Modul Perencanaan Teknis

Bangunan Atas Jembatan

Cable Stayed
 Definition of design:
Determination of the general shape and all specific dimensions
of a particular structure so that it will perform the function for
which it is created and will safely withstand the influences
which will act on it
throughout its useful life.
• Principles of mechanics, structural analysis, behavioral
knowledge in structures and materials.
• Engineering experience and intuition.
• (a) Function, (b) strength with safety requirements will vary
for structures.
• Influences and structural response:

MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 1.054/1.541 Mechanics and Design of

Concrete Structures Spring 2004 , Oral Buyukozturk
Structural mechanics:
A tool that permits one to predict the response
(with a required level of accuracy, and a good
degree of certainty) of a structure to defined
influences.
MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 1.054/1.541 Mechanics and Design of
Concrete Structures Spring 2004 , Oral Buyukozturk
MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 16.20 Structural Mechanics 2001 , Paul
A. Lagace
 Pengembangan pencapaian bentang utama jembatan di dunia (diolah oleh berdasarkan
data yang diperoleh di www.structurae.de, 2011)

2000
2000
1800
1800
1600
1600
Bentang Utama (m)

1400

Bentang Utama (m)

1400
1200
1200
1000
1000
800
800
600
600
400
400
200
200
0
0
1500 1700 1900 2100 2300 2500 2700 2900 3100
1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100
Tahun Pembangunan
Tahun Pembangunan

Jembatan gantung (Akashi Kaikyo 1991 m) Jembatan balok pelengkung/busur

(Chaotianmen Bridge 552 m)
2000
1800
1600
Bentang Utama (m)

1400
1200
1000
800
600 Jembatan cable-stayed (Russky
400
200 Bridge 1104 m)
0
1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100
Tahun Pembangunan
 Pendahuluan (Imran, 2013)

• Jembatan bentang panjang umumnya berupa struktur

kompleks -> banyak komponen

• Kinerja yang dihasilkan sangat bergantung pada interaksi

desain, fabrikasi dan ereksi

• Standar perencanaan/pelaksanaan yang universal  pada

dasarnya belum ada

• Acuan perencanaan lebih banyak didasarkan atas pengalaman

empiris yang dibukukan dan lessons learned
JEMBATAN STRUKTUR KABEL

2 TIPE :
• 1. KABEL BERUJI - CABLE STAY ( kabel lurus)

• 2. GANTUNG KONVENSIONAL (kabel lengkung)

JEMBATAN STRUKTUR KABEL

• PERBEDAAN TIPE :
• 1. KABEL BERUJI – CABLE STAY
- Struktur kaku
- Stabilitas aerodinamis : tahan angin, tidak tahan : angin+hujan
- Terjangkar sendiri oleh bentang samping
• 2. GANTUNG KONVENSIONAL
- Struktur fleksibel
- Stabilitas aerodinamis : peka angin
- Terjangkar pada blok jangkar (mahal bila tanah lunak)
 “Pengembangan gelegar sederhana
sampai struktur kabel beruji ”

4L

T P P PEGA
S
PERLETAKAN
TETAP JEMBATAN STRUKTUR KABEL
BERUJI
 TIGA PRINSIP PERENCANAAN
a. GELAGAR KAKU : KABEL SEDIKIT, MENARA PENDEK =
EXTRADOSED
b. MENARA KAKU : GELAGAR RELATIF LANGSING
c. KABEL KAKU : GELAGAR DAN MENARA RELATIF
menara beton
LANGSING
tinggi gelagar lantai kaku
dari beton 2,8m 16,5m

1(a)

69,5m 140m 69,5m

menara kaku dari beton

tinggi gelagar lantai dari beton 0,6m
29,1m

1(b)

56,5m 139,5m 56,5m

menara beton

1(c) kabel kaku 19,5m

tinggi gelagar lantai dari
beton 1,5m
blok jangkar

20m 79m 20m

 PRAKTEK
PERENCANAAN
= KOMBINASI PRINSIP

JEMBATAN PASUPATI : BENTANG UTAMA 106 M (TOTAL 161 M)

PRINSIP KABEL KAKU : MENARA BETON, GELAGAR MULTI-BOKS BETON
DENGAN TULANGAN MINIMUM

JEMBATAN PROTOTIPE – SUKABUMI : BENTANG TOTAL 240M

PRINSIP GELAGAR RANGKA BAJA KAKU, MENARA BAJA TINGGI : KABEL
EKONOMIS
KONFIGURASI KABEL

ARAH MELINTANG

a. ganda b. tunggal c. tripel

ARAH MEMANJANG a. sejajar

sejajar

b. kipas

c. semi-sejajar

d. asimetris
pilar jangkar
 Cable-stayed (wikipedia)

A cable-stayed bridge is a bridge that consists of one or more columns (normally referred
to as towers or pylons), with cables supporting the bridge deck.
Cable-stayed (ESDEP, 2004)
Cable-stayed
Cable-stayed (ESDEP, 2004)
Cable-stayed (ESDEP, 2004)
Cantilever spar cable stayed (wikipedia, structurae.de)

A cantilever spar cable-stayed bridge is a modern variation of the cable-stayed bridge.

In two of his designs the force distribution does not depend solely upon the cantilever
action of the spar; the angle of the spar away from the bridge and the weight distribution
in the spar serve to reduce the overturning forces applied to the footing of the spar.
 Side spar cable stayed
(wikipedia, structurae.de)

A side-spar cable-stayed bridge may be an otherwise conventional cable-stayed bridge

but its cable support does not span the roadway, rather being cantilevered from one side.
 Side spar cable stayed
(wikipedia, structurae.de)

A side-spar cable-stayed bridge may be an otherwise conventional cable-stayed bridge

but its cable support does not span the roadway, rather being cantilevered from one side.
 Extradosed bridge (wikipedia, structurae.de)

In an extradosed bridge, the deck is directly supported by resting on part of the tower, so that in close
proximity to the tower the deck can act as a continuous beam. The cables from a lower tower intersect with
the deck only further out, and at a lower angle, so that their tension acts more to compress the bridge deck
horizontally than to support it vertically. Thus the cable stays act as prestressing cables for a concrete deck,
whether made with I-beam girders or a box girder. The deck of an extradosed bridge can be thinner than that
of a comparable span-beam bridge, but must be thicker than that of a conventional cable-stayed bridge of
comparable span.
 Ting Kau Bridge (wikipedia, structurae.de)

Ting Kau Bridge is the world's first major 4-span cable-stayed bridge. This meant that the
central tower had to be stabilised longitudinally, the problem being solved using the
longest (465 metres) cable stays ever used in a bridge.The design of this bridge contains
special features such as single leg towers, which are stabilised by transverse cables just
like masts of a sailboat.
 Suspension deck suspension
(wikipedia, structurae.de)

The suspension cables must be anchored at each end of the bridge, since any load
applied to the bridge is transformed into a tension in these main cables. The main cables
continue beyond the pillars to deck-level supports, and further continue to connections
with anchors in the ground. The roadway is supported by vertical suspender cables or
rods.
 Self anchored suspension (wikipedia, structurae.de)

A self-anchored suspension bridge is a suspension bridge in which the main cables do

not attach to the ground via large anchorages; instead, the main cables attach to the ends
of the road deck, which experiences compression equal to the tension in the cables. The
result of this design is that the bridge does not exert any horizontal pulling forces on the
ground; the bridge foundations need only support the bridge's weight. Therefore, the self-
anchored suspension bridge design is well-suited for construction atop elevated piers, or
in areas of unstable soils where anchorages would be difficult to construct.
Suspension deck suspension
Suspension deck suspension
Suspension deck suspension
 Suspension
deck suspension
(ESDEP 2004)
 Suspension
deck suspension
(ESDEP 2004)
 Suspension
deck suspension
(ESDEP 2004)
Tarzan Method
(Structurae.de)
 PELIMPAHAN GAYA ANGIN DAN GEMPA PADA FREEBODY
MENARA ARAH MELINTANG (ARAH MEMANJANG MENARA OK
DITAHAN KABEL)
H angin H angin
beban hidup
ikatan
melintang

berat sendiri/tetap

H gempa H gempa ikatan

pengaku
antar kabel

berat sendiri/tetap
 KONSEP DISAIN
Geometrik struktur
Konfigurasi kabel stay
Penampang menara dan gelagar lantai

Dimensi awal stay

2D

gaya awal stay (10-35% tegangan putus)

Pembebanan dan deformasi akibat beban

tetap, pengecekan tahapan pelaksanaan
BAGAN ALIR
PERENCANAAN Pembebanan dan deformasi akibat beban total dalam
keadaan batas daya layan dan pengecekan ultimit/gempa

Modifikasi Pengecekan
penampang
3D

Analisis dinamis : frekuensi natural

Pendekatan aerodinamik :
rasio frekuensi torsi /lentur
rasio bentang utama/lebar

1 < Rasio frekuensi torsi/lentur < 2,5

Perbedaan konsep ASD, LFD yang dipergunakan oleh BMS 1992, dan LRFD
yang akan adopsi dari AASHTO tahun 2014 oleh Pusjatan)
 Uncertainty/ ketidakpastian - Fundamentals of LRFD -
http://on.dot.wi.gov/dtid_bos/extranet/structures/LRFD/Training/LRFDvsASD_LFD-JerryD.pdf
 PENYETELAN “GAYA AWAL” KABEL
MENENTUKAN :
a. gaya akhir kabel (daya layan) < 0,45 f putus
b. alinemen vertikal jembatan ~ lurus (beban mati)
c. kabel selalu tertarik (tekan tidak diperbolehkan)
1 ki 1 ka 5 ka tinggi
5 ki menara
15m 33m

tinggi gelagar 3m
pilar jangkar

30m 45m 150m 45m 30m

1 ki = 10 strand, awal 520 kN, akhir 664 kN
2 ki = 16 strand, awal 640 kN, akhir 1214 kN
3 ki = 26 strand, awal 1000 kN, akhir 2028 kN
4 ki = 24 strand, awal 1120 kN, akhir 1884 kN
5 ki = 30 strand, awal 1540 kN, akhir 2372 kN
1 ka = 14 strand, awal 400 kN, akhir 1096 kN
2 ka = 30 strand, awal 500 kN, akhir 2384 kN
3 ka = 28 strand, awal 560 kN, akhir 2210 kN
4 ka = 30 strand, awal 880 kN, akhir 2430 kN
5 ka = 12 strand, awal 650 kN, akhir 976 kN
RUMUS EKSPERIMENTAL : FREKUENSI (f) DAN REDAMAN (h)

fb = {(1,1)/2π}(g/δmaks)1/2
ft = (bs/2r) fb
Keterangan :
fb = frekuensi lentur arah vertikal, frekuensi pertama, (Hertz)
ft = frekuensi torsi arah vertikal (Hertz)
δmaks= lendutan arah vertkal tengah bentang utama (L ) akibat berat sendiri/tetap (meter)
g = gravitasi 9,81 m/detik2
bs = jarak melintang antar bidang kabel beruji (m)
r = jari-jari girasi gelagar lantai (m) = √ (momen inersia)/luas

BILA δ ~ 0 (PENYETELAN GAYA AWAL KABEL)

fb = 33,8L-0,763
ft = 17,5L-0,453
h = 0,0005+ 0,0148fb
Keterangan :
L = bentang utama dalam meter
h = redaman struktural berdasarkan f b dalam %
TAHAPAN PELAKSANAAN TIPIKAL tinggi
1 ki 1 ka menara
33m

30m 45m 150m 45m 30m

2 ki 2 ka tinggi
menara
33m

tinggi gelagar 3m

30m 45m 150m 45m 30m

3 ki 3 ka tinggi
menara
33m

tinggi gelagar 3m
pilar jangkar

30m 45m 150m 45m 30m

4 ki 4 ka tinggi
menara
33m

tinggi gelagar 3m

30m 45m 150m 45m 30m

5 ki 5 ka tinggi
menara
15m 33m

jepit sementara dibebaskan setelah gelagar tersambung

30m 45m 150m 45m 30m

Cable-stayed (ESDEP, 2004)
 Pelaksanaan Kantilever

Pelaksanaan Dengan
Perancah
Konsep Pengujian Terowongan Angin

• Diambil dari Presentasi Fariduzzaman , UPT –

LAGG, BPPT
 Wind Tunnel Type

1.5m x 2m x 12m

Indonesian Low Speed Tunnel (ILST)

3m x 4m x10m

LAGG Industrial and Wind Engineering Tunnel

(LIWET)
 Taut Strip Model (dynamic
test)
Models the center span
of actual bridge (2D)
The flow is 3
dimensional
Aerodynamic Damping
Flutter Margin
Resonance Induced
Vibration (RIV)
Typical Deck Model for Jawa-Sumatra Bridge
in LAGG-BPPT Wind Tunnel
 Sectional Model
(static and dynamic test)

Suramadu Sectional Model in Mahkota-2 Sectional Model in

LAGG-BPPT Wind Tunnel LAGG-BPPT Wind Tunnel

Model the center span of actual bridge

The flow is 2 dimensional (2D)
Static Test : CL, CD, CM steady
Dynamic Test: flutter wind speed (Uf) and resonance induced
characterisrics (ULSHR and UVI)
 Full Model (dynamic test)
Model the most influence bridge component
(3D)
The flow is 3 dimensional
Checks the whole aerodynamics and
aeroelastic performances

GALALA-POKA Bridge Full Model

SABANAR Bridge Full Model

Dynamic Test: flutter wind speed (Uf), resonance induced characterisrics

(ULSHR and UVI) and structure response in various wind speed
 Thilly Weissenborn (Fotograaf/photographer).
Lux Fotostudio (Fotostudio).
Negatief. Brug van bamboe over de Kali
Serayu bij Wonosobo
Wikipedia.org (ca.1910-40)

Saran dan Masukan Anda Kami Harapkan