Anatomisistemsaraf 130901033717 Phpapp01

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
ANATOMI SISTEM SARAF
Dr. ANNISA SITI ROHIMA
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Anatomi Otak
• Cerebrum
• Cerebellum
• Diencephalon
– Thalamus
– Hyothalamus
• Batang Otak
– Midbrain
– Pons
– Medulla oblongata
Fungsi Sistem Saraf
1. Input sensoris – mengumpulkan
informasi
 memonitor stimulus perubahan dari dalam dan luar tubuh
2. Integrasi – menyatukan informasi

 memproses dan menginterpretasikan input sensoris dan
memutuskan aksi output yang akan dilakukan
3. Output motorik
 Respons terhadap stimulus yang terintegrasi
 Respons dengan aktivasi otot atau kelenjar
Klasifikasi Struktural
Sistem saraf
• Sistem saraf pusat
 otak
 medulla spinalis
• Sistem saraf perifer
saraf yang berada di luar otak dan medulla
spinalis
Klasifikasi fungsional dari Sistem
Saraf Perifer
Divisi Sensorik (afferent)
Serabut saraf yang bertugas membawa
infosmasi KE sistem saraf pusat
Figure 7.1
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 7.3a
Saraf Perifer
Divisi Motorik (efferent)
Serabut saraf yang membawa impuls DARI
sistem saraf pusat
Figure 7.1
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 7.3b
Saraf Perifer
Divisi Motorik (efferent)
Dua subdivisi
Sistem saraf somatik = volunter
Sistem saraf autonom = involunter
Figure 7.1
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 7.3c
Organisasi Sistem Saraf
Figure 7.2
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 7.4
Jaringan saraf : sel penunjang
(Neuroglia atau Glia)
Astrosit
Melimpah,
sel berbentuk
bintang Brace
neurons
Membentuk
barrier antara
kapiler
dan neuron
Figure 7.3a
Mengontrol
Microglia (CNS)
Fagosit, Spider-like
Membuang debris
debris
Sel Ependymal (CNS)
Membatasi rongga dalam
otak dan medulla spinalis
Mengatur sirkulasi cairan
serebrospinalis
Figure 7.3b, c
Oligodendrosit
(CNS)
Produksi
selubung myelin
disekitar
serabut saraf di
sistem
saraf pusat Figure 7.3d
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 7.7a
Neuroglia vs. Neuron
• Neuroglia bisa membelah diri.
• Neuron tidak mampu membelah diri
• Sebagian besar tumor otak adalah
“gliomas” yang tumbuh dari neuroglia
• Sebagian besar tumor otak melibatkan
sel neuroglia , bukan neuron.
• Consider the role of cell division in
cancer!
Sel penunjang dari sistem saraf
perifer
Sel satelit
Proteksi badan sel neuron
Sel Schwann
Membentuk selubung myelin pada sistem
saraf perifer
Figure 7.3e
Jaringan saraf: Neuron
Neuron = sel saraf

Sel khusus untuk transmisi pesan impuls
Regio mayor dari neuron
Badan sel – nucleus dan pusat
metabolisme sel
Processus – serabut yang menonjol dari
badan sel (disebut dendrit dan akson)
Anatomi Neuron
Badan sel
Nucleus
Large
nucleolus
Figure 7.4a
Anatomi Neuron
Prosesus
Dendrit –
konduksi impuls
menuju badan
sel
Akson –
konduksi impuls
dari badan sel
ke tempat lain
(only 1!)
Figure 7.4a
Axons dan impuls saraf
Axons end in axonal terminals

Axonal terminals contain vesicles with
neurotransmitters
Axonal terminals are separated from the
next neuron by a gap
Synaptic cleft – gap between adjacent
neurons
Synapse – junction between nerves
Penutup serabut saraf
Sel Schwann –
produksi selubung
myelin in jelly-roll like
fashion
Nodus Ranvier –
gaps in myelin
sheath along the
axon
Figure 7.5
Application
• In Multiple Scleroses the myelin sheath
is destroyed.
• The myelin sheath hardens to a tissue
called the scleroses.
• This is considered an autoimmune disease.
• Why does MS appear to affect the muscles?
Lokasi badan sel neuron
Sebagian besar terdapat di sistem saraf

pusat
Substansia grisea – badan sel dan serabut
tak bermyelin
Nuclei – sekelompok badan sel dalam
substansia alba di sistem saraf pusat
Ganglia – gabungan dari badan sel di
luar sistem saraf pusat
Klasifikasi fungsional neuron
Neuron Sensorik (afferent)

Carry impulses from the sensory receptors
Cutaneous sense organs
Proprioceptors – detect stretch or tension
Neuron Motorik (efferent)
Carry impulses from the central nervous
system
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide
Interneuron (neuron penghubung)

Found in neural pathways in the central
nervous system
Menghubungkan antara neuron sensorik dan
motorik

Figure 7.6
Klasifikasi struktural neuron
Neuron Multipolar – banyak penonjolan
dari badan selnya
Figure 7.8a

Neuron Bipolar – satu akson dan satu
dendrit
Figure 7.8b

Neuron Unipolar – memiliki penonjolan

prosesus tunggal dan pendek
Figure 7.8c

How Neurons Function
(Physiology)
Irritability – ability to respond to stimuli
Conductivity – ability to transmit an
impulse
The plasma membrane at rest is
polarized
Fewer positive ions are inside the cell than
outside the cell
Starting a Nerve Impulse
Depolarization – a
stimulus depolarizes
the neuron’s
membrane
A deploarized
membrane allows
sodium (Na+) to flow
inside the
membrane
The exchange of ions
initiates an action Figure 7.9a–c
potential in the
The Action Potential
If the action potential (nerve impulse)
starts, it is propagated over the
entire axon
Potassium ions rush out of the neuron
after sodium ions rush in, which
repolarizes the membrane
The sodium-potassium pump restores
the original configuration
This action requires ATP
Nerve Impulse Propagation
The impulse
continues to move
toward the cell body
Impulses travel
faster when fibers
have a myelin
sheath
Figure 7.9c–e
Continuation of the Nerve Impulse
between Neurons
Impulses are able to cross the synapse
to another nerve
Neurotransmitter is released from a nerve’s
axon terminal
The dendrite of the next neuron has
receptors that are stimulated by
the neurotransmitter
An action potential is started in the
dendrite
How Neurons Communicate at
Synapses
Figure 7.10
The Reflex
Arc
Reflex – rapid, predictable, and
involuntary responses to
stimuli
Reflex arc – direct route from a sensory
neuron, to an interneuron, to an
effector
Figure 7.11a
Simple Reflex
Arc
Figure 7.11b, c
Types of Reflexes and Regulation
Autonomic reflexes
Smooth muscle regulation
Heart and blood pressure regulation
Regulation of glands
Digestive system regulation
Somatic reflexes
Activation of skeletal
muscles
Sistem Saraf Pusat (SSP) /
Central Nervous System (CNS)
SSP berkembang dari neural tube
embrionik
The neural tube becomes the brain and
spinal cord
The opening of the neural tube becomes
the ventricles
Four chambers within the brain
Filled with cerebrospinal fluid
Sistem
saraf
pusat
Regio Otak
Hemisfer
Cerebri
Diencep
halon
Batang otak
(medulla Figure 7.12
oblongata)
Cerebellum
Hemisfer cerebri (Cerebrum)
Sepasang
(kanan dan
kiri)
bagian superior
otak
Include more
than half of
the brain
mass Figure 7.13a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing Slide

as Benjamin Cummings
Hemisfer cerebri (Cerebrum)
Girus =
bagian yang
menonjol
Sulcus =
saluran
antara 2 girus
Figure 7.13a

Lobus pada Cerebrum
Fisura (saluran yang lebih dalam dari

sulcus) membagi cerebrum jadi
lobus
Lobus di permukaan cerebrum
Lobus Frontalis
Lobus Parietalis
Lobus Occipitalis
Lobus Temporalis
Figure 7.15a

Area khusus pada Cerebrum
Area sensori somatik – menerima

impuls dari reseptor sensorik tubuh
Area motorik primer – mengirimkan
impuls ke otot skeleton
Area Broca’s area – terlibat dalam
kemampuan berbicara
Area motorik dan sensorik otak
Figure 7.14
Area khusus dalam Cerebrum
Area otak yang terlibat dalam indera

khusus
Area Gustatorius: pengecap
Area Visual
Area Auditorius
Area Olfactorius

Area untuk interpretasi di otak

Area bahasa/bicara
Area asosiasi bahasa  lebih
komprehensif
Area asosiasi umum

Figure 7.13c

Lapisan otak
Substansia
grisea
Lapisan
luar
Terdiri atas
badan sel
neuron
Figure 7.13a

Lapisan otak
Substansia alba
Traktus fibrosa
Contoh: corpus
callosum yang
menghubungkan
kedua hemisfer
cerebri
Figure 7.13a

Lapisan otak
Nuklei basalis –
kumpulan substansia
grisea interna
Mengatur motorik
volunter dengan
modifikasi informasi ke
korteks motoris
Permasalahan = tidak
mampu mengkontrol
otot, spastic, jerky
Terlibat dalam
Huntington’s dan
Parkinson’s Disease Figure 7.13a

Diencephalon
Berada di batang otak bagian atas stem

Tertutupi oleh hemisfer cerebri
Tersusun atas:
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus

Diencephalon
Figure 7.15

Thalamus
Dikelilingi oleh ventrikel ketiga

The relay station for sensory impulses
Transfers impuls ke korteks terkait
untuk lokalisasi dan interpretasi
Hypothalamus
Berada di bawah thalamus

Pusat sistem saraf autonom yang
penting
Membantu regulasi suhu tubuh
Kontrol keseimbangan cairan
Regulasi metabolisme

Hypothalamus
Bagian penting dalam sistem limbik

(emosi)
Glandula pituitari melekat pada
hypothalamus

Epithalamus
Membentuk atap ventrikel ketiga

Tempat corpus pinealis (sejenis
glandula endokrin)
Meliputi juga plexus choroideus –
pembentuk cairan cerebrospinal
Batang otak
Melekat pada medulla spinalis

Pembentuk batang otak:
Otak tengah
Pons
Medulla
oblongata

Batang Otak
Figure 7.15a

Otak tengah
Terdiri atas traktus serabut saraf

Pusat refleks penglihatan dan pendengaran
Terdapat aquaductus cerebri – ventrikel 3rd-
4th
Pons
Bagian yang menonjol di tengah pada

batang otak
Sebagian besar terdiri atas traktus
fibrosa
Meliputi nuclei yang terlibat dalam
kontrol pernafasan
Medulla Oblongata
Bagian paling rendah dari batang otak
Akan berlanjut dengan medulla spinalis
Includes important fiber tracts
Berisi pusat:
Kontrol denyut jantung
Regulasi tekanan darah
Pernafasan
Menelan
Muntah
Cerebellum
Terdiri atas dua hemisfer

Pusat koordinasi gerakan tubuh
involunter

Cerebellum
Figure 7.15a

CNS: Physical Support
Figure 9.2a
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin
Cummings.
CNS: Physical Support
Figure 9.2b
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin
Cummings.
Cavitas cranialis
Cavitas cranialis basis cranii
Proteksi SSP
SCALP dan kulit

Cranium dan columna vertebralis
Meninges
Figure 7.16a

Proteksi SSP
Cairan serebrospinalis
Blood brain barrier
Figure 7.16a

Meninges
Dura mater
Lapisan penutup eksterna dua lapis
Periosteum – melekat pada permukaan
cranium
Lamina Meningealis – penutup luar
otak
Melipat ke dalam pada beberapa
tempat
Meninges
Arachnoid layer
Lapisan
tengah Web-
like
Pia mater
Lapisan interna
Langsung
melekat pada
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Komposisi menyerupai plasma darah

Dibentuk oleh pleksus choroideus
Forms a watery cushion to protect the
brain
Bersirkulasi di spatium arachnoideus,
ventrikel, dan canalis centralis medulla
spinalis
Ventrikel dan Lokasi cairan
serebrospinalis
Figure 7.17a

Ventrikel dan Lokasi cairan
serebrospinalis
Figure 7.17b

Blood Brain Barrier
Tersusun oleh kapiler yang dilengkapi
kemampuan penyaringan khusus
Molekul berbahaya sukar menerobos
Molekul ini mampu menerobos:
Substansi larut lemak
Gas respirasi
Alkohol
Nikotin
Anesthesia
Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI)
Concussion
Slight or mild brain injury
Bleeding & tearing of nerve fibers happened
Recovery likely with some memory loss
Contusion
A more severe TBI
Nervous tissue destruction occurs
Nervous tissue does not regenerate
Cerebral edema
Swelling from the inflammatory response
May compress and kill brain tissue
• Cerebral edema
– Swelling from the inflammatory response
– May compress and kill brain tissue
• Subdural hematoma
– Collection of blood below the dura
• Standards for these conditions were
revised in 2004.Please check out TBIs at
Mayoclinic.com for more current
information on diagnostic terminology.
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
Commonly called a stroke

The result of a ruptured blood vessel
supplying a region of the brain
Brain tissue supplied with oxygen from
that blood source dies
Loss of some functions or death may
result
Alzheimer’s Disease
Progressive degenerative brain disease
Mostly seen in the elderly, but may
begin in middle age
Structural changes in the brain include
abnormal protein deposits and
twisted fibers within neurons
Victims experience memory loss,
irritability, confusion and ultimately,
hallucinations and death
Medulla spinalis
Memanjang dari
medulla oblongata
hingga setinggi T12
Di bawah T12 adalah
cauda equina
(sekumpulan serabut
saraf spinalis)
Pelebaran terjadi di
regio cervicalis
dan lumbaris Figure 7.18
Anatomi medulla spinalis
Bagian eksterior adalah substansia alba
– traktus konduksi
Figure 7.19

Bagian interna adalah substansia gracia
– badan sel
Cornu Dorsalis (posterior)
Cornu Anterior (ventralis)
Figure 7.19

Canalis centralis berisi cairan
cerebrospinalis
Figure 7.19

Meninges menutupi medulla spinalis

Nervus keluar dari setiap foramen
vertebra
Radiks Dorsalis
Associated with the dorsal root ganglia –
collections of cell bodies outside the central
nervous system
Radiks Ventralis
Sistem saraf perifer
Nervus dan ganglia di luar sistem saraf

pusat
Nervus = sekumpulan serabut saraf
Serabut saraf disatukan oleh jaringan
ikat
Struktur Saraf
Endoneurium
melingkupi setiap
serabut
Sekelompok serabut
saraf diikat menjadi
fasikulus oleh
perineurium
Fasikulus
dikumpulkan oleh by
epineurium Figure 7.20
Klasifikasi Saraf
Nervus campuran – memiliki serabut

saraf sendorik dan motorik
Nervus Afferent (sensorik) – membawa
impuls ke sistem saraf pusat
Nervus Efferent (motorik) – membawa
impuls dari sistem saraf pusat
Nervus Spinalis
Terdapat 31 pasang nervus spinalis

yang keluar dari vertebra.
Nervus Spinalis
Figure 7.22a
Sistem Saraf
Autonom
Merupakan cabang involunter dari
sistem saraf
Hanya terdiri dari serabut motorik
Dibagi menjadi dua divisi:
Divisi simpatis
Divisi parasimpatis
Perbandingan Antara
Saraf Somatic dan
Autonom
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.24 Slide 7.69
Anatomi Sistem Saraf
Autonom
Figure 7.25
Fungsi
Autonomik
Simpatis– “fight-or-flight”
Respons pada stimulus unusual
Takes over to increase activities
Remember as the “E” division = exercise,
excitement, emergency, and
embarrassment

Fungsi
Autonomik
Parasimpatis – housekeeping activites
Konservasi energi
Menjaga fungsi tubuh sehari-hari
Remember as the “D” division - digestion,
defecation, and diuresis

Development Aspects of the
Nervous System
The nervous system is formed during

the first month of embryonic
development
Any maternal infection can have
extremely harmful effects
The hypothalamus is one of the last
areas of the brain to develop
Development Aspects of the
Nervous System
No more neurons are formed after birth,

but growth and maturation continues
for several years (new evidence!)
The brain reaches maximum weight as
a young adult
However, we can always grow
dendrites!
Pelindung Protektif
(Meninges)
• Dura mater
jaringan ikat padat
• Arachnoid
jaringan ikat nonvaskuler
• Pia mater
sangat kaya pembuluh darah
Covers surface of the brain and spinal cord and invaginates
along cortical surface to form perivascular spaces
Cairan Cerebrospinalis
• Dibentuk oleh plexus choroideus
• Reabsorbsi menuju sinus saggittalis
oleh villi arachnoideus
• Proteksi otak dari trauma concussive
• Membuang sampah metabolisme
Foramen of Monro
NERVUS CRANIALIS
NERVUS
CRANIALIS
Nervus Cranialis
• I: Olfactorius • VII: Facialis
• II:Opticus • VIII:Vestibulocochlearis
• III: Oculomotorius – Acousticicus
• IV: Trochlearis • IX: Glossopharyngealis
• V:Trigeminalis • X:Vagus
• VI: Abducens • XI: Accessorius
• XII: Hypoglossalis
http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/cn/
cra nial.htm
Nervus Olfactorius
Mukosa Olfactorius (SVA)→ Cribriform foramina → Bulbus
Olfactory
CN I: OLFACTORIUS
• Nervus cranialis I
• Fungsi :
– penghidu
• Clinical test for
damage:
– determine whether a
person can smell
something aromatic
Nervus Opticus
Sel Ganglion (SSA) → canalis Opticus → Corpus geniculatum
lateral
CN II: OPTICUS
• Nervus cranialis II
• Fungsi:
– Vision/penglihatan
• Clinical test for damage:
– tests peripheral vision
and visual acuity
• Kerusakan :
– kebutaan
Nervus Oculomotorius
• Components
– General somatic efferent fibers (GSE)
– General visceral efferent fibers (GVE)
• Main action supplies
– Superior, inferior and medial recti; inferior obliquus; levator palpebrae superioris
– Sphincter pupillea and ciliary muscle
• Ciliary ganglion: lies between optic nerve and lateral rectus
Oculomotor
nerve
CN III: OCULOMOTORIUS
• Nervus cranialis III
• Fungsi:
– Gerakan mata, membuka kelopak
mata, konstriksi pupil, focusing,
propriosepsi
• Clinical tests for injury:
– differences in pupil size;
pupillary response to light; eye
tracking
• Efek kerusakan
– dropping eyelid, dilasi
pupil, double vision
CN IV: TROCHLEARIS
• Nervus cranialis IV
• Fungsi: gerakan mata dan
propriosepsi
• Clinical test for injury: ability
to rotate eye inferolaterally
• Efek kerusakan – double vision,
patient tilts head toward
affected side
Nervus Trigeminus
CN V: TRIGEMINUS
• Nervus cranialis V
• Fungsi: nervus sensoris pada
wajah
• Clinical test for injury:
– corneal reflex; sense of
touch, pain, and temperature;
clench teeth; move mandible
side to side
• Efek kerusakan:
– Kehilangan sensasi dan
gangguan pengunyahan
Nervus Abducens
CN VI: ABDUCENS
• Nervus cranialis VI
• Fungsi: gerakan mata
• Clinical test: lateral eye movement
• Kerusakan : tidak mampu memutar bola
mata ke samping; pada istirahat – mata
rotadi ke arah medial karena aktivitas otot
antagonis
Lesi nervus abducens
Nervus Facialis
CN VII: FACIALIS
• Nervus cranialis VII
• Fungsi: ekspresi wajah; perasa di
lidah (sensorik)
• Clinical test: motor functions – close eyes,
smile, whistle, frown, raise eyebrows;
taste
• Efek kerusakan: ketidakmampuan
mengontrol otot wajah; gangguan perasa
di lidah
Nervus Vestibulocochlearis
Vestibular ganglion(SSA) ↘ ↗ Vestibular nuclei
Internal acoustic meatus
Cochlear ganglion (SSA) ↗ ↘
Cochlear nuclei
CN VIII:
VESTIBULOCOCHLEARIS
• Nervus cranialis VIII
• Fungsi: pendengaran dan
equilibrium (keseimbangan)
• Clinical tests: test hearing, balance,
and ability to walk a straight line
• Efek kerusakan: tuli, pusing, mual,
kehilangan keseimbangan dan
nystagmus
CN IX: GLOSSOPHARINGEUS
• Nervus cranial IX
• Fungsi: menelan, salivasi, muntah; sensasi nyeri,
tekanan dan rasa di lidah; sensasi nyeri pada faring
dan telinga eksterna
• Clinical tests: gag reflex, swallowing, and
coughing
• Efek kerusakan: kesulitan menelan
CN X: VAGUS
• Nervus cranialis X
• Fungsi: menelan, merasakan makanan, berbicara,
respirasi, cardiovaskuler, regulasi saluran
gastrointestinal; sensai lapar, kenyag dan fungsi
intestinal discomfort
• Clinical tests: test with cranial nerve IX
• Efek kerusakan: suara serak atau menghilang;
gangguan menelan dan motilitas pencernaan
NERVU
S
VAGUS
Superior laryngeal nerve
Internal
branch
External
branch
CN XI: ACCESSORIUS
• Nervus cranialis XI
• Fungsi: menelan; gerakan kepala, leher dan bahu
• Clinical tests: rotate head and shrug shoulders
against resistance
• Efek kerusakan: gangguan gerak kepala, leher
dan bahu; paralysis m. sternocleidomastoid
Nervus Hipoglossus
Hypoglossal nerve
CN XII: HIPOGLOSSUS
• Nervus cranialis XII
• Fungsi: gerakan lidah ketika
berbicara, manipulasi makanan, dan
menelan
• Clinical test: tongue function
• Efek kerusakan: gangguan bicara
dan menelan; atrofi lidah; lidah
tidak bisa menjulur keluar (protrusi)
SISTEM INDERA
Eye Anatomy
http://everlastingelephants.blogspot.com/2009/08/what-is-eye-cataract.html
Eye Anatomy
• Conjunctiva (Conj):
– Thin, clear layer of skin
– Covering of the front of
eye
– Covers the sclera and the
inside of the eyelids http://www.images.missionforvisionusa.org/anatomy/2005/11/conjunctiva-answers.html
– Function:
• Keeps bacteria and foreign
material from getting
behind eye
Eye Anatomy
• Sclera (S):
– “White of the eye”
– Tough, opaque tissue that
extends around the eye
– Surrounds the eye and
gives the eye its
http://www.thirdeyehealth.com/sclera.html
shape
– The sclera is attached to
the extraocular muscles
Eye Anatomy
• Extraocular Muscles
– 6 extraocular muscles th at
are attached to each eye
– Help move the eye left,
right, up, down and
diagonally
– These 6 muscles are: http://media.photobucket.com/image/introduction%20to%20eye%20anatomy/trimurtulu/Eye.jpg
• Superior rectus
• Inferior rectus
• Medial rectus
• Lateral rectus
Overview of the anatomy of the external
ear, middle ear and internal ear
Gross Anatomy of the Middle Ear
Gross Anatomy of the Inner Ear
Anatomy of the Cochlea

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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

ANATOMI SISTEM SARAF

Dr. ANNISA SITI ROHIMA

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

2. Integrasi – menyatukan informasi

Neuron = sel saraf

Axons end in axonal terminals

Sebagian besar terdapat di sistem saraf

Neuron Sensorik (afferent)

Interneuron (neuron penghubung)

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Neuron Unipolar – memiliki penonjolan

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Fisura (saluran yang lebih dalam dari

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Area sensori somatik – menerima

Area otak yang terlibat dalam indera

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Area untuk interpretasi di otak

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Berada di batang otak bagian atas stem

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Dikelilingi oleh ventrikel ketiga

Berada di bawah thalamus

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Bagian penting dalam sistem limbik

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Membentuk atap ventrikel ketiga

Melekat pada medulla spinalis

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Terdiri atas traktus serabut saraf

Bagian yang menonjol di tengah pada

Terdiri atas dua hemisfer

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

SCALP dan kulit

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Komposisi menyerupai plasma darah

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Commonly called a stroke

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Meninges menutupi medulla spinalis

Nervus dan ganglia di luar sistem saraf

Nervus campuran – memiliki serabut

Terdapat 31 pasang nervus spinalis

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

The nervous system is formed during

No more neurons are formed after birth,