The Endocrine System

and
NEUROHORMONAL
Figure 18.1
 Anatomi Kelenjar Endokrin

A. Glandula exocrin
– Ductus
– Lumen and
surfaces

B. Glandula endocrin
– Chemical
messengers
– Blood stream
Sekresi pengeluaran hormon
- Sekresi hormon oleh kelenjar endokrin
distimulasi atau dihambat oleh kadar sejenis
hormon dalam darah

- distimulasi oleh impuls saraf yang menjalar

di sepanjang serabut saraf

- Mekanisme kontrol umpan balik, stimulasi

atau inhibisi sekresi hormon
Figure 25.2a–c
 Hypophysis

• Mengeluarkan 9 peptide penting

• Semuanya akan mengikat membran
receptor melalui cyclic AMP sebagai
second messengger
Hypophysis

Figure 18.6a, b
Glandula Pituitary

Figure 25.3a–c
 Lobus Anterior
(adenohypophysis)
• hormon pertumbuhan (growth hormone [GH]) atau
hormon somatotropik (STH)
• Hormon perangsang-tiroid (thyroid-sytimulating
hotrmone [TSH])
• Hormon adrenokortikotropik (adenocorticotropic
hormone [ACTH]) juga disebut kortikotropin
• Gonadotropin. Hormon perangsang folikel (follicle-
stimulating hormone [FSH]) dan luteinzing hormone (LH)
• Prolaktin (PRL) disekresi selama masa kehamilan dan saat
menyusui setelah melairkan
Lobus posterior neurohypophysis

• Structurally part of
the brain
• Secretes two
hormones
– Antidiuretic hormone
(ADH)
– Oxytocin

Figure 25.5
Feedback control of Endocrine Secretion

Figure 18.8a
Feedback control of Endocrine Secretion

Figure 18.8b
Table 25.1
Fig
19.5
The Thyroid Gland

Figure 18.11a
17
 Glandula Thyroid
– Hormon tiroid meningkatkan laju metabolik
hampir semua sel tubuh. Hormon ini
menstimulasi konsumsi konsumsi dan
memperbesar pengeluaran energi, terutama
dalam bentuk panas.
– Pertumbuhan dan maturasi normal tulang, gigi,
jaringan ikat, dan jaringan saraf tergantung
pada hormon-hormon tiroid.
– Parathyroid mengendalikan keseimbangan kalsium dan
fostat dalam tubuh melalui peningkatan kadar kalsium
darah dan penurunan kadar fosfat darah.
The Thyroid Follicles

Figure 18.12b
 HORMONES OF THE THYROID GLAND

TRIIODOTHYRONINE
(T3) TETRAIODOTHYRONINE (T4) CALCITONIN
THYROXINE

(GENERAL) (BONE TISSUE)

Increase rate of Increase calcium
metabolism (GENERAL)
storage in
Increase rate of metabolism
bone
 General Hyperthyroidism
• high metabolic rate
•weight loss
• protruding eyes

Grave’s disease
• overstimulation of gland
Cretinism by antibodies
•leads to small stature • hyperthyroidism
and mental retardation
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

© Mediscan/Visuals Unlimited © Mediscan/Visuals Unlimited © Mediscan/Visuals Unlimited

21
 The Parathyroid Glands

Regulation of Calcium Ion Concentrations

Figure 18.14
23
Effects of Parathyroid Hormone

Figure 16.11
HORMONE OF THE PARATHYROID
GLAND

PARATHYROID HORMONE

(BONE TISSUE & KIDNEY)

Increase calcium removal from storage in bone
Produces active form of vitamin D in kidneys
Increase absorption of calcium by intestines
Increase blood calcium level
 Adrenal cortex
• Bagian pembatan hormon steroid
(corticosteroids)
• Cortex divided into three layers
– Zona glomerulosa (produces mineralocorticoids)
– Zona fasciculate (produces glucocorticoids)
– Zona reticularis (produces androgens)

Pada manusia, kelenjar adrenal terletak sejajar dengan

tulang punggung thorax ke-XII dan mendapatkan suplai
darah dari arteri adrenalis
 The Adrenal Gland

Produces epinephrine (~75 - 80%)

Produces norepinephrine (~25-30%)

Figure 18.16
 Figure 45.9
Same receptors but different Different receptors
intracellular proteins (not shown)

Different cellular Different cellular

responses responses

Epinephrine Epinephrine Epinephrine

 receptor  receptor  receptor

Glycogen
deposits

Vessel Vessel
Glycogen dilates.
breaks down constricts.
and glucose
is released
from cell.

(a) Liver cell (b) Skeletal muscle (c) Intestinal blood

blood vessel vessel
 The pancreatic islets
• Clusters of endocrine cells within the pancreas called Islets of
Langerhans or pancreatic islets
– Alpha cells secrete glucagons
– Beta cells secrete insulin
– Delta cells secrete GH-IH
– F cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide
 Figure 45.13a-2

Body cells Insulin

take up more Beta cells of
glucose. pancreas
release insulin
into the blood.

Liver takes
up glucose
and stores it STIMULUS:
as glycogen. Blood glucose level rises
Blood glucose
level declines. (for instance, after eating a
carbohydrate-rich meal).

Homeostasis:
Blood glucose level
(70–110 mg/100 mL)
 Figure 45.13b-2

Homeostasis:
Blood glucose level
(70–110 mg/100 mL)

STIMULUS:
Blood glucose Blood glucose level
level rises. falls (for instance, after
skipping a meal).

Alpha cells of pancreas

release glucagon into
Liver breaks the blood.
down glycogen Glucagon
and releases
glucose into
the blood.
 Ginjal

• Memproduksi calcitriol dan erythropoietin

(EPO) dan enzim rennin
– Calcitriol = merangsang penyerapan ion calcium
dan phosphate selama dlam proses pencernakan
– EPO merangsang produksi sel darah merah oleh
sum sum tulang
– Renin merubah angiotensinogen menjadi
angiotensin I
Endocrine Functions of the Kidneys

Figure 18.20a
 Regulation of Aldosterone

Tortora & Grabowski 9/e 18-34

Step 7
Neural Communication
 Hormones and growth
• Pertumbuhan normal diatur melalui
interaksi organ endokrin
• Enam hormon penting untuk
pertumbuhan
– GH
– Thyroid hormones
– Insulin
– PTH
– Calcitriol
– Reproductive hormones
 Effects of stress on a body
Stress

Nerve Hypothalamus
Spinal cord
signals
(cross section) Releasing
hormone
Nerve
cell
Anterior pituitary
Blood vessel
adrenal medulla Nerve cell
secretes epinephrine Adrenal cortex
& norepinephrine secretes
ACTH mineralocorticoids
& glucocorticoids
Adrenal
gland
Kidney

(A) SHORT-TERM STRESS RESPONSE (B) LONG-TERM STRESS RESPONSE

Effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine: Effects of Effects of

mineralocorticoids: glucocorticoids:
1. Glycogen broken down to glucose;
increased blood glucose 1. Retention of 1. Proteins & fats broken
2. Increased blood pressure sodium ions & down & converted to
3. Increased breathing rate water by kidneys glucose, leading to
4. Increased metabolic rate increased blood
2. Increased blood
5. Change in blood flow patterns, leading glucose
volume & blood
to increased alertness & decreased pressure 2. Immune system
digestive & kidney activity suppressed