PENGANTAR

PSIKOLOGI KOGNITIF

 Definisi Psikologi Kognitif

 Perkembangan Psikologi Kognitif
 Isu-isu Psikologi Kognitif
 Prinsip dalam Psikologi Kognitif
 Kaitan dengan ilmu lain
Psikologi kognitif
 Cognition = aktivitas mental, meliputi:
 akuisisi,
 penyimpanan informasi,
 transformasi,
 penggunaan informasi
 Pendekatan teori kognitif
 Adalah: Ilmu yang mempelajari operasi
mental yang mendukung akuisisi dan
penggunaan informasi (Reed, 2000)
Abad ke-19
 Wilhelm Wundt:
 Metode introspeksi  melihat ke dlm
dibandingkan saat menerima stimulus dr
luar
 Tujuan  konsistensi yg dirasakan
manusia dg stimulus eksternal
 Cara  mendengarkan stimulus
berirama & merasakan apa yg sedang
dipikirkan
Abad ke-19
 Herman Ebbinghaus
 Susunan huruf tdk bermakna (Non-sense
syllables)  2 konsonan 1 vokal
 William James
 Buku Principles of Psychology (atensi,
memori,imagery, reasoning)
 Menggunakan sense of syllables
Abad ke-20
 John Watson
 Behavioristik  berdasarkan sst yg bisa diamati
 Gestalt
 Manusia cenderung untuk mengorganisasikan apa
yang mereka lihat
 Keseluruhan lebih penting daripada bagian-
bagiannya
 Frederick Bartlett
 Memori merupakan proses rekonstruksi yg
melibatkan interpretasi & transformasi materi asli
(Kendler, 1987)
Abad ke-21
 Massachussets Institute of Technology (MIT):
 Simposium (Sept ’59) oleh John Miller ttg “The
Magical Number 7± 2”
 Informasi yang bisa diingat seseorang tanpa alat
bantu memiliki batas, dengan rentang 7± 2
aitem.
 Noam Chomsky
 Menolak pendekatan behavioristik
 Proses mental melibatkan bahasa 
psikolinguistik
 Jean Piaget
 Mengkaji kognitif dari perspektif perkembangan
Isu-isu Psikologi Kognitif
 Cognitive science
 Interdisipliner & mengkaji pikiran bukan emosi
 Cognitive neuroscience
 Proses kognitif dr struktur & fungsi otak
 Artificial Intelligence
 Menciptakan program komputer dg kemampuan
inteligensi manusia
 Proses distribusi paralel
 Aktivitas mental didistribusikan melalui nodus
syaraf (dendrit syaraf)
?
What can humans do that
computers can not?

What can computers do that

humans can not?
Prinsip Psikologi Kognitif
 Bersifat aktif mencari informasi
 Bekerja dg efisien
 Lebih mudah memproses informasi
positif (yang disukai)
 Tidak dapat diamati langsung
 Bernilai kontekstual
Kaitan dengan ilmu lain
 Psikologi Pendidikan
 Psikologi Sosial
 Informatika/ilmu komputer
 Keduanya banyak dipengaruhi oleh
pendekatan teori kognitif
?

If you wanted to understand how

people think which method would
you use? What would you focus
on?
Research Methods in Cognitive
Psychology

How does scientific investigation work?

 Theory development
 Hypotheses formulation
 Hypotheses testing
 Data gathering
 Data analysis
Ecological validity
 The degree to which particular findings in one
context may be considered relevant outside of
that context
Research Methods in Cognitive
Psychology

1. Controlled laboratory experiments

 Characterization
 An experimenter conducts research in a
laboratory setting in which he controls as
many aspects of the experimental situation as
possible
 Advantages
 Enables isolation of causal factors
 Excellent means of testing hypotheses
 Disadvantages
 Often lack of ecological validity
Research Methods in Cognitive
Psychology
2. Psychobiological research
 Characterization
 Studies the relationship between cognitive
performance and cerebral events and
structures
 Examples: postmortem studies, animal
studies, studies in vivo (PET, fMRI, EEG)
 Advantages
 “hard” evidence of cognitive functions by
relating them to physiological activity
 Disadvantages
 Often very expensive; risk of making
inferences about normal functions based on
abnormal brain functioning
Research Methods in Cognitive
Psychology
3. Self-reports
 Characterization
 Participant’s reports of own cognition in
progress or as recollected
 Advantages
 Introspective insights from participant’s point
of view, which may be unavailable via other
means
 Disadvantages
 Inability to report on processes occurring
outside conscious awareness
 Data gathering may influence cognitive
process being reported
?
 Try reporting aloud the various steps
involved in grasping a pen?
 Now, actually grasp your pen,
reporting aloud the steps you take.
Do you notice any differences
between the first task and this task?
 Can you report exactly how you
pulled the information into conscious
awareness?
Research Methods in Cognitive
Psychology

4. Case studies
 Characterization
 Intensive study of a single individual
 Advantages
 Richly detailed information about individuals,
including information about historical and
current contexts
 Very good for theory development
 Disadvantages
 Small sample; questionable generalization to
other cases
Research Methods in Cognitive
Psychology

5. Naturalistic observation
 Characterization
 Observing real-life situations, as in classrooms,
work settings, or homes
 Advantages
 High ecological validity
 Disadvantages
 Lack of experimental control
Research Methods in Cognitive
Psychology
6. Computer Simulations and Artificial
Intelligence
 Characterization
 Simulation: Attempt to make computers simulate
human cognitive performance
 AI: Attempt to make computers demonstrate
intelligent cognitive performance (regardless of
its resemblance to human cognitive processing)
 Advantages
 Clear testing of theoretical models and
predictions
 Disadvantages
 Limits of hardware and software
 Key Themes in Cognitive
Psychology

1. Data without a theory is meaningless,

theory without data is empty
 Example: observation that people’s ability to
recognize faces is better than their ability to
recall faces
 This is an interesting generalization but it does not
explain why there is such a difference
 A theory provides
 An explanation of data
 Basis for prediction of other data
 Key Themes in Cognitive
Psychology

2. Cognitive processes interact with each

other and with noncognitive processes
 Even though cognitive psychologists often try
to study specific cognitive processes in
isolation, they know that cognitive processes
work together
 Examples
 Memory processes depend on perceptual processes
 Thinking depends on memory
 Motivation interacts with learning
 Key Themes in Cognitive
Psychology

3. Cognition needs to be studied through

a variety of scientific methods

 There is no one right way to study

cognition
 Cognitive psychologists need to learn a
variety of different kinds of techniques
to study cognition
 Key Themes in Cognitive
Psychology
4. Basic research in cognitive psychology
may lead to application, applied
research may lead to basic
understanding
 Basic research often leads to immediate
application
 Example: finding that learning is superior when it is
spaced out over time rather than crammed into a
short time interval
 Applied research often leads to basic findings
 Example: eyewitness testimony research has
enhanced our basic understanding of memory
systems and of the extent to which humans
construct their own memories