COMPLEX SENTENCE

Complex Sentence (= Kalimat Majemuk Bertingkat): kalimat yang mempunyai Main Clause (= Klausa Induk) dan
Sub(ordinate) Clause
(= Klausa Anak).

Clause (= klausa): kalimat dalam kalimat.

Kalimat: serangkaian kata yang paling sedikit mempunyai subyek (s) dan predikat (p).

Main Clause: klausa yang dapat berdiri sendiri dalam arti mempunyai makna yang lengkap tanpa Sub Clause.

Sub Clause: klausa yang tidak dapat berdiri sendiri dalam arti tidak mempunyai makna yang lengkap tanpa Main
Clause. Sub Clause dapat berfungsi sebagai berikut:

Adjective Clause (= Klausa Sifat),

Noun Clause (= Klausa Benda), dan

Adverbial Clause (= Klausa Keterangan).

A. Adjective Clause
Dalam Complex Sentence, Sub Clause dapat berfungsi sebagai Adjective Clause.

Adjective (= kata sifat): kata yang menerangkan kata benda.

Jadi, Adjective Clause: klausa yang menerangkan kata benda.

Kata benda (= noun) yang diterangkan oleh Adjective Clause disebut Noun Antecedent yang selalu berada
sebelum Adjective Clause.

Noun Antecedent dapat berupa person, thing, place, time, dan reason.

Dalam Adjective Clause terdapat Relative Pronoun dan Relative Adverb, yang masing-masing
menghubungkan Main Clause dan Sub Clause yang berfungsi sebagai Adjective Clause. Bentuk Relative
Pronoun: who, whom, whose, which, dan that; bentuk Relative Adverb: where, when, dan why.

Fungsi Relative Pronoun: sebagai subyek (yang diikuti oleh predikat / kata kerja); sebagai obyek (yang
diikuti oleh subyek dan Relative Pronoun dapat dihilangkan); sebagai obyek preposisi (yang dapat
diletakkan sebelum atau sesudah Relative Pronoun yang diikuti oleh subyek); dan sebagai possessive
adjective (yang dapat diterjemahkan dengan yang nya).

Penggunaan Relative Pronoun

Relative
Pronoun

Noun Antecedent
Person

who

whom

whose

which
that

Fungsi Relative Pronoun

Obyek
Possessive
Thing Subyek Obyek
Preposisi Adjective

Penggunaan Relative Adverb

Relative

Noun Antecedent

Place Time

Adverb
Where
When

Why

Reason

Penggunaan Relative Pronoun who sebagai Subyek dengan Noun Antecedent Person
They know the technician.
S
P
O

He
S

is fixing
P

my laptop.
O

They know the technician who is fixing my laptop.

S
P
O
S
P
O
Main Clause

Sub Clause sebagai

Adjective Clause

Noun Antecedent (Person)

(= yang )
Relative Pronoun
sebagai S (diikuti P).

Penggunaan Relative Pronoun who sebagai Subyek dengan Noun Antecedent Person
The lady
S

is my secretary.
P

The lady
S

She
S

is typing
P

in the room.
Adjunct

who
S

is typing
P

in the room
Adjunct

is my secretary.
P

Sub Clause sebagai

Adjective Clause
Noun
Antecedent
(Person)

Main Clause
(= yang )
Relative Pronoun sebagai S (diikuti P).

Penggunaan Relative Pronoun whom sebagai Obyek dengan Noun Antecedent Person
She
S

paid
P

the man.
man.
O

She
S

had hired
P

him.
him.
O

She
S

paid
P

the man
O

whom
O

she
S

had hired.
hired.
P

Main Clause
Noun Antecedent
(Person)

Sub Clause sebagai

Adjective Clause
(= yang )

Relative Pronoun sebagai O

(diikuti S dan dapat dihilangkan).

Penggunaan Relative Pronoun whom sebagai Obyek Preposisi dengan Noun Antecedent Person
She
S

paid
P

the man.
O

She
S

had borrowed
P

the money
DO

She
S

paid
P

the man
O

from whom
IO

she
S

had borrowed
P

him.
IO

the money.
DO

Sub Clause sebagai

Adjective Clause
Relative Pronoun sebagai O Preposisi (from)
(diikuti S).

Main Clause
Noun Antecedent
(Person)

from

(= She paid the man

whom she had borrowed the money from )

(= She paid the man

she had borrowed the money from )

Penggunaan Relative Pronoun whose sebagai Possessive Adjective dengan Noun Antecedent Person
The manager
S

The manager
S

His secretary
S

offered
P

me
IO

a job
DO

yesterday.
Adjunct

whose secretary
S

offered
P

me
IO

a job
DO

yesterday
Adjunct

has just called

P

me.
O

has just called

P

me.
O

Sub Clause sebagai

Adjective Clause
Noun
Antecedent
(Person)

Main Clause
(= yang sekretarisnya )
Relative Pronoun sebagai Possessive Adjective (diikuti noun).

Penggunaan Relative Pronoun which atau that sebagai Subyek dengan Noun Antecedent Thing
Input and output
S

are handled
P

by machines.
Agent

The machines
S

are called
P

I / O device.
(Pelengkap S)

Input and output

S

are handled
P

by machines
Agent

which (or that)

S

are
called
P

I / O device
(Pelengkap S)

Main Clause

Sub Clause sebagai

Adjective Clause
(= yang )
Relative Pronoun sebagai S (diikuti P).

Noun Antecedent (Thing)

Penggunaan Relative Pronoun which atau that sebagai Subyek dengan Noun Antecedent Thing
The data
S

The data
S

The data
S

is presented
P

to the computer.
IO (Prep. O)

which (or that)

S

is presented
P

to the computer
IO (Prep. O)

is called
P

the input.
(Pelengkap S)

is called
P

the input.
(Pelengkap S)

Sub Clause sebagai

Adjective Clause
(= yang )
Noun
Anteceden
Main Clause
t
Relative Pronoun sebagai S (diikuti P).
(Thing)

Penggunaan Relative Pronoun which atau that sebagai Obyek dengan Noun Antecedent Thing
The services
S

The services
S

are useful.
P
The workers
S

provide
P

the services.
O

which (or
that)
O

the workers
S

provide
P

are useful.
P

Sub Clause sebagai

Adjective Clause
(= yang )
Noun
Antecedent
(Thing)

Main Clause
Relative Pronoun sebagai O
(diikuti S dan dapat dihilangkan).

Penggunaan Relative Pronoun which sebagai Obyek Preposisi dengan Noun Antecedent Thing
The department
S

is systems operations.
P

The department
S

He
S

works
P

in

whic
h
O

in

the department.
Adjunct

he
S

works
P

is systems operations.
P

Sub Clause sebagai

Adjective Clause
Noun
Antecedent
(Thing)

Main Clause
Relative Pronoun sebagai O preposisi
(in) (diikuti S)

(= The department which he works in is systems operations)

(= The department that he works in is systems operations)

(= The department

(= The department where he works is systems operation)

he works in is systems operations)

Penggunaan Relative Pronoun (of) which sebagai Possessive Adjective dengan Noun Antecedent Thing
The laptop
S
The laptop,
S

is mine.
P
The color of the laptop
S
the color of which
S

is grey.
P
is grey,
P

is mine.
P

Sub Clause sebagai

Adjective Clause
(= yang warnanya )
Noun
Anteceden
t
(Thing)

Relative Pronoun sebagai Possessive Adjective

(= The laptop, of which the colour is grey, is mine)

(= The laptop, whose colour is grey, is mine) (informal)

Penggunaan Relative Pronoun whom setelah both of, neither of, either of, dan sebagainya dengan Noun
Antecedent Person
She has two brothers. Both of them major in IT.

Main Clause

She has two brothers, both of whom major in IT. (= yang kedua-duanya mengambil jurusan )
She has two brothers, neither of whom majors in IT. (= yang tak seorangpun )
She has two brothers, either of whom majors in IT. (= yang salah seorang )
Ten people, most of whom were very qualified, applied for the job.

Penggunaan Relative Pronoun which setelah both of, neither of, either of, dan sebagainya dengan Noun
Antecedent Thing
He has two PCs. Both of them are sophisticated.

He has two PCs, both of which are sophisticated.

He has two PCs, neither of which is sophisticated.
He has two PCs, either of which is sophisticated.

Tom made a number of suggestions, most of which were very helpful.

They gave us a lot of information, most of which was very useful.

Penggunaan Relative Adverb where dengan Noun Antecedent Place

The department where he works is systems operation.

Penggunaan Relative Adverb when dengan Noun Antecedent Time

Do you remember the year when you began working at this company?

Penggunaan Relative Adverb why dengan Noun Antecedent Reason

I want to know the reason why she does not like this job.

Non Essential Adjective Clause

Dalam Non Essential Adjective Clause, Adjective Clause dipisahkan dengan koma dan penggunaanya bersifat
tambahan serta jumlah Noun Antecerdentnya tidak lebih dari yang ada.
Tom, whose father is the manager of a company, helped me to get a job.
I have two brothers, who work at the Embassy. (Saudara saya hanya dua)
Essential Adjective Clause
Dalam Essential Adjective Clause, Adjective Clause tidak dipisahkan dengan koma dan penggunaanya merupakan
keharusan serta jumlah Noun Antecerdentnya lebih dari yang ada.
The girl whose father is the manager of a company helped me to get a job.
I have two brothers who work at the Embassy. (Saudara saya lebih dari dua)

NOUN CLAUSE
- Clause ( = klausa) : kalimat dalam kalimat.
- Noun : kata benda
- Noun Clause : klausa yang berfungsi sebagai / menduduki fungsi kata benda.
Contoh
- His remark was quite true. (Simple Sentence)
S(Noun)

- What he said was quite true. (Complex Sentence)

S
S

P
P

Noun Clause sebagai Subyek

Introductory Conjuction

- Introductory Conjuction meliputi :

- wh questions
- how
- that ( = bahwa)
- if / wether ( = apakah)

Fungsi Noun Clause

- Noun Clause sebagai Indirect Object
-

Whether they get the money or not doesnt concern me.

S

That they have succeeded in the computer business is cuite abivious.

S

- Noun Clause sebagai Indirect Object

- He will give the winner a prize. ( = He will give a prize to the winner).
S

IO

DO

DO

Simple
Sentence

IO/Prepositional
Simple

- He will give whoever wins a prize. ( = He will give a prize to whoever winsSentence
S

IO

DO

DO

- We shall give these diskettes to whoever needs them later.

S

DO

IO

IO

- Noun Clause sebagai Obyek / Direct Object

- I know your name. (Simple Sentence)
S P

O/DO

- I know what your name is. (Complex Sentence)

S P

O/DO

- He told us how the plans should be carried out.

S

P IO

DO

- I asked him why he wished to work at the company.

S

IO

DO

- She informed me when the meeting would be held.

S

IO

DO

- We hope that you will be able to succeed in your business.

S

O/DO

- The manager determines what progress has been made toward the goal.
S

O/DO

- Noun Clause sebagai Obyek to-Infinitive

-

He wanted to know why they could not cope with (= solve) the problems themselves.

I would like to know if there is a vacancy for a computer programmer here.

She asked me to read what she had written.

- Noun Clause sebagai Obyek Gerund

-

Predicting whether you will be able to succeed in your business or not is necessary.

We are interested in reading what he has written.

- Noun Clause sebagai Obyek Preposisi

-

We are interested in what he has written.

They could understand only few of what he explained then.

Most of what we did was considered satisfactory.

- Noun Clause sebagai Subjective Complement (Pelengkap Subyek)

-

This is what he thinks.

The question is which method we have to use.

The problem is how we should carry out the plans.

- Noun Clause sebagai Aposisi

-

The fact that the company is almoust bankrupt is not generally know.

We cannot conceal the fact that hew dislikes his ewployer.

One problem, that he is competent, will be hard deal with.

- Noun Clause sebagai O/DO dalam Subjunctive

- I suggest(ed)

(that) he

(should) not give the report.

- I recommended(ed)

(that) you

(should) be there in person.

- I insist(ed)

(that) she

(should) speak to them.

- I demand(ed)

(that) the meeting

(should) be brought forward.

- I propose(d)

that something

(should) be done about the

problem.

- Noun Clause setelah kata it

- It is important

that each student (should) fill out a registration form.

- It is vital

that we (should) not permit our competitors to know our

plans.

- It is desirable

that John (should) attend the conference.

- It is imperative

that I (should) be punctual for the appointment.

necessary
urgent
essensial
advisable

PARTICIPLE PHRASE AS ALTERNATIVES

FOR ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
1. I HAVE NO MONEY. I will not go. (2 Simple Sentences dengan subject yang sama, yaitu I)
HAVING NO MONEY, I will not go.
(= Because I have no money, I will not go.)
2. I HAVE NO MONEY. I will go. (2 Simple Sentence dengan 2 subject yang sama, yaitu I)
HAVING NO MONEY, I will go.
( = Although I have no money, I will go.)
3. I HAVE NO MONEY. I cannot do much. (2 simple Sentences dengan subject yang sama, yaitu
I)
HAVING NO MONEY, I cannot do much.
(= IF I have no money, I cannot do much.)
4. I HAVE NO MONEY. I must buy this book. (2 simple Sentences dengan subject yang sama,
yaitu I)
HAVING NO MONEY, I must buy this book.)
(= While I have no money, I must buy this book.)
5. WE HAD NOTHING TO DO. We went home. (2 Simple Sentences dengan subject yang sama,
yaitu WE)
HAVING NOTHING TO DO, We went home.
(= As we had nothing to do, we went home.)
6. HE WAS SICK. He didnt go to school. (2 Simple Sentences dengan subject yang sama, yaitu
HE)
BEING SICK, he didnt go to school.
(= Because he was sick, he didint go to school.)
7. MY FATHER WAS SICK. I didnt go to school. (2 Simple Sentence dengan subject yang tidak
sama. Subject kalimat pertama MY FATHER dan subject kalimat kedua I)
MY FATHER BEING SICK, I didnt go to school.
(= because my father was sick, I didnt go to school.)
8. THEY WERE IMPRESSED BY THE YOUNG MANS QUALIFICATIONS. They offered him
a good job. (2 Simple Sentences dengan subject yang sama, yaitu THEY. Kalimat pertama
kalimat pasif dan kalimat kedua kalimat aktif.)
IMPRESSED BY THE YOUNG MANS QUALIFICATIONS, They offered him a good job.
(= Because they were impressed by the young mans qualification, they offered him a job.)
9. SHE WAS TALKING IN THE PARK. She suddenly had a heart attack. (2 Simple Sentences
dengan subject yang sama, yaitu SHE.)
WALKING IN THE PARK, she suddenly hahd a heart attack.
(= While she was walking in the park, she suddenly had a heart attack.)

10. HE DID NOT KNOW THE ANSWER OF THE TEST ITEM. He asked his teacher a question.
(2 Simple Sentences dengan subject yang sama, yaitu SHE. Kalimat pertama kalimat negatif.)
NOT KNOWLING THE ANSWER OF THE TEST ITEM, he asked his teacher a question.
(= Because they did not know the answer of the test item, he asked his teacher a question.)

THE WORD IT
A.

IT Mengacu pada Kata Sebelumnya

- We saw film last Saturday. IT was very interesting. I enjoy IT very much.
- When he had metal. IT expands. IT grows bigger than was before.

B.

IT sebagai subjecy kosong

1. Waktu
-

What time is IT now IT is six oclock.

What day is IT today? IT is Sunday.

2. Cuaca
-

IT is fine today.

IT is raining.

3. Suhu
-

IT is 37 degrees celcius.

4. Jarak
-

How far is IT to from ?

5. Lingkungan
-

IT is smoky

IT is dirty.

6. Situasi Sekarang
-

IT is a shame

IT is awful

7. Pasang / Surut Air

C.

IT is high tide.

IT is low tide.

Preparatory IT sebagai Subject

1. Impotance
-

IT is essential TO BOOK IN ADVANCE.

IT is important THAT HE COMES STRAIGHT TO ME WHEN SHE ARRIVES.

2. Difficulty
-

IT is not easy TO GET HER TO CHANGE HER MIND.

IT must be hard TO LIVE ON SALARY.

3. Possibility
-

IT is possible TO GO BY LAND

IT is probable THAT WELL BE A LITTLE LATE.

4. Usefulness
-

IT is not very useful TO READ THE WHOLE BOOK.

IT is pointless TO GO THERE ON MONDAY there is a public holiday.

5. Normality
-

IT is unusual TO SEE JOHN WITH A GIRL.

6. Time taken
-

IT took me two hours TO GO HOME LAST NIGHT.

7. Emotional reaction
-

IT is interesting TO SEE DIFFERENT CULTURES AND WAY OF LIFE.

IT is really astonishing THAT SHE REFUSED TO TALK TO YOU.

IT shocked me THAT JOHN DIDNT TELL WHERE HE WAS.

8. Truth
-

Is IT true THAT SHE IS ILL?

9. Convenience
-

Will IT suit you TO COME TOMORROW EVENING ?

10. Ideas coming into ones head

-

IT occurred to me THAT SHE MIGHT HAVE FORGOTTON THE DATE.

11. Appearance
-

IT appears THAT JOHN MIGHT CHANGE HIS MIND.

IT seems obvious THAT WE CANT GO ON LIKE THIS.

12. IT dengan for + object + infinitive

-

IT is pointless for + all of us + TO GO THERE. One will be enough.

IT is essential for + the papers + TO BE READY BEFORE FRIDAY.

IT is a must for + us + TO PERFORM OUR DUTY.

13. IT dengan ing-forms

-

IT is no good PRETENDING TO BE INTELEGENT.

IT is (there is) no use CRYING OVER SPILT MILK. Let by gone be gone.

Is IT (is there) any use INFORMING THEM ABOUT YOUR PLANS.

IT is no use ASKING HER he doesnt know anything.

IT is useless MAKING SUCH A PLAN WITHOUT BEING SUPPORTED BY

ADEQUATE PLAN.

14. IT dengan adjectives of urgency

-

IT is important THAT EVERYBODY SHOULD BE TOLD THE FACTS. (British)

IT is important THAT EVERYBODY BE TOLD THE FACTS. (American)

15. Di samping IT dengan THAT-CLAUSES diatas, ada juga IT dengan clauses lainnya yang
ditandai dengan WHO, WHICH, WHETHER, WHEN, WHAT, AS IF / AS THOUGH.
HOW MANYB / HOW MUCH dan sebagainya.
-

IT was John WHO / THAT CAME ON SATURDAY. (Penekanan pada John.

IT was on Saturday THAT JOHN CAME. (Penekanan pada on Saturday)

IT was John dog THAT / WHICH BIT ME.

IT doesnt interest me WHETHER YOU SUCCEED OR NOT.

IT doesnt matter WHEN YOU ARRIVE just come when you can.

D.

IT wasnt very clear THAT SHE MEANT.

Preparatory sebagai Object

- I think IT important THAT WE SHOULD KEEP CALM.
- I find IT difficult TO TALK TO YOU ABOUT ANYTHING SERIOUS.

A.

Supply the correct forms of verbs in parentheses.

1. The invention of new types of memory devices never (cease).
2. The issuer of credits card (provide) a short-term loan to the cardholder.
3. The main question on most peoples minds (be) why e-mail security is necessary.
4. The best in most widely used type of encrytion (utilize) a pair of mathematically related
number.
5. Companies with excess computing capacity (be) able to market information services as a
new business opportunity.
6. A review of the procedures (require) our attention.
7. Her letter, together with the enclosures, (be) here.
8. Any one of the applicants (be) capable of doing it.
9. Fifty dollars (be) the amount he owes.
10. The director, not the staff members, (be ) late every morning last week.
11. The computer programmer, as well as his assistants, (be) busy lately.
12. He, not I, (be) going to the interview the applicant.
13. Six years before retirement (seem) like a long time.
14. Manpower, rather than natural recources, (be) more important.
15. This PC, unlike those ones, (be) really powerful.
16. (Be) John or Jane coming to the meeting?
17. Not the staff members but the director (be) wrong.
18. The computers or the sofware (be) crucial.

B.

Put each of the verbs in parentheses in the following sentences in its correct from.
1. Microsoft (release) Access in 1991.
2. Database processing (change) continuously since 1970.
3. There (be) a lot of advances in computer technology since 1945.
4. By 1990, some vendors (develop) object-oriented DBMS products.
5. By the end of this year, they (work) on Information Management for approximately eight
months.

C.

Supply the correct passive voice forms of the verbs in parentheses to complete the
following sentences.
1. Multi-user databases (manage) by a piece of software called a database management
system.
2. Fiber-0ptic cable (install) on a large scale since 1980.
3. The order (send) before the cancellation was received.
4. Alternatively, databases can (create) from axtracts of other databases.
5. All micro DBMS products (eliminate) by Microsoft Access in the early 1990s.

Infinitive tanpa to
Bentuk Infinitive tanpa to
-

Kata kerja
-

Bentuk aktif
do (= mengerjakan)
be doing (= sedang mengerjakan)

do

have done (= sudah mengerjakan)

V3
have been doing (= sudah mengerjakan)
(dalam rentang waktu)

Bentuk pasif

do

be done (= dikerjakan)
V3
have been done (= sudah dikerjakan)
V3

Kata sifat
punctual be punctual (= tepat waktu)
able be able ( = dapat/mampu)

Kata benda (kelompok kata benda)

A computer programmer be a computer programmer
(= pemrogram komputer)

Keterangan tempat
in the office be in the office (= di kantor)

Penggunaan infinitive tanpa to

1. Setelah auxiliary verbs
Shall/should, will/would, can/could, may/might, must, do/does/did. & need.
Contoh :
-

I / We shall/will drop you a line (= mengabari) as soos as (= segera setelah) I/we get to (=
sampai di) London.

I think the government should do something about the economy.

At nine oclock tomorrow, the manager will be addressing (= berpidato dalam) the
business meeting.

By the end of this year, he will have graduated from Amikom college.

The sales meeting will be held soon; you should plan to be attendance.

Jane will have been employed for 25 years before she retires.

By the end of this years, he will have been studying at Amikom college for approximately
two years.

He promised he would be punctual in payment for his rent.

I wish somebody would give me a job.

You can get into with (= menghubungi) me by telephone at 371415.

After the success of Windows 95, Microsoft could outsell (= menjual lebih banyak dari)
any competitor.

To improve your spoken English, we wish all of you could join us in AECC (Amikom
English Conservation Club).

Doctors may be able to operate on patients at a distance in future.

Dont call on him at 8:30. He may/might be expecting (= menjamu) guests.

He may be in the office now.

I dont know what his occupation is. He may be a computer programmer.

Could/Can/May I look at your newspaper? /have a light? /etc.

You musnt make unauthorized copies of software.

You have been working hard all day. You must be tired.

Do you/Does he have the courage to ask your/his employer for a raise in a pay?

How much did you put aside (= menabung) every month while you were working abroad?

You neednt learn how to program in HTML (HyperText Markup Language) before
designing webpages.

2. Setelah ungkapan tertentu

-

You had better (= sebaiknya) mind your own business.

As you are unemployed, you might as well (= sebaiknya) accept the job offer.

She would rather (= lebih suka) have a laptop than a palmtop.

3. Setelah Why ? Why not ?

-

Why put off (= menunda) the plain until tomorrow ? Why not carry it out (=
melaksanakan) right now?

4. Pada idiom tertentu

-

I hear say (= kabarnya) the price of a computer is going up.

Its foolish to let slip (= melewatkan) such an opportunity.

They made believe (= berlagak) they knew everything.

We have to make do with (= mencukup-cukupkan dengan) the money we have.

5. Untuk pelengkap obyek

-

Graphical User Interface lets you point to (= menunjuk ke) icons and click a mouse button
to execute a task.

The new director made all of the staff members work hard.

I had them cope with (= memecahkan) the problem themselves.

We have never known our manager lose his temper (= marah)

I never find my assistant neglect (= mengabaikan) ghis work.

* The police found him hacking into (= membobol) a computer system.

We heard him talk (talking) about this incident.

I listened to them talk (talking) over (= membahas) the problem.

She smelt something burn (burning) (= berbau sesuatu terbakar).

I saw you peep (peeping) through (= mengintip) the window of the teaching staff room.

6. Untuk kalimat perintah

-

Be careful.

Arrange (= susunlah) the icons.

Adjust ( = aturlah) the speaker volume.

Shut down ( =hentikanlah aktivitas) the system.

Debug (= hilangkan kesalahan dari) the program.

Display (= tampilkanlah) the date.

Click on the Find button to start the search.

Select (= pilihlah) the appropriate programming language.

Lets (us) go home now.