Course : MATH 6038 – Calculus I

Year : 2021

Limits
Session 1-3
 Acknowledgement

These slides have been adapted from:

Dale Varberg, Edwin Purcell, Steve

Rigdon. 2007. Calculus. Prentice Hall.
ISBN: 978-0132306331.

Soo.T.Tan. Calculus. 2010.

Brooks/Cole. ISBN-13: 978-0-534-
46579-7
 Learning Objectives

LO 1:
Define the properties of limit to describe
geometric and physical problems, and other
applications.
 Content

• Introduction to Limits
1
• Limit Theorem
2
• Limits Involving Trigonometric Functions
3
• Limits at infinity
4
• Continuity
5

4
 MASALAH YG MENGARAH KE KONSEP LIMIT

Area
Luas lingkaran didekati dengan luas persegi Panjang.

Archimedes Idea
Ide dari Archimedes. Sebuah poligon diplot dalam lingkaran.
Luas lingkaran didekati dg luas polygon. Makin banyak sisi
polygon, makin akurat pendekatannya

Limit
Luas lingkaran merupakan limit dari luas polygon.
Makin banyak jumlah sisi polygon, luas polygon akan
semakin mendekati luas lingkaran.
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 PEMAHAMAN SECARA INTUITIF

Misalkan diketahui fungsi :

Fungsi tsb. tidak terdefinisi untuk x = 1

6
 Arti Intuitif Dari Limit

Definition
Limit
To say that , “limit f(x) jika x mendekati c, adalah L”

Definition
Limit Kanan dan Limit Kiri
• To say that , “limit f(x) jika x mendekati c dari kanan, adalah L”
• To say that , “limit f(x) jika x mendekati c dari kiri, adalah L”

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 Theorem
if and only if and

Suatu fungsi disebut memiliki limit, jika limit kiri = limit kanan

Suatu fungsi disebut tidak memiliki limit, jika limit kiri ≠ limit kanan
Secara umum ada 3 batas pendekatan limit, yaitu :

 
 Limit Theorem

Limit kiri ≠ limit kanan

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 Example 1

Find
it is much
better to use
a little algebra
what is to simplify
happening as x the problem.
approaches 3,
Note that we could use a
calculator to
Tdk terdefinisi
evaluate the
pada x = 3 tapi
given expression,
dapat dihilangkan
for example, at
3.1, 3.01, 3.001,
and so on.

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 Example 2

Use the graph of the function shown in Figure to find the

given limit, if it exists.

Lim kiri = 2 Lim kiri = 3 Lim kiri = 1 Lim kiri = 2 Lim kiri = 10
Lim kanan 2 Lim kanan = 3 Lim kanan = 4 Lim kanan = 4 Lim kanan = ∞
Tdk ada limit Tdk ada limit Tdk ada limit

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 Limit Laws

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 The Squeeze Theorem
(Teorema Apit)

Nilai limit
ketiga fungsi
tersebut akan
sama

1
Suppose that f(x) ≤ g(x) ≤ h(x) for
all x in an open interval containing Then
a, except possibly at a, and

2 3
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 Example 3
Contoh teorema apit :

Remember -1 ≤ sin t ≤ 1 for

12
Lets find
every real number t, so that
1
lim x 2 sin
x 0 x

Berdasarkan
teorema apit,
maka : We know that

43
21
lim 𝑥 sin =0 lim  x 2  lim x 2  0
𝑥→0 𝑥 x 0 x 0

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LIMIT FUNGSI ALJABAR
1. lim 𝑐 = 𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑎 𝑐 = 𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑛 𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑙 → 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜ℎ ∶ lim 7 = 7
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→2
2. lim 𝑥 = 𝑎 → 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜ℎ ∶ lim 3𝑥 = 3ሺ−5ሻ = −15
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→−5
𝐽𝑖𝑘𝑎 lim 𝑓ሺ𝑥 ሻ = 𝐿 𝑑𝑎𝑛 lim 𝑔ሺ𝑥 ሻ = 𝑀, 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑎 ∶
𝑥 →𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
3. lim ሾ𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)ሿ= 𝐿 ± 𝑀 → 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑚𝑙𝑎ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝑎𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑔𝑠𝑖
𝑥→𝑎
4. lim ሾ𝑓ሺ𝑥ሻ𝑔(𝑥)ሿ= 𝐿𝑀 → 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑘𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑔𝑠𝑖
𝑥→𝑎
5. lim ሾ𝑐𝑓(𝑥)ሿ= 𝑐𝐿 → 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑘𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑘𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑔𝑠𝑖
𝑥→𝑎
𝑓(𝑥) 𝐿
6. lim = 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑎 𝑀 ≠ 0 → 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑔𝑠𝑖
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑀
𝑛 𝑛
7. lim ඥ𝑓(𝑥) = ξ 𝐿 → 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑢 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑔𝑠𝑖
𝑥→𝑎
8. lim ሾ𝑓(𝑥)ሿ𝑛 = 𝐿𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑎 𝑛 = 𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑝
𝑥→𝑎
9. lim 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑎 ∶ 𝑛 = 𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑝
𝑥→𝑎
10. lim 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑝ሺ𝑎ሻ 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑎 𝑝ሺ𝑥 ሻ𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑙𝑎ℎ 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑔𝑠𝑖 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙.
𝑥→𝑎
𝑃(𝑎) 𝑃(𝑥)
11. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓ሺ𝑎ሻ = 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑎 𝑄 ሺ𝑎ሻ ≠ 0 𝑑𝑎𝑛 𝑗𝑖𝑘𝑎 𝑓ሺ𝑥 ሻ = 𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑙𝑎ℎ 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑔𝑠𝑖 𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
𝑥→𝑎 𝑄(𝑎) 𝑄(𝑥)
 Limits of
Trigonometric Functions

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 Example 4

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
lim 𝑥 sin𝑥= lim 𝑥 lim sin 𝑥= sin = ( 1 )=
𝑥→𝜋 /2 𝑥 →𝜋 /2 𝑥 →𝜋 /2 2 2 2 2

2 2
lim (¿2𝑥 +cot𝑥)= lim 2𝑥 + lim cot𝑥¿
𝑥→𝜋/4 𝑥→𝜋/4 𝑥→𝜋/4
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 Example 5: Limits at Infinity

1 2
The graph of To find the limit,
divide both the
numerator and
is shown in Figure. denominator by
 Example 6: Infinite Limits

lim ¿ 1
+¿ 1 lim 2
=∞
𝑥→1
( 𝑥−1)
2
=∞¿ 𝑥→1 ( 𝑥−1 )
Left Limit Right Limit Limit
 Relation to Asymptotes

A Vertical Asymptote A Horizontal Asymptote

The line x = c is a vertical asymptote of

the graph of y = f(x) if any of the The line y = b is a horizontal asymptote
following four statements is true. of the graph of y = f(x) if either
lim 𝑓 (𝑥 )=𝑏
𝑥→∞

lim ¿ lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=𝑏

+¿ 𝑥 → −∞
𝑥→𝑐 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=− ∞ ¿

lim 𝑓 (𝑥 )= ∞
−
𝑥→𝑐

lim 𝑓 (𝑥 )=− ∞
−
𝑥→𝑐
 Example 7

A vertical asymptote at a
point where the denominator
is zero, In this case:

On the other hand,

Let and so y = 2 is a horizontal

asymptote.
 Continuity at a Point

Definition Continuity at a Point

Let f be defined on an open interval containing c. We say
that f is continuous at c if

does not exist lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) ≠ 𝑓 (𝑐 ) lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 𝑓 (𝑐)

𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
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 Example 8

Based on the graph:

The function f is continuous at 0 because lim x 0
f ( x )  1  f ( 0)
It is discontinuous at 1 because f(1) is not defined.
It is discontinuous at 2 because lim f ( x)  2  1  f (2)
x 2
It is continuous at 3 becauselim f ( x)  0  f (3)
x 3
It is discontinuous at 4 and 5 because lim f ( x) and lim f ( x)
x 4 x5
does not exist.
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 Continuity on an Interval

A function f is continuous on an open interval (a,b) if it is

continuous at every number in the interval.

function f is continuous on a closed interval [a,b] if it is

continuous on (a,b) and is also continuous from the right at a
and from the left at b.

A function f is continuous on a half-open interval [a,b) or (a,b]

if f is continuous on (a,b) and f is continuous from the right at a
or f is continuous from the left at b, respectively
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 Other Continuity Theorem

Theorem

Continuity of Polynomial and Rational Functions

a. A polynomial function is continuous on (-∞, ∞).
b. A rational function is continuous on its domain.

Continuity of Trigonometric Functions

The functions sin x, cos x, tan x, csc x, sec x, and cot
x are continuous at every number in their respective
domain.

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 The Intermediate Value Theorem

If f is a continuous function on a closed interval [a,b] and M

is any number between f(a) and f(b), inclusive, then there
is at least one number c in [a,b] such that f(c) = M.

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 Dale Varberg, Edwin Purcell, Steve Rigdon. 2007. Calculus.
Prentice Hall. ISBN: 978-0132306331.

Dale Varberg, Edwin Purcell, Steve Rigdon. 2014. Calculus

Early Transcendentals. Pearson New International Edition.
ISBN: 978-1-292-04268-8

Soo.T.Tan. 2010. Calculus. Brooks/Cole. ISBN-13: 978-0-534-

46579-7

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