Oleh:
Ns. YUYUN DURIHAYATI,
S.Kep
PISA-IH<AN R
DA·
WORl<SHOP' CU
20;1
KESIMPULAN
TATALAKSANA
GANGGUAN RESPIRASI
COVID-19
BACKGROUND
WHO mengumumkan Pandemik COVID-19 Global
Pada tanggal 11 Maret 2021
53.280
(Meninggal)
COVI0-19
Lungs
Ory/p,oduc:tlve �
�-.�Zlng
sont throa dyspnoea.
haempocysl
ncreasing feve,
·•
Infection
I
Epithelial Headache. Impaired consoousness,
confusion. acute cerebrovascut rd
cells ases (stroke), eleta muscle
Bran
ln,ury, anosmia. hypogeusla, bra 1n
lnflammauon
NLRP3 NF KB
I l \
system anacks, cardiac
lnflammauon
Activated
•\
Tcells
Raised AST
Immune
invasion l /
PAMPs
Cytokines
PRR
acttv
• Oliguria. haematuna,
OA P'Olemuna. rapid fa In
auon M blood pressure
l
Ps
r IL·l, T IL·7.. :f IL·6,
l
i TNF-o. T IFN y
Hypoxema
nssue MaoorcutatJOn
Cytokine storm damage
1
Acute
resp1111tory
distress syndrome
l
Death
(Bhaskar et all, 2020)
...·
ALVEOLI SEHAT vs TERINFEKSI SARS COV-2
•- Healthy Alveolus infected
Alveolus wit SARS-Cov-
h 2
At
Bloo r lnlla11mau
d on
vess
el
Air
sac
Oxygen Carbon
enters d10X1de
blood leaves blood
Very Inflame
thin. d,
permea thicken
ble ed
membra membra
ne (Coppo et al., 2020; Flynn Makic, 2020; Golestani-Eraghi & Mahmoodpoor,
ne 2020, Perrillat et al., 2020)
...
••
- Monosit yang direkrut mengeluarkan sitokin
pro inflamasi, apoptosis pneumosit
Makrofag mengeluarkan sitokin lain → peningkatan
permeabilitas
-·
K
�
c:.,..,-,,
®
Endotelial
· e»
<
, -
cy
H..,.,_,.,
→
.. C o..ct -�· C'MI
_
......9-<;oV-�
�
0..dly.... �.
....
--"--
""'
·-·
�
�
(Batah & Fabro, 2021)
.
. Lung Injury
Lung
compl
iance
Impairment In
gas exctiange
Pulmonary
ARDS hypertensio
n
RONTGEN THORAX PASIEN COVID-19
NORMAL ARDS
ARDS
Ro T horax: Diffuse Bilateral CT T horax: Bilateral Infiltrates Are
Infiltrates Heterogeneous
Cidera Paru Langsung Cidera Paru Tidak Langsung
Sepsis
Pneumonia virus (Sars
Syok
Cov2), bakteri atau jamur
Trauma multisistem
Kontusio paru
Koagulasi diseminata
Emboli lemak intravaskuler
Aspirasi (misalnya benda Pankreatitis
asing, tenggelam, muntahan) Uremia
Inhalasi asap dalam jumlah Overdosis obat
besar Anafilaksis
Racun yang terhirup Idiopatik
Operasi pintas jantung yang lama
Paparan lama terhadap Transfusi darah dalam jumlah
oksigen konsentrasi tinggi yang
besar
Hipertensi yang dipicu kehamilan
Peningkatan intrakranial
Terapi radiasi
·� , �
,: •..._ _ )-1 -� flow I get It!
--�
-� ' Alveolar changes in ARDS
The alveoli undergo major changes in each phase of ARDS.
COVID-19-related Hypercoagulability
Peningkatan Fibrin dan Fibrinolitik, peningkatan serum D-
Dimer
(Brosnahan et all, 2020)
Serangan awal CARDS diikuti oleh periode fungsi paru yang tampaknya
normal
yang dapat berlangsung dari 1 hingga 24 jam.
Terjadi dengan cepat dan berlanjut bersama penurunan daya kembang
dengan
paru dan terjadinya
Di tandai dengan : difus infiltrat paru.
Respiratory rate meningkat dan dispnea berat
Retraksi sternal dan intercosta
Diaporesis
Hipotensi, Takikardia, febris
Auskultasi dada menunjukkan adanya suara Ronchy → crackles
inspirasi halus hingga kasar di seluruh lapang paru
Gambaran hipoksia /sianosis yang tak respon dengan pemberian oksigen
Penurunan mental status
Disertai disfungsi/gagal organ lain seperti ginjal, hati, saluran cerna, otak
dan sistem kardiovaskular
Analisa Gas Darah • Untuk Mengetahui kadar oksigenasi pada klien
TIDAK YA
NIV
Evalu
as
dala
m1
Jam,
seper
n
INTUBASI � VENTILATOR HFN
C
Sumber: YA
Burhan et al (2020). Protokol Tatalaksana Covid-19. Jakarta: POPI, PERKI, PAPDI, PERDATIN, IDAI
•••
·-
c� .a�ru
• (seeo onln,
n,nJ
I- J
I
• �
rfus
H1po
•
us
[p nanganan pa icn kriti
r---------
: - Tidal olum rcndah
. -------
I -
1
ndah
-
Te anan in pi i r
Posis: pr nc > 16 jam
I
- - -da- pcrb
1Jd
"----------
I ----
ik ffl
Arif, S. K., Muchtar, F., Wulung, N. L., Hisbullah, Herdajana, P., & Nurdin, H. (2020)
.
. OKYG NAnON GOAL: Pa01 SS·IO mmnHCJ or p0188•'9SO/o
1 1
ooel.
Lowell' PEEP/hioher
I Fi02
FiO U. R4 0. o. o. 0. 0.7
I J
PEEP 3 5 4 s s 6tu 0.7
1U
5 8 8 10 12
NIH NHLSI ARDS Ollnlc.al I Fi01 11. U. 0. 0. 0. 1.0
Network I PEEP 7 8 9 9 9 18-
IMechanlcal Ventilation it! H 14 16 1. 24
Protoco I Summary
1 Hlnlher PEEP/lower 8
I FI02
fiO, 0. 0.3 0.3 0. O. 0.4 0.4 0.5
INOILIU ION CRITERIA: Acut on
1. ofPaQvfi� .s 1110 (corrected for aru,ude)
et
I PEE 3 s s
H 3 J 14 16
P J 1 14 16
2. Bil eral (1patchy, diffuse, or homOQeneoos) infiltrates consistent
with
n 0.5- 2 D. l.C 1.0
pulmon ry edema FI01 . 0.8 9 J 2
3.
o dimical eViideMe of I ft a'trial h,ypen nsion PEE 20 n.s 2 2 4
P
s 22 2 2
PART I: V NTillLATOR ETUP AIND TMEN 18
ADJU
1. Calculate pr ed'icted body w�iqht T
1
•
If all bov rit rla ar m t nd ub] t ha b n In th tudy for
-
µH OAl: 7. 0 7.4 at I a t l hour , initiat a trial of UP O 120 mlnut
A ldo I M n 9 m nt: (pH < 7. 0) pontan ouof br athin9 with FIO s O. and P P
If pH 7.1 -7. 0: Iner ase RR until pH > 7.30 or s :1. Place on T-pece, trach collar,°' CPAP s 5 cm H!O
PaCOi < 25set RR = 35).
(Maximum 2. f°' 5to!eranc as below fOf up to
PS .5.
Assess
with
two a.
hours. Sp()2 � 90: ancVor Pa<>: _ 60
If pU < 7.1 : Iner ase RR to 35. b. mmHq
If pH rem ms c 7.15, Vr may be increased rn 1 mVk9 steps c. Spon neous Vr � 4 ml}k9 PSW
until pH > d. RR s
7.15 (Ppla taroet of 30 may be e.
Alkalo I Ma
exceeded). nagqive
May (pH > 7 .4 ) Decrease v nt rate if
m nt:aHCOJ 35/min
poss,ble. pH� 7.3
resp
1: RATIO GOAl: Recommend tha durat>on of ato,y
inspiration be i distres
duration of exprrabon. 3. If t�rated for s at ast 30 minutes, consd r
PART II: W 4. If not tol rated (distres
extubation. resume pre Y ttlnQ5
ANING
A ondu t PONTANEOU BREATHING TRIAL n: anm9 s= 2 .
. 1.dally whs 0.40 and PEEP s 8.
fi02 or
Definition
2. PEEP and flOi s values of prev10US day. more) of UNASSISTED
3. Pat" nt has ace ptabl spon aneous fforts. , HR > 120%BREATHING
of baseline
b<eath,ng (May (Different from themuscl
, f.larked accessory spontaneous
use
4. Sys
d re v n rat
ohcseBP� by 50%without
90 mmHQ fOf 5 ect ffort.) , Abdom· Ibreathing
paradox
5. vasopressor
minutes to support. , Daaphoresis
criteria as PS
I. Extubated fac ismask,
not allowed)
o neuromuscul r blocking aQen or , Marked 'lith
dyspnea nasal prong
blockad . oxygen. or
2. room air, OR
T-tube breathing,
3. Trocheostomy OR
mosk OR
4. breathin
CPAP less than or equal to 5 cm H:O
without
pressure support or IMV assistance.
RR, kualitas pernapasan, Work of
breathing, Retraksi otot-otot
pernapasan
Terapi Oksigen
Dukungan Ventilasi
• Monitor pola napas ( Frekuensi, kedalaman, usaha napas)
- [
Monitor efektifitas pemberian terapi oksigen
PLASMA
IV IG STEM CELL BDB 001
CONVALE
SCENT
I
...
••
-
.
.
Harus ada integrasi pelayanan (Seluruh profesi
yang optimal
Arif, S . K., Muchtar, F., Wulung, N. L., His bullah, Herdajana, P., & Nurdin, H. (2020). Penyunting : Penyusun : Kontributor : (1st ed., Iss ue April). Perhimpunan Dokter Anas
tes i dan
Terapi Intens if Indones
ia.
Benge, C. D., & Barwis e, J. A. (2020). Aeros olization of COVID-19 and Contam ination Ris ks During Res piratory Treatm ents . Federal Practitioner : For the Health Care
Professionals
of the VA, DoD, and PHS, 37(4), 160–163. http://www.ncbi.nlm .nih.gov/pubm ed/323221
46
Brosnahan, S. B., Jonkm an, A. H., Kugler, M. C., Munger, J. S., & Kaufm an, D. A. (2020). Covid-19 and respiratory s ys tem dis orders current knowledge, future
clinical
trans and res earch questions. Arteriosclerosis, Throm bosis, and Vascular Biology, Novem ber, 2586–2597. https
lational
://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.120.314515
Burhan, E., Sus anto, A. D, Nas ution, S. A., et al (2020). Protokol Tatalaks ana Covid -19. Jakarta: PDPI, PERKI, PAPDI,
PERDATIN, IDAI
Arif, S. K., Muchtar, F., Wulung, N. L., His bullah, Herdajana, P., & Nurdin, H. (2020). Penyunting : Penyusun : Kontrib utor : (1s t ed., Is s ue April). Perhim punan Dokter
Anas tes i dan
Terapi Intens if Indones ia.
Bhas kar, S., Sinha, A., Banach, M., Mittoo, S., Weis s ert, R., Kas s , J. S., Rajagopal, S., Pai, A. R., & Kutty, S. (2020). Cytokine Storm in COVID-19—Im m
unopathological
Mechanis m s, Clinical Considerations, and Therapeutic Approaches : The REPROGRAM Cons ortium Pos ition Paper. Frontiers in Im m unology, 11(July).
https ://doi.org/10.3389/fim mu.2020.01648
Black, J. M., & Hawk, J. H. (2014). Keperawatan Medik al Bedah: Manajem en Klinis untuk Hasil yang Diharapkan (8th ed.). Els
evier.
Coppo, A., Bellani, G., Winterton, D., Di Pierro, M., Soria, A., Faverio, P., Cairo, M., Mori, S., Mes s inesi, G., Contro, E., Bonfanti, P.,
Benini, A.,
Vals ecchi, M. G., Antolini, L., & Foti, G. (2020). Feas ibility and phys iological effects of prone pos itioning in non -intubated patients with acute res piratory failure due to
COVID-19
(PRON-COVID): a pros pective cohort s tudy. The Lancet. Respiratory Medicine, 19(20), 1–10. https ://doi.org/10.1016/S2213 -2600(20)30268-X
Flynn Makic, M. B. (2020). Prone Pos ition of Patients with COVID -19 and ARDS. Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing, June, 18–19. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.jopan.2020.0
5.008
Goles tani-Eraghi, M., & Mahm oodpoor, A. (2020). Early application of prone pos ition for m anagement of Covid-19 patients . Journal of Clinical Anesthesia, 66(April),
109917.
https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinane.2020.109917
Perrillat, A., Foletti, J.-M., Lacagne, A.-S., Guyot, L., & Graillon, N. (2020). Facial pres s ure ulcers in COVID-19 patients undergoing prone positioning: How to
prevent an
underes timated epidemic? Journal of Stom atology, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 8–10. https ://doi.org/https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.jormas.2020.06.008