Matakuliah Fisiologi Hewan (BIO 3131) Semester Gasal

T.A. 2012/2013

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Matakuliah Fisiologi Hewan (BIO 3131)
Semester Gasal Tahun Akademik 2012/2013
? ?
Jumat, 14 September 2012

SISTEM KOORDINASI
NEURAL Sistem koordinasi:
- Sistem syaraf Neural
Laksmindra Fitria, S.Si., M.Si.
Lab.Fisiologi Hewan Fak.Biologi UGM - Sistem endokrin Hormonal
1 3
Koordinator: Laksmindra Fitria (laksmindra.fitria@yahoo.com) HP.08164268399 Koordinator: Laksmindra Fitria (laksmindra.fitria@yahoo.com) HP.08164268399

Mekanisme Pengendalian Sistem Koordinasi

Homeostasis
Sistem syaraf Sistem endokrin
- Sinyal listrik - Sinyal kimia
1. Autoregulation (local control) - Aksi segera - Aksi lambat
stimulus atau signal berasal dari sel, jaringan, - Pengaturan cepat/segera - Pengaturan jangka panjang
organ, atau sistem itu sendiri denyut jantung pertumbuhan-perkembangan
kontraksi otot metabolisme
2. Extrinsic control
refleks reproduksi
perubahan dirangsang oleh signal dari luar sel,
dll. dll.
organ, atau sistem
- Neuron, serabut syaraf - Sel-sel kelenjar endokrin
a. Nervous control - Sekresi: Neurotransmitter - Sekresi: Hormon
Sistem Koordinasi - Komunikasi antar neuron - Transport via sirkulasi darah
b. Endocrine control
2
sinapsis reseptor 4
Koordinator: Laksmindra Fitria (laksmindra.fitria@yahoo.com) HP.08164268399 Koordinator: Laksmindra Fitria (laksmindra.fitria@yahoo.com) HP.08164268399

(c) 2012 Lab.Fisiologi Hewan Fak.Biologi UGM

(laksmindra.fitria@yahoo.com) 1
Matakuliah Fisiologi Hewan (BIO 3131) Semester Gasal
T.A. 2012/2013

Sistem Koordinasi Functions of Nervous System

7

Sistem Syaraf Sistem Endokrin

Komunikasi Neural Komunikasi Endokrinal Nervous system has three specific functions:
- Neuron - Hipofisis/Pituitari Receiving sensory input RECEPTOR
- Serabut syaraf - Kel.endokrin perifer Performing integration INTEGRATOR
Generating motor output EFFECTOR

Komunikasi Neuroendokrinal
Hipotalamus
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Koordinator: Laksmindra Fitria (laksmindra.fitria@yahoo.com) HP.08164268399

Sistem Koordinasi Components of homeostasis

Sistem Syaraf Sistem Endokrin

INTERPRETER/

Komunikasi Neural Komunikasi Endokrinal Physiological

adjustment
Neurotransmitter Hormon Sense organs

Komunikasi Neuroendokrinal
Neurohormon
How homeostasis elicits?
6 8
Koordinator: Laksmindra Fitria (laksmindra.fitria@yahoo.com) HP.08164268399 Koordinator: Laksmindra Fitria (laksmindra.fitria@yahoo.com) - 08164268399

(c) 2012 Lab.Fisiologi Hewan Fak.Biologi UGM

(laksmindra.fitria@yahoo.com) 2
Matakuliah Fisiologi Hewan (BIO 3131) Semester Gasal
T.A. 2012/2013

Basic Design and Evolution

of Nervous Systems Evolution of Nervous System
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- Mengolah/menerjemahakan
info yang datang
More complex animals have
- Merespon ketika diperlukan nerves bundles that consist of Radial
Sensory = afferent Motor = efferent the axons of multiple nerve cells nerve
nerves membawa info Central Processor nerves membawa Nerve
ke pusat kontrol sebagai (brain, ganglion) info ke efektor sebagai Sea stars have a nerve net in ring
potensial aksi perintah
each arm connected by radial
nerves to a central nerve ring
Sensory Receptors Effectors
(sense organs) (muscles, glands) (b) Sea star (echinoderm)

Menangkap/mengumpulkan Melakukan aksi sesuai yang

informasi yang diperlukan diperintahkan

Evolution of Nervous System Evolution of Nervous System

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Nervous system is absent in Bilaterally symmetrical

animals exhibit Eyespot
Sponges, however they have
receptor-effector mechanism cephalization clustering Brain

a simple one of sensory organs at the Nerve

front end of the body cords

Transverse
The simplest animals with nervous Nerve net Relatively simple cephalized nerve
system is Cnidarians, neurons animals, such as flatworms,
arranged in nerve nets series have a central nervous
of interconnected nerve cells, system (CNS), consists of a
(a) Hydra (cnidarian)
also in contact with contractile brain and longitudinal (c) Planarian (flatworm)

epitheliomuscular cells nerve cords

(c) 2012 Lab.Fisiologi Hewan Fak.Biologi UGM

(laksmindra.fitria@yahoo.com) 3
Matakuliah Fisiologi Hewan (BIO 3131) Semester Gasal
T.A. 2012/2013

Evolution of Nervous System Evolution of Nervous System

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Annelids and Arthropods have segmentally More complex molluscs (e.g., Octopuses and Squids)
arranged clusters of neurons called ganglia have more sophisticated systems True nervous system
Brain Brain
Brain
Ventral
nerve cord Brain Spinal cord
Ventral (dorsal nerve Sensory
nerve cord) ganglia
cord Ganglia

Segmental Segmental
ganglia ganglia

(d) Leech (annelid)

(e) Insect (arthropod) (g) Squid (mollusc) (h) Salamander (vertebrate)

Evolution of Nervous System Evolution of Nervous System

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Nervous system True nervous system Vertebrate Nervous System

organization usually Segmental Many animals have a complex Brain
correlates with lifestyle Anterior ganglia Spinal

nerve ring nervous system which consists of: Cord

sessile molluscs
A central nervous system (CNS)
(e.g., Clams and Longitudinal Nerves
Chitons) have simple nerve cords
where integration takes place;
systems this includes the brain and a
nerve/spinal cord, that lies in
the midline of the body
(f) Chiton (mollusc)

(c) 2012 Lab.Fisiologi Hewan Fak.Biologi UGM

(laksmindra.fitria@yahoo.com) 4
Matakuliah Fisiologi Hewan (BIO 3131) Semester Gasal
T.A. 2012/2013

PNS also produces reflexes independently of the brain.

Evolution of Nervous System

A reflex is the bodys automatic response to a stimulus

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Gray
Cell body of sensory
Invertebrates usually have a ventral nerve cord, while Quadriceps neuron in dorsal root
matter

vertebrates have a dorsal spinal cord muscle ganglion

The spinal cord and brain develop from the embryonic

nerve cord White
matter
A peripheral nervous system (PNS), which brings
information into and out of the CNS; contains cranial
nerves and spinal nerves; that gather info from sensors Hamstring
muscle
and conduct decisions to effectors, lies outside the CNS Spinal cord
(cross section)

Sensory neuron
Motor neuron
Interneuron

Normal information processing of a stimulus

Evolution of Nervous System

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Sensor,
A peripheral nervous system (PNS), which brings Receptor Sensory neuron
Motor neuron
information into and out of the CNS; contains cranial
Interneuron
nerves and spinal nerves; that gather info from sensors
and conduct decisions to effectors, lies outside the CNS
The transmission of information depends on the path Motor, Effector
of neurons along which a signal travels
Processing of information takes place in simple
clusters of neurons called ganglia or a more complex
organization of neurons called a brain
Peripheral nervous Central nervous
system (PNS) system (CNS)

(c) 2012 Lab.Fisiologi Hewan Fak.Biologi UGM

(laksmindra.fitria@yahoo.com) 5
Matakuliah Fisiologi Hewan (BIO 3131) Semester Gasal
T.A. 2012/2013

Basic Concept
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Sympathetic Parasympathetic Enteric

division division division

Hormone
Gas exchange Circulation action Digestion 23
Koordinator: Laksmindra Fitria (laksmindra.fitria@yahoo.com) HP.08164268399

Nervous System: Definition

A network of billions of nerve cells linked
together in a highly organized fashion to form
the rapid control center of the body.

Functions include:
Integrating center for homeostasis, movement, and
almost all other body functions.
Provides proper responses or reactions towards
stimulations from internal or external environments.
The mysterious source of those traits that we think of
as setting humans apart from animals.
22 24
Koordinator: Laksmindra Fitria (laksmindra.fitria@yahoo.com) HP.08164268399 Koordinator: Laksmindra Fitria (laksmindra.fitria@yahoo.com) HP.08164268399

(c) 2012 Lab.Fisiologi Hewan Fak.Biologi UGM

(laksmindra.fitria@yahoo.com) 6
Matakuliah Fisiologi Hewan (BIO 3131) Semester Gasal
T.A. 2012/2013

Syaraf Somatik vs. Autonomik

27

Syaraf somatik Syaraf autonomik

Bekerja pada otot rangka Bekerja pada otot polos
Tidak bersinapsis setelah Bersinapsis sekali dalam
meninggalkan CNS ganglion setelah
meninggalkan CNS
Merangsang kontraksi otot Merangsang sel efektor
rangka

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Koordinator: Laksmindra Fitria (laksmindra.fitria@yahoo.com) HP.08164268399

Motor neuron Syaraf Simpatetik vs. Parasimpatetik

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Syaraf simpatetik Syaraf parasimpatetik

Neuron keluar dari syaraf
perifer melalui bagian torak
dan lumbal
Bersinapsis dalam ganglion atau
antara medula spinalis dan
efektor
Neuron praganglion pendek,
neuron pascaganglion panjang
Neurotransmiter dilepaskan:
praganglion= asetilkolin,
26 pascaganglion= norepinefrin
Koordinator: Laksmindra Fitria (laksmindra.fitria@yahoo.com) HP.08164268399
Neuron keluar dari CNS melalui
otak dan sakrum
Bersinapsis dalam ganglion yang
berada dalam organ efektor
Neuron praganglion panjang,
pascaganglion pendek
Neurotransmiter yang dilepaskan:
praganglion= asetilkolin,
pascaganglion= asetilkolin

(c) 2012 Lab.Fisiologi Hewan Fak.Biologi UGM

(laksmindra.fitria@yahoo.com) 7
Matakuliah Fisiologi Hewan (BIO 3131) Semester Gasal
T.A. 2012/2013

29 31
Koordinator: Laksmindra Fitria (laksmindra.fitria@yahoo.com) HP.08164268399 Koordinator: Laksmindra Fitria (laksmindra.fitria@yahoo.com) HP.08164268399

Reseptor
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Sel khusus atau neuron yang berfungsi untuk

mengenali perubahan keadaan fisika maupun kimia
baik di lingkungan luar ataupun lingkungan dalam.
Perubahan keadaan = stimulus
Stimulus Reseptor Sistem syaraf Impuls
Impuls = signal listrik yang dapat dikenali dan
diproses oleh CNS
Struktur reseptor khas untuk setiap jenis stimulus
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(c) 2012 Lab.Fisiologi Hewan Fak.Biologi UGM

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Matakuliah Fisiologi Hewan (BIO 3131) Semester Gasal
T.A. 2012/2013

Reseptor Jenis Reseptor

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Stimulus kimia, fisika BARORESEPTOR

Perubahan struktur reseptor
Perubahan kepekaan membran sel terhadap ion tertentu
Perubahan keseimbangan ion membran sel reseptor
Perubahan stimulus isyarat listrik (impuls)
Reseptor tekanan darah
STATORESEPTOR
Reseptor keseimbangan pergerakan tubuh dan posisi
kepala (sistem vestibuli dalam telinga)
NOSIRESEPTOR
Reseptor rasa nyeri ujung saraf kulit
PROPRIOSEPTOR
Reseptor gerakan posisi serta pergerakan tubuh

Jenis Reseptor Questions?

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FOTORESEPTOR
Reseptor cahaya sel batang,sel kerucut
KEMORESEPOR
Reseptor bau dan citarasa bahan kimia
MEKANORESEPTOR
Reseptor rangsangan mekanik sentuhan, tekanan
TERMORESEPTOR
Reseptor suhu
OSMORESEPTOR
Reseptor tekanan osmosis hipotalamus

Koordinator: Laksmindra Fitria (laksmindra.fitria@yahoo.com) - 08164268399

(c) 2012 Lab.Fisiologi Hewan Fak.Biologi UGM

(laksmindra.fitria@yahoo.com) 9
Matakuliah Fisiologi Hewan (BIO 3131) Semester Gasal
T.A. 2012/2013

37 Your notes 39 Tugas Presentasi

KELOMPOK 9

9B. Jelaskan beberapa kondisi yang terjadi pada

manusia maupun hewan-hewan sebagai akibat
kegagalan kerja/fungsi sistem syaraf normal.
Dapat juga berupa hasil penelitian/temuan yang
menunjukkan peranan sistem syaraf terhadap
munculnya kondisi-kondisi tertentu pada makhluk
hidup.

Koordinator: Laksmindra Fitria (laksmindra.fitria@yahoo.com) - 08164268399 Koordinator: Laksmindra Fitria (laksmindra.fitria@yahoo.com) - 08164268399

Coming up...
38 Tugas Presentasi
KELOMPOK 9 Transmisi Impuls
9A. Evolusi perkembangan otak pada berbagai
kelompok hewan (studi komparatif). Jelaskan
secara ringkas mengenai struktur dan kapasitas
otaknya, kemudian bahas secara lebih detil
mengenai kemampuan yang dimiliki hewan-
hewan tsb dikaitkan dengan struktur otaknya.

40
Koordinator: Laksmindra Fitria (laksmindra.fitria@yahoo.com) - 08164268399 Koordinator: Laksmindra Fitria (laksmindra.fitria@yahoo.com) - 08164268399

(c) 2012 Lab.Fisiologi Hewan Fak.Biologi UGM

(laksmindra.fitria@yahoo.com) 10