GEOLOGI PANASBUMI

MENGAPA ENERGI PANASBUMI ?

REFERENSI :

• GLASSLEY, WILLIAM E. 2010. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY, RENEWABLE ENERGY

AND THE ENVIRONMENT. NRC PRESS. USA

• NICHOLSON K. 1993. GEOTHERMAL FLUIDS, CHEMISTRY AND

EXPLORATION TECHNIQUES. SPRINGER VERLAG. NY.

• JOURNAL ARTICLES
 Elemen yang Membentuk Sistem
Panas Bumi
What Composes A Geothermal System?
The Kettle Concept

Semua elemen sistem panas bumi bekerja

seperti mendidihkan air di dalam ceret
12
Elemen yang Membentuk Sistem Panas
Bumi
1. Sumber Panas (heat source)
 Magma, terbentuk sebagai hasil pelelehan mantel (partial melting), pelelehan
sebagian kerak bumi pada proses penebalan lempeng benua, seperti yang terjadi
pada tumbukan antar lempeng benua (collision)
2. Fluida
 Berasal dari air permukaan/meteorik yang masuk ke bawah permukaan
membentuk sistem kantong fluida/reservoir melalui rekahan maupun ruang antar
butiran batuan. Selain itu fluida juga dapat berasal dari batuan dalam bentuk air
magmatik (air juvenil).
3. Reservoir
 Zona yang tersusun oleh batuan yang memiliki sifat sarang (permeable). Sifat
permeabilitas dan porositasnya tinggi, berperan untuk menyimpan fluida yaitu
uap dan air panas yang berasal dari hasil pemanasan secara konvektif dan
konduktif dalam suatu sistem hidrotermal.
4. Lapisan Penudung (Cap Rock)
 Lapisan batuan yang bersifat kedap atau memiliki permeabilitas rendah. Lapisan
ini umumnya hadir dan berfungsi sebagai penutup reservoir untuk mencegah
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keluar atau bocornya fluida panas bumi dari reservoir.
Bagaimana Tahapan Pengembangan
Energi Panas Bumi?
 DISCOVER (Penemuan)
 Prospect Selection for Exploration

 Parameters: Temperature, volume,

permeability, fluid chemistry, easy
access, topography, transmission line

 ASSESS (Penilaian)
 Reservoir Definition 2500 2500 O hm m
. O hm m
. O hm m
.
2500
500 500 5
 Development Size,2Extraction
000 2000
Strategy 2000
200 200 2
1500 1500 100 100 1
1500
( a .s . l.)

( a .s . l.)
( a .s . l.)

 Determine Installable
1000
MW 1000 1000
70 70
50
50
E el va toi n m

E el va toi n m
E el va toi n m

20 20
500 500
DEVELOP (Pengembangan)0
500
 10 10

0 0 7 7

5 5
 Operate at Full Capacity
-500 -500 -500
2 2

-1000 -1000 -1000

1 0 2 1 3 02 4 13 5 24 6 35 7 46
14 8 57 68 7 8
Reservoir Management and Optimization
0
 D si a
t n ce (Km ) D s
i a
t n ce (
K m ) D si a
t n ce (Km )
Key Exploration Questions
Geology, Geochemistry and Geophysical
Survey
 How big?
 Distribution of alteration and thermal features
 Geophysical constraints
 How hot?
 Geothermometry
 Is fluid benign?
 Gas and liquid geochemistry
 Is it permeable?
 Rock types and structures
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Identifying size and distribution of
thermal features
 Fumaroles
 Alteration
 Hot springs
 Silica sinter or travertine

16
 How Big?
Geophysical Survey

To define potential reservoir

area
 Magnetotelluric (MT)
 Time Domain
Electromagnetic (TDEM)
 Gravity

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How Big?
Geophysical Constraint

Geothermal Geophysics
(primarily resistivity) to
describe the distribution
of clay alteration

Clay cap developed on the

top of geothermal
reservoir characterized
with low resistivity zone
(yellow zone)

Note: Resistivity is also

affected by clay rich
sediments

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 Key Exploration Questions
Geology, Geochemistry and
Geophysical Survey

 How big?
 Distribution of alteration and thermal features
 Geophysical constraints
 How hot?
 Geothermometry
 Is fluid benign?
 Gas and liquid geochemistry
 Is it permeable?
 Rock types and structures
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How hot? Is the fluid benign?
Geochemistry: Liquid and Gas Sampling

 Provide information on
reservoir temperatures (using
liquid and gas
geothermometer), salinities,
pH, Steam or liquid phase

 Identify fluid sources, mixing

process, risks from secondary
aquifers

 Validate conceptual model (Acid

or volcanic systems, Moderate
20
temperature systems)
 Key Exploration Questions
Geology, Geochemistry and
Geophysical Survey

 How big?
 Distribution of alteration and thermal features
 Geophysical constraints
 How hot?
 Geothermometry
 Is fluid benign?
 Gas and liquid geochemistry
 Is it permeable?
 Rock types and structures
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Remote sensing & Literature Study
- Identify regional stratigraphy and
structures
Geologic mapping
- Identify structures and fracture
patterns
- Delineate surface stratigraphy
- Identify young volcanic features
and hazards
- Rock sampling and analysis

structures and
fracture patterns
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Initial Conceptual Model
Integrated Interpretation: combine thermal areas, geology,
geochemistry, and geophysics into conceptual model
AWIBENGKOK GEOTHERMAL FIELD
LIQUID DOMINATED SYSTEM Conceptual Model Elements
SOUTH
PARABAKTI
NORTH
 Isotherms
FUMAROLE

 Stratigraphy
1500

SARIMAYA CHLORIDE
SPRING
1000

 Structures
E le v a tio n ( m )

500

0  Heat source
-500
BRINE  Fluid pathways
 Reservoir cap
-1000

-1500

DISTANCE
 Analogues
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Karakteristik Umum Sumber Panas
Bumi yang Komersial
1. Sumber Panas (magma dangkal
2. Media Pembawa Panas (air, uap)
3. Permabilitias batuan yang tinggi
- Horisontal & Vertikal
- Renkahan (fracture flow)

4. Porositas (1 to 20%+)
5. Recharge (Alami ataupun Buatan)
6. Bisa mengalirkan fluida tanpa bantuan (Self Discharge)
7. Fluida mempunyai sifiat kimia yang bersifat tidak merusak
- Potensi penggumpalan (Silika, Kalsium Karbonat) rendah
- Fluida bersifat netral (tidak merupakan asam maupun basa kuat)
- Rendah Kandungan gas yang tidak bisa terkondensasi (non-condensable
24 gas),

<3% dalam aliran uap

Klasifikasi Entalpi Panas Bumi