Klasifikasi
Efek Kehamilan
terhadap Diabetes
Lebih sulit melakukan stabilisasi glukosa darah selama kehamilan,
dikarenakan adanya perubahan metabolisme karbohidrat dan
terganggunya kerja insulin.
Antagonisme insulin disebabkan adanya efek kombinasi HPL (human
placental lactogen), , estrogen, progesteron, kortisol bebas, dan
degradasi insulin oleh plasenta.
Efek Kebutuhan insulin selama kehamilan meningkat seiring
bertambahnya UK.
Kehamilan Konsep “accelerated starvation” aktivasi lipolisis yang cepat
terhadap dengan periode puasa yang pendek
Ketoasidosis Diperberat selama periode hyperemesis pada awal
Diabetes kehamilan, infeksi, maupun puasa, atau secara iatrogenik oleh obat β-
simpatomimetik dan penggunaan kortikosteroid pada tatalaksana
persalinan preterm.
Kebutuhan insulin menurun signifikan pada masa puerperium
Perubahan vaskular, terutama retinopati, nefropati, CAD, dan
neuropati dapat memburuk selama masa kehamilan.
Efek Diabetes
terhadap Kehamilan
Efek Diabetes Aborsi
Komplikasi neonatal:
FETAL (3) Hipoglikemia (< 35 mg/dL) karena hiperinsulinemia, sering terjadi pada bayi
makrosomia
Respiratory distress syndrome – Karena insulin janin yang berlebih –
menghambat kerja kortisol (pematangan paru janin). Resiko RDS dapat
diturunkan dengan control glukosa yang baik. Persalinan dilakukan setelah UK
38 minggu.
Hiperbilirubinemia – Berkaitan dengan peningkatam produksi sel darah
merah (polisitemia)
Efek Diabetes Polisitemia
terhadap Hipokalemia
Hipomagnesia
Kehamilan
Kardiomiopati dapat terjadi pada diabetes yang tidak terkontrol
Efek jangka panjang:
FETAL (4) Obesitas masa kanak-kanak
Efek neurofisiologi
Diabetes
Tatalaksana
Tujuan: Kontrol ketat diabetes sebelum terjadinya
Konseling kelahiran.
Prenatal (1) Suplemetasi Folic Acid
HbA1C diukur untuk dapat merencanakan operasi
Supervisi saat ANC dilakukan setiap bulan
Kontrol tiap bulan, selanjutnya setiap 2 minggu
MRS untuk stabilisasi dan perbaikan KU
Evaluasi USG setiap bulan untuk mengetahui
Konseling malformasi kongenital, fetal makrosomia
Antenatal (2) Penilaian kesejahteraan janin ditegakkan sejak 28
minggu
BPP dan NST dilakukan setiap minggu
Doppler umbilical artery velocimetry dikerjakan pada
kasus dengan vaskulopati
When diabetes is first detected during pregnancy and cannot be controlled by diet alone, it
should be treated with insulin. A postprandial (2 hours) plasma glucose level of more than 140
mg% even on diet
control is an indication of insulin therapy. There is frequent change in insulin need during
pregnancy and changes
in the dosage are made in small increments at a time
Glycemic goals should be around 90 mg/dLbefore meals and
Konseling not to exceed 120 mg/dL, 2 hours after meals. During the stabilization process of the insulin
dose, frequent blood
Antenatal (3) sugar estimation especially at night (2 am–6 am) may be necessary using glucose meter
However, as pregnancy advances, “a double mixed
regime” may be employed. The patient should receive three to four daily injections of a regular
(human act rapid)
and an intermediate acting insulin (isophane), the latter is to be given before dinner.
The aim is to maintain the blood
sugar level as near to normal as possible without causing troublesome hypoglycemia.
Tujuan:
Stabilization of diabetes
Minimizes the incidence of preeclampsia, polyhydramnios
and preterm labor
To select out the appropriate time and method of delivery.
Konseling Cesarean section: The indications are—(1) Fetal macrosomia (>4 kg) (2) Diabetes with complications
or difficult to control (3) Fetal compromise as observed in antepartum fetal monitoring (4) Elderly
Pada Saat primigravidae (5) Multigravidae with a bad obstetric history (6) Obstetric complications like preeclampsia,
polyhydramnios, malpresentation. As such 50% of diabetic mothers are delivered by cesarean section.
MRS (4) To control blood glucose: (1) One liter of 5% dextrosedrip is started with 10 units of soluble insulin (2) A general
guideline for insulin infusion rate is, 1 unit per hour for blood glucose of 100–140 mg/dL, 2 units per hour for blood
glucose of 141–180 mg/dLand 3 units per hour for blood glucose of 181–220 mg/dLis followed. Use of motorized
syringe pump for insulin infusion is convenient (3) Hourly estimation of blood glucose levels is done with glucose
meter and the insulin dose is adjusted accordingly. The blood glucose level should be maintained between 80 and
100 mg per 100 mL.
PLACE OF AWAITINGSPONTANEOUS ONSET OF LABOR AT
TERM:
The following are the conditions where the pregnancy may be
continued awaiting spontaneous onset of labor and vaginal
delivery.
Konseling
(1) Young primigravidae or multiparae with good obstetric history
Pada Saat (2) Diabetes well controlled either by diet or insulin and without
any obstetrical complication. However, in the absence of gadgets
MRS (5) for assessment of fetal well-being, it is risky to continue the
pregnancy in such cases up to the EDD. In any case,the pregnancy
should not be allowed to overrun the expected date.
The cord should be clamped immediately after delivery to avoid
hypervolemia
Placenta is large, the cord is thick and there is increased incidence of a
single umbilical artery. Microscopically, villi show edema and excessive syncytial knots,
numerous cytotrophoblasts
and thickened basement membrane. The term placentosis is given to such features.
Diabetic ketoacidosis:Pathology is insulin resistance olipolysis oenhanced ketogenesis ofall in
plasma HCO3–
Examination and pH (< 7.30). It may be precipitated with the use of E-mimetic agents (Isoxsuprine) and
corticosteroids.
of the Managementis done in an acute care unit where both neonatal care is also available.
Parameters to assess are:
placenta and Degree of acidosis, alterations in the level of arterial blood gas, blood glucose, ketones and
electrolytes.
cord •IV insulin o0.1–0.2 units/kg (loading dose) o0.1 U/kg/hr. (to adjust with frequent capillary
glucose
estimation) oto keep plasma glucose levels between 100 and 150 mg/dL
•Fluids—NaCl total: 4-6L in !rst 12 hours. 5% dextrose with 0.45% NaCl at 150 mL/hr.
•IV Potassium:if reduced—infusion 15-20 mEq/hr until serum K+ > 3.3 but <5.3 mEq/L
•Bicarbonate: if PH < 7.0: NaHCO3 (50 mmol) in 200 mL water over 1 hr →repeat serum
NaHCO3 levels.
Ant ibiot ics should be given prophylact ically t o minimize infect ion. Insulin requirement
falls dramatically following delivery. She is to revert to the insulin regime as was prior to
pregnancy. A fresh
blood glucose level after 24 hours will help to adjust the dose of insulin. Breastfeeding is
encouraged. Women
who breast feed should have additional 500 Kcal daily in diet. In lactating women insulin dose is
lower.
CARE OF THE BABY:A neonatologist should be present at the time of delivery. The baby should
preferably be kept in an intensive neonatal care unit and to remain vigilant for at least 48
hours, to detect
Masa Nifas (1) and to treat effectively any complication likely to arise.
„Asphyxia is anticipated and be treated e$ectively (see p. 544).
„To look for any congenital malformation.
„All babies should have blood glucose to be checked within 2 hours of birth to avoid problems
of
hypoglycemia (blood glucose < 35 mg/dL).
„All babies should receive 1 mg vitamin K intramuscularly.
„Early breastfeeding within half to 1 hour is advocated and to be repeated at three to four
hourly
intervals thereafter to minimize hypoglycemia and hyperbilirubinemia.
CONTRACEPTION: Barrier method of contraceptivesis ideal for
spacing of births. Low dose
combined oral pillscontaining third generation progestins, are
effective and have got minimal effect
on carbohydrate metabolism. Main worry is their effect on
Masa Nifas (2) vascular disease (thromboembolism and
myocardial infarction). Progestin only pillmay be an alternative
(see p. 627). Long acting progestins
are not used as a first line method. The IUCD may be used once
diabetes is well controlled. Permanent
sterilizationis considered when family is completed.