ANALISIS KLINIS DAN

FORENSIK
 RUANG LINGKUP KIMIA ANALISIS
KLINIS DAN FORENSIK :
 Analisis klinis merupakan analisis senyawa kimia
dalam sampel klinis sebagai salah satu cara
untuk pemeriksaan kesehatan. Termasuk dalam
analisis klinis adalah asam amino, protein,
enzim, karbohidrat, lipid, non protein nitrogen,
porpirin, hemoglobin, elektrolit, trace element
dan pH. Pemeriksaan senyawa kimia dari cairan
tubuh menunjukkan fungsi kinerja organ
manusia
 Analisis forensik merupakan analisis
senyawa kimia dalam sampel yang
digunakan sebagai data penunjang dalam
kasus hukum dan kriminal. Termasuk
dalam analisis forensik adalah :
pemeriksaan sidik jari, cairan tubuh,
toksikologi/keracunan, narkotika,
kebakaran, ledakan, senjata api hingga
DNA.
PRINSIP DASAR DALAM KIMIA KLINIS
DAN FORENSIK
Semua materi baik hidup atau mati merupakan
kumpulan dari senyawa kimia sehingga untuk
mengenal material klinis dan forensik dapat
memanfaatkan reaksi-reaksi kimia sebagai dasar
pemeriksaan kualitatif ataupun kuantitatif.
Material klinis dan forensik lebih banyak berupa
senyawa organik dan biokimia kompleks yang
membutuhkan penanganan yang berbeda dengan
senyawa anorganik.
Proses sampling, preservasi dan analisis
harus memperhatikan sifat sampel yang
bersifat mudah berubah karena
lingkungan. Oleh karena itu analisis klinis
dan forensik harus dilakukan dengan
metode yang cepat, tepat dan teliti.
Kesalahan pemeriksaan kimia akan
berakibat fatal bagi pihak yang
bersangkutan.
BASIC PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
Tujuan utama
Menentukan prosedur analitik yang akurat dan teliti
sehingga dapat memberikan informasi yang tepat
dalam diagnosa seseorang

Important practice of clinical chemistry including unit

of measurement, temperature, reagents (chemical,
standards, solution, water specification), laboratory
supplies (glassware, plastic ware, pipettes, burettes,
balance, desiccant), separation techniques,
specimen collection, transport and processing, and
laboratory mathematic and calculation.
 LABORATORY SAFETY AND REGULATION
The cardinal safety rules of clinical laboratory are to develop
foresight and accident perception, use common sense, and develop
and practice the following :

Good personal behavior

 Wear proper attire and protective clothing
 Tie back long hair
 Do not eat, drink, smoke in the work area
 Never mouth pipette
 Wash hand frequently
Good Housekeeping
 Keep work area free of chemical, dirty
glassware etc
 Store chemical properly
 Label reagent and solutions
 Post warning sign
Good Laboratory technique
 Do not operate new or unfamiliar equipment
 Read the labels and instructions carefully
 Use the personal safety equipment that is provides
 For the safe handling, use and disposal of
chemical, learn their properties and hazards
 Learn emergency procedures and become familiar
with the location of fire exits, fire extinguisher,
blankets etc
 Be careful when transferring chemicals from
container to container and always add acid to
water slowly
SAFETY AWARENESS FOR CLINICAL
LABORATORY PERSONNEL
Safety equipment : fume hoods, biosafety hoods,
chemical storage equipment and personal protection
equipment
Biologic Safety : sampling body fluids carefully,
material spill must be cleaned up, blood borne
pathogen exposure control plan, airborne pathogen and
shipping
Chemical safety : Hazard communication, MSDS,
Laboratory standard, toxic effect from hazardous
substances, storage and handling of chemical,
flammable chemical, corrosive chemical, reactive
chemical, carcinogenic chemical and chemical spill
Radioactive safety : environmental and
personal protection
Fire safety : classification of fire, type of
fire extinguishers
Control of other hazard : electrical
hazard, compressed gas hazard, cryogenic
material hazard and mechanical hazard
Disposal of hazardous material : chemical
waste, radioactive waste, bio-hazardous
waste
Accident documentation and investigation
QUALITY CONTROL AND QUALITY ASSURANCE

The quality control system is the

laboratory's system for recognizing and
minimizing analytical error. Quality
control is one component of the quality
assurance system which has been defined
as all systematic actions necessary to
provide adequate confidence that
laboratory service will satisfy given
medical needs for patient care.
The purpose of the quality control system
is to monitor analytical processes, detect
analytical error during analysis and prevent
the reporting of incorrect patient value
The quality assurance system encompassed
pre-analytical, analytical, and post
analytical factor.
There are many pre-analytical factors that
can influence analytical result including
patient preparation, sample collection,
sampling handling and storage.
 ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES AND
INSTRUMENTATION
Analytical Techniques and Instrumentation provide the
foundation for all measurement made in a modern
clinical chemistry laboratory. The majority of
techniques fall into one of four basic disciplines within
the field of analytical chemistry : spectrometry
(spectrophotometry, AAS, MS), luminescence
(fluorescence, chemiluminescence and nephelometry),
electro analytical methods (electrophoresis,
potentiometry, amperometry), and chromatography
(TLC, HPLC and GC)
 Clinical laboratories have the special
needs that required analyzer to have high
throughput and sample turnaround times.
The current generation of chemistry
analyzers operates under the random
access mode, that is, any combination of
tests can be performed on a sample from
an onboard menu of analytes.