrized structure for input-
output relations;
4. Choice of state variables and development
of an algorithm for predicting the evolution
of the system;
5. Selection of criterion function, in terms of
state variables, by which performance can
be judged;
6. Iterative modification of the system to
search for optimal performance.
3
 HAL YANG “MEMBINGUNGKAN” ENGINEERS
• Beban gempa yang siklis dan acak, arah maupun magnitudenya;
• Code of Practice, misal ACI 318M-14, yang mengedepankan
Strength Design Method dengan Load Combination yang
Ultimate, tetapi analisis strukturnya dasarnya tetap elastic;
• Non-linearity dari material & sistim struktur mengakibatkan
degradasi dari strength & stiffness;
• PERBEDAAN KONSEP DISAIN SESUAI CODE YANG PRESCRIPTIVE
(STRENGTH CONCEPT & ANALISIS ELASTIC DNG RSA) DENGAN
PERFORMANCE BASED (PBSD) YANG ANALISISNYA IN-ELASTIC &
TIME HISTORY → STIFFNESS CONCEPT →YANG BELUM ADA
CODE-NYA .

11/03/2020 dh - u.taruma-negara: structural modeling vs software state-of-the-arts 4

ATC-114 Next-Generation Hysteretic Relationships for
Performance-based Modeling and Analysis*)
• Kedepan praktisi ahli struktur harus
mulai membiasakan diri untuk me-
ngembangkan pola pikir mekanik
elastic menjadi mekanik in-elastic,
KHUSUSNYA dalam menghadapi
GEMPA;
• PBEE & PBSD harus mulai dipelajari;
• App. A dari ACI 318M-19 sudah me-
ngangkat NRHA;
• Masih ada keterbatasan dari model
mathematic yang ada.
*) Hambergur, R.O. et.al., ATC, NEHRP, NIST, 2017

11/03/2020 dh - u.taruma-negara: structural modeling vs software state-of-the-arts 5

 Lowes dan
Lehman
merangkum
hasil studi yang
dilakukan oleh
ATC 114 dan
menghasilkan
State-of-the-
Arts dari NL
Modeling dari
Gedung Beton
Bertulang

11/03/2020 dh - u.taruma-negara: structural modeling vs software state-of-the-arts 6

 Rekomendasi ATC 114 men-
jadi the latest up-dated ma-
thematical model (th. 2017)
untuk NL Analysis in support
of Seismic Evaluation, Retro-
fit, and Design yang direko-
mendasikan untuk ASCE 41;

Satu hal yang tidak boleh di-

lupakan adalah bahwa setiap
mathematical model punya
keterbatasan;

Design engineers perlu me-

mahami latar belakang dari
modelnya agar mendapat
manfaat optimum.

11/03/2020 dh - u.taruma-negara: structural modeling vs software state-of-the-arts 7

 NIST GCR 17-917-45
• Suatu referensi yang lengkap untuk
memahami latar belakang dari ma-
thematical model yg digunakan un-
tuk memprediksi perilaku dan res-
pon dari bangunan Gedung terha-
dap beban gempa (597 hal.);
• Referensi lain terkait adalah 3 refe-
rensi berikut:

11/03/2020 dh - u.taruma-negara: structural modeling vs software state-of-the-arts 8

 Pengembangan Basic concepts

11/03/2020 dh - u.taruma-negara: structural modeling vs software state-of-the-arts 9

11/03/2020 dh - u.taruma-negara: structural modeling vs software state-of-the-arts 10
 ?
Secara konseptual
konsep mekaniknya
masih sama
dengan model yang
lama

11/03/2020 dh - u.taruma-negara: structural modeling vs software state-of-the-arts 11

 ?
Perhatikan bahwa
backbone curve
yang didapat dari
beban monotonic
masih lebih “kuat”
daripada cyclic
curves-nya

11/03/2020 dh - u.taruma-negara: structural modeling vs software state-of-the-arts 12

 ?
• Model
dikembangkan
dengan
memanfaatkan
test model
peneliti lain

11/03/2020 dh - u.taruma-negara: structural modeling vs software state-of-the-arts 13

 Guidelines for Flexural RC Walls
(NIST GCR 17-917-45)

11/03/2020 dh - u.taruma-negara: structural modeling vs software state-of-the-arts 14

 ?
Model
mathematic
yang
didapat
dikalibrasi
terhadap
hasil
loading test
specimen
uji
11/03/2020 dh - u.taruma-negara: structural modeling vs software state-of-the-arts 15
 (ATC 114)

11/03/2020 dh - u.taruma-negara: structural modeling vs software state-of-the-arts 16

 ?
Model
matematik
untuk geser
masih linear

11/03/2020 dh - u.taruma-negara: structural modeling vs software state-of-the-arts 17

 ?
Model
matematik
untuk geser
masih linear

11/03/2020 dh - u.taruma-negara: structural modeling vs software state-of-the-arts 18

 ?
Model
matematik
untuk geser
masih linear

11/03/2020 dh - u.taruma-negara: structural modeling vs software state-of-the-arts 19

 Model lama yang “salah”

11/03/2020 dh - u.taruma-negara: structural modeling vs software state-of-the-arts 20

11/03/2020 dh - u.taruma-negara: structural modeling vs software state-of-the-arts 21
 ?
Dari stress
langsung
diturunkan
formula untuk
mendapatkan
deformation

11/03/2020 dh - u.taruma-negara: structural modeling vs software state-of-the-arts 22

 BAGAIMANA DENGAN GEDUNG YANG
SUDAH BERDIRI YANG DISAINNYA
DIMODEL DENGAN MODEL LAMA
“YANG SALAH”?

11/03/2020 dh - u.taruma-negara: structural modeling vs software state-of-the-arts 23

Penggunaan berbagai formula empiric pada softwares

11/03/2020 dh - u.taruma-negara: structural modeling vs software state-of-the-arts 24

 Lanjutan

11/03/2020 dh - u.taruma-negara: structural modeling vs software state-of-the-arts 25

 Lanjutan

11/03/2020 dh - u.taruma-negara: structural modeling vs software state-of-the-arts 26

 Lanjutan

11/03/2020 dh - u.taruma-negara: structural modeling vs software state-of-the-arts 27

 Lanjutan

11/03/2020 dh - u.taruma-negara: structural modeling vs software state-of-the-arts 28

 BAHASAN KONSEPTUAL LANJUT

Fundamental Concept in Structural Engineering

11/03/2020 dh - u.taruma-negara: structural modeling vs software state-of-the-arts 29

 Constitutive Law
• Collins & Mitchel:
• 3 kondisi dasar yang selalu harus di-
ketahui untuk mendapatkan informa-
si mengenai perilaku elemen untuk
seluruh langkah loading history;
• Tidak dipenuhi oleh model NL
Lowes & Lehman;
• Keterbatasan model → peng-
gunaan harus memahami hal
ini.
11/03/2020 dh - u.taruma-negara: structural modeling vs software state-of-the-arts 30
 ACI 318M-19
ACI 369.1M-17

Harus
dikaitkan
dengan code
dan berbagai
guidelines
yang ada

11/03/2020 dh - u.taruma-negara: structural modeling vs software state-of-the-arts 31

 GOALS OF PBSD
• The ability to make exceptions to specific
code requirements such as height limits
for select seismic force-resisting systems,
• The use of seismic force-resisting system
and innovative designs not prescribed by
code,
• The use of high-strength materials and
mechanical devices not prescribed by
code, and
• The reduction of structural and non-struc-
tural damage through enhanced seismic
damage performance objectives at speci-
fied levels of seismic intensity.

11/03/2020 dh - u.taruma-negara: structural modeling vs software state-of-the-arts 32

11/03/2020 dh - u.taruma-negara: structural modeling vs software state-of-the-arts 33
 Memberi
kesempat-
an untuk
memilih
performan
ce yang
sesuai

11/03/2020 dh - u.taruma-negara: structural modeling vs software state-of-the-arts 34

 ACI 318M-19: App. A - A.6 Modeling & Analysis
PROVISIONS
A.6.2 Modeling of member nonlinear be-
havior, including effective stiffness, expect-
ed strength, expected deformation capaci-
ty, and hysteresis under force or deforma-
tion reversals, shall be substantiated by
applicable physical test data and shall no
the extrapolated beyond the limits of test-
ing.
11/03/2020 dh - u.taruma-negara: structural modeling vs software state-of-the-arts
COMMENTARY
R.A.6.2 Multiple element formulations and
material models are appropriate for use in
inelasticdynamic analysis of concrete struc-
tures. ASCE/SEI 41, ACI 374.3r, ACI 369.1M,
and NIST GCR 17-919-46 provide guidance
on modeling and defining model parame-
ters. Selecting model parameters at the
mean value of experimental data, as is re-
commended by the aforementioned docu-
ments, avoids skewing analysis results and
produces a more reliable evaluation of con-
crete building response.
35
 LANJUTAN
PROVISIONS
A.6.3 Degradation in member strength or
stiffness shall be included in the numerical
models unless it can be demonstrated that
the demand is not sufficiently large to
produce these effects. If degradation in
components strength is included in the
numerical model, the model formulation
shall be such that structural deformation at
onset of strength loss is not affected by
mesh configuration in the finite element
model.
11/03/2020 dh - u.taruma-negara: structural modeling vs software state-of-the-arts
COMMENTARY
RA.6.3 The model mesh size selected
should allow determination of the structu-
ral responses in sufficient detail and with
sufficient accuracy. Some system will exhibit
mesh-dependent response, with a reducti-
on in mesh size resulting in reduced defor-
mation capacity and more rapid strength
loss. For these systems, material softening
should be defined using a measure of mesh
size, or the chosen material model
parameters and mesh size should be
shown, using an appropriate data set, to
provide accurate simulation of onset of
strength loss.
36
 FEMA 451-B KESIMPULAN
1. Material:
• Properti nya, baik man-made
maupun yang alami, tidak bisa
ditentukan dengan pasti;
2. Struktur:
• Respon thd beban hanya bisa
dianalisis secara approximate;
3. Beban yang Bekerja:
• Tidak pernah bisa dipastikan
nilai dan karakternya dari saat
ke saat.

11/03/2020 dh - u.taruma-negara: structural modeling vs software state-of-the-arts 37

 Tantangan Riset selanjutnya
1. Menyempurnakan model mathematic ATC-114 agar “GAP”
yang ada yang membatasi model untuk penggunaan rasio
elemen struktur yang di luar rasio specimen test model
bisa teratasi;
2. Dua hal yang dapat diteliti lanjut adalah:
a) Model mathematic untuk geser siklis,
b) Memperhitungkan non-linear strain distribution pada elemen deep beam
yang menerima lentur.
3. Referensi awal yang dapat dimanfaatkan adalah Risetnya
Vechio dan thesisnya Hoedajanto D.

11/03/2020 dh - u.taruma-negara: structural modeling vs software state-of-the-arts 38

Hoedajanto, D., “A Model to Simulate Lateral-Force Response of
RC Structures with Cylindrical and Box Section”

1. Mathematical model for monotonic non-linear shear for

Reinforced concrete element;
2. Non-Linear strain distribution of deep reinforce concrete
section subjected to flexure;
3. Emperical Stress-Strain rules relationships of steel
reinforcement under reversals of stress its elastic limit
Thesis, Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor
of Philosophy in Civil Engineering in the Gradute College of the University of Illinois
at Urbana-Champaign, 1983
11/03/2020 dh - u.taruma-negara: structural modeling vs software state-of-the-arts 39
11/03/2020 dh - u.taruma-negara: structural modeling vs software state-of-the-arts 40
11/03/2020 dh - u.taruma-negara: structural modeling vs software state-of-the-arts 41
 SEMOGA BERMANFAAT
dan
TERIMA KASIH

11/03/2020 dh - u.taruma-negara: structural modeling vs software state-of-the-arts 42

 Referensi
• ACI 318-19, An ACI Standard: Building Code Requirements
for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-19) and Commentary on
Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI
318-19)
• ACI 369.1M-17, An ACI Standard: Standard Requirements for
Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Existing Concrete Buildings
(ACI 369.1M-17) AND Commentary,”

11/03/2020 dh - u.taruma-negara: structural modeling vs software state-of-the-arts 43

 Lanjutan
• Hamburger, R. O., et.el., “ATC-114 Next-Generation Hysteretic
Relationships for Performance-based Modeling and Analysis,” ATC-
NEHRP-NIST, 2017
• Hoedajanto, D., A Model to Simulate Lateral-Force Response of RC
Structures with Cylindrical and Box Section,” Ph.D. Thesis,
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-
Champaign, 1983
• Lowes, L.N. and Lehman, D.E., “Guidance on Nonlinear Modeling of
RC Buildings”, ATC-114 Project, College of Engineering, University of
Washington, 2017.

11/03/2020 dh - u.taruma-negara: structural modeling vs software state-of-the-arts 44

 Lanjutan
• NIST GCR 17-917-45, “Recommended Modeling Parameters
and Acceptance Criteria for Nonlinear Analysis in Support of
Seismic Evaluation, Retrrofit, and Design.” 2017, 597 hal.
• NIST GCR 17-917-46v1, “Guidelines for Nonlinear Structural
Analysis for Design of Buildings. Part 1 – General,“ 2017, 137
hal.
• NIST GCR 17-917-46v2, “Guidelines for Nonlinear Structural
Analysis for Design of Buildings. Part IIa – Steel Moment
Frames,” 2017, 145 hal.
11/03/2020 dh - u.taruma-negara: structural modeling vs software state-of-the-arts 45
 Lanjutan
• NIST GCR 17-917-46v3, “Guidelines for Nonlinear Structural
Analysis for Design of Buildings. Part IIb – Reinforced
Concrete Moment Frames,” 2017, 135 hal.
• Vecchio, F., “The Response of Reinforced Concrete to In-
Plane Shear and Normal Stresses,” Ph.D. Thesis, Department
of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, 1981.

11/03/2020 dh - u.taruma-negara: structural modeling vs software state-of-the-arts 46