TUGAS PENDAHULUAN

METABOLISME
KARBOHIDRAT

BUDI PARABANG, LESTARI, LIONG BOY KURNIAWAN

PROGRAM PENDIDIKAN DOKTER SPESIALIS -1 ILMU PATOLOGI KLINIK

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS HASANUDDIN MAKASSAR

 2 PENDAHULUAN

•Nama karbohidrat berasal dari karbon (carbo-) dan oksigen (-hydrate)

•Semua karbohidrat disusun oleh unit dasar yang disebut monosakarida

•Karbohidrat dalam makanan diserap ke dalam aliran darah sebagai glukosa, dan gula lain diubah menjadi
glukosa di hati

•Orang dewasa normal, yang hidup pada iklim sedang, mempunyai masukan karbohidrat rata-rata sekitar
400 g/hari
3 KLASIFIKASI

• Monosakarida adalah karbohidrat yang tidak dapat di hidrolisis

menjadi karbohidrat yang lebih sederhana. Cth : triosa, tetrosa,
pentosa, heksosa, heptosa aldosa atau ketosa
• Disakarida 2 unit monosakarida, contohnya maltosa dan
sukrosa.
• Oligosakarida 3-10 monosakarida.
• Polisakarida lebih dari 10 unit monosakarida, contohnya pati
dan dekstrin.
4
 5 GLIKOLISIS

• Glikolisis adalah jalur katabolik dalam sitoplasma yang ditemukan di hampir semua organisme

• glukosa dipecah menjadi dua molekul piruvat, dan di samping itu dua molekul ATP dan dua
NADH + H+ terbentuk.
6 GLIKOLISIS

5 5
2

Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as

Benjamin Cummings
7 GLIKOLISIS: REAKSI 6-10

6
8 10

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8 GLIKOGENESIS

• Glikogen merupakan bentuk simpanan glukosa di dalam hati dan otot

• Glikogen disintesis dari molekul-molekul glukosa-α-D

• Prosesnya sitosol

• memerlukan energi yang disediakan oleh ATP (untuk fosforilasi glukosa) dan uridin trifosfat (UTP)
9 DIAGRAM GLIKOGENESIS

Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 10 GLUKONEOGENESIS

• Glukoneogenesis merupakan senyawa-senyawa bukan karbon menjadi glukosa atau glikogen

• Glukosa dibentuk dari glukosa-6 phospat dengan bantuan enzim glukosa 6-phosphatase

• Glukoneogenesis memenuhi kebutuhan tubuh akan glukosa pada saat karbohidrat tidak tersedia
dengan jumlah mencukupi di dalam makanan
 11 GLUKONEOGENESIS

• Subtrat utamanya adalah asam-asam amino glukogenik

• membentuk piruvat atau anggota siklus asam trikarboksilat (TCA) masuk mitokondria sebelum
konversi menjadi oksaloasetat serta konversi glukosa
12

Bender DA, Mayes PA. Section IV: Metabolism of Carbohydrates. In: Harper’s Illustrated
Biochemistry 30th edition. New York. 2015
13

TERIMA KASIH
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 GLYCOGENOLYSIS
16

In glycogenolysis
• Glycogen is broken
down to glucose.
• Glucose molecules are
removed one by one
from the end of the
glycogen chain to yield
glucose-1-phosphate.

Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Differences between aerobic and
anaerobic glycolysis:
Anaerobic Aerobic

Lactate Pyruvate 1. Produk akhir

2 ATP 6 atau 8 ATP 2 .Energy
Through Lactate Through respiration 3. Regeneration of
formation chain in mitochondria NAD+
Not available as lactate Available and 2 Pyruvate 4. Availability to TCA
is cytoplasmic substrate can oxidize to give 30 in mitochondria
ATP
Importance of lactate production in anerobic
glycolysis:
1. In absence of oxygen, lactate is the end product of glycolysis:

Glucose  Pyruvate  Lactate

2. In absence of oxygen, NADH + H+ is not oxidized by the

respiratory chain.
3. The conversion of pyruvate to lactate is the mechanism for
regeneration of NAD+.
4. This helps continuity of glycolysis, as the generated NAD+ will be
used once more for oxidation of another glucose molecule.
As pyruvate enters the mitochondrion, a
multienzyme complex modifies pyruvate to
acetyl CoA which enters the Krebs cycle in the
matrix.
 A carboxyl group is removed as CO2.
 A pair of electrons is transferred from the
remaining two-carbon fragment to NAD+ to
form NADH.
 The oxidized
fragment, acetate,
combines with
coenzyme A to
form acetyl CoA.
Fig. 9.10
20
II. Mechanisms of absorption:
A. Active transport:
1. Mechanism of active transport:
a) In the cell membrane of the intestinal cells, there is a mobile
carrier protein called sodium dependant glucose transporter
(SGL T-1) It transports glucose to inside the cell using
energy. The energy is derived from sodium-potassium
pump. The transporter has 2 separate sites, one for sodium
and the other for glucose. It transports them from the
intestinal lumen across cell membrane to the cytoplasm.
Then both glucose and sodium are released into the
cytoplasm allowing the carrier to return for more transport
of glucose and sodium.
 b) The sodium is transported from high to low concentration
(with concentration gradient) and at the same time causes
the
carrier to transport glucose against its concentration
gradient.
The Na+ is expelled outside the cell by sodium pump. Which
needs ATP as a source of energy. The reaction is catalyzed by
an enzyme called "Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase)".
Active transport is much more faster than passive transport.
c) Insulin increases the number of glucose transporters in
tissues containing insulin receptors e.g. muscles and adipose
tissue.
B. Transport Proteins
Transport proteins = Integral membrane proteins that
transport specific molecules or ions across
biological membranes.

Protein

(Figure 8.9)
B. Passive transport (facilitated diffusion):
Sugars pass with concentration gradient i.e. from high to low
concentration. It needs no energy. It occurs by means of a sodium
independent facilitative transporter (GLUT -5). Fructose and
pentoses are absorbed by this mechanism. Glucose and
galactose can also use the same transporter if the concentration
gradient is favorable.
Summary of types of functions of most
important glucose transporters:
Site Function
Intestine and renal Absorption of glucose SGLT-
tubules. by active transport 1
(energy is derived from
Na+- K+ pump)

Intestine and sperm Fructose transport and GLUT -

to a lesser extent 5
glucose and galactose.

-Intestine and renal Transport glucose out GLUT -

tubule of intestinal and renal 2
-β cells of islets-liver cells  circulation