Ginekologi PDF
Ginekologi PDF
dr. Nashria
dr. Reagan Resadita
BATCH MAY 2018 dr. Sekar Laras
Siklus
Infeksi
Neoplasma Menstruasi Infertilitas
Kongenital
Abnormal
Vulva Menstruasi
Toxoplasmosis
Analisis Sperma
Perdarahan Uterus
Vagina Abnormal
Rubella
Endometriosis
Serviks Tes Fertilitas Wanita
Amenorrhea
CMV
Korpus Uteri
Menopause
Policystic Ovarian
Pelvic Inflammatory Syndrome Varicella
Ovarium
Disease
Neoplasma
Pertumbuhan jaringan yang berlebihan dan abnormal
Gejala Utama : Perdarahan abnormal, massa pelvis, gejala vulvovaginal
Benigna VS Maligna Lokasi Tersering
Benigna vs Maligna
SOLID KISTIK
Massa padat Kantong tertutup berisi cairan, gas, atau substansi semisolid
Peningkatan estrogen menstimulus epitel kolumnar bergerak keluar menuju vagina (kehamilan,
konsumsi pil kontrasepsi, bayi baru lahir).
Penurunan estrogen menstimulus epitel kolumnar untuk masuk kembali ke kanalis endoserviks
Patogenesis
Carcinoma Serviks
Spektrum Klinis ca. serviks
GEJALA & TANDA KLINIS
GEJALA
• Pre invasive stage: asimtomatik
• Early invasive stage: perdarahan vagina abnormal, nyeri (dispareunia) dan perdarahan
post coitus, vaginal discharge
• Advanced stage: nyeri panggul (pelvic pain), weight loss, anorexia, anemia
TANDA KLINIS
• Nodul, ulkus, erosi serviks (tahap lanjut: crater-shaped ulcer dengan massa rapuh),
massa eksofitik
• Perdarahan
• Mobilitas serviks tergantung derajat keganasan (lunak keras)
MANAJEMEN PREVENTIF
Primer:
• Gaya hidup sehat
• Vaksinasi HPV (kuadrivalen- genotipe 6, 11, 16 &18 ; bivalen- genotipe 16
&18) usia > 10 th
Sekunder:
• Skrining untuk lesi pra kanker & diagnosis awal diikuti dengan terapi
Tersier:
• Diagnosis Dini dan terapi dari kanker yang terbukti
Screening Kanker Serviks
Recommendation for screening
Keluhan Lesi anatomis Rekomendasi
skrining
- - IVA
+ - PAP SMEAR
+ + Biopsi
(diagnostic)
PAP’S SMEAR
•Mendeteksi perubahan
pada morfologi sel
(dysplasia) yang merupakan
prekursors dari keganasan
Syarat:
•Lakukan Paps smear pada
fase proliferasi (1 minggu
setealah mens berakhir)
•Tidak melakukan
hubungan sexual 24-48 jam
sebelum paps smear
•Tidak menggunakan Exception:
Women at increased risk of CIN : ACOG
lubrikan vagina. 1. in utero DES (diethylstilbestrol) exposure annually guideline
2. Immunocompromise 2x in first year then annually
3. History of cervical cancer
2012
should continue to be screened at least annually (2008) More frequent screening (2012)
HASIL PAP SMEAR
©2015
UpToDate®
COLPOSCOPY -BIOPSY
Neoplasma Uteri
Sarcoma Uteri
Malignant
Ca
Endometrium
Benign Non-Functional
Cyst
PCOS
Tubo Ovarian
Inflammatory
Abscess
Neoplasma Ovarium Origin:No Type Subtype Note
Etiology
idiopathic
Characteristic
Is an EXCLUSION DIAGNOSIS after
CARCINOMA is RULED OUT
Removal of tumor cures the ascites and
effusion without recurrence
Symptoms mimics those in a malignant Because the transdiaphragmatic lymphatic channels are larger in diameter
condition but good prognosis if properly on the right, the pleural effusion is classically on the right side
managed
Kanker Ovarium
Malignant Ovarian Neoplasm
Etiology Sign & Symptoms
• inactivation of tumor suppressor genes Known as silent lady killer high mortality
(PTEN, p16, p53)
• Low abdominal discomfort
• activation of oncogenes (HER-2, c-myc, (fullness, bowel symptom)
K-ras, Akt) Pressure symptom
• mutations in BRCA1, BRCA2
• Loss of weight, malaise, anorexia
Risk Factor • Pain due to torsion, hemorage or
• Age mostly found in older age; rupture.
>50% cases found >63 y.o patients
• Vaginal Bleeding
• Family history of ovarian cancer,
breast cancer, or colorectal cancer
Diagnosis
• Obesity
• Reproductive history (increasing • USG
menstrual cycle) • CT An enlarged ovary with a papillary serous carcinoma
on the surface
• Fertility drugs (clomiphene citrate)
• MRI
• Estrogen therapy and hormone
therapy • Tumor marker Ca-125
• Personal history of breast cancer
Teratoma Ovarium (Dermoid cyst of ovary)
• Bizzare Tumour
LH/Luteinizing Hormone
Ovulatory disturbance
Adenomyosis
- Endocrinopatie
• Part of endometrial (PCOS, Hypotiroid,
that penetrate to obesity, anorexia)
myometrium -Extreme exercise,
stress
Leiomyoma Endometrial
• Submucosal -Endometrial
inflammation infection
• Subserosal -Defisiensi endothelin-1,
• intramural Prostaglandin F2-alpha
Iatrogenic
Malignancy and
Drugs : rifampicin,
hyperplasia defined as bleeding from the uterine corpus that is abnormal in griseofulvin, trisiklik,
- Endometrial cancer regularity, volume, frequency, or duration and occurs in the absence of phenothiazine,
anticoagulant, antiplatelet,
pregnancy
Medical Management for Acute AUB
Hormonal management is considered the first line of medical therapy for patients with
acute AUB without known or suspected bleeding disorders.
Drug Dosage Schedule Contraindication
Lokasi lain: vesical urinaria, ureter, usus halus, fornix posterior, SIGN and SYMPTOM
rectum, diafragma
• Dismenorea
• Menorhagia
TRIAS klasik: dismenorhea berat, dyspareunia/ nyeri panggul kronis,
• Nyeri goyang panggul
infertil
• Nyeri perut bawah
• Dyschezia
Penunjang: Transvaginal/endorectal USG, MRI (deteksi implantasi • Dysuria
endometrial) • Dyspareunia
• Mual, muntah, rasa penuh perut
Endometriosis Therapy
Women with endometriosis are confronted with one or both of two major problems:
endometriosis-associated pain and infertility.
Endometriosis Pain EBM If Unresolved Pain Surgical Intervention
• Laparoscopy
Analgetik GPP* • Hysterectomy/Oophorectomy/Salpingo-
oophorectomy
Kontrasepsi Hormonal (Cth: Pil KB)
Works by GnRH LH& FSH B
Infertility
Progestagen
suppress the hypothalamus through negative feedback A clinicians should not prescribe
hypoestrogenic state hormonal treatment for suppression of ovarian
function to improve fertility.
Anti-Progestagen (Gestrinone)
mechanism of action of gestrinone is complex and multifaceted, has A Operative Laparoscopy
functional antiestrogenic activity in the endometrium. A
GnRH Agonist
LH& FSH melalui mekanisme down regulation. Efek samping: bone AA
loss. Tidak utk usia <16th dan long term therapy.
Amenorrhea: An Approach to
Diagnosis and Management
Am Fam Physician.
2013;87(11):781-788
Amenorrhea: An Approach to
Diagnosis and Management
Am Fam Physician.
2013;87(11):781-788
Amenorrhea: An Approach to
Diagnosis and Management
Am Fam Physician.
2013;87(11):781-788
Amenorrhea
Example:
Prolactinoma Symptoms
Prolactinomas are the most common - Menstrual disturbance - Space Occupying effect
hormone-secreting pituitary tumors - Galactorrhea Headache, diplopia
- Hypoestrogenism (kompresi kiasma optik),
Vaginal dryness,dyspareunia vision loss (kompresi
NC III, IV, VI
Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea
(Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism)
the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis is
suppressed due to an energy deficit stemming
from stress, weight loss (independent of
original weight), excessive exercise, or
disordered eating.
• It is characterized by a low estrogen state
without other organic or structural disease
• Menses typically return after correction of the
underlying nutritional deficit.
Menopause
Perimenopause
Periode 3-5 tahun sebelum menopause yang ditandai
dengan peningkatan frekuensi irregular anovulatory
bleeding yang selanjutnya diikuti periode amenorrhea
dan gejala-gejala menopause lainnya
Menopause
Periode dimana siklus menstruasi secara permanen
berhenti. Diagnosis secara retrospektif sejak 12 bulan
paska amenorrhea. (Rerata usia 51 tahun).
Postmenopause
Periode setelah menopause, gejala menopause sudah
mulai berkurang, tetapi berisiko terhadap beberapa
penyakit seperti osteoporosis dan penyakit jantung akibat
estrogen yang rendah.
Menopause
PATOFISIOLOGIS GEJALA AKIBAT PENURUNAN ESTRADIOL
• pada usia sekitar 50 tahun fungsi ovarium VASOMOTOR INSTABILITY
menjadi sangat menurun. Folikel mencapai Hot Flashes
jumlah yang kritis, maka akan terjadi gangguan Gangguan tidur
sistem pengaturan hormon Night Sweat
• insufisiensi korpus luteum, siklus haid Gangguan mental: depresi/cemas
anovulatorik dan pada akhirnya terjadi
oligomenore UROGENITAL CHANGES akibat kolagen & blood flow
• Masa perimenopause aktivitas folikel Stress incontinence VAGINA:
dalam ovarium mulai berkurang. Pelvic organ prolapse - dryness, irritation, infectio
• Ketika ovarium tidak menghasilkan ovum dan - dyspareunia
berhenti memproduksi estradiol, kelenjar
hipofise berusaha merangsang ovarium untuk CARDIOVASCULAR CHANGES
menghasilkan estrogen, sehingga terjadi Total Kolesterol Aterosklerosis risiko Infark
peningkatan produksi FSH. Vasokontriksi
• Pada pascamenopause kadar LH dan FSH akan
meningkat, FSH biasanya akan lebih tinggi BONE CHANGES
dari LH sehingga rasio FSH/ LH menjadi lebih Bone resorption > bone formation Osteoporosis
besar dari satu.
• Hal ini disebabkan oleh hilangnya mekanisme
umpan balik negatif dari steroid ovarium dan
inhibin terhadap pelepasan gonadotropin.
Menopause
DIAGNOSIS
• Retrospective diagnose, FSH > 30 mIU/ml and E2 < 30pg/ml (Rogerio, 2000; Baziad, 2003).
TERAPI
• Estrogen – a minimum of 2mg of oestradiol is needed to mantain bone mass and relief symptoms of
menopause.
• Women with uterus – add progestin at last 10 days to prevent endometrial Hyperplastic
• Sequential Regimens - used in patient close to menopause.
o Oestrogen – in the first ½ of 28 day per pack
o Oestrogen & Progetin in 2nd 1/12 of 28 day pack
• Endometrial Ca:
• Endometrial neoplasia can progress from simple hyperplasia to investive Ca caused by unopposed
oestrogen.
• Mechanism: prolonged oestrogen stimulation of the endometrium unopposed by progesterone.
The source may be:
a) Exogenous Estrogen (E2) (ERT)
b) Peripheral Aromatization of Androstendione to estrone –obesety or PCO
c) Estrogen (E2) producing tumor (like granuloza cell ovarian tumour)
d) Tamoxifen aStimulation of Endometrium
• Risk Factor
o No pregnancy
o Prolonged Reproductive Life – late menopause
o Unopposed estrogen
o Triad of diabetes, hypertension & obesity
Premenstrual Syndrome
PMS PMS PMM
Diagnostic Tenth Revision of the Diagnostic and
the cyclic recurrence in the luteal criteria International Statistical Manual of
phase of the menstrual cycle of a Classification of Mental Disorders, 4th
Disease (ICD-10) ed. (DSM-IV)
combination of distressing
physical, psychological, and/or Providers using Obstetrician/gynec Psychiatrists, other
these criteria ologists, primary mental health care
behavioral changes of sufficient care physicians providers
severity to result in deterioration
Number of One 5 of 11 symptoms
of interpersonal relationships symptoms
and/or interference with normal required
activities..
Functional Not required Interference
DRUG DOSAGE
ORAL Option 1
Ceftriaxone (Rocephin) 250 mg IM in a single dose
plus
Doxycycline 100 mg orally twice per day for 14 days
with or without
Metronidazole (Flagyl) 500 mg orally twice per day for 14 days
DRUG DOSAGE
PARENTERAL Regimen A
Cefotetan (Cefotan) 2 g IV every 12 hours
or
Cefoxitin 2 g IV every six hours
plus
Doxycycline 100 mg orally or IV every 12 hours
Infertilitas
Kegagalan dalam konsepsi, mempertahankan kehamilan, atau melahirkan bayi hidup bagi pasangan suami-istri yang
telah melakukan hubungan seksual secara regular tanpa kontrasepsi setelah:
1. Usia wanita < 35 tahun melewati durasi 12 bulan
2. Usia wanita > 35 tahun melewati durasi 6 bulan
Prevalensi: Klasifikasi:
a. 40% faktor istri Primary infertility
a. Infeksi: Servisitis Inflamasi uterus salfingitis perituba adesi When a woman is unable to ever bear a
stenosis tuba oklusi tuba child, either due to the inability to become
b. Gangguan ovulasi: Penuaan (usia), Polikistik Ovarii (PCOS), Kelainan
pregnant or the inability to carry a
pada hipotalamus-hipofisis, Hiperprolaktin
c. Gangguan anatomi: Kelainan kongenital
pregnancy to a live birth she would be
classified as having primary infertility.
b. 40% faktor suami
a. Kelainan sperma Secondary infertility
b. Gangguan transportasi: Varikokel, Prostatitis, Epididimitis, Orkhitis, When a woman is unable to bear a child,
c. Kelainan kongenital (Hipospadia, agenesis vas deferens, klinefelters either due to the inability to become
syndrome), pregnant or the inability to carry a
d. Kelainan hipotalamus-hipofisis
pregnancy to a live birth following either a
e. Autoimunitas, Impotensi
previous pregnancy or a previous ability to
c. 20% pada keduanya carry a pregnancy to a live birth.
Fertility Test for Male
HSG
LH : FSH Test
• LH-FSH Ratio : the relative value of 2 gonadotropin hormone
produce by the pituitary gland in women
• Luteinizing hormone (LH) and Follicle stimulating hormone
(FSH) stimulate ovulation by working in different ways.
• in premenopusal women, the normal LH-FSH ration is 1:1 as
measured on day three of the menstrual cycle
• Variation from this ratio used to diagnose PCOS or other
disorders, explain infertility or verify that woman has entered
menopause
• FSH stimulates the ovarian follicle to mature. Then a large
surge of LH stimulates the follicle to release an egg to
fertilization
• On day 3 of the cycle, LH should be low. If LH is elevated on
this day, possible even as high as FSH, then it suggest
problem with ovulation. Ovulation requires an LH surge, and
if LH is already elevated, it may not surge and ovulated
Policystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)
Kelainan endokrin
wanita usia reproduktif
Definisi klinis
Terdapatnya hiperandrogenemia
yang berhubungan dengan
anovulasi kronik pada wanita
tanpa adanya kelainan dasar spesifik
pada adrenal atau kelenjar hipofisa
Source: http://www.pathophys.org/pcos/
Therapy of PCOS
Keluhan
Utama :
Terapi:
INFEKSI KONGENITAL
IgM is too large to cross placenta
and does not confer maternal
immunity
Therapy
Spiramycin: fetal prophylaxis
• <18 minggu (hingga terbukti tidak ada infeksi pada janin):
– Spiramicin: 1g per 8 jam bersama makan Pyrimethamine folic acid
antagonist. Should not be used in the
• >18 minggu (diberikan sampai lahir): first trimester because it is
– Pirimetamin 50 mg 2x sehari, selama 2 hari, dilanjutkan 50 potentially teratogenic.
mg/hari
– Sulfadiazine loading 75 mg/kg, dilanjutkan 50 mg/kg 2x sehari Folinic acid: to counteract bone
marrow depression by
– Asam folat : 10-20 mg/hari hingga 1 minggu bebas pirimetamin pyrimethamine
Ultrasonographic
findings
- Fetal
hydrocephalus
- Fetal intracranial
calcification
- IUGR
Classic tetrad of
congenital
toxoplasmosis:
1. Hydrocephalus
2. Chorioretinitis
3. Intracranial
calcification
4. Convulsion
Sabin
Rubella (German Measles)
www.cdc.gov
Diagnosis of congenital
rubella
Congenital rubella syndrome
Source;
http://www.perinatology.com/exposures/I
nfection/CMV/Cytomegalovirus.htm#DXM
OTHER
Varicella
Radioulnar hipoplasia
Hepatic calcification and missing hand
USG Findings:
• Calcification
o intrahepatic
o Intracranial : may also see liver, heart, and renal
• Poly hydramnion : due to neurologic impairment of swallowing
• Limb Hipoplasia
• Microcephaly
Management
• Fetal Infection Amniocentesis (culture or PCR of virus) or Fetal MRI :
CNS
• Maternal infection symptomatic
– Hospitalization in severe case, esp in varicella pneumonia
(emergency case)
– Acyclovir 800 mg P.O 5 times a day, for 7 days
• Maternal zooster outbreak in pregnancy is not associated with risk of
Zooster Lesion fetal malformation