ENDAPAN MINERAL BIJIH: KLASIFIKASI, GENESA, MODEL ENDAPAN SERTA ASOSIASI MINERAL DAN KOMPOSISI KIMIANYA

ENDAPAN Cu-Au PORFIRI (PORPHYRY Cu-Au DEPOSITS)

MATA-KULIAH Mineralisasi (endapan mineral) (2 SKS)

Fadlin, ST, Meng Teknik Geologi SEKOLAH TINGGI TEKNOLOGI NASIONAL

Definisi/batasan
Porfiri (tembaga) adalah endapan mineral mengandung sebaran tembaga, yang terdapat pada batuan beku plutonik (monzonit kuarsa, granodiorit dan tonalit).

Endapan epitermal terbentuk pada kedalaman dangkal (~1 km) dan dalam kisaran suhu 50 250C.
epithermal (lebih dangkal/dingin) porphyry (endapan lebih dalam/panas)

Mengapa endapan porfiri (dan epithermal) menarik?

Harga emas & tembaga relatif tinggi Perkembangan teknik pemisahan logam

Banyak endapan epitermal dan porfiri ditemukan pada daerah tektonik plate-margin
Perkembangan dalam konsep-konsep geologi untuk memprediksi daerah target eksplorasi Perkembangan teknik geofisika, misalnya magnetik, IP, dll.

Porfiri
Porfiri tembaga Porfiri molibden

Porfiri emas
Porfiri timah

The gold endowment of Indonesia and the Philippines, as defined by combined past production and existing resources, exceeds 8300 metric tonnes (t).

The majority of gold in Indonesia and the Philippines occurs in porphyry, epithermal and skarn deposits. The gold reserves at Grasberg constitute ~23% of the 8300 t Au total.

Sistem hidrotermal
Sumber panas Tubuh intrusi (dike atau pluton) Batuan pembawa (host rock) Volkanik atau sedimen/metamorf

Jenis fluida
Air meteorik dan air magmatik Gradien temperatur Tergantung kedalaman Ukuran

Tipe alterasi
Porfiri tembaga
Propilitik Porfiri timah Propilitik Argilik Filik/serisitisasi Turmalinisasi
Reduksi

Argilik
Filik/serisitisasi

Potasik
Oksidasi

Mineralogi alterasi
Profilitik

Tingkat hidrolisis

Qtz-K-feld stabil, plag-mafic min teralterasi m'jadi ab plag, chl, ep, carb, mont, trem, act Argilik Qtz, kao, chl, sedikit mont Filik Qtz, ser yang disertai dengan py Potasik Qtz, K-feld, bio, interm plag (ol-and) dan anh

Mineralisasi
Porfiri tembaga
kalkopirit, pirit, kalkosit, bornit, molibdenit, galena, magnetit, emas, tembaga
Porfiri timah
arsenopirit, frankeit, pirotit, sfalerit, kalkopirit, galena, stanit, fluorit tetrahedrit-tenantit, seelit

Zoning pada mineralisasi hipogen sangat menarik untuk dipakai pada permodelan kuantitatif endapan mineral.

CLASSIC MODEL OF PORPHYRY DEPOSITS

SAN MANUEL FAULT

KALAMAZOO SEGMENT

SAN MANUEL SEGMENT ? ? Propylitic (Chl-Ep-Carb) Adul-Ab ? ? Phyllic Qtz-Ser-Py

PERIPHERAL
Ccp-Gn-Sp-Au-Ag

PERIPHERAL
Ccp-Gn-Sp-Au-Ag

Argillic Qtz-KlnChl

Potassic Qtz-Kfs-Bt+Ser+Anh

LOW PYRITE SHELL

Py ~2%

ORE SHELL
Py 1% Ccp 1-3% Mo 0.03%

Py ~10% Ccp 0.1-3% Mo rare

PYRITE SHELL

LOW GRADE CORE low total Ccp-Py-Mo

? Chl-SerEp-Mag

Qtz-SerChl-Kfs

Mag>Py

Mag>Py & Ccp

Three major models:

1. Quartz-monzonite 2. Diorite

3. Breccia

Quartz-Monzonite model

Sistem hidrotermal

Pasific Rim Au-Cu mineralisation models

Southeast Pasific rim Au-Cu mineralisation

Three major episodes of gold deposit formation are recognized in Southeast Asia, including Early Miocene, Middle to Late Miocene and Plio-Pliestocene. These epochs may reflect plate tectonic collisions and reorganization, with the youngest episode related to collisions in Taiwan (5 Ma) and the Banda arc (4 to 3 Ma). Uplift and erosion of pre-Pliocene deposits may also contribute to the relative abundance of young deposits.

The grade-tonnage plot for Southeast Asian gold deposits shows two major clusters of data: 1) porphyry deposits, which are low-grade and high-tonnage and 2) low-and intermediate-sulfidation deposits, which are medium- to high-grade and low- to mediumtonnage. Both deposit styles include deposits that contain > 100 t Au.

The copper deposits indicate a similar relationship between copper content and time of deposit formation to that shown by gold deposits, which reflects the close spatial and temporal relationships between copper and gold in Southeast Asia. Note the nearly logarithmic increase in copper content with time.

Ocean-ocean Island Arc (IA) Ocean-continent Continental Arc or Active Continental Margin (ACM)

Principal subduction zones associated with orogenic volcanism and plutonism. Triangles are on the overriding plate. PBS = Papuan-Bismarck-Solomon-New Hebrides arc. After Wilson (1989) Igneous Petrogenesis, Allen Unwin/Kluwer.

Continental margin

Island Arc

Structure of an Island Arc

Schematic cross section through a typical island arc after Gill (1981), Orogenic Andesites and Plate Tectonics. Springer-Verlag. HFU= heat flow unit (4.2 x 10-6 joules/cm2/sec)

Pemadatan magma hydrous

Granodiorit porfir hipotetik D1 = dyke S1 menunjukkan batas saturasi H2O

Pemadatan magma hydrous

Granodiorit porfir hipotetis
Tahap kedua pendinginan lelehan jenuh H2O, yang disebut sebagai second boiling (resurgent boiling) BP2 dan D2 adalah pipa breksi dan dyke

Pemadatan magma hydrous

Granodiorit porfir hipotetis
Second boiling.

BP2 dan D2 adalah pipa breksi dan dyke.

Aktivitas magmatik pada pembentuk-an sistem porfiri Cu-Mo.

Porphyry deposits in Indonesia

INDONESIA
Eurasian

GEOLOGY OF THE BATU HIJAU DEPOSIT

485000E

485600E

Chl-Ep Act

9010200N

486200E

9010200N

Undiff. argillic

9009600N

Ser-Pg Chl-Ser Prl-And Ill-Ser

Undiff. argillic

9009600N

ALTERATION OF THE BATU HIJAU DEPOSIT

Early :
Bt zone (potassic) Act zone (inner propylitic) Chl-Ep zone (outer propylitic) Transitional : Chl-Ser zone (interm. argillic) Late : Prl-And zone (advanced argillic) Ser-Pg zone (argillic) Very late : Ill-Ser zone with Qtz+base metal veins/veinlets

g r- P Se

CHLORITE- EPIDOTE

PROXIMAL ACTINOLITE

CHLORITE-SERICITE

ILLITIC

CENTRAL BIOTITE

TEXTURE DESTROYED ( Undiff )

CHLORITE-SERICITE

PROXIMAL ACTINOLITE

DISTAL CHLORITE- EPIDOTE

345 El v

9009000N

Bt Prl-And

9009000N

9008400N

Chl-Ser Act
9008400N

Chl-Ep
485000E 485600E 486200E

N
0 100 200 m

Porphyry vein-veinlet system

a) Collahuasi/Chile b) Grasberg/Irian Jaya

Porphyry vein-veinlet system

2 cm

Cu-Au-hosting potassic alteration zone

Cu-Au-bearing sulphides
Gold

Dg Bn

7.5 m

Bn

Bn Ccp

Ccp

0.1 mm

3.

Tembaga (Cu)

Ditemukan dalam wujud: Native copper Sulfida tembaga (Cu-bearing sulphides) Native copper : Native copper primer berasosiasi dengan lava basaltik, dari proses reaksi larutan hidrotermal dengan mineral oksida besi. Native copper sekunder berasosiasi dengan zona teroksida pada endapan tembaga, umumnya berasosiasi dengan kuprit (Cu2O), malakhit (Cu2(OH)2CO3) dan azurit (Cu3(OH)2(CO3)2).

Endapan magmatik-hidrotermal tembaga sebagai penghasil bijih tembaga utama di dunia:

1. Endapan tembaga porfir (70.6 %), e.g. Chuciacamata, El-Tiniente (Chiele), Bingham (USA), Batu Hijau & Grasberg (Indonesia). 2. Sediment-hosted stratiform copper deposits (14.7 %), e.g. White River (USA), Kupfershiefer (Eropa Timur). 3. Endapan VMS (Volcanigenic Massive Sulphide) (6.4 %), e.g. Flin Flon (Kanada), Mt. Isa (Australia), Kuroko (Jepang). 4. Endapan tembaga skarn (0.5 %), e.g. Tintaya (Peru), Erstberg (Indonesia) 5. Endapan tembaga di karbonatit (1.4 %), e.g. Palabora (Afrika Selatan) 6. Endapan tipe Olympic Dam (iron-oxides-copper deposits) (0.9 %), e.g. Olympic Dam (Australia), Moghrain (Mauritania). 7. Endapan tembaga magmatik, e.g. Sudbury (Kanada), Kambalda (Australia), Norisk (Rusia).

Sulfida pembawa tembaga utama

Nama mineral Kalkosit Digenit Kovelin Rumus kimia Cu2S Cu9S4 CuS Cu (%) 79 78 66

Bornit
Enargit Kalkopirit

Cu5FeS4
Cu3AsS4 CuFeS2

63
48 34

Major elements (R1-R2 diagram)

2000
Hbl

GEOCHEMICAL DISCRIMINATION: Alteration zones

Least altered Bt zone Act-(Chl-Ep) zone Chl-Ser zone Prl-And zone Ser-Pg zone Minerals

R2 (6Ca+2Mg+Al)

1500
Pl (core)

Least-altered
Chl Pg Bt Ser Prl

1000

Proximal Act and Distal Chl-Ep zones

500

Central Bt and transitional Chl-Ser zones

Late Prl-And and Ser-Pg zones

Qtz

0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

R1 (4Si-11[Na+K]-2[Fe+Ti])
(after De La Roche et al., 1980)

Fluida bijih (ore fluid)

Inklusi fluida
Kisaran: 250-750C dengan salinitas 15-70 wt.% pada sistem orthomagmatik, dan <15 wt.% pada sistem konvektif Kedalaman: <4 km (Cerro Verde, 1-2 km) Jenis air: air magmatik dan meteorik

Sumber metal
Produk sampingan dari kristalisasi magmatik (incompatible elements).
Metal dan sulfur berasal dari batuan samping

Phase separation

Salinity (NaCl wt.% eq.)

0 0.1 1.0 10.0 50 0

NaCl + vapour

id + liqu pour l + va NaC

critical c

urve

400

VAPOUR 0.5

partitioning

LIQUID 510

0 50
phase separation

0 51

exsolved fluid from magma

600

5 50

3
800

1
Bulk salinity range of magmatic fluid

Lithostatic depth (km)

Pressure (kbar)

CAUSATIVE TONALITE INTRUSIONS: Thermobarometry

T = 760C; P = 1.5 kbars Paleodepth = 5.5 km (lower part)
0

ORE FLUID EVOLUTION: Microthermometry

Temperature (C)
200 400 600 800 1000

-10
MA G+ S PY

M HE AG M
SO S H2
2

Late Ser-Pg 2 zone Early distal Chl-Ep zone

4

NaCl + VAPOUR

0.1

Depth in km (hydrostatic pressure)

fO2 pattern
-15

0.5

Early central Bt zone 10

0 .5

Pressure (kbars)

Log fO2

LIQUID+ VAPOUR
Phase separation 600 bars; 2.2 km
70

80

3
2.0

LIQUID
20

-20
NN O

FM

PY PO+S

1.0

4
5.0

5
5.0

-25 400 500

T = 760-540C log fO2 = -12 to -20

1.5

Critical curve

30

600

700

800

900

T (C)

Bt : 510C, 400 bars Chl-Ep: 250C, 125 bars Ser-Pg: 225C, 100 bars

Exsolved magmatic fluid

(after Hedenquist, 1998)

Depth in km (lithostatic pressure)

60

Plastic

Brittle

50

40

THE BATU HIJAU GENETIC MODEL

0
Paleosurface

Andesitic volcaniclasitic rocks

Act

Argillic Chl-Ser Low grade mi Pr e- ne to pography Medium grade Act Highest grade (~0.5% Cu) Bt (potassic)

DEPTH (km)

Chl-Ep

Equigranular quartz diorite 3

Chl-Ep

Physicochemical Compositional change change

Compositional change Physicochemical change

5
5.5 km

Young tonalite (Cu-Au depleted) Intermediate tonalite (high Cu-Au)

MAGMA

2 km

Layout of Batu Hijau project area

The Batu Hijau open pit

Terima kasih...

Stolberg, Germany, 2005