Skull Anatomy
The skull is a rounded layer of bone
designed to protect the brain from
penetrating injuries.
Interior Skull Surface
Brain Development from Week 5 to Birth
Figure 13.8ad
Neuron :
adalah unit fungsional system saraf
4 Parts
Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Brain Stem
Pons
Medulla
Midbrain
Cerebellum
Substansia alba and subsansia grisea
The Cerebrum
Terdiri dari 2 hemisphere yang dipisahkan falx cerebri.
Mengisi hampir seluruh cavum cranii diatas tenrorium cerebelli.
Pada permukaannnya terdapat sulcus dan gyrus.
Otak kiri dan kanan dihubungkan oleh corpus callosum
Cerebrum dibagi lima lobus
Lobes of the CerebrumLimbic Lobe
Frontal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Frontal Lobe
The frontal lobe
bertanggung jawab
terhadap fungsi cognitif
antara lain :
Problem solving
Spontanitas
Memory
bahasa
Motivation
Judgment
Social and sexual
Kebiasaan
Temporal Lobe Auditory Area
Retina
Tractus Opticus
Corpus Genic.Lateral
Radiatio Optica
Kortek Primer Area 17
Tahu / Know
19
Kortek Sekunder Area 18
Kenal / Synthesis
17 18
Kortek Tertier Area 19
Faham / Analysis Visual
Area 17 18 19
Visual
Adalah kumpulan sejumlah nucleus
dan tractus diantara cerebrum dan
The Limbic System
diencephalonl
System ini lebih merupakan
kumpulan fungsional daripada
kumpulan anatomis.
Fungsi:
Mengendalikan dorongan emosi dan
perilaku.
Menghubungkan fungsi kesadaran
dan intelektual cortex dengan bagian
bawah sadar dan pusat otonom
Mengatur penyimpanan memory.
A. Cingulate gyrus
B. Fornix
C. Anterior thalamic
nuclei
D. Hypothalamus
terdiri dari serebrum dan
E. Amygdaloid nucleus
F. Hippocampus diensefalon yang terlibat
dalam aktivitas emosional,
terutama aktivitas perilaku
tidak sadar
Berhubungan dengan batang otak
Midbrain
Pons
*
pg 366
*
The Cranial Nerves
I. Olfactory nerve
II. Optic nerve
III. Oculomotor nerve
IV. Trochlear nerve
V. Trigeminal nerve
VI. Abducens nerve
VII. Facial nerve
VIII. Vestibulocochlear nerve
IX. Glossopharyngeal nerve
X. Vagus nerve
XI. Accessory nerve
XII. Hypoglossal nerve
Medulla Spinalis/Nervus Spinalis.
Substantia alba.
Sustantia gricea.
Gray matter : berisi cell syaraf (neuron)
White matter berisi serat syaraf (tractus)
The Meninges Meninges
protect CNS
three layers : dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater
11-2
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Cerebrospinal fluid is a
colorless liquid that bathes the
brain and spine.
It is formed within the
ventricles of the brain, and it
circulates throughout the
central nervous system.
Cerebrospinal fluid fills the
ventricles and meninges,
allowing the brain to float
within the skull.
The Cranial Nerves
I. Olfactory nerve
II. Optic nerve
III. Oculomotor nerve
IV. Trochlear nerve
V. Trigeminal nerve
VI. Abducens nerve
VII. Facial nerve
VIII. Vestibulocochlear nerve
IX. Glossopharyngeal nerve
X. Vagus nerve
XI. Accessory nerve
XII. Hypoglossal nerve
NERVUS CRANIALIS
The Olfactory Nerve (I)
Carries sensory information
Sense of smell
Synapse within olfactory bulbs
Anatomy of vision
Neural pathway
for vision
Retinal cells
The hypoglossal
nerve (XII)
Voluntary motor
control over tongue
movements
Cranial Nerves
I Olfactory--------Sensory--smell
II Optic-------------Sensory--vision
III Oculomotor----Motor----extrinsic eye muscles
IV Trochlear-------Motor----extrinsic eye muscles
V Trigeminal
V1 Opthalmic-----Sensory-cornea, nasal mucosa, face skin
V2 Maxillary------Sensory-skin of face, oral cavity, teeth
V3 Mandibular---Motor-muscles of mastication
---Sensory-face skin, teeth, tongue (general)
Cranial Nerves (continued)
VI Abducens--------------Motor-----eye abduction muscles
VII Facial-------------------Sensory---part of tongue (taste)
-------------------Motor------muscles of facial expression
VIII Vestibulocochlear---Sensory----hearing, equilibrium
IX Glossopharyngeal----Motor------stylopharyngeus muscle
----Sensory----tongue (gen & taste), pharynx
X Vagus------------------Motor-------pharynx, larynx
-------------------Sensory----pharynx, larynx, abd. organs
XI Accessory-------------Motor------trapezius, sternocleidomastoid
XII Hypoglossal----------Motor-------tongue muscles
Aliran Darah Otak
Otak butuh energy tinggi sehingga aliran darah
otak sangat intensif.
Otak mendapat darah dari :
A. carotis interna.
A. vertebralis.
CVA ( Stroke ) adalah keadaan dimana terjadi
gangguan fungsi otak akibat adanya hambatan
aliran darah.
Arteri : Circulus Willisi
Circulus Willisi
Letak
Basis cranii
Melingkari infundibulum lek
hypophyse
Komponen
A. carotis interna (2)
A. cerebri anterior (2)
A. communicans anterior (1)
A. communicans posterior (2)
A. cerebri posterior (2)
V.jugularis
Vena superficial yang
mengalirkah darah dari
wajah dan kulit kepala.
Terletak diatas m.
sternocleidomastoidea.
PUSING ??
Components of
the Nervous
System
CentralNervousSystem
brain,spinalcord
PeripheralNS
Sensoryinput
afferent(approach)
Motoroutput
efferent(exit)
Figure 11.1
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Parasympathetic Simpathetic
Most active in non-stressful
situations Most active in stressful situations
Resting and Digesting Fight-or-Flight System
System Concerned with providing extra
Concerned with keeping body energy
energy low BP, HR, RR are high
BP, HR, RR are low GI activity is halted
GI Tract is active Blood diverted to skeletal
Skin is warm muscles
No need for blood to go to
skeletal muscle
ANS
Pembagian ANS.
Divisi symphatic (Divisi
Thoracolumbal)
Divisi parasymphatic.
(Devisi Craniosacral)
Organ Sympathis Parasympathis
Pupil Dilatasi/Midriasis Konstriksi/Miosis