CIRCULATION
BREATHING
AIRWAY
(sirkulasi)
(pernafasan)
(Jalan nafas)
1.Denyut jantung
1.Kecepatan 2.Irama
1.Patent
2.Irama 3.Isi nadi
2.Pertukaran gas yang adekuat
3.Bunyi nafas 4.Capillary refill
4.Stridor 5.Suhu
5.Warna kulit
DISABILITY
(neurologik) EXPOSURE
1.Glasgow coma scale 1. Suhu
2.Pupil
3.Postur
4.Status mental
YA TIDAK
1.Oksigen SECONDARY
2.Intubasi/bantuan ventilator
3.Kompresi dada 1.Pemeriksaan kepala jari kaki
4.IV/akses intraosseous 2.Riwayat sebelumnya
Penatalaksanaan syok 3.Hasil laboratorium
4.Hasil radiografi
5.Pipa orogastrik 5.Evaluasi ulang
6.Monitoring
Cedera kepala ringan • Skor GCS 15 (sadar penuh, atentif, dan orientatif)
(kelompok risiko rendah) • Tidak ada kehilangan kesadaran
• Tidak ada intoksikasi alkohol atau obat terlarang
• Pasien dapat mengeluh nyeri kepala dan pusing
• Pasien dapat menderita abrasi, laserasi, atau hematoma
kulit kepala
• Tidak adanya kriteria cedera sedang-berat
Cedera kepala sedang • Skor GCS 9 – 14 (confution, letargi, stupor)
(kelompok risiko sedang) • Amnesia pasca-trauma
• Muntah
• Tanda kemungkinan fraktur kranium (tanda Battle, mata
rabun, hemotimpanum, otorea, atau rinorea cairan
serebrospinal)
• Kejang
Cedera kepala ringan • Skor GCS 3 – 8 (koma)
(kelompok risiko berat) • Penurunan derajat kesadaran secara progresif
• Tanda neurologis fokal
• Cedera kepala penetrasi / teraba fraktur depresi kranium
Classification
• Primary head injury
1)Fractures
Linier
Depressive
Basis of cranii
2)Focal injury
Contusion : ‘coup’, ‘contra-coup’
Hematom : Epidural, Subdural, Intracerebral
Texbook of Neurosurgeon
Classification
• Primary head injury
3)Difusion injury
Concusion : mild, classic
Diffusa axonal injury : mild – moderate –
severe
Texbook of Neurosurgeon
Classification
Secondary head injury
1) Sistemic disorders : due to
Hypoxia-hypotension
Energy metabolism disorders
Autoregulation failed
2) Traumatic hematom
Epidural
Subdural (acute, chronic)
Subdural effusion (acute, chronic)
intracerebral
Texbook of Neurosurgeon
Classification
• Secondary head injury
3) Cerebral oedem
Perifocal
Generalisata
4) Brain shift – brain stem herniation
Texbook of Neurosurgeon
Pupillary Changes
After a Head Injury
Stage A
pupil on the side of the lesion
constricts dilates.
Stage B
constriction on the side of the
lesion, usually lasts only a short
time and is often missed.
If you miss it
you will only see
stages C & D
a normal sized unreactive pupil
fixed dilated pupil on the side of
the lesion.