Persiapan TOEFL

Parts of Speech
• Kalimat  ada subjek dan predikat
• Klausa  sekelompok kata yang memiliki sebuah subjek dan sebuah
predikat(klausa dapat juga memiliki objek langsung dan tidak
langsung).
• Klausa bebas klausa yang mengekspesikan pemikiran lengkap
• Klausa tergantung –> megekspresikan pemikiran yang tidak lengkap
Latihan soal
• Kata apa saja yang bentuk present, past nya sama?
Parts of speech
• Frasa  kelompok kata yang TIDAK memiliki subjek dan predikat.
• Modifier  kata dan frasa yang berkualifikasi atau mendeskripsikan
orang, tempat, benda, dan tindakan.
• Frasa yang paling umum adalah frasa preposisi
• Modifier termasuk kata sifat dan kata keterangan.
Part of speech (VERBS)
• Kata dasar infinitive
• Present tense
• Present participle
• Past tense
• Past participle
Part of speech (VERB)
Present& Future Past Meaning
Will,shall would Intention
can could Ability
May,might,can,could Could,might Permission
should Should+have+ past Recommendation
participle
Must,have (to) Had to Necessity
should Should+have+past Expectation
participle
May,might Might+have+past possibility
participle
Troublesome verbs
• Lie/lay
• Sit/set
• Rise/raise
present Present participle Past Past participle
(with am,is,are) (with
have,has,had)
Lie,lies lying lay Lain
Lay,lays laying laid Laid
Sit,sits sitting sat Sat
set setting set Set
Rise,rises Rising rose Risen
Raise,raises raising raised raised
Agreement
• Jika majemuk, subjek tunggal dihubungkan dengan and, kata kerjanya
pasti jamak
• Jika majemuk, subjek tunggal dihubungkan dengan or/nor, kata kerja
pasti tunggal
• Jika satu subjek jamak, dan 1 subjek tunggal dihubungkan dengan or
atau nor, kata kerja menyelaraskan dengan subjek terdekat
Gerunds and Infinitives
• Gerund adalah : gerund seperti kata kerja, tetapi berakhiran –ing.
Namun, gerund sebenarnya berfungsi sebagai kata benda dalam
kalimat

• Infinitive (to + verb base), di sisi lain sering merupakan bagian dari
rangkaian kata kerja tetapi merupakan kaya kerja utama dari suatu
kalimat.
Gerund
• Selalu gunakan gerund setelah kata preposisi
• Selalu gunakan gerund setelah kata kerja berikut ini

admit appreciate avoid Cant help consider delay

deny discuss dislike enjoy escape finish
imagine keep miss postpone practice Put off
quit recall resist risk suggest tolerate
infinitive
• Banyak kata kerja 
Nouns
• Kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung memiliki kekhususan yang lain,
yaitu:
• Makanan yang dapat dibeli dalam jumlah besar atau ada dalam berbagai
bentuk: roti, mentega, nuah, daging, beras, gula, cokelat
• Cairan atau bahan alami yang dapat berubah bentuk, bergantung pada wadah
atau lingkungan mereka: susu, air, the, minyak, es, uap, oksigen,asap
• Bahan yang dapat berubah bentuk, bergantung pada mereka digunakan untuk
apa: kayu, pasir,emas
• Abstraksi : kebaikan, pengetahuan, integritas, keindahan,waktu
• Kelompok item yang ada dalam berbagai bentuk dan ukuran: furniture,
pakaian, uang, sampah, bagasi
Pronouns
• Indefinite pronouns TUNGGAL

Anyone, anybody Everyone, everybody No one, nobody

Someone, somebody Either, neither each
one
• Indefinite pronouns jamak

both few Many several

• Pronouns berikut ini dapat berupa tunggal maupun jamak

all any most none some

Adjective vs Verbs
• Adjective (kata sifat) mendeskripsikan noun (kata benda) atau
pronoun. Adejctive menjawab satu dari 3 pertanyaan mengenai kata
lain dalam kalimat : which one, what kind, how many
• Adverb (kata keterangan): mendeskripsikan verbs, adjectives,
adverbs. Mereka menjawab salah satu dari 3 pertanyaan ini : whre,
when, how, to what extent?
• Jamak  fewer, number
• Less ,amount tunggal
PRESENT TENSES
Simple Present Tense
• Used in regular or permanent situations
• Juga digunakan untuk menunjukkan seberapa seringnya sesuatu
terjadi, ditunjukkan dengan adverbs of frequency
Present Continuous Tense
• Untuk aksi yang sedang terjadi sekarang
• Untuk membicarakan suatu rencana atau perpindahan ke suatu
tempat/kondisi
• Untuk mengungkapkan kejengkelan atas aksi yang terjadi berulang
kali.
Present Perfect Tense ( S + have/has +V3)
• Untuk aksi di masa lalu tanpa peduli kapan terjadinya (I’ve visited all
of them)
• Untuk menunjukan bahwa suatu aksi telah dilakukan berulang kali di
masa lampau ( I’ve called you 3 times)
• Untuk situasi yang dimulai di masa lampau kemudian belum selesai
sampai sekarang. ( she has studied there for )
• Yang baru saja dilakukan (I’ve just sent u email)
Present Perfect Continuous Tense (S+
have/has + been + Ving)
• Untuk menunjukkan aksi yang telah selesai pada suatu titik di masa
lampau diikuti dengan relevansinya dengan situasi sekarang ( I am
hungry since I’ve been fasting since morning)
• Untuk aksi yang baru saja selesai
• Aksi yang telah dimulai di masa lampau dan berlanjut sampai
sekarang

Hanya untuk static verb

Past continuous tense ( S+ was/were + Ving)
• Suatu aksi yang terjadi selama momen tertentu di masa lampau
• Untuk mengolok-olok atau mengritisi aksi yang terjadi pada interval
acak namun sebenarnya merupakan kebiasaan alami.
Past Perfect Tenses ( S+ Had + V3)
• ???
Past perfect continuous tense ( S +had+ been
+Ving)
• Untuk mengekspresikan aksi Panjang di masa lampau sebelum aksi
lainnya terjadi (she had been working before you were arrived)
• Untuk memberitahukan berapa lama sesuatu terjadi (period of time)
atau sampai waktu tertentu di masa lampau.
Future Continuous Tense (S+will/shall+ be +
Ving)
• Untuk aksi yang akan sedang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa
depan
Future Perfect Tense ( S+ will/shall + have/has
+ V3
• Untuk suatu aktivitas yang akan telah selesai atau tejadi sebelum
aktivitas lain dilakukan di masa depan
• Suatu aksi akan telah selesai pada suatu waktu di masa depan
Future Perfect Continuous Tense
(S+will/shall+ have+been+Ving)
• Untuk aksi yang Panjang sebelum titik waktu tertentu di masa depan
• For + duration
• By the end of…, when + clause …………before + clause
Past future tense  future in the past ( S+
would/should + Vbi)
• Untuk menyatakan aksi yang dilakukan secara sukarela ( would)
• Untuk menyatakan aksi yang direncanakn
• Untuk membuat janji
• prediksi
Past future continuous tense ( S + would +
have + been + Ving)
• Aksi yang direncanakan sedang berlangsung di masa lalu
Past future perfect tense ( S+ would + have _
V3 )
• Bahwa suatu aksi akan telah selesai pada suatu waktu di masa
lampau.
Past future perfect continuous ( S+ would+
have +been + Ving)
PERFECT TENSES
USES OF PERFECT TENSES
• Present Perfect
• during a period that includes past and present:
• They've been waiting here for an hour.
• in the past, but we're not saying exactly when:
• Don't tell me he's bought another new car!
• in the past with an effect or result in the present:
• I'm afraid I've forgotten my key.
• with the time adverb just meaning 'a short time
• She’s just gone out ago(American English uses Past Simple here):
• Past Perfect
• Before something else in the past
• I took the decision after I had spoken to John.
• During a period, before an event in the past.
• All day I had been feeling nervous but the feeling vanished as soon as I saw her
• Future Perfect
• something that will be finished before a specified time in the future
• 1’ll have signed nearly a hundred letters by tonight.
• For, since, already, yet, still, often, etc.
USES WlTH OTHER PRESENT TENSES
• with report/comment verbs or phrases (guess, imagine, suppose, etc.)
• Ireckon Gloria's been held up in trafic. Do you suppose they've forgotten they're
meant to be here?
• with the phrase This is / lt's / That’ss thefirst / second /only, etc. time ...
• This is the first time he's been late It's the only time I've ever really got angry with
him.
• when an event is unusual or unique in your life (often with a superlative
and ever or never):
• I've never met anybody who is so absent-minded.
• when commenting on the present results of something in the past (usually
with appear, seem, sound, etc.):
• He sounds as she has run all the way here.
USES WlTH PAST TENSES
• to describe states or events that have continued since a time in the
past (with since, ever since, etc.):
• to describe long-term or repeated feelings and thoughts about past
events:
USE WlTH ANOTHER PRESENT PERFECT
• to describe two states that have existed since a time in the past
USE WlTH FUTURE FORMS
• In time clauses (after when, as soon as, until, before, etc.) we don't
use will, and so the Future Perfect will have done is not possible. In
these cases we use the Present Perfect to refer to the future:
• We'll continue the meeting when he's recovered his composure
OTHER PERFECT FORMS
PAST PERFECT
• Not always necessary
• Past Perfect emphasises that we are talking about a period before a time in the past.
If the time sequence is clear (e.g. because we use after), both Past Simple and Past
Perfect are possible. At other times Past Perfect is essential to understanding the
sequence, and we often add already, as soon as, or until
• With definite time
• Boleh pake waktu spesifik, gak kayak present perfect
• With before
• Unfulfilled plans
• We use Past Perfect with report verbs and with hope, intend, expect, etc. to talk
about plans that have not yet been fulfilled. Had is usually stressed in speech with
this use
FUTURE PERFECT
• With by
• We can often use Future Perfect with the preposition by or the phrase by the
time meaning 'at some point before the time mentioned or indicated’:
• It’s taking her so long to write that book that by the time she finished it people will have
forgotten the incident it's based on
• Predicting
• We can also use will have done to say what we think has probably happened
• There's no point phoning: they'll have gone out
USES OF PERFECT INFlNlTlVES
• after link verbs like seem and appear to refer to a previous time
period (an ordinary to-infinitive will usually refer to the present or
future):
• There seems to have been some sort of mistake

• after phrases expressing emotions and feelings:

• I'm sorry to have kept you waiting.
• She was felt not to have met the standards required
PERFECT -ING FORMS
• When talking about results and time, we can use a Perfect -ing form
to emphasise that one thing happens before another
• I didn’t remember having met her before.
• Having finally grasped what I meant, he got down to work
The future
WlLL IN TIME CLAUSES AND IF-CLAUSES
• We omit will in time clauses after when, as soon as, until, before, etc:
• I'm not going to speak to her until she's apologized
• However, with conditional clauses (after, if, unless, providing, etc.) we
can use will, but only:
• when we want emphasis and will makes an intentionor promise stronger:
• If you will insist on the best, then you must expect to pay more for it.
• in polite requests - will means 'be willing to':
• If you'll hold these bags for me, I can open the door.
• We use would instead of will in reported speech and conditionals:
• They promised they would work on it all weekend.
• Harry asked me if would help him out.