KELOMPOK 3
HOMEOSTASIS
• kerusakan berlanjut, injury menjadi ireversibel, sel tidak dapat pulih dan
berakhir dengan kematian sel
HIPERPLASIA
• Peningkatan jumlah sel pada organ atau jaringan → peningkatan volume organ atau jaringan.
• Terjadi pada sel yang mampu mensintesis DNA dan melakukan pembelahan (mitosis).
• Fisiologis:
Hormonal
Peningkatan kapasitas jaringan saat dibutuhkan
Proliferasi epitel kelenjar mammae pada wanita saat pubertas dan hamil.
Kompensatorik
Peningkatan massa jaringan setelah kerusakan atau reseksi parsial
Proliferasi sel hepar setelah partial hepatectomy
• Patologis
Akibat stimulasi hormon atau faktor pertumbuhan berlebih pada sel target
Hiperplasia endometrium (estrogen >>), Benign Prostatic Hiperplasia (androgen >>).
ADAPTASI SELULER
HIPERTROFI
• Peningkatan ukuran sel
• Terjadi pada sel yang tidak dapat membelah (mis.sel otot lurik di jantung dan skeletal)
• Fisiologis
pertumbuhan fisiologis uterus selama kehamilan
penonjolan otot bodybuilders karena peningkatan ukuran fiber otot
• Patologis
pada jantung, karena hipertensi atau kerusakan katup → hemodinamik
overload → hipertrofi otot jantung.
FIGURE 1-3 PHYSIOLOGIC HYPERTROPHY OF THE UTERUS DURING PREGNANCY. A, GROSS APPEARANCE OF A
NORMAL UTERUS (RIGHT) AND A GRAVID UTERUS (REMOVED FOR POSTPARTUM BLEEDING) (LEFT). B, SMALL
SPINDLE-SHAPED UTERINE SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS FROM A NORMAL UTERUS (LEFT) COMPARED WITH LARGE
PLUMP CELLS IN GRAVID UTERUS (RIGHT).
ADAPTASI SELULER
ATROFI
• Penyusutan ukuran sel karena kehilangan substansi sel
• Fisiologis
pada struktur embrio; duktus thiroglossus atau notochord, penurunan ukuran
uterus setelah partus
• Patologis
• Penurunan beban kerja (atrophy of disuse)
• Hilangnya persarafan (denervation atrophy)
• Berkurangnya blood supply
• Nutrisi tidak adekuat
• Kurang / tidak ada stimulasi hormon
• Aging (senile atrophy)
• Tekanan (pressure)
FIGURE 1-5 A, ATROPHY OF THE BRAIN IN AN 82-YEAR-OLD MALE WITH ATHEROSCLEROTIC DISEASE. ATROPHY OF THE BRAIN IS DUE TO
AGING AND REDUCED BLOOD SUPPLY. THE MENINGES HAVE BEEN STRIPPED. B, NORMAL BRAIN OF A 36-YEAR-OLD MALE. NOTE THAT
LOSS OF BRAIN SUBSTANCE NARROWS THE GYRI AND WIDENS THE SULCI.
ADAPTASI SELULER
METAPLASIA
• Perubahan reversible satu jenis sel dewasa (epithelial/mesenkimal) menjadi sel
dewasa jenis lain.
• Metaplastik sel lebih tahan terhadap lingkungan, namun merubah fungsi sel
sebelumnya.
• Terjadi saat sel mengalami stress hingga sudah tidak dapat berdaptasi atau
sel terkena agen yang berbahaya.
ETIOLOGI CELL INJURY
• Kekurangan oksigen
hipoksia
• Agen fisik
Trauma mekanik, suhu ekstrim, radiasi, shock elektrik
• Agen infeksius
• Reaksi imunologi
Reaksi anafilaksis, autoimun
• Kelainan genetik
• Gangguan nutrisi
Reversible cell injury
• Perubahan ultrastructural:
• Plasma membrane alteration: blebbing, distortion of
microvilli.
• Mitochondrial change: swelling, amorphous densities
• Dilatation of the ER – disertai lepasnya ribosom
• Nuclear alteration
MORFOLOGI IREVERSIBEL INJURY
• Morphologic changes in reversible and irreversible cell injury. A, Electron micrograph of a normal epithelial cell of the proximal kidney tubule. Note abundant microvilli
(mv), lining the lumen (L). N, nucleus; V, apical vacuoles (which are normal structures in this cell type). B, Epithelial cell of the proximal tubule showing reversible
ischemic changes. The microvilli (mv) are lost and have been incorporated in apical cytoplasm; blebs have formed and are extruded in the lumen (L). Mitochondria are
slightly dilated. (Compare with A.) C, Proximal tubular cell showing irreversible ischemic injury. Note the markedly swollen mitochondria containing amorphous
densities, disrupted cell membranes, and dense pyknotic nucleus
NEKROSIS
FIGURE 1-19 COAGULATIVE AND LIQUEFACTIVE NECROSIS. A, KIDNEY INFARCT EXHIBITING COAGULATIVE
NECROSIS, WITH LOSS OF NUCLEI AND CLUMPING OF CYTOPLASM BUT WITH PRESERVATION OF BASIC OUTLINES
OF GLOMERULAR AND TUBULAR ARCHITECTURE. B, A FOCUS OF LIQUEFACTIVE NECROSIS IN THE KIDNEY CAUSED
BY FUNGAL INFECTION. THE FOCUS IS FILLED WITH WHITE CELLS AND CELLULAR DEBRIS, CREATING A RENAL
ABSCESS THAT OBLITERATES THE NORMAL ARCHITECTURE.
APOPTOSIS