Topik 11 : Sistem Suria

Sistem Suria
Sistem Suria terdiri daripada Matahari dan
objek-objek selestial yang masing-masing
terikat kepada Matahari oleh daya tarikan
graviti. Objek-objek selestial ini
termasuklah lapan planet dan 166 bulan,
lima planet kerdil dan berbillion jasad kecil
ia itu asteroid, objek-objek berais jalur
Kuiper, komet, meteroid, debu antara
planet dan termasuklah angin solar.
Ciri-ciri planet : mukasurat 134

Kedudukan planet2

Asteroid Belt
Theasteroid beltis the
region of the Solar System
located roughly between
the orbits of the planets
Mars and Jupiter. It is
occupied by numerous
irregularly shaped bodies
calledasteroidsor minor
planets.
99.9% of the asteroid
belt's original mass was
lost in the first 100 million
years of the Solar
System's history.Some
fragments eventually
found their way into the
inner Solar System,
leading to meteorite

Kuiper belt : Antara 30-50

AU

Oort Cloud : 100000 AU mainly ice,

ammonia, methane

Oort Cloud

Perbandingan saiz antara

planet

Perbandingan saiz antara

planet

Saiz matahari relatif kepada

planet

Bulan2 bagi planet2

Ciri-ciri bulan bagi planet

planet

Nama
planet

Jarak dari
matahari (km)

Diameter
(km)

Tempoh
peredaran

4878

Tempoh
Putaran pd
paksi
59 hari

Utarid

58 juta

Zuhrah

108 juta

12 100

243 hari

225 hari

Bumi

150 juta

12 756

23.93 jam

365 hari

Marikh

228 juta

6790

24.6 jam

687 hari

Musytari

778 juta

142 800

9.9 jam

Zuhal

1427 juta

120 600

10.7 jam

Uranus
Neptun

2800 juta
4500 juta

51 800
48 600

22 jam
17.9 jam

11.86
tahun
29.46
tahun
84 tahun
165 tahun

88 hari

Pembentukan Sistem Suria

Lihat Modul mukasurat 135:

Pergerakan planet
Semua planet bergerak dalam orbit yang tetap.
Semua orbit adalah dalam satah yang sama dan
merupakan bentuk hampir bulat.

Matahari (Sun)
Matahari : Satunya sumber tenaga dan haba.
Bintang BIASA jenis G2, salah satu dari 100-200 billion
bintang didalam galaksi Bima Sakti.
Diameter: 1,390,000 km (Earth 12,742 km or nearly 100
times smaller)
JIsim: 1.1989 x 1030 kg (333,000 times Earths mass)
Suhu: 5800 K (permukaan) 15,600,000 K (core)
Matahari mempunyai 99.8% dari jumlah jisim dalam Sistem
Solar. ( Selebihnya kat Mustari).
Komposisi Kimia:

Hydrogen 92.1%

Helium 7.8%

Rest of the other 90 naturally occurring elements: 0.1%

Matahari tidak
berputar pada
kadar yang
sama. Ia
berputar lebih
laju di tengah
dari di kutub

Suhu dan ketumpatan

Tekanan (haba
dari pelakuran
nuklear )
diimbangi
dengan graviti
yg menarik ke
arah pusat
matahari.
Hydrostatic
Equilibrium.
Keseimbangan ini
menghasilkan
sfera bebola gas di
panggil matahari.

Main Regions of the Sun

Matahari
terdiri
dariinti
dan tiga
lapisan
seperti
kulit,
masingmasingiai
tu
fotosfer,
kromosfer
dan
korona.

Tenaga
dibentuk
di inti
apabila
hidrogen
bercantu
m dengan
hidrogen
membent
uk
Helium.
Tenaga ini
keluar
dari inti
melalui
radiasi
dan

4H

PELAKURAN
NUKLEAR

He

The Proton-Proton
Chain:

Apa yang berlaku di dlm matahari :

Pelakuran Nuklear (nuclear fusion)
Secara ringkasnya :
41H 4 He + tenaga

E=mc2
(c = speed of light)

 c2 is a very large number!

A little mass equals a LOT of energy.
Example:
1 gram of matter 1014 Joules (J) of
energy.
Enough to power a 100 Watt light bulb
for ~32,000 years!!

Fenomena mtahari

Korona
Angin solar (solar wind)
Bintik matahari (sunspot)
Medan magnet (magnetic field)
Solar prominence

Solar
Granulation
Evidence for
Convection

Solar Granules are the tops of

convection cells.
Bright regions are where hot material
is upwelling (1000 km across).
Dark regions are where cooler material
is sinking.
Material rises/sinks @ ~1 km/sec (2200

Chromosphere

Chromosphere

(seen during full Solar

eclipse)

Chromosphere emits very little light because it

is of low density
Reddish hue due to 32 (656.3 nm) line
emission from Hydrogen

Transition Zone and Corona

Transition
Zone &
Corona
Very low density, T
~ 106 K

We see emission lines

from highly ionized
elements (Fe+5 Fe+13)
which indicates that
the temperature here
is very HOT

Corona
Hot coronal
gas escapes
the Sun
Solar wind

(seen during full Solar eclipse)

Solar Wind

 Coronal gas has enough heat (kinetic) energy

Solar Wind
to escape the Suns gravity.
The Sun is evaporating via this wind.
Solar wind travels at ~500 km/s, reaching
Earth in ~3 days
The Sun loses about 1 million tons of matter
each second!
However, over the Suns lifetime, it has lost
only ~0.1% of its total mass.

Fenomena berkaitan
matahari
Kitar Kemarau : tompok matahari mempengaruhi
cuaca. Kitaran setiap 22 tahun. Yang terakhir pada
lewat 1990.
Pembentukan cuaca
Lapisan matahari:
Matahari terdiri daripada lapisan berlainan gas. Lapisan
permukaan yang dapat kita lihat disebut fotosfera. Di
sini gas berpusar dan menggelembung menjadikan
Matahari kelihatan tidak bertompok. Fotosfera
dikelilingi oleh lapisan gas yang tidak kelihatan yang
disebut kromosfera. Di atas kromosfera adalah lapisan
gas yang disebut korona (bermakna 'mahkota).

Fenomena berkaitan
matahari
Tompok Matahari :
Tompok ini disebut tompok matahari. iaitu
tompok gas yang kelihatan lebih gelap kerana
suhunya tidak sepanas kawasan di
sekelilingnya. Tompok matahari terjadi
disebabkan medan magnet yang
memperlahankan aliran haba dari pusat
Matahari. Tompok ini mempunyai bahagian
tengah yang gelap disebut umbra, dan
dikelilingi bahagian lebih cerah yang disebut
penumbra.

How to see sun spots

Sunspot

Sunspots

Granulation around sunspot

Sunspots
Typically about 10000
km across
At any time, the sun
may have hundreds or
none
Dark color because
they are cooler than
photospheric gas
(4500K in darkest parts)

Each spot can last from a few days to a few

months
Galileo observed these spots and realized
the sun is rotating differentially (faster at the
poles, slower at the equator)

Sunspots &
Magnetic Fields

The magnetic field in a sunspot

is 1000x greater than the
surrounding area
Sunspots are almost always in
pairs at the same latitude with
each member having opposite
polarity
All sunspots in the same
hemisphere have the same
magnetic configuration

The Suns differential rotation distorts the magnetic field lines

The twisted and tangled field lines occasionally get kinked,

causing the field strength to increase
tube of lines bursts through atmosphere creating sunspot pair

Sunspot Cycle
Solar maximum
is reached every
~11 years

Solar Cycle is 22 years long direction of magnetic field

polarity flips every 11 years (back to original orientation every 22
years)

Heating of the Corona

Charged particles (mostly protons
and electrons) are accelerated along
magnetic field lines above
sunspots.
This type of activity, not light
energy, heats the corona.

Fenomena berkaitan
matahari
Nyalaan Suria (Solar Flares) : Promines
A prominenceis a large, bright, gaseous
feature extending outward from the Sun's
surface, often in a loop shape.
Prominencesare anchored to the Sun's surface
in the photosphere, and extend outwards into
the Sun's corona.
Awan gas panas kadang kala meledak lalu
menjulat di permukaan fotosfera. Kejadian yang
disebut nyalaan suria dan prominens ini
dikaitkan dengan kejadian tompok matahari.

Charged particles follow magnetic fields between

Solar
Prominences
sunspots:

Sunspots are cool,

but the gas above
them is hot!

Solar Prominence

Typical size is 100,000 km

May persist for days or weeks

Earth

Very large solar prominence (1/2 million km across base, i.e.

39 Earth diameters) taken from Skylab in UV light.

Solar Flares

much more violent magnetic instabilities

5 hours

Particles in the flare are so energetic, the magnetic field

cannot bring them back to the Sun they escape Suns

Coronal
activity
increase
s with
the
number
of
sunspots
.

Asteroid, Meteoroid, Meteors,

Meteorites, Comet

Asteroid
Asteroid merupakan batu atau
mineral iron-nickel dan biasa
dijumpai di sekitar orbit antara
Marikh dan Musytari yang juga
bergerak mengelilingi Matahari.
Ianya adalah hasil perlanggaran
jasad-jasad yang lebih besar pada
masa lampau.

Apakah perbezaan antara meteroid,

meteors dan meteorites.
Meteoroid: A small particle from an
asteroid or comet orbiting the Sun. A
meteoroid is a piece of interplanetary
matter that is smaller than a
kilometer and frequently only
millimeters in size. Most meteoroids
that enter the Earth's atmosphere
are so small that they vaporize
completely and never reach the
planet's surface

Meteors (tahi bintang: shooting

star)
Meteors adalah pepejal, jasad luar planet,
mempunyai saiz yang sebesar pasir hingga
beberapa meter.
Apabila ia memasuki atmosfera bumi, geseran
dengan udara bumi akan menyebabkannya
terbakar dan biasanya hanya sebahagian yang
kecil tertinggal apabila ianya sampai ke Bumi.
Meteor sentiasa menghasilkan satu jalur terang
yang sepintas lalu semasa ianya terbakar. Jika
banyak Meteor memasuki Bumi serentak akan
menghasilkan hujan Meteors yang cantik.

Meteorites
A meteoroid that survives its passage through
the Earths atmosphere and impacts the Earths
surface.
If any part of a meteoroid survives the fall
through the atmosphere and lands on Earth, it
is called a meteorite.
Although the vast majority of meteorites are
very small, their size can range from about a
fraction of a gram (the size of a pebble) to 100
kilograms (220 lbs) or more (the size of a huge,
life-destroying boulder).

Komets
Komet biasanya terdiri daripada batu
atau ais, karbon diosida, ammonia
dan methane
Ianya serupa planet yang bergerak
mengelilingi Matahari dengan orbit
tersendiri yang merupakan bentuk
elips.

Perbezaan komet dan

meteors

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
OnJZXY_gPdo&nohtml5=False

Pergerakan matahari
Matahari bukanlah bintang yang
statik kedudukannya, ianya juga
bergerak mengelilingi Bimasakti
sementara planet-planet
mengelilinginya.

Orbit matahari dlm bima

sakti