KOMA
EPIDEMIOLOGI
Telah diketahui
bahwa Koma cukup
sering dijumpai,
&
termasuk dalam
kasus gawat darurat
medik yang cukup
penting.
MORBIDITAS
&
MORTALITAAS
Drug Overdose
Metabolic
Approximate mortalit
5-10%
50%
Head Trauma
50%
Anoxia
90%
Stroke
80%
Status Epilepticus
3-30%
FAKTOR RISIKO
FAKTOR RISIKO
KOMA
Infeksi intrakranial
MENGGUNAKAN
DATA
EPIDEMIOLOGI
UNTUK MEMAHAMI
Trauma kepala
Vaskular
diabetes
Status nutrisi
Intoksikasi
Gangguan metabolik
Fisiologi kesadaran
Secara fisiologik kesadaran memerlukan interaksi yang terus-menerus
dan efektif antara hemisfer otak dan formasio retikularis di batang otak.
Gambar
ANATOMI
ETIOLOGI
&
PATOFISIOLOGI
Gangguan kesadaran
disebabkan oleh
berbagai faktor etiologi,
baik yang bersifat
intracranial maupun
ekstrakranial / sistemik.
Penjelasan singkat
tentang faktor etiologi
gangguan kesadaran
adalah sebagai berikut:
JENIS KOMA
BERDASAR
ETIOLOGI
KLASIFIKASI
Klasifikasi koma dapat berdasar anatomi-patofisiologi dan dapat berdasar
gambaran klinik.
NO
MECHANISM
Diffuse Brain Dysfunction
ETIOLOGY
- Drug overdose, Alcohol abuse
- CO poisoning, anaethetic gases
- Hypoglycaemia, Hyperglycaemia
- Hypoxic, Ischaaemic brain injury
- Hypertensive encephalopathy
- Severe uremia
- Hepatocellular failure
- Respiratory failure with CO2 retention
- Hypocalcemia, hypercalcemia
- Hyponatremia, hypernatremia
- Hypoadrenalism, hypopituarism, Hypothyroidism
- Metabolic acidosis
- Hypothermia, hyperthermia
- Trauma (following closed head injury)
- Epilepsy (following a generalized seizure)
- Encephalitis, cerebral malaria, septicaemia
- Subarachnoid haemorrhage
- Metabolic rarities (e.g.porphyria)
- Cerebral oedema from chronic hypoxia
DIABETES
Glukose plasma
meningkat
KETOASIDOSIS
Lactic asidosis
Dehidrasi
Hiperosmolar
Plasma
Edema serebri
Mortalitas
25 %
Gangguan
kesadaran
memerlukan
pemeriksaan
fisik-neurologik
yang
cermat dan sistematik, menggunakan
bagan
tertentu
untuk
mencapai
diagnosis pasti tentang penyebab dan
situasi klinik yang sedang dihadapi
pemeriksa.
Lanjutan
Signs of increased
ICP/Herniation
Pupils
Unilateral dilated
pupil
Bilateral small
poorly reactive
pupils
Eye movements
Third nerve palsy
Sixth nerve palsy
Can be assessed
by cold caloric
Fundoscopy
Signs of
papilledema?
Respiratory pattern?
Robbins and Cotran., 2005. PATHOLOGIC BASIS OF DISEASE, 7 th ed. ELSEVIER SAUNDERS PHILADELPHIA.
F1 : Pemeriksaan Klinis
General Exam
V.S.
Trauma?
Illness?
Dugs?
Nuchal Rigidity
Neurologic Exam
Verbal responses
oriented speech
confused conversation
inappropriate speech
incomprehensible speech
no speech
Eye opening
spontaneous
verbal response
noxious response
none
Pupillary reactions
present
absent
Oculocephalic responses
normal
full
minimal
none
Oculovestibular responses
normal
tonic conj
dysconj
none
Corneal responses
present
absent
Repiratory pattern
regular
periodic
ataxic
Motor responses
obeys
localizes
w/d
abnormal flexion
abnormal extension
none
DTRs
Normal, incr, decr
Tone
Norm, para, flex, ext, flaccid
auto-anamnesis
ini dapat dimanfaatkan untuk
menetapkan adanya gangguan
kesadaran yang bersifat psikiatrik
termasuk sindrom otak organik atau
gangguan kesadaran yang bersifat
neurologik (dinyatakan secara kualitatif
maupun kuantitatif ke dalam
Glasgow Coma Scale).
hetero-anamnesis
untuk mencari kedalaman makna
DERAJAT KESADARAN
(Alertness = Basic Arousal)
Alert Letargic Somnolent
- stupor Coma
OBSERVASI PERILAKU
Riwayat perubahan perilaku
(acute confusional states,
agresif, dll)
Perubahan mood dan emosi
1
2
4
Description of Patient
Obtunded
Stupor
to
stimulus
Sharma&Parker, 2005. CRASH COURSE GENERAL MEDICINE 2nd ed. Mosby Edinburgh.
Sharma&Parker, 2005. CRASH COURSE GENERAL MEDICINE 2nd ed. Mosby Edinburgh.
Immediate Tests
Immediate Tests
Glucose
Electrolytes
CBC, BUN, Cr
Osmolality
ABG
LP (if no mass
lesion)
Head CT-Scan /
MRI
Routine investigations
full blood count
serum electrolytes
glucose
renal function
liver function
thyroid function tests
Radiology &Neuroimaging
Foto thoraks
CT
MRI
Special investigations
EEG
ECG
LP
Screening toxicology
AGD (Analisa Gas Darah)
Hypothermic
History
Examination
Blood Sugar
Temperatur
Pinpoint pupil
Reversal with
nakmone
Narcotic
overdose
Epilepsy
-Post ictal
-Non cognitive
Status epilepticus
COMA
Hypoglicaemia
No improvement
Pantine
dysfungtion
Hyponatraemia
Hypo/hypercalenemia
CO2 narcosis
Hepatic /ursemic
Encephalopaty
FBC
Biochemistry
ABGs
Sepsis screen
ECG
Hypertension
Aniphylaxis
Sepsis
Acute blood /Fluid loss
Cardiogenic
Addisonian
CT scan
+ / - LP
Cerebral infraction
Cerebral haemorrage
Meningitis
Encephalitis
Space occupying tension
Stroke, 2005;36:1259-1263
MANAGEMEN
&
PROGNOSIS
MANAGEMEN
Initial
Management
Stat
fingerstick for
dextrose
CBC, electrolytes,
BUN/Cr, Calcium,
ABG, LFTs,
ammonia, UA,
serum and urine
tox screen, blood
cultures if febrile
Dextrose (1 amp =
25 grams dextrose)
Always follow
with Thiamine
100 mg IM
Initial
Management
If Narcotic OD
suspected, give
Naloxone 1 - 2 amps
repeat in 15 minutes
If benzodiazepine
overdose suspected,
Flumazenil .2 mg
repeat q 1 minute up to
1.0 mg, may produce
seizures.
Give thiamine
100mg
Stat fingerstick
for dextrose
Lorazepam 2 mg
PROGNOSIS
Tergantung pada :
pada penyebab
spesifik
Durasi
Kedalaman koma
Evaluasi koma
Purpose of monitoring therapy
To detect side-effects
To ensure compliance