BIOMOLEKUL

(Dr. I Dewa Ayu Susilawati, drg. M. Kes)

Setelah mempelajari bab ini, anda diharapkan mampu:

1. Menjelaskan jenis, struktur, sifat & fungsi biomolekul yang
menusun tubuh manusia
2. Menjelaskan jenis & sifat ikatan kimia pada biomolekul
BIOMOLEKUL
(Molekul Kehidupan)

Kehidupan: hasil kumulatif dari interaksi senyawa-senyawa kimia yg

menyusun sel-sel suatu organisme hidup
Organisme hidup bila diuraikan, terdiri dari senyawa-senyawa kimia =
biomolekul
Biomolekul = senyawa penyusun kehidupan
Atom

Molekul terdiri dari atom/unsur

* Atom: unit terkecil materi
Terdiri dari:
inti: neutron (tidak bermuatan) &
proton (bermuatan positif)
kulit : orbit elektron (bermuatan negatif)
* Unsur: substansi mengandung satu jenis atom
STRUKTUR ATOM
UNSUR-UNSUR YANG MENYUSUN TUBUH MANUSIA
SIMBOL UNSUR NOMER ATOM PERSEN BERAT
O Oksigen 8 65,0
C Karbon 6 18,5
H Hidrogen 1 9,5
N Nitrogen 7 3.3
Ca Kalsium 20 1,5
P Fosfor 15 1,0
K Kalium 19 0,4
S Sulfur 16 0,3
Na Natrium 11 0,2
Cl Klorin 17 0,2
Mg Magnesium 12 0,1

Unsur unsur kelumit (kurang dari 0,01%): Boron (B), Kromium (Cr), Kobalt
(Co), Tembaga (Kuprum, Cu), Fluorin (F), Iodin (I), Besi (Fe), Mangaan (Mg),
Molibdenum (Mo), Selenium (Se), Silikon (Si), Timah (Sn), Vanadium (V)
dan Seng (Zn)
 Reaksi antar atom Ikatan Kimia
* Adalah tarik menarik antara atom atau molekul yg
memungkinkannya membentuk senyawa kimia.
* Tarik menarik disebabkan oleh:
- Kekuatan elektromagnetik
- Muatan berlawanan
- Neklei-elektron
- Kutub-kutub (dipole-dipole)
* Kekuatan ikatan
- Ikatan kuat: ikatan kovalen,
ikatan ion
- Ikatan Lemah : interaksi dipole,
ikatan hidrogen,
ikatan Van Der Waals
Ikatan ion
Ikatan kovalen
Atom membentuk molekul dg cara berbagi elektron
Ikatan kovalen non polar
* Atom-atom yg membentuk ikatan kovalen berbagi
elektron secara merata karena memiliki
keelektronegatifan sama atau hampir sama
* Keelektronegatifan: kemampuan inti atom untuk
menarik elektronnya
* Misal ikatan C-C; C-H; H-H
Ikatan kovalen polar
* Jika salah satu atom lebih elektronegatif, elektron
tidak terbagi secara merata, tetapi lbh tertarik ke
salah satu inti atom kutub-kutub (+ atau -)
* Contoh: C-O; C-N; O-H; N-H
van der Waals forces: dipole-dipole interactions
Ikatan Hidrogen

Ikatan hidrogen
pada molekul Air
 Makromolekul= polimer
* Polimer karena tersusun oleh banyak atom, maka
BM nya besar > 100.000 dalton makromolekul
* The four major classes of biomolecules each have
their own characteristic monomers and
corresponding polymers
Monomer Polimer

Asam lemak Diasilgliserol, triasilgliserol

Monosakarida polisakarida

Asam amino Polipeptida, protein

nukleotida Polinukleotida (RNA, DNA)

PROTEIN
STRUCTURE
AND
FUNCTION
 Protein proteos the first
Play crucial roles in virtually all biological processes

Proteins are organic compounds made of amino acids

(polymers of -amino acids)

Kinds of amino acids: 20

Amount of amino acids > 50

 AMINO ACIDS
Amino acids are molecules containing an amine group, a carboxylic acid
group and one of the twenty R-groups.
 The amino acids in a polymer chain are joined together by
the peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino
groups of adjacent amino acid residues
Peptide bond
A peptide bond is a chemical bond formed between two
molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts
with the amino group of the other molecule, thereby releasing
a molecule of water (H2O).
 One-letter Three-letter
Amino acid
symbol symbol

A Ala alanine
B Asx aspartic acid or asparagine
C Cys cysteine
D Asp aspartic acid
E Glu glutamic acid
F Phe phenylalanine
G Gly glycine

Amino acids
H His histidine
I Ile isoleucine

symbol
K Lys lysine
L Leu leucine
M Met methionine
N Asn asparagine
P Pro proline
Q Gln glutamine
R Arg arginine
S Ser serine
T Thr threonine
U* Sec selenocysteine
V Val valine
W Trp tryptophan
X** Xaa unknown or 'other' amino acid
Y Tyr tyrosine

glutamic acid or glutamine (or substances such as

Z Glx 4-carboxyglutamic acid and 5-oxoproline that
yield glutamic acid on acid hydrolysis of peptides)
 Ser-Thr : dipeptide
Asp-Glu-Phe : threepeptide
Phe-Gly-His-Thr : tetrapeptide
< 10 aa : olygopeptide
< 50 aa : polypeptide
> 50 aa : protein
 Essential Nonessential
Isoleucine Alanine
Leucine Asparagine
Lysine Aspartic Acid
Essential amino acids :
human body cannot synthesize them Methionine Cysteine*
from other compounds, Phenylalanine Glutamic Acid
so they must be obtained from food
Threonine Glutamine*
Tryptophan Glycine*
Valine Proline*

Serine*

Tyrosine*

Arginine*

Histidine
Protein Structure
Hierarchy
 C terminal

N terminal
 Tertiary
structure
 Quaternary
structure

A hemoglobin molecule consists of four polypeptide chains

Each of the globins is folded
into a secondary and tertiary structure.
Then, all four are put together
into the hemoglobin molecule's quaternary structure
Protein function in humans
(dynamic & structural function)
1. Enzymatic catalysis
2. Transport & storage
e.g. transferrin, ferritin, hemoglobin, etc
3. Coordination motion, contractile
e.g. actin, myosin, etc
4. Mechanical support, structural proteins
e.g. collagen, elastin, etc
5. Immune response
e.g. immunoglobulin, interferon, complements, cytokines, etc
6. Hormones
e.g. insulin, somatotropin, thyrotropin, etc
7. Receptors
8. Control gen transcription & regulation
e.g histone, NFkB, robosomal protein, etc
LIPID
STRUCTURE
AND
FUNCTION
 Adalah kelompok senyawa
organik berlemak atau
LIPID berminyak yang tidak larut
dalam air, dapat diekstrak dari
sel atau jaringan dengan
pelarut non polar seperti
Penyebab tidak larut kloroform atau eter.
dlm air karena rantai
hidrokarbon alifatik
panjang atau cicin
Jenis lipid utama manusia:
benzena yang
asam lemak, trigliserid (triasil
bersifat non polar.
gliserol), fosfolipid, kolesterol,
kolesterol ester
 Lipids are a broad group of naturally occurring molecules which
includes fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A,
D, E and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, and others.
The main biological functions of lipids include energy storage, as
structural components of cell membranes, and as important signaling
Macam-macam lipid
 * Penyusun utama lipid: asam lemak
* Asam lemak: asam karboksilat C > 4

Asam Karboksilat Asam Lemak : fatty acids

Asam Lemak Jenuh
(saturated): tak ada
ikatan rangkap

Asam lemak tak jenuh

(unsaturated): ada
ikatan rangkap
 Trigliserid (Triasilgliserol): TG
Struktur dasar TG : TG : lipid utama untuk
1 gliserol + 3 asam lemak sumber energi
TG : ester dari gliserol dg 3 asam lemak
fosfolipid

Fosfolipid tdr :
- Gliserol
- asam lemak
- Senyawa fosfat
 Phospholipid:
phosphatidylcholin
 Phospholipid:
Phosphatidylinositol (PI)
 Phospholipid:
phosphatidylserin
Phospholipid cell membrane
Phospholipid pada
lipoprotein plasma
KOLESTEROL
Kolesterol:
- membran
- vitamin D
- hormon
streroid
 NUKLEOTIDA
A nucleotide is composed of a nucleobase (nitrogenous base), a
five-carbon sugar, and one to three phosphate groups
 NUCLEOTIDE
* make up the structural units of RNA and DNA
* play central roles in metabolism, they serve as
sources of chemical energy: adenosine triphosphate
(ATP) and guanosine triphosphate (GTP),
* participate in cellular signaling: cyclic guanosine
monophosphate (cGMP) and cyclic adenosine
monophosphate (cAMP),
* cofactors of enzymatic reactions: coenzyme A
(CoA), flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), flavin
mononucleotide (FMN), and nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)
polinukleotida
 Mononucletide
ATP, GTP, ADP, AMP, dll
Dinucleotide
FAD, NAD
Polynucleotide
DNA, RNA
 KARBOHIDRAT

- Carbohydrates consist (CH2O)n

- Carbohydrates include sugars, starches,
cellulose and many other compounds found in
living organisms.
- simple sugars or monosaccharides.
- combination of two simple sugars: disaccharide.
- Carbohydrates consisting of two to ten simple
sugars are called oligosaccharides,
- larger number are called polysaccharides.
Monosaccharide classifications based on the number of carbons

Number of
Category Name Examples
Carbons
4 Tetrose Erythrose, Threose
Arabinose, Ribose,
5 Pentose Ribulose, Xylose,
Xylulose, Lyxose
Allose, Altrose,
Fructose, Galactose,
Glucose, Gulose,
6 Hexose
Idose, Mannose,
Sorbose, Talose,
Tagatose
Sedoheptulose,
7 Heptose
Mannoheptulose
Disaccharide descriptions and components

Component
Disaccharide Description
monosaccharides

sucrose common table sugar glucose 12 fructose

maltose product of starch hydrolysis glucose 14 glucose

trehalose found in fungi glucose 11 glucose

galactose 14
lactose main sugar in milk
glucose

galactose 16
melibiose found in legumes
glucose
Sugar Alcohols, Amino Sugars, and Uronic Acids

Glucitol or Sorbitol Glucosamine

(a sugar alcohol) (an amino sugar)

Glucuronic acid (a
uronic acid)
 Polysaccharides are polymers of simple sugars

Many polysaccharides, unlike sugars, are insoluble

in water. Dietary fiber includes polysaccharides
and oligosaccharides that are resistant to digestion
and absorption in the human small intestine but
which are completely or partially fermented by
microorganisms in the large intestine.
Amylose molecules consist typically of 200 to 20,000 glucose units which form a helix
as a result of the bond angles between the glucose units

Glycogen
Glucose is stored as glycogen in animal tissues
by the process of glycogenesis. When glucose
cannot be stored as glycogen or used
immediately for energy, it is converted to fat.
Glycogen is a polymer of -D-Glucose. The
glucose chains are organized globularly like
branches of a tree originating from a pair of
molecules of glycogenin, a protein with a
molecular weight of 38,000 that acts as a
primer at the core of the structure. Glycogen is
easily converted back to glucose to provide
energy.
homework

1. Bagaimanakan struktur Monoasilgliserol, diasilgliserol?

2. Bagaimanakah struktur ATP, ADP, AMP?
3. Bagaimanakah struktur ester kolesterol