Sistem Urinarius
Yurika Sandra
Collecting
Duct
Nephron
Loop
The Nephron glomerulus
proximal
convolute
efferent arteriole
d tubule
blood
distal
convolute
d tubule
blood
afferent arteriole
Loop of Henle
Struktur Nephron
Fungsi Ginjal
Tubular fluid
Urine
Glomerular
Filtration
The Filtration
Membrane
From the plasma to the capsular
space, fluid passes through three
barriers.
The Filtration
Membrane
Almost any molecule smaller than 3
nm can pass freely through the
filtration membrane into the capsular
space.
These include:
Water, electrolytes, glucose, amino acids, lipids,
vitamins, and nitrogenous wastes
14-11
The nephron has two ways to
prevent drastic changes in GFR
when blood pressure rises:
1) transcellular
route
2) paracellular
route
PCT
peritubular capillary
Mechanisms of Proximal Tubular
Reabsorption
1. Solvent drag
2. Active transport of sodium.
3. Secondary active transport of glucose, amino acids, and
other nutrients.
4. Secondary water reabsorption via osmosis
5. Secondary ion reabsorption via electrostatic attraction
6. Endocytosis of large solutes
1) Solvent drag
Proteins stay
driven by high colloid
osmotic pressure (COP)
in the peritubular H2O
capillaries
Water is reabsorbed by
osmosis and carries all
other solutes along.
Proteins
Both routes are
involved.
2) Active transport of sodium
Sodium pumps (Na-K ATPase) in basolateral membranes
transport sodium out of the cells against its concentration
gradient using ATP.
Na+ Na+
K+
Ca++ Ca++
Na+
Na+
K+
Glucose
capillary PCT cell
3) Secondary active transport of glucose, amino acids,
and other nutrients
Na+
Na+
K+
amino acids
Na+ Na+
H2O
Na Na+
Cl-
There is a limit to the amount of solute that the renal tubule can
reabsorb because there are limited numbers of transport proteins
in the plasma membranes.
Example of diabetes
Na+
Glucose
high glucose in blood
high glucose in
filtrate
Exceeds Tm for
glucose
Glucose in urine
Reabsorption in the
Nephron Loop
The primary purpose is to
establish a high
extracellular osmotic
concentration.
mOsm/L
The high osmolarity enables the collecting duct to
concentrate the urine later.
Reabsorption in Distal
Convoluted Tubules
Fluid arriving in the DCT still
contains about 20% of the
water and 10% of the salts
of the glomerular filtrate.
A distinguishing feature of
these parts of the renal
tubule is that they are
subject to hormonal
control.
Aldosterone
H+
H+
2. CD reabsorbs water.
collecting
duct
urine
1. Driving force
The high osmolarity of
extracellular fluid generated by
NaCl and urea, provides the
driving force for water
reabsorption.
2. Regulation Cortex
The medullary portion of
the CD is not permeable to medulla
NaCl but permeable to
water, depending on ADH.
mOsm/L
urine
Control of Urine Concentration depends on the body's
state of hydration.
medulla
mOsm/L
urine
No more reabsorption after tubular fluid leaving CD
Cortex
medulla
urine
urine
Urine Properties
Composition and Properties of Urine
Urea 4.8 g 25 g
HCO3- 4.6 g 0g
Glucose 3g 0g
Urine Volume
glucose
cell
glycogen
blood
high glucose
high
urine
volume
Diabetes insipidus
- is caused by inadequeate
ADH secretion.
urine
Diuresis
Natriuresis
refers to enhanced urinary excretion of sodium
Diuretics
- efficient
- inconvenient
2) Continuous
ambulatory
peritoneal
dialysis (CAPD)
Dialysis
fluid
- The peritoneal
membrane is a natural
dialysis membrane
- convenient
- less efficient
Urine Storage and
Elimination
The Ureters
The ureters are muscular tubes leading from the renal
pelvis to the lower bladder.
The Urinary Bladder
- is a muscular sac on the floor of the pelvic cavity.
Females male
3-4 cm ~18 cm
greater risk of
urinary tract
infections
The male urethra has three
regions:
1. prostatic urethra
2. membranous urethra
3. penile urethra.
1.
2.
3.
micturition reflex
When the bladder contains about 200 ml of urine, stretch receptors in
the wall send impulses to the spinal cord. Parasympathetic signals return
to stimulate contraction of the bladder and relaxation of the internal
urethral sphincter.
Spinal
cord
Voiding Urine in adults
2. Once voluntary control has developed, emptying of the
Once is
bladder voluntary control
controlled has developed,
predominantly emptying of
by a micturition center
in the
the bladder
pons. Thisis center
controlled predominantly
receives signals fromby stretch
a
micturition
receptors and center in the
integrates thispons. This center
information with receives
cortical input
signals from
concerning stretch receptors
the appropriateness and integrates
of urinating this
at the moment.
It information
sends back with cortical
impulses input concerning
to stimulate relaxationtheof the
appropriateness
external sphincter. of urinating at the moment. It
sends back impulses to stimulate relaxation of the
external sphincter.
Voluntary
control
Autoregulation of High Filtration Pressure
Filtration, reabsoption, and excretion rates of
substances by the kidneys
100
Bicarbonate (meq/day) 4,320 4,318 2
> 99.9
Sodium (meq/day) 25,560 25,410 150
99.4
Chloride (meq/day) 19,440 19,260 180
99.1
Water (l/day) 169 167.5 1.5
99.1
Urea (g/day) 48 24 24 50
Acid Base Balance