(Burn Injury)
Najatullah
Pendahuluan
Trauma akibat cedera thermal
- api,air panas,zat kimia,listrik,
sambaran petir,radiasi,frosbite
Salah satu bentuk trauma yang kompleks
Angka kejadian cenderung meningkat
Penatalaksanaan multidisiplin
Tujuan : menurunkan mortalitas dan
morbiditas
Prehospital management
Bebaskan korban dari sumber trauma
Hentikan proses kebakaran
Lepaskan pakaian korban, jam, cincin, ikat
pinggang
Dinginkan bagian tubuh yang terbakar
dengan air mengalir, jangan air es!
Luka bakar kimia lakukan irigasi dengan air
Selimuti dengan penutup yang bersih
PRIMARY SURVEY
Trauma inhalasi
paparan saluran napas terhadap suhu tinggi dan
atau asap
sisa pembakaran dapat menyebabkan edema jalan napas,
waspadai dalam 8 jam pertama
Gejala Subjektif
Hoarseness, snorring, gargling, gelisah
Gejala Objektif
Dispneu, retraksi otot pernapasan, sianosis
Analisis gas darah serial
Foto thoraks 24 jam pasca luka bakar
Breathing
Mekanisme bernapas tergantung pada
otak sebagai pusat dan thoraks (parenkim
paru, pleura, costae, otot dan syaraf
pernapasan, elastisitas kulit)
Biomekanik trauma atau adanya ko-morbid
Identifikasi dan atasi sesuai penyebab
Rule of Nine
9%
9%
9%
Back 18%
Front 18%
1%
18%
18%
Palm Rule
1%
Evans Formula
First 24 hr : 1 ml/kg BW/% burn colloid
1 ml/kg BB/% burn NS (Normal Saline)
2000 ml D5W
( is given in the first 8 hr, remaining
delivered over the next 16 hr)
Second 24 hr : 0,5 ml/kg BW/% burn colloid
0,5 ml/kg BB/% LB NS
2000 ml D5W
Brooke Formula
First 24 hr : 0,5 ml/kg BW/% burn colloid
1,5 ml/kg BW/% burn NS (Normal Saline
2000 ml D5W
( is given in the first 8 hr, remaining
delivered in second 16 hr)
Second 24 hr : 0,25 ml/kg BW/% burn colloid
0,75 ml/kg BW/% burn NS +
2000 ml glucouse
Obyektif
Tanda vital
CVP
Hemoglobin/hematokrit
Analisa gas darah
Produksi dan kualitas urin
SECONDARY SURVEY
Anamnesis
Biomekanik trauma, waktu kejadian,pertolongan yang
diberikan,riwayat penyakit dahulu,alergi
Pemeriksaan penunjang
Darah rutin,AGD dan elektrolit,faal ginjal,faal hati,gula darah
Thoraks foto
Zone of Stasis
area surrounding zone of coagulation
inflammation, decreased blood flow
Zone of Hyperemia
peripheral area of burn
limited inflammation, increased blood flow
Burn Classifications
1st degree (Superficial burn)
Involves the epidermis
Characterized by dry & reddening
Tenderness and Pain
Increased warmth
Edema may occur, but no blistering (bullae)
Burn blanches under pressure
Example - sunburn
Usually heal in ~ 7 days
Burn Classifications
First Degree Burn
(Superficial Burn)
Burn Classifications
2nd degree (2)
Damage extends through the epidermis and
involves the dermis.
Moist, shiny appearance
Pink to red color
Painful
Burn Classifications
2nd Degree
Burn
(Partial
Thickness Burn)
3rd degree
All layer
Dry
Black
Less or no pain
escharectomy
Diagnosis
Luka bakar derajat,luas,lokasi,penyebab,penyulit,
co-morbid atau cedera lain
Sedang
Berat
Burn Wound
Treatment
Low priority - After ABCs and initiation of IVs
Do not rupture blisters (controversial)
Topical antimicroba
Agent that promote healing
Cover with sterile dressings or left open
Agent
Characteristics
Silver sulfadiazine
Painless on application
Fair to poor eschar penetration
No metabolic side effects
Broad antibacterial spectrum
Mafenide acetate
Painful on application
Excellent eschar penetration
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
Broad-spectrum antibacterial
Agent
0.5% Silver nitrate
Characteristic
Painless on application
Poor eschar penetration
Leaches electrolytes
Broad-spectrum
antibacterial & antifungal
Agent
Characteristics
Antibiotic cream
(Gentamicin)
Painless on application
Good eschar penetration
Has little effect on gram (+)
Rapid development of resistant forms
Systemic toxicity
Povidone Iodine
Painful on application
Failure on gram (-) control
High serum iodine levels
Wound closure
If possible, do it at the same time with
necrotomy (early excision)
Excision technique : Tangential excision
Use STSG/Split Thickness Skin Graft
(autograft, homograft, xenograft) or
amnion sheet
If auto graft donor minimal : Tissue
culture