Wa0003
Wa0003
NIM : 4424216042
Kelas : Kimia B
Jurnal Komputasi
1. Pemodelan konduktivitas ion dalam struktur -Li2Sc3(PO4)3 (Modeling Ionic
Conductivity in -Li2Sc3(PO4)3 Structure)
Latar Belakang
Penggunaan minyak bumi secara terus menerus sebagai bahan bakar disamping
akan menurunkan cadangan sumber energi, juga menghasilkan emisi gas CO2 sebagai
pemicu perubahan iklim secara global. Salah satu alternatif sumber energi yang
potensial sebagai pengganti minyak bumi adalah baterai. Baterai merupakan salah
satu sumber energi yang ramah lingkungan, dan dapat diaplikasikan dalam berbagai
bidang kehidupan mulai dari mobil sampai microchip (Tarascon dan Armand, 2008).
Baterai yang dikembangkan pada abad ini adalah baterai yang dapat diisi ulang
(recargeable lithium batery) yang berbasis litium karena ion Li+ paling elektropiositif
(-3,40 V) dan paling ringan sehingga dapat memfasilitasi desain sistem penyimpanan
dengan kerapatan energi lebih tinggi (Tarascon dan Armand, 2001). Baterai litium
yang dapat diisi ulang merupakan baterai masa depan yang menjanjikan karena
memiliki tegangan sel lebih tinggi, kerapatan energi lebih tinggi, dan retensi muatan
lebih lama. Penggunaan konduktor ion litium.
Material elektrolit yang diaplikasikan untuk baterai, seperti polimer dan larutan
nonaqueous tidak memenuhi syarat pada kekompakan ukuran, integritas, dan
kestabilan pada suhu tinggi (Suzuki, et al.,1997). Sementara, konduktor ion litium
memenuhi syarat untuk diaplikasikan sebagai elektrolit dalam sistem baterai.
Konduktor superionik litium menunjukkan konduktivitas ion cukup tinggi pada suhu
ambien. Bykov et al. Melaporkan bahwa senyawa Li2Sc3(PO4)3 merupakan
konduktor ion litium yang memiliki konduktivitas ion tinggi. Senyawa tersebut
mempunyai tiga fasa sruktur, yaitu fasa alfa monoklin yang terbentuk sampai suhu
187 °C; fasa beta monoklin yang terbentuk antara suhu 187 °C dan 245 °C dengan
struktur yang sama dengan fasa alfa, namun sel satuannya lebih besar; dan fasa gama
ortorombik yang terbentuk pada suhu di atas 245 °C. Fasa gama menunjukkan
konduktivitas superionik (Bykov et al., 1990).
Pemahaman konduksi ion Li+ dalam struktur ᵞ-Li2Sc3(PO4)3 akan memudahkan
untuk mengetahui mengapa konduktivitas ionnya tinggi, dan juga untuk mendesain
material baru dengan cara melakukan doping ᵞ-Li2Sc3(PO4)3 dengan dopan tertentu.
Hal itu dapat dijelaskan melalui simulasi komputasi konduksi ion sebelum melakukan
sintesis (eksperimen) sehingga dapat menghemat waktu dan biaya. Penelitian ini
melaporkan hasil simulasi komputasi konduksi ion Li+ dalam strukur ᵞ-Li2Sc3(PO4)3
dengan menggunakan metode bond valence sum.
Metode Penelitian
Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode bond valence sum
(BVS). Metode BVS telah berhasil digunakan untuk memodelkan pergerakan kation
dalam material padatan, seperti Na+ dalam NASICON (natrium superionic conductor)
dan K+ dalam KFeAs2O7 (Mazza, 2001 dan Querfelli, et al. 2007). Model yang
disimulasikan tersebut berkesesuain baik dengan hasil-hasil ekperimen. Dalam peneli-
tian ini, pergerakan litium atau geometri konduksi untuk lintasan ion Li+ dalam -
Li2Sc3(PO4)3 diprediksi dengan menggunakan metode BVS. Metode ini menyatakan
bahwa valensi suatu ion merupakan jumlah seluruh valensi ikatan ion-ion tetangga
terdekat yang mengelilinginya.
Source code berbasis BVS yang digunakan dalam penelitiain ini adalah
JUMPITER (Mazza, 2010). Program ini mensimulasi efek gaya listrik eksternal yang
bertindak pada ion litium sehingga nilai BVS ion litium dapat dipetakan. Pemetaan
litium dalam -Li2Sc3(PO4)3 dilakukan sebagai berikut: ion litium ditempatkan
pada suatu posisi (x, y, z), sebagai posisi awal dengan nilai BVS terendah, kemudian
ion tersebut digerakkan menurut arah tertentu. Ion litium akan bergerak secara bebas
menuju nilai BVS yang paling rendah dalam struktur padatan. Gerakan litium tersebut
merupakan proses berkesinambungan. Setelah mencapai trajektori tertentu, ion litium
akan mudah mencapai posisi berikutnya dalam kisi, yang biasanya dikenal sebagai
posisi berdasarkan kristalografi. Kemudian, nilai BVS diplot terhadap jarak, sehingga
dapat ditentukan rongga titik kisi yang kecil atau besar dan potensial penghalang yang
terjadi.
Hasil simulasi BVS divisualisasikan dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak
VESTA (Momma dan Izumi, 2008) dan origin. VESTA digunakan untuk
menggambarkan struktur tiga dimensi Li2Sc3(PO4)3 dan lintasan ion Li+, sementara
origin digunakan untuk membuat grafik BVS terhadap jarak perpindahan ion Li+.
Hasil Penelitian
𝛾-Li2Sc3(PO4)3 merupakan senyawa litium superionik konduktor. Konduktivitas
ionnya dapat dianalisis melalui struktur dan lintasan ion Li+-nya, yang dijelaskan
berikut ini. Struktur -Li2Sc3(PO4)3 Data kristalografi 𝛾-Li2Sc3(PO4)3 yang
digunakan dalam penelitian ini bersumber dari inorganic crystal structure data
(ICSD) dengan nomor kode 50421 (Suzuki, et al., 1998). Struktur fasa 𝛾 -
Li2Sc3(PO4)3 itu memiliki tipe yang sama dengan NASICON, LiM2(PO4)3 (M =
Ti, Ge, Zr, Hf) (Aono et al., 1990; Ado et al., 1992; Saito, et al., 1992). Dalam
struktur 𝛾 -Li2Sc3(PO4)3, sebagaimana yang disketsakan dalam Gambar 1, ion P5+
berkoordinasi tetrahedral dengan oksigen (PO4), dan ion Sc3+ berkoordinasi
oktahedral dengan oksigen (ScO6), sementara ion Li+ mengisi posisi interstisi di
antara polihedral PO4 dan ScO6. Ada empat jenis posisi kristalografi yang tersedia
untuk ion litium dalam struktur Li2Sc3(PO4)3. Struktur gama mempunyai tiga posisi
(state) litium yang terisi parsial dan satu posisi terisi penuh, sementara posisi litium
untuk struktur alfa dan beta terdapat tiga posisi litium yang terisi penuh dan satu
posisi kosong (Bykov, et al., 1990). Adanya tiga posisi litium yang terisi sebagian
dalam struktur gama, maka ion litium dapat berpindah dari satu posisi ke posisi lain.
Perpindahan ion tersebut melalui suatu jalur yang panjang yang dapat disebut
sebagai lintasan ion. Oleh karena itu, gama Li2Sc3(PO4)3 mempunyai konduktivitas
yang tinggi dibandingkan dengan struktur alfa dan betanya.
Gambar 1. Struktur 𝛾 -Li2Sc3(PO4)3. Ion P5+ berkoordinasi tetrahedral dengan ion
O2-, ion Sc3+ berkoordinasi oktahedral dengan O2-, dan ion Li+ menempati posisi
interstisi, dan pada posisi itu terdapat posisi kosong yang memicu terjadinya
konduksi ion Li+. Lintasan Konduksi Ion Li+ dalam Struktur - Li2Sc3(PO4)3
Lintasan ion litium dalam struktur 𝛾 - Li2Sc3(PO4)3 dipelajari dengan menggunakan
metode BVS. Metode ini dapat menganalisis atau memodelkan struktur kristal
anorganik (Brown 1978; Keffe, 1990). Pauling menyatakan bahwa valensi suatu ion
(Vi) sama dengan jumlah seluruh valensi ikatan (Sij) yang dibentuk dengan ion-ion
tetangganya. Aturan BVS itu dirumuskan:
Vi = ∑ 𝑆𝑖𝑗 (1)
Persamaan di atas menunjukkan hubungan empiris antara valensi ikatan dan panjang
ikatan atau jarak antara ion i dan j (Rij) yang dirumuskan:
Pada aran [101], migrasi ion Li+ dari posisi Li3 ke Li2 melalui suatu rongga
dengan potensial penghalang yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan arah [010].
Setelah mencapai BVS maksimum, migrasi ion Li+ ke posisi Li2 melalui suatu
daerah di mana ion Li+ sedikit terhambat akibat kemungkinan terjadi distorsi
polihedral PO4 dan ScO6. Hal itu dapat dilihat dari puncak kecil yang terbentuk
pada arah [101] dalam Gambar 2
1.00
0.95
0.90
S (vu)
0.85
0.80
BV
Li1-Li2-Li3
0.75 Li1-Li2-Li3
0.70
0.65
0 1 2 3 4
Jarak (A)
Gambar 2. BVS ion Li+ terhadap jarak pada arah [010] dan [101] dalam struktur
𝛾 - Li2Sc3(PO4)3.
Pada arah [110] dan [120] atau searah bidang ab, migrasi ion Li+ terjadi secara
berkesinambungan mulai dari Li1 ke Li2 kemudian menuju Li3. Kedua arah migrasi
ion Li+ pada Gambar 3 pada dasarnya sama (ekivalen), yaitu mempunyai pola
migrasi yang sama dan searah dengan bidang ab.
Pola migrasi ion Li+ yang menarik diperhatikan adalah pola migrasi dari Li2 ke
Li3 pada arah [120] dengan nilai BVS maksimum (0,982) mendekati valensi ion Li+
(1). Migrasi ion Li+ yang digambarkan dalam.
Gambar 4 membentuk suatu lintasan konduksi dari Li1 ke Li2 kemudian ke Li3
Gambar 4. Lintasan ion Li+ pada arah [120] dalam Struktur 𝛾 -Li2Sc3(PO4)3:
(a) Lintasan ion Li dalam satu sel satuan, (b) penyederhanaan sketsa lintasan ion Li+
yang dikelilingi oleh ion-ion oksigen tetangga terdekat.
Migrasi ion Li+ dari Li1 ke Li2 lebih mudah dilalui dibandingkan dengan
migrasi dari Li2 ke Li3. Hal itu dapat dilihat dari dua parameter, yaitu (1) nilai BVS
maksimumnya, dimana semakin besar nilainya maka semakin sulit ion Li+
bermigrasi, dan (2) lebar rongga channel yang dilalui oleh ion Li+, sebagaimana
yang ditunjukkan dalam Gambar 5.
Gambar 5. Bentuk dan ukuran tunnel pada arah [120] dalam struktur -
Li2Sc3(PO4)3.
Lebar rongga bottleneck untuk migrasi ion Li+ dalam struktur -Li2Sc3(PO4)3
ber- variasi dari 3,621 Å sampai 5,083 Å. Migrasi Li1 ke Li2 memiliki rongga yang
lebih besar (3,739 Å - 5,083 Å) dibandingkan dengan migrasi dari Li2 ke Li3 yang
memiliki rongga tunnel sekitar 3,621. Akibatnya, migrasi ion dari Li1 ke Li2
membutuhkan energi yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan migrasi dari Li2 ke
Li3.
Kesimpulan
Migrasi ion Li+ dalam struktur 𝛾- Li2Sc3(PO4) telah dimodelkan dengan
menggunakan metode bond valence sum (BVS). Konduksi ion Li+ dapat terjadi pada
arah [010], [101], dan [120]. Namun, lintasan konduksi ion Li+ lebih mudah terjadi
pada arah [120] atau serah bidang ab dengan nilai maksimum BVS adalah 0,982.
Lintasan itu terbentuk melalui migrasi ion Li+ dari Li1 ke Li2 kemudian ke Li3.
Migrasi ion itu lebih mudah terjadi dari Li1 ke Li2 dibandingkan dengan migrasi ion
Li+ dari Li2 ke Li3.
2. Modeling Ionic Conduction in γ-Bi2VO5.5
Introduction
Solid electrolyte materials with high oxide ion conductivity at low temperature are
intensively investigated in order to have solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) capable of
operating at low temperature. One of oxide material that has high oxide ion
conductivity is γ-Bi2VO5.5. As comparison to the materials widely used as a solid
electrolyte material, such as yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ), γ-Bi2VO5.5 has ionic
conductivity of 1x10−2 Scm−1, which is around three orders of magnitude larger than
YSZ at same temperature of 300 °C [1]. Therefore γ- Bi2VO5.5 has potential
application as electrolyte in SOFC working at low temperature.
The structure of Bi2VO5.5 can be derived from Bi2WO6 and γ-Bi2MoO6 by
formation of oxide vacancies in the metal oxide layers; thus the compound can be
formulated (Bi2O2)(VO3.50.5), where is the corresponding to intrinsic oxide
vacancy [1, 2]. The Bi2VO5.5 goes to several structural transformations and known
has several polymorphs but essentially, there are only three main polymorphs, namely
α , β, and γ with the transformations: α → β at 447 °C and β → γ at 567 °C. The
structures of α and β-phases are more ordered, larger in unit cell, and have lower
conductivity. At the high temperature, γ-phase is formed and has maximum
conductivity of 0.2 Scm−1 at 670 °C [3].
Experimental studies on the oxide conductivity of γ-Bi2VO5.5 have been reported
elsewhere [4]. However, the experimental study could not reveal the detail of the
mechanism of ionic conduction. Abraham and Krok proposed oxide conduction
mechanism which was applied only to BIMEVOX with ME is divalent metal, and
derived from crystallographic data [5]. In
our knowledge, the conduction mechanism in parent structure of BIMEVOX, γ-
Bi2VO5.5, has not been reported yet. Computational studies could be used to study
the detail of ionic conductivity mechanism in the atomic level. Some computation
study on the layered structure of Aurivillius phases similar to γ- Bi2VO5.5 has been
carried out and reported [6]. It could reveal defect energies and maximum dopant
concentrations in Aurivillius as ferroelectric material. Here, we report the
computational study of γ-Bi2VO5.5 structure that cover trajectory of oxide in γ-
Bi2VO5.5. The study was aimed to investigate the oxide pathways that are possible in
the γ-Bi2VO5.5 structure via vacancy defect in perovskite-like layer.
Experimental Method
In this study, oxide migration in γ-Bi2VO5.5 is calculated using by method of
bond valence sum (BVS). BVS method is empirical model which predict oxidation
state based on distances with neighbor atoms. The rule of bond valence is formulated:
Vi = ∑ 𝑆𝑖𝑗 (1)
The equation above shows the empirical relationship between bond valence and bond
length or the distance between ions i and j (Rij ) which is defined:
𝑆ij = exp (R0 - Rij)
(𝑏)
where R0 is a constant and b is universal constant which is 0.173. In this work, the
value of R0 and b are 0.516 Å and 1.171 Å, respectively.
The method has been successfully used to model the movement of cations in solid
materials, such as Na+ in the NASICON (sodium super ionic conductor) and K+ in
KFeAs2O7 [7, 8]. In this study, movement or geometry conduction for oxide in γ-
Bi2VO5.5 structure is predicted by using the BVS method as has been performed by
JUMPITER [9].
γ-Bi2VO5.5 structure which is built in this work are an simple model that can
represent the structure, especially by paying attention the possibility of various
vanadium coordination environment in the perovskite-like layer. Here, we built model
of γ-Bi2VO5.5 as simple as possible to get insight the oxide conduction of γ-
Bi2VO5.5. This model is a primitive structure for one unit cell of γ-Bi2VO5.5 where
perovskite-like layers have two different vanadium coordinations, namely tetrahedron
and octahedron. In the middle the layer, V coordinations are entire tetrahedron,
meanwhile, the upper and lower perovskite- like layers of γ-Bi2VO5.5 have entirely
octahedral coordination.
Result and Discussion
Structures of model were created based on γ-Bi2VO5.5 structure reported by
Mairesse et al. as depicted in Figure1. [10]. The γ-Bi2VO5.5 is tetragonal with space
group is I4/mmm, and cell unit dimension is a = 3.99176(4), b = 3.99176(4), and c =
15.4309(3) Å. The structure has high symmetry and contains oxygen vacancy in
perovskite-like layer. Environment of the V5+ coordinations in perovskite-like layer
are recognized as octahedron, tetrahedron, trigonal bipyramid, and tetragonal pyramid
with interatomic distances compatible with O atomic size. Based on the vanadium
coordination environment, we built a model structure of γ-Bi2VO5.5with P1 space
group by creating oxide vacancies at the equatorial site, so the perovskite-like layer
becomes entire tetrahedrons, and other layers were octahedron (Figure 2). The
structure is far from the real structure of γ-Bi2VO5.5, however we expect that an
insight of the role of non octahedron coordination in the oxide conduction could be
obtained.
Figure 1. The refined crystal structures of γ-Bi2VO5.5; vacancies in perovskite- like
layers were not shown. O(3) and O(2) each are equatorial and apical oxides,
respectively.
To find a most possible the pathway in the γ-Bi2VO5.5 structure, we do the
calculations using by the bond valence sum. As a preliminary step, the structure of γ-
Bi2VO5.5 is optimized. Geometry optimization of model carried out by Density
Functional Theory (DFT) method using by the CASTEP program.
Figure 3. BVS of oxide on [100] and [010] directions in the perovskite-like layer
of γ-Bi2VO5.5. Distances of oxide migration in [100] and [010] directions do not
exceed 1.2 and 0.4 Å, respectively.
Figure 4. BVS of oxide on [140] direction in the perovskite-like layer of γ-
Bi2VO5.5. Hopping distance of oxide is 3.86 Å.
In this model, oxygen ions are easier to move in [140] direction, which connect
the O(3) with other O(3) with a hopping distance of 3.86 Å. Along these pathways the
maximum value of BVS is 4.472, and the minimum value is 1.320, i.e. within range
of +223% to 66% from ideal value of 2. Querfelli et al. reported BVS of K+ cation in
KFeAs2O7 structure were within +197% (max BVS = 1.97) maximum and 89% (min
BVS = 0.89) minimum [8]. Mazza reported that the maximum and minimum BVSes
of Na+ cation were 1.4 and minimum 0.42, i.e. within range of 140 and 42% [7].
Thus, it could be seen that the range BVS values along the pathway are similar to
those of other ion conductors. Oxygen ion migration parallel to ab plane is in
agreement with that was proposed by Abraham and Krok [5], where a suitable
pathway is available through vacant sites located in equatorial vanadate plane
between four vanadium polyhedrals. The vacant site of vanadate layer is faced
directly and coordinated linear to Bi 6s2 lone pair orbital of (Bi2O2)2+ layer.
Interaction between layers of (Bi2O2)2+ and vanadate in γ-Bi2VO5.5 is ionic. In this
site, transient oxide ions can endure electrostatic repulsion, and due to well
polarizability of the Bi 6s2 lone pair orbital, so this route in equatorial site can avoid
oxygen ions more close to vanadium ions [5].
This study suggests that the oxide is easier to migrate between equatorial site
rather than from equatorial to apical or vice versa. The more realistic model of course
is model with various coordinations in perovskite-like layers, namely tetrahedron,
five-coordination, and octahedron. The result of ionic conductivity calculation in
these models will be reported.
Conclusion
Computational simulation of ionic conductivity of γ- Bi2VO5.5 has been
performed using BVS method. Pathways of oxide conduction are within equatorial
site on coordination environment of V-O. Oxide ions are easier to move on the [140]
direction which is parallel to ab plane in perovkite-like layers, with minimum BVS of
1.320.
3. Ionic Conductivity of Pb and Co-Substituted Bi2VO5.5 Single Crystal
Introduction
Bismuth vanadate (Bi2VO5 .5) belongs to the m=1 member of Aurivillius layer-
structured family denoted as (Bi2O2)2+ (Am-1BmO3m+1)2-, where A=Li+, CO2+,
Al3+ etc., B=Ti4+, Nb5+, Ta5+ etc., and m=1, 2, 3 etc.1)-3) Bi2VO5 .5 consists of
alternating (Bi2O2)2+ layer and oxygen deficient pseudo-perovskite block with
composition (VO3 .5• 0.5 )2- as shown in Fig. 1.4) Due to the intrinsic oxygen
vacancies, Bi2VO5.5 shows oxide-ion conduction. A very high oxide-ion
conductivity is observed in the high-temperature stable ƒÁ-form (tetragonal), in
which oxygen vacancies are disordered.5),6). In contrast, the conductivity of the low-
temperature stable ƒ¿-form (orthorhombic) is far lower than the ƒÁ-form due to the
asymmetric crystal structure of the (VO3.5• 0.5)2- block. In the ƒÀ-form (tetragonal)
observed in the intermediate temperature region between the ƒ¿- and ƒÁ- forms, since
the configuration of oxygen vacancy is ordered, the conductivity of the ƒÀ-form
shows values in between the ƒ¿-form and the ƒÁ-form . Thus, in order to stabilize the
high-temperature ƒÁ-form down to room temperature, substitution by other cations
such as Cu2+, Co2+ has been studied.7)-9)
From the structural point of view, the (Bi2O2)2+ layer is thought to act as an
insulator for oxide ion conduction along the c-axis because it contains no oxygen
vacancy.10) If the oxygen vacancies are introduced in (Bi2O2)2+ layer by some
substitution, an improvement in oxide ion conduction can be expected. Some double-
substituted polycrystalline phases have also been reported. Vannier et al. performed
simul taneous substitution for bismuth and vanadium sites (Pb, Cu and Pb, Mo for Bi,
V sites, respectively).11) However, in the range 0•…x•…0.25 of Bi2-xPbxV1-
xMoxO5 .5 and 0•…y•… 0.075 of Bi2(1-y)Pb2yV1-zCuzO(11-y-3z)/2 with z fixed to
0.10 or 0.125, they did not observe any improvement in the oxide ion conduction
properties. For polycrystalline samples of Bi2VO5.5, observed conductivity is mainly
dominated by the pseudo-perovskite block with a high conductivity along the
a-b plane parallel to the (Bi2O2)2+ layer. Therefore, for the evaluation of the effect
of Pb substitution in the (Bi2O2)2+ layer, it is necessary to examine the conductivity
of single crystalline sample perpendicular to the (Bi2O2)2+ layer. In the present
study, the Pb substitution effects on electrical properties of bismuth vanadate single
crystals were investi gated by measuring conductivities in the
Experimental Method
Single crystals were grown by melting (940•Ž) and slow cooling (4•Ž/h to 600•Ž)
the mixture of Bi2O3, PbO, V2O5 and CoO (99.99% purity) in a desired molar ratio.
A plati num crucible with a cap containing sample was set in a verti cal tube furnace
in order to obtain a vertical temperature gradient of 2-3•Ž/mm and the temperature
was monitored with two thermocouples positioned at the top and the bot tom of the
crucible. The obtained aggregate was easily broken into plate-like thin sheets. The
obtained crystals were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis us
ing Cu Kƒ¿ radiation (PW-1792, Philips) at room tempera ture. The XRD patterns of
the powder samples prepared by crushing a part of the obtained single crystals were
analyzed by the Rietveld method,12) using the RIETAN refinement program.13)
The chemical composition of single crystal was analyzed with inductively coupled
plasma (ICP) spectroscopy.
The samples for electrical measurements were obtained by cutting the crystals
into plates of about 2mm•~2mm•~ 0.2mm (thickness) by an abrasive wire saw. Gold
electrode was applied by firing gold paste. Electrical conductivity was
measured at 250-800•Ž in air, by complex impedance method in the frequency range
from 5Hz to 13MHz using an AC impedance analyzer (Model 4192A, HP). In the
electrical conductivity measurements of single crystals, thermal hysteresis was
observed between the first and the second heating-cooling cycles. Therefore, the
conductivity data obtained on the second heating was used in the present study.
Result and Discussion
The Co substitution for V site gives rise to a ƒÁ-form at room temperature when x
is within the range 0.07•…x•…0.25 in Bi2V1-xCoxO(11-3x)/2.8) We fixed the
amount of Co at a value of x=0.1 and modified the amount of Pb. For the poly
crystalline sample Bi2(1-y)Pb2yV0.9Cu0.1O5.35-y, it has been reported that the
solid solution was obtained for 0•…y•…0.075 and all the compounds revealed a ƒÁ-
form structure at room temperature.12) However, in the case of single crystal line
sample, the substituted amount of Pb was limited. The Pb-substituted single crystal of
Bi2(1-x)Pb2xV0.9Co0.1O5.35-x was obtained only in the range x•…0.03.
The XRD patterns for the powder samples of Bi2VO5.5, Bi2V0 .9Co0.1O5.35 and
Bi1.94Pb0.06V0.9Co0.1O5.32 are shown in Fig. 2. Bi2VO5 .5 was also prepared
because of the parent compound of these members. All the samples were con firmed
to be a single phase without preferred orientation.The Bi2VO5.5 was in the
orthorhombic ƒ¿-form and other two samples (x=0, 0.03) were in the tetragonal ƒÁ-
form. For samples of Bi2(1-x)Pb2xV0.9Co0.1O5.35-x, with x>0.03, unknown second
phase was included. The atomic ratio of Bi, Pb, V and Co in
Bi1.94Pb0.06V0.9Co0.1O5.32 was confirmed to be 1.94:0.05:0.88:0.08 by ICP
spectroscopy, which in dicates that the composition is maintained in the single crys tal
within experimental errors.
Gambar 2. Analisis 3D pada molekul Ag2SO4 model Ball and Stick. (a) molekul
Ag2SO4 terdiri dari 1 atom S (bola Kuning), 2 buah atom(173-177) Ag (bola Abu-
abu) 1 atom Ag (bola abu-abu), dan 4 atom O (bola merah) (b) molekul Ag2SO4
dengan empat pasang Elektron Bebas (PEB, bola pink) dan (c) penampang girasi
molekul Ag2SO4 pada permukaan molekul pada sisi positif (merah) dan pada sisi
bermuatan negative (biru).