Komunikasi sel

Sel komunikasi essential bagi organisme multiseluler

Sinyal eksternal diubah menjadi respon di dalam sel

Signal transduction pathways/jalur transduksi sinyal

Sinyal pada permukaan sel dikonversi menjadi respon
seluler spesifik melalui serangkaian langkah
Pensinyalan ini mirip baik pada microbes (yeast) dan
mamalia, tumbuhan mekanisme pensinyalan telah
berkembang dengan baik sebelum mahluk multiseluler
muncul di bumi
K o m u n i k a s i s e l

Sel berkomunikasi
dengan melepas
pembawa pesan
(mesenjer)
L i n t a s a n t r a n s d u k s i s i n y a l

Sinyal kimia dikonversi dari satu tipe sinyal menjadi

sinyal lain untuk menghasilkan molecular response.
All organisms require signaling pathways to live.

ABCDEFG

Huruf mewaliki senyawa kimia atau protein.

Tanda panah menunjukkan langkah enzimatik.
Sel hewan dan sel tumbuhan komunikasi dengan kontak
langsung, memiliki cell junctions yang secara langsung
menghubungkan sitoplasma dengan sel sebelahnya
Plasma membranes

Gap junctions Plasmodesmata

between animal cells between plant cells

Cell junctions. Both animals and plants have cell junctions that allow molecules
to pass readily between adjacent cells without crossing plasma membranes.
Pada signaling lokal pada sel hewan, dapat berkomunikasi
melalui interaksi antara molekul2 yang menonjol dari per
mukaan sel

Cell-cell recognition. Two cells in an animal may communicate by interaction

between molecules protruding from their surfaces.
Cara kerja cell-cell signaling
Direct
Pensinyalan kimiawi jarak dekat
Pensinyalan parakrin. Molekul sinyal dikeluarkan oleh
sebuah sel dan bekerja pada sel target di dekatnya.
Molekul pengatur lokal dilepas ke dalam fluida
ekstraseluler
Pensinyalan sinaptik. Sel saraf melepaskan molekul
neurotransmiter ke dalam sinapsis.
Jarak yang lebih jauh
Pensinyalan hormonal. Sel endokrin mensekresi hormon
ke dalam cairan tubuh (darah).
 In other cases, animal cells communicate using local re
gulators Local signaling
Target cell Electrical signal
along nerve cell
triggers release of
neurotransmitter

Neurotransmitter
Secretory
diffuses across
vesicle
synapse

Local regulator
diffuses through
Target cell
extracellular fluid
is stimulated
(a) Paracrine signaling. A secreting cell acts on nearby (b) Synaptic signaling. A nerve cell releases neurotran-sm
target cells by discharging molecules of a local regulat itter molecules into a synapse, stimulating the
or (a growth factor, for example) into the extracellular target cell.
fluid.
 In long-distance signaling both plants and animals use
hormones Long-distance signaling

Endocrine cell Blood

vessel

Hormone travels
(c) Hormonal signaling. Specialized in bloodstream
endocrine cells secrete hormones to target cells
into body fluids, often the blood.
Hormones may reach virtually all
body cells.
Target
cell
Jalur lintasan bersifat inter-linked

Signalling pathway

STIMULUS Genetic
network

Metabolic pathway
 metabolic pathways

1993 Boehringer Mannheim GmbH - Biochemica

Proses percakapan seluler

Terdiri dari 3 tahapan

1. Penerimaan
2. Transduksi
3. Respon
EXTRACELLULAR CYTOPLASM
FLUID Plasma membrane

2 Transduction 3 Response
1 Reception

Receptor

Activation
of cellular
response
Relay molecules in a signal transduction pathway

Signal
molecule
 Reception/Penerimaan: pendeteksian sinyal yang
datang dari luar sel oleh sel target
Pengikatan molekul sinyal mengubah protein reseptor
mengawali proses transduksi
reseptor bersifat sangat spesifik
Intracellular receptors cytoplasmic or nuclear proteins
Molekul sinyal yang menggunakan reseptor ini adalah yang
kecil atau hydrophobic dan dapat langsung melewati
plasma membran
Reseptor pada plasma membran

Sinyal yang ditransduksi memicu respon selular spesifik

 Steroid hormones Hormone EXTRACELLULAR
(testosterone) FLUID 1 The steroid
Bind to intracellular receptors hormone testosterone
passes through the
plasma membrane.
Plasma
Receptor membrane
2 Testosterone binds
protein to a receptor protein
Hormone- in the cytoplasm,
receptor activating it.
complex

3 The hormone-
receptor complex
enters the nucleus
and binds to specific
DNA genes.
mRNA 4 The bound protein
stimulates the
transcription of
NUCLEUS New protein the gene into mRNA.

5 The mRNA is
translated into a
specific protein.
Figure 11.6 CYTOPLASM
Receptors in the Plasma Membrane

Terdapat tiga tipe reseptor menbran

G-protein-linked
Tyrosine kinases
Ion channel
G-protein-linked receptors
Signal-binding site

Segment that
interacts with
G proteins

G-protein-linked Activated Inctivate

Plasma Membrane Signal molecule
Receptor Receptor enzyme

GDP
G-protein GDP GTP
CYTOPLASM (inactive) Enzyme

Activated
enzyme

GTP
GDP
Pi

Cellular response
Figure 11.7
Receptor tyrosine kinases
Signal Signal-binding sit
molecule
Signal
Helix in the molecule
Membrane

Tyr Tyr
Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr
Tyrosines Tyr Tyr
Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr
Tyr Tyr
Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr

Receptor tyrosine
CYTOPLASM kinase proteins Dimer
(inactive monomers)

Activated
relay proteins

Cellular
Tyr Tyr P Tyr Tyr P P Tyr Tyr P
Tyr P
response 1
Tyr Tyr P Tyr Tyr P P Tyr
Tyr Tyr P Tyr Tyr P P Tyr Tyr P Cellular
6 ATP 6 ADP
response 2
Activated tyrosine- Fully activated receptor
kinase regions tyrosine-kinase Inactive
(unphosphorylated (phosphorylated relay proteins
dimer) dimer)
Ion channel receptors
Signal Gate closed Ions
molecule
(ligand)

Ligand-gated Plasma
ion channel receptor Membrane

Gate open

Cellular
response

Gate close

Figure 11.7
 Lintasan transduksi sinyal

Transduksi: Jalur interaksi molekuler yang menyalurkan si

nyal dari reseptor ke molekul target dalam sel

Multistep pathways
Memperbesar sinyal
Memberikan lebih banyak kesempatan untuk koordi
nasi dan regulasi
Protein Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation

Banyak jalur sinyal termasuk jalur phosphorylation

Mekanisme utama transduksi sinyal

Dalam proses ini

Sejumlah protein kinase menambahkan fosfat
kepada protein kinase lainnya dan
mengaktifkannya
Enzim fosfatase selanjutnya menghilangkan fosfat
A phosphorylation cascade
Signal molecule

Receptor Activated relay 1 A relay molecule

molecule activates protein kinase 1.

Inactive
protein kinase 2 Active protein kinase 1
1 Active transfers a phosphate from ATP
protein to an inactive molecule of
kinase protein kinase 2, thus activating
1 this second kinase.
Inactive
protein kinase ATP
2 ADP Active P 3 Active protein kinase 2
protein then catalyzes the phos-
PP kinase phorylation (and activation) of
Pi 2 protein kinase 3.

Inactive
protein kinase ATP
3 ADP Active P 4 Finally, active protein
protein kinase 3 phosphorylates a
5 Enzymes called protein kinase
PP protein (pink) that brings
phosphatases (PP) Pi 3 about the cells response to
catalyze the removal of the signal.
the phosphate groups Inactive
from the proteins, protein ATP
making them inactive ADP P
and available for reuse. Active Cellular
protein response
PP
P i
 Molekul kecil dan ion sebagai Second Messengers
Second messengers
Kecil, nonprotein, molekul yang larut dalam air
atau berupa ions

Cyclic AMP (cAMP) terbuat dari ATP

NH2 NH2 NH2

N N N
N N N

O O N N N O N N
O N
Adenylyl cyclase Phoshodiesterase

O P O P O P O Ch2 HO P O CH2
CH2
O O O O O O O
O O
Pyrophosphate P H2 O
P Pi O O
OH OH OH OH OH
ATP Cyclic AMP AMP
 G-proteins
Memicu pembentukan cAMP, yang kemudian
berlaku sebagai second messenger dalam
lintasan seluler First messenger
(signal molecule
such as epinephrine) Adenylyl
G protein cyclase

G-protein-linked GTP
receptor
ATP
cAMP

Protein
kinase A

Figure 11.10 Cellular responses

Calcium ions and Inositol Triphosphate (IP3)
Calsium, saat dikeluarkan ke dalam sitosol
Bertindak sebagai second messenger dalam berb
agai jalur
Calsium adalah second messenger yang penting
Karena sel mampu mengatur konsentrasinya dalam
sitosol
Second messengers seperti inositol triphosphate dan
diacylglycerol (DAG) dapat memicu peningkatan
kalsium di sitosol
EXTRACELLULAR Plasma
FLUID membrane

Ca2+
ATP pump
Mitochondrion

Nucleus

CYTOSOL

Ca2+
pump
Endoplasmic
ATP Ca2+ reticulum (ER)
pump

Key High [Ca2+] Low [Ca2+]

 1 A signal molecule binds 2 Phospholipase C cleaves a 3 DAG functions as
to a receptor, leading to plasma membrane phospholipid a second messenger
activation of phospholipase C. called PIP2 into DAG and IP3. in other pathways.

EXTRA-
Signal molecule
CELLULAR
(first messenger)
FLUID
G protein

DAG
GTP

G-protein-linked PIP2
receptor Phospholipase C
IP3
(second messenger)

IP3-gated
calcium channel

Endoplasmic Various
reticulum (ER) Cellular
Ca2+ proteins
response
activated
Ca2+
(second
messenger)

4 IP3 quickly diffuses through 5 Calcium ions flow out of 6 The calcium ions
the cytosol and binds to an IP3 the ER (down their con- activate the next
gated calcium channel in the ER centration gradient), raising protein in one or more
membrane, causing it to open. the Ca2+ level in the cytosol. signaling pathways.
Res p o n si topla s mi k dan n u kle a r

Respon:
Cell signaling menyebabkan regulasi cytoplasmic
activities atau transcription

Dalam sitoplasma
Jalur signaling mengatur aktivitas seluler yang
bervariasi
 Reception

Binding of epinephrine to G-protein-linked receptor (1 molecule)

Respon sitoplasmik Transduction

Inactive G protein

Active G protein (102 molecules)

Inactive adenylyl cyclase

Active adenylyl cyclase (102)

ATP
Cyclic AMP (104)

Inactive protein kinase A

Active protein kinase A (104)

Inactive phosphorylase kinase

Active phosphorylase kinase (10 5)

Inactive glycogen phosphorylase

Active glycogen phosphorylase (106)

Response
Glycogen
Figure 11.13 Glucose-1-phosphate
(108 molecules)
 Lintasan lain
Mengatur gen dengan mengaktifkan faktor transkr
ipsi yang meng-on dan of-kan gen
Growth factor Reception
Receptor

Phosphorylation
cascade
Transduction

CYTOPLASM

Inactive
transcription Active
factor transcription
factor Response
P
DNA
Gene

NUCLEUS mRNA
 Jalur signal dengan banyak tahap
Dapat memperbesar sinyal dan berpengaruh
terhadap kekhususan respon
Tiap protein dalam jalur signaling:
Mengamplifikasi sinyal dengan mengaktifkan banyak
copy dari komponen selanjutnya dalam jalur
Kombinasi protein yang berbeda di dalam sel
Memberikan kespesifikan yang baik pada sel dalam
sinyal yang dideteksi maupun rsepon yang
diakibatkan
B e r h e n t i n y a s i n y a l

Respon sinyal berhenti dengan cepat

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