why bury the dead?

human usually dispose of human remains by burial, cremation, or exposure to the elements.
the first practice is most likely to preserve a body for archeologists to find.
neandertals and early modern humans buried their dead.
today we bury our dead for many reasons.
burial protects the corpse from scavengers and reduces unpleasant smells.
some human cultures believe that a dead body is simply an object once the life force has left.
other cultures believe the body is scared and should be specially prepared, out of respect or fear.
still other insist the body must remain intact so that the soul of the dead person can use it in the
afterlife.
did neandertals or early modern humans believe in an afterlife? in the absence of written
information, researchers examine grave goods and the position of the body for clues.
the fact that a male war buried with spear points, for example, may indicate an intent to arm him
in the afterlife, but no definite interpretation is possible.
some researchers question whether neanderthals intentionally buried their dead.
several sites, however, contain both grave goods and bodies buried in a flexed position, too many
to be explained by chance alone

mengapa mengubur orang mati?

Manusia biasanya membuang sisa-sisa manusia dengan pemakaman, kremasi, atau keterpaparan
pada unsur-unsurnya.
Praktik pertama kemungkinan besar melestarikan tubuh bagi arkeolog untuk ditemukan.
Neanderthal dan manusia purba modern mengubur orang mati mereka.
hari ini kita mengubur orang mati kita karena berbagai alasan.
penguburan melindungi mayat dari pemulung dan mengurangi bau tak sedap.
Beberapa budaya manusia percaya bahwa mayat adalah benda yang pernah ditinggalkan oleh
angkatan kerja.
Budaya lain percaya bahwa tubuh takut dan harus dipersiapkan secara khusus, karena rasa
hormat atau ketakutan.
Masih ada yang bersikeras bahwa tubuh harus tetap utuh sehingga jiwa orang mati bisa
menggunakannya di akhirat.
apakah neanderthal atau manusia modern awal percaya pada kehidupan setelah mati? Dengan
tidak adanya informasi tertulis, para periset memeriksa barang-barang berat dan posisi tubuh
untuk mendapatkan petunjuk.
fakta bahwa perang laki-laki yang dikubur dengan titik tombak, misalnya, mungkin
mengindikasikan niat untuk mempersenjatai dia di alam baka, namun tidak ada penafsiran yang
pasti.
beberapa peneliti mempertanyakan apakah neanderthal sengaja mengubur mayat mereka.
Beberapa situs, bagaimanapun, mengandung barang-barang kuburan dan mayat yang terkubur
dalam posisi tertekuk, terlalu banyak untuk dijelaskan secara kebetulan sendiri

burying the evidence

THIS MAP MARKS five ancient burial sites in europe and the middle east.
while these sites provide researchers a glimpse into burial practices, no one knows why our
ancestors began burying their dead.
explore the map to uncover evidence about ancient burial practices

la ferrassie, france
50.000 years ago

six neandertals were buried here: a man, a women, two children, and two infants.
a stone slab was placed over the man's chest.
the woman was interred in a flexed position
five of the six burials were ariented east to west
arene candide, italy
20.000 years ago

a modern human male was buried here, covered with red ochre, beads, and shells.
the body is in an extended position.
he is holding a stone blade in one hand

amud cave, Israel

50.000-60.000

At this site, a 10-month old infant was buried with the jaw of a red deer on its hip.
The burial was in a niche in the cave wall

Shanidar, Iraq
60.000 years ago

At this site a neandertal man was placed in a flexed position, possibly on a bed of pine needles,
then covered in wildflowers.

Teshik_Tash, Uzbekistan
70.000 years ago

Here, the body of a young neandertal boy was inside a circle of goat horns, placed point down
Nomer 4

hunting or scavenging

what's the difference between hunting and scavenging ? hunters capture and kill prey.
scavengers steal kills made by other animals or use carcasses of animals that die naturally.
scavengers often glean the last remaining calories from a carcass after other hunters or
scavengers leave.
scavenging can be very dangerous,: competitors include bigger, well-armed animals such as
lions, hyenas, and vutures.
most modern carnivores both hunt and scavenge; leopard drag their food into tress in part to
protect it form scavenger

berburu atau pemulungan

apa bedanya antara berburu dan pemulungan? pemburu menangkap dan membunuh mangsa
Pemulung mencuri membunuh yang dilakukan oleh hewan lain atau menggunakan bangkai
binatang yang mati secara alami.
Pemulung sering mengumpulkan sisa kalori terakhir dari bangkai setelah pemburu atau
pemulung lainnya pergi.
Pemulungan bisa sangat berbahaya ,: pesaing termasuk hewan yang lebih besar dan memiliki
senjata baik seperti singa, hyena, dan vutures.
Kebanyakan karnivora modern berburu dan mengais; macan tutul menyeret makanan mereka ke
dalam tress sebagian untuk melindunginya berupa pemulung

When did our ancestors begin to scavenge?

When did they begin hunting?
Not only specialized carnivores hunt. Chimpanzees do it too. In the tai forest in west Africa,
male chimpanzees hunt every two to three days during the dry season. They usually hunt colobus
monkeys, but take other small animals. They never scavenge carcasses. Some males perform
different job such as driver, blocker, or ambusher. On average, chimpanzees are successful half
the .time. chimpanzee males usually share the meat from the kill with their kin and
allies, and with females in estrus. Baboons also sometimes seize and eat animals such as young
gazelles during the dry season.
When did our ancestors become meat-eaters, beyond insects and grubs? Perhaps
australopithecines shifted to meat in the dry season, when other food was scarce. Cut marks on
animal bones provide the earliest evidence of scavenging, dated to around 2.5 million years ago.
Many ofthese bones have carnivore tooth marks that were made before the cuts;
hominids were eating leftovers. Many animal bones were also broken. Researches argue that our
ancestors broke the bones to extract marrow, a rich source of calories. There is no evidence, for
or against, that our ancestors were sharing food like chimpanzees do.
Homo erectus was probably the first true hunter. The earlist clear hunting weapons are wooden
fire-hardened spears from Germany, dated to around 400.000 years ago. ..the spears were
found with stone tools and the butchered remains of nearly a dozen horses.
Modern hunters and gatherers rely on foraged food; they neither farm nor keep animals. Women
gather plants, capture small animals, prepare food is shared, usually along family or alliance
lines. Until about 10,000 years ago, when agriculture was developed, all hominids lived this way.

No 13
The creative Explosion

Our ancestors were art makers. Human all over the world painted, carved and incised images of
the world around them with great skill and detail.

The Art Makers

Our ancestors became artist in various media over a long period of time. Pendants made their
first appearance in the Middle Paleolithic. The incised art of zig-zags, lines, and dots called
petroglyphs was being practiced at least 40.000 years ago in Australia; researchers argue that a
clear continuity exists between these symbols and later art forms. The earliest musical
instrument-a bone flute from Divje Babe Cave, Slovenia, with four un-equally placed holes that
produce notes on a diatonic scale-is at least 43.000 years old.
Around 30.000 years ago, our ancestors began painting and incising extraordinary
representations of animals on the walls of caves and exposed rock shelters. Later, theu carved
animal and human images.
Cave art contains incised and painted images seclded in the recesses of caves rock shelter art is
more public and consists of incised drawings. Since these overhangs are exposed to the elements,
ancient paint would have worn away. The most common subject of ancient cave painting is that
of an animal in motion, but there are also abstract creatures, outlines of human hands, shapes,
dots, and lines. People were rarely depicted. Paleolithic artists created pigments from manganese,
and red and yellow ochre. They needed torches for light and scaffolding to reach the vaulted
ceilings. They used the rough texture of the walls to depict movement and perspective for the
viewer below.
Carved animals and people on figurines, atlantes, and other objects became more common
around 20.000 years ago. Venus figurines found from Western Europe to Siberia depict the
pregnant female body with exaggerated sexual characteristics.
Why did our ancestors invest so much energy in art? Perhaps the artist performed hunting magic
by ritually capturing the animals soul prior to the hunt; conversely, the images may represent
hunting trophies. Making images of animals or people could also be fertility magic, ensuring
births. The common motif of the outlined human hand may have served as a signature or marker
of group affiliation connescted with social gatherings. Rock shelter art, visible from some
distance, could mark territories or game movements.